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Marolo is a typical fruit of Brazilian Cerrado Biome or Savannah Brazilian, consumed for many years by the regional population, and little known in other regions. This research aimed to study physical and chemical characteristics of jam and evaluate the ...

Functional foods include any natural product that presents health-promoting effects, thereby reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Cerrado fruits are considered a source of bioactive substances, mainly phenolic compounds, making them important functional foods. Despite this, the losses of natural vegetation in the Cerrado are progressive. Hence, the knowledge propagation about the importance of the species found in Cerrado could contribute to the preservation of this biome. This review provides information about Cerrado fruits and highlights the structures and pharmacologic potential of functional compounds found in these fruits. Compounds detected in Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (pequi), Dipteryx alata Vog. (baru), Eugenia dysenterica DC. (cagaita), Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga), Genipa americana L. (jenipapo), Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangaba), Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (buriti), Myrciaria cauliflora (DC) Berg (jabuticaba), Psidium guajava L. (goiaba), Psidium spp. (araçá), Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill (lobeira), Spondias mombin L. (cajá), Annona crassiflora Mart. (araticum), among others are reported here.

We investigated the antidiarrhoeic effect of the aqueous extract of Annona crassiflora leaves (AEAC). The AEAC decreased the diarrhoeic stools and enteropooling induced by castor oil, without altering total faecal output; moreover, the distance travelled by charcoal meal in the intestine was increased. Twenty-eight compounds were identified by LC-DAD-MS in the AEAC, including flavonoids, alkaloids and proanthocyanidins. In addition, two oligomeric series of condensed tannins of up to nine flavan-3-ol units were characterised by MALDI-MS. These data suggest that the antidiarrhoeic effect of the AEAC is related to its ability to inhibit intestinal secretion and/or to increase intestinal absorption. Moreover, the prokinetic effect of AEAC, together with its inhibitory effect on enteropooling induced by castor oil, explains why this extract decreased diarrhoeic faeces without altering the total faecal output. All these effects are in agreement with the pharmacological activity reported in the literature for many of the secondary metabolites identified.

Habitat fragmentation has numerous consequences, particularly to endemic species, and has a negative impact on the genetic diversity of neglected species, leading to genetic drift. Annona crassiflora Mart. is a species that is endemic to Brazil, and its incidence in the Cerrado biome has decreased. The identification and characterization of its remaining diversity is necessary for its conservation. Our aim was to study the population structure of A. crassiflora populations from different Cerrado regions in Minas Gerais State, Brazil (Corinto, Curvelo, Carmo da Mata, Boa Esperanca, and Paraguacu) using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and DNA content. Nuclear DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry using 10 individuals from each population. ISSR markers were used for genotyping accessions in order to study their genetic diversity and population structures. We found considerable genetic variation among populations, with the highest variability observed in the Curvelo population. There was a significant positive correlation between DNA content and latitude (r = 0.46, P = 0. 0003). A Bayesian-based cluster analysis grouped the populations into three clusters, which followed their geographical origins. There was some level of genetic diversity and differentiation among the populations, suggesting the need for a conservation plan for this species. The ISSR markers and DNA content analysis were effective in studying the genetic diversity and population structure of A. crassiflora.

The cultivation knowledge about the Cerrado native fruits is incipient. These plants are found in wild conditions and its fruits are obtained through extraction, as the case of araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.), which is a species with the great economic potential. This plant propagation by grafting, among other methods, has proved problematic. Possible incompatibility causes were investigated using histochemical and anatomical studies. Transverse and longitudinal stems sections were analyzed in the araticum grafting area on rootstocks of araticum-de-terra-fria (Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer “Terra-fria”), biriba (Annona mucosa (Jacq.) Baill), and soursop (Annona muricata L.). Araticum graft survival rate was low with these rootstocks, which seems to be associated with anatomical and histochemical factors. The periderm and pith are more developed in araticum than in the other plants, which affects the alignment and juxtaposition of the cambium and vascular bundles in the graft area, hindering a successful graft. The histochemical reactions for phenolic compounds detection were very strong in cortical parenchyma, pith and xylem fibers of araticum (A. crassiflora). The presence of phenolic compounds is increased depending on the cut for grafting and the formation of these compounds is evidenced as an important limiting factor for successful grafting. It is recommended practices for reducing these compounds and a larger diameter of the graft, as a mean to overcome these anatomical difficulties.

The objectives of this study was the physical, chemical, and physiological characterization of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.) during its development. The fruits were harvested 12 Km off Itumirim, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, at 20-d intervals from anthesis to fruit maturity. The first fruits were harvested within 60 days. The total development of the fruit took 140 days starting from anthesis. At 140 days after anthesis, the fruit reached its maximum size, with mass of 1.380g, transverse diameter of 13.0 cm, and longitudinal diameter of 11.5 cm. During its development, the fruit showed increase in mass and in traverse and longitudinal diameters. The changes during maturation and ripening, such as: pH reduction and starch degradation, pectic solubilization, and increase in total sugars, soluble solids (oB), respiratory rate (CO2), titratable acidity, vitamin C, and β-caroteno were observed from the 120th day of marolo development. A decrease in ability to sequester free radicals was observed up the 120th day, followed by an increase. The volatile compounds identified at the end of the development included the esters group only.

Infusions of the leaves and seeds of Annona crassiflora Mart. are commonly employed in the treatment of diarrhoea, snakebites, tumours and disorders of the hair and scalp. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of ethanolic extracts of A. crassiflora by evaluating their effects on germination, root elongation, chromosome structure and the cell division of Lactuca sativa (lettuce). The experiment followed a randomized design involving the treatment of L. sativa seeds with ethanolic extracts from leaves and seeds of A. crassiflora applied at ten concentrations (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 mg/L) and with five repetitions per treatment. Seeds of L. sativa exposed for 48 h to A. crassiflora leaf extract at concentrations ≥ 0.1 mg/L, or to seed extracts at concentrations ≥ 0.2 mg/L, showed germination percentages that were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of seeds exposed to aqueous ethanol control. Exposure of L. sativa seedlings to leaf (but not seed) extracts of A. crassiflora produced significant (p < 0.05) reductions in the mitotic indices of root meristem cells of lettuce and induced chromosome and nuclear abnormalities in the root cells. The presence of chromosome stickiness, bridges, fragments, laggard chromosomes and nuclear condensation were also observed. The cytogenetic effects observed suggest that folkloric medicines prepared with extracts of the leaves or seeds of A. crassiflora should be employed with caution.

Department of Food Engineering and Technology Sao Paulo State University, 15054-000, Sao Jose do Rio Preto-SP

The total content and profile of alkaloids in foliar samples of Annona crassiflora from eight different Brazilian Cerrado regions were investigated. Alkaloids were quantified and identified by GC/FID and GC/MS, respectively. Significant quantitative differences were found in these samples. Total alkaloid concentration varied from 221.1 ± 17.14 ug/g in Mogi-Guacu (SP) to 2986.89 ± 367.1 ug/g (dry mass basis) in Brasilia (DF). The alkaloids anonaine, annoretine, romucosine and xylopine were detected at different concentrations across regions. Alkaloid concentration and profile varied in A. crassiflora populations, indicating extensive phenotypic plasticity of these individuals.

Maroleiro (Annona crassiflora Mart), belonging to the family of Annonaceae is a typical specie of the Cerrado and has occurred in most states. For fruit characteristics “sui generis”, with significant nutritional value. This study aimed to characterize the marolo (Anonna crasiflora Mart) during fruit development, through the evaluation of its proximal and mineral composition. The fruits 2012/2013 season, were picked to 12Km from the city of Itumirim, southern Minas Gerais, in intervals of 20 days from anthesis to maturity, and the first fruits were harvested 60 days after anthesis. The flowering marolo began in late September 2012, with fruiting initially observed at the end of October, with peak production at the end of February and beginning of March 2013 The fruits were harvested in the morning and carried to the laboratory, where followed up the moisture, ether extract, protein, ash, fiber and high sugar fraction beyond mineral quantification of them. During development reductions in moisture content and protein increments of ether extract, crude fiber and high sugar fraction and an oscillation in the mineral along the developmental stages was observed.

Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine University of Marilia, Av. Higino Muzzi Filho 1001, Marilia 15525-902, SP

Dentre as fruteiras do Cerrado brasileiro com forte potencial para a exploração sustentada, encontram-se o araticum (Annona Crassiflora Mart.), o coquinho-azedo (Butia Capitata Mart.) e o pequi (Caryocar Brasiliense Camb.). O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o teor de óleo e o perfil de ésteres metílicos da fração lipídica da polpa dos frutos destas três espécies. Os teores de lipídeos foram determinados por extração contínua a quente com éter de petróleo em extrator tipo Soxhlet. O óleo para perfil de ésteres metílicos foi extraído a frio por Bligh e Dyer e caracterizado por cromatografia a gás, usando detector de ionização de chama. A polpa de pequi apresentou elevados teores de óleo, em média 30,89 %; as polpas de araticum e coquinho-azedo apresentaram, respectivamente, médias de 2,14 e 2,73 % de óleo. Os ácidos graxos oleico e palmítico predominaram nas três espécies, e todas apresentaram prevalência de ácidos graxos insaturados, sendo a maior concentração encontrada no araticum (78,3 %), seguida pelo coquinho-azedo (63,3 %). A polpa de araticum e de coquinho-azedo apresentaram elevados teores de ácido linolênico (2,5 a 3,7%). A presença de ésteres metílicos de ácido caproico parece estar associada à percepção do aroma frutal típico destas frutas do Cerrado. Araticum (Annona Crassiflora Mart.), coquinho-azedo (Butia Capitata Mart.) and pequi (Caryocar Brasiliense Camb.) are native fruits from the Brazilian Savanna with strong potential for sustained exploration. The objective of this study was the characterization of lipid contents and fatty acid profiles of these species. Total lipids were hot extracted with petroleum ether in Soxhlet extractor. The oil used for methyl ester profiles was cold extracted by Bligh & Dyer and characterized by gas chromatograph, using flame ionization detector. The pequi pulp presented highest oil content (30.89 %); araticum and coquinho-azedo pulps presented respectively 2.14 and 2.73 %. The oleic and palmitic acids predominated in all three species and all of them presented prevalence of unsaturated fat acids. The highest value was found in araticum pulp (78.3 %), followed by coquinho-azedo pulp (63.3 %). The araticum and coquinho-azedo pulps presented highest content of linolenic acid (2.5 to 3.7 %). Methyl esters of caproic acid found in these pulps seems to be linked to perception of fruit aroma of these native fruits from Cerrado.

The objective of this work was to characterize fruits from the Brazilian savanna by means of physical and chemical analyses. The results obtained for araça peel, araça pulp and marolo pulp, respectively, were: moisture (77.03, 80.41 and 70.56 g.100 g-1), ash (0.65, 0.44 and 0.54 g.100 g-1), protein (1.39, 1.87 and 1.99 g.100 g-1), lipids (0.32, 0.33 and 2.36 g.100 g-1), total carbohydrates (90.88 , 78.25 and 24.55 g.100 g-1), total soluble sugars (8.45, 9.99 and 127.4 g.100 g-1), pH (3.76, 3.99 and 4.49), soluble solids (11° Brix, 8.8 °Brix and 21.4 °Brix) and antioxidant potential (16.33, 12.75 and 34.29 discoloration DPPH/100 mL). Calcium was the predominant mineral in araça (490 mg.kg-1 peel and 485 mg.kg-1 pulp) while magnesium was in marolo (350 mg.kg-1). Citric acid was the predominant organic acid in araça (3125 μg.g-1 peel and 881.25 μg.g-1 pulp) and Malic acid was predominant in marolo (76.68 μg.g-1). Therefore, given their nutrient contents, the consumption of these fruits from the savanna should be encouraged. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização dos frutos do cerrado, por meio de análises físicas e químicas. Os resultados obtidos, a partir da casca de araçá, polpa de araçá e polpa do marolo foram: umidade (77,03; 80,41; e 70,56 g.100 g-1), cinzas (0,65; 0,44; e 0,54 g.100 g-1), proteína (1,39; 1,87; e 1,99 g.100 g-1), lipídios (0,32; 0,33; e 2,36 g.100 g-1), carboidratos totais (90,88; 78,25; e 24,55 g.100 g-1), açúcares solúveis totais (8,45; 9,99; e 127,4 g.100 g-1), pH (3,76; 3,99; e 4,49), sólidos solúveis (11 ° Brix; 8,8 °Brix; e 21,4 °Brix) e potencial antioxidante (16,33; 12,75; e 34,29 descoloração DPPH/100 mL). O mineral predominante no araçá foi o cálcio (490 mg.kg-1 casca e 485 mg.kg-1 de polpa) e na polpa de marolo foi o magnésio (350 mg.kg-1). O ácido orgânico predominante no araçá foi o ácido cítrico (3125 μg.g-1 casca e 881,25 μg.g-1 de polpa) e no marolo foi o ácido málico (76,68 μg.g-1). Portanto, dado o seu teor de nutrientes, o consumo desses frutos do cerrado deve ser incentivado.

Marolo ( Annona crassiflora ), an exotic fruit from the Brazilian savanna, has been used for many culinary preparations such as jelly and jam. In this study we have compared physicochemical properties, color analysis, dietary fiber and triacylglycerol analysis of marolo flour and carpels dehydrated by freeze-drying and convective hot-air drying. The experiments were analyzed by Tukey's test (p marolo as shown by the analysis of moisture, Aw, and the centesimal composition (except for the ashes).The dehydrated products showed to be sources of alimentary fiber and derivatives from oleic and palmitic acids and can be used during periods between harvests of marolo fruits.

Annona crassiflora Mart known as 'araticum', 'marolo' or 'field araticum' is a typical fruit from the Cerrado biome of Brazil with socio-economic and medicinal importance. Normally, Annona crassiflora is propagated through seeds. However, due to a deep dormancy that the seeds display at dispersion and the difficulty to obtain uniform plants in a short time period, micropropagation may be a feasible alternative. Concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) and their interactive effects on in vitro seed germination and seedling development of Annona crassiflora were studied. Mature fruits of Annona crassiflora were depulped and the seeds washed in clear water and dried at room temperature. Seed coat was removed and the seeds were placed on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA3) and naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA), 30 g L-1 sucrose and 6 g L-1 agar-agar. Seeds were kept under these conditions for 30 days. After this period, seedlings were kept for another 90 days on Wood Plant Medium (WPM) with 20 g L-1 sucrose and 5 g L-1 agar-agar supplemented with the same GA3 and NAA concentrations. Cultures were incubated under controlled conditions at 25 ± 2°C temperature, 16: 8 (light: dark) photoperiod of 32 µmol m-2 s-1 irradiance provided by cool white fluorescent tubes (Philips). Use of WPM medium supplemented with 25-32 mg L-1 GA3 or MS with 26-30 mg L-1 GA3 and 2 mg L-1 NAA promoted rooting and plant growth.

O araticum, Annona crassiflora Mart., é fruta típica do Cerrado brasileiro, com potencial econômico e alimentar, entretanto, há baixa produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o sistema reprodutivo do araticum e identificar seus possíveis polinizadores. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Estado de Goiás, Brasil, nos municípios de Goiânia, a 6° 35' 56,0" S 49° 16' 44,4" O; 727 m e Vila Propício, a 15°15' 37,0" S 48(0) 42' 30,9" O; 696 m, em 2004 e 2005. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos: polinização cruzada manual (T1); polinização natural (T2); autopolinização espontânea (T3) e autopolinização manual (T4). A viabilidade do pólen foi checada usando carmim acético a 1%. Em 2004, as porcentagens de frutos formados em Goiânia foram de 39,46%; 0% e 0% em T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. Em Vila Propício foram: 31,11%; 4,65% e 0% em T1, T2 e T3 respectivamente. Em 2005, as porcentagens de frutos formados em Goiânia foram de 64,24%; 4,72%, 0% e 34,38%, em T1, T2, T3 e T4 respectivamente. Em Vila Propício, três espécies de besouros foram coletados nas flores de araticum e identificados como: Cyclocephala atricapilla Mannerheim, Cyclocephala latericia Hohne e Cyclocephala octopunctata Burmeister. Em Goiânia, somente Cyclocephala octopunctata foi coletado. A polinização cruzada manual resultou em alta frutificação. O araticum é espécie autocompatível, mas principalmente alogâmica. Typical fruit of brazilian Savannah, the araticum, Annona crassilfora Mart., presents economical and feed potential. However, presents low production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the reproductive system of araticum and to identify its possible pollinators. The experiment was conducted in the surroundings of Goiânia city, State of Goiás, Brazil (16°35'56,0" S 49°16'44,4" W; 727 m) and Vila Propício (15°15'37,0" S 48°42'30,9" W; 696 m), during the seasons of 2004 and 2005. The outlining was in random blocks with four treatments: hand cross-pollination (T1); natural pollination (T2); spontaneous self-pollination (T3) and hand self-pollination (T4). Pollen viability was checked using 1% acetic carmine. In 2004, the percentages of fruit set in Goiânia were: 39,46%, 0% and 0% in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In Vila Propício were: 31,11%, 4,65% and 0% in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In 2005, the percentages of fruit set in Goiânia were: 64,24%, 4,72%, 0% and 34,38% in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. In Vila Propício, three species of beetles were collected in araticum's flowers and identified as: Cyclocephala atricapilla Mannerheim, Cyclocephala latericia Hohne e Cyclocephala octopunctata Burmeister. In Goiânia, only Cyclocephala octopunctata Burmeister was collected. Hand cross-pollination presented higher fructification. Araticum is a self-compatible species, but mainly allogamous.

Larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti have been determined in the ethanolic extracts obtained from 51 Brazilian medicinal plants. Eleven of the 84 extracts studied showed significant (LC50100 microg mL(-1)) activities against larvae, with extracts from Annona crassiflora (root bark, LC50 = 0.71 microg mL(-1); root wood, LC50 = 8.94 microg mL(-1)) and Annona glabra (seed, LC50 = 0.06 microg mL(-1)) showing the highest activities. The results obtained should be of value in the search for new natural larvicidal compounds.

Annona crassiflora Mart. is a native tree from Brazilian savanna. Isoquinoline alkaloids are characteristic of species of Annonaceae. This work aimed to assess the magnitude of genetic diversity among different populations of A. crassiflora using AFLP markers, and verify the existence of any correlation between the AFLP data and previous reported alkaloid composition. A. crassiflora from eight populations in the states of Sao Paulo, Goias, Minas Gerais, and Distrito Federal were analyzed. The data suggest a low, moderate, and high level of genetic diversity from different populations of A. crassiflora. Concentration of alkaloids was significantly correlated with AFLP data, suggesting interaction between chemical and molecular markers in A. crassiflora. The data of association between the chemical and genetic differentiation of A. crassiflora may be useful to establish cultivation areas allowing the definition of strategies to preserve their genetic diversity with an interest in specific chemotypes for genetic improvement programs focused on sustainable utilization of this specie.

Annona crassiflora Mart. (Annonaceae) is a medicinal plant that is widely used in folk medicine, which leads to its investigation as a potential source of new pharmacological principles.This study describes the anti-inflammatory, antiallodynic, and antimutagenic/chemopreventive activities of the leaves A. crassiflora methanolic extract. Its antimutagenic mode of action was analyzed in a plant or animal experimental model.Total flavonoids were quantified by spectrophotometry at 415 nm and its composition was analyzed by (1)H NMR spectra. Animals received orally, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg of extract in both tests, carrageenan-induced paw edema and myeloperoxidase activity. Animals were treated with 100 and 300 mg/kg, in all the analyzed tests, pleural cell migration and protein exudation, carrageenan-induced cell migration into the pouch, induction of joint inflammation and carrageenan-induced allodynia response in the mouse paw. To evaluate the antimutagenic/chemopreventive activity through the Allium cepa test, we used 5, 10, and 15 mg/L of extract, and for the micronucleus test in the peripheral blood, we used the dose of 15 mg/kg.The fractionation of the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction, resulting from the partition of the methanol extract of the A. crassiflora, afforded through chromatographic methods resulted in the isolation of kaempferol 3-O-β-glucoside and kaempferol 3-O-β-diglucoside. Oral treatment with 100 and 300 mg/kg of extract significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced edema formation, with inhibitions of 53 ± 7% and 47 ± 10%; in MPO activity, the observed inhibitions were 60 ± 7% for 100 mg/kg treatment and 63 ± 7% for 300 mg/kg. The ACME reduced significantly the total leukocytes (an inhibition of 78 ± 9% with 100 mg/kg and 90 ± 7% with 300 mg/kg) and protein levels (approximately 100% inhibition with both doses) in the pleurisy model. In carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration into the pouch, the extract inhibited leukocyte migration only when administered 300 mg/kg per dose (the reduction was 43 ± 5%). Pretreatment with extract failed to reduce the zymosan-induced edema formation and did not inhibit the carrageenan-induced mechanical allodynia. Damage reduction in Allium cepa tested with different concentrations (5, 10, and 15 mg/L) was 66.17, 75.75, and 69.19% for the pre-treatment; 72.72, 33.33, and 22.22% for the simple simultaneous treatment; 100.50, 93.93, and 102.52% for the simultaneous treatment with pre-incubation; 89.39, 79.79, and 84.34%; for the post-treatment, and 86.36, 81.31, and 93.43% for the continuous treatment. The antimutagenic evaluation in the micronucleous test showed a damage reduction of 75.00 and 64.58% for the pre-treatment and simultaneous protocols, respectively. The post-treatment protocol increased the cyclophosphamide effects in 45.83%.These results suggest that this medicinal plant has chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential.

Annonaceae is one of the richest families of the wood components of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). Annona coriacea Mart., Annona crassiflora Mart., Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff. and Xylopia aromatica L. are common species in this region. The main goal of our study was to determine biological activities of these species. Therefore, we evaluated phytotoxic effects of ethanolic extracts of leaves and stems of these species in the laboratory. In addition, toxicity to animal targets was also evaluated. Lettuce was the less affected target species, with discreet effects over germination rate and initial root development observed using the highest concentration (0.8 mg mL−1) of extracts of A. coriacea. Notwithstanding, tomato was the most affected target species by these annonaceous extracts, with an expressive decrease in germination rate, shoot and root growth even with the lowest extract concentrations. Onion germination was affected mainly by X. aromatica and A. coriacea leaf extracts, with significant results for all concentrations. Effects on shoot and root growth were also observed for this species. In general, the strongest phytotoxic activities were detected for the extracts of A. coriacea and X. aromatica. These extracts also inhibited growth of Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster. The extracts of A. coriacea were also very toxic to brine shrimp nauplii. No antibacterial or antifungal effects were detected with the extracts of these four species of Annonaceae. Among the four species, X. aromatica and A. coriacea exhibited strong biological activities and the results could be useful in agricultural fields in Brazil. These extracts were also promising for isolation and identification of commercial valuable metabolites.

One hundred ninety hexanic and ethanolic extract from 27 plant species from the Cerrado biome of Brazil were tested for larvicidal activity against 3rd-stage Aedes aegypti larvae at 500 microg/ml. Fourteen extracts from 7 species showed activity (65% mortality) against the larvae. Of these Dugeutia furfuracea, Piptocarpha rotundifolia, Casearia sylvestris var. lingua, Serjania lethalis, and Xylopia aromatica were active at 56.6, 162.31, 232.4, 285.76, and 384.37 microg/ml, respectively. Annona crassiflora and Cybistax antisyphilitica showed activity at 23.06 and 27.61 microg/ml. The larvicidal properties of these species are described for the first time, and may prove to be promising in active chemical compound isolation.

Annona crassiflora, known commonly as araticum, is an exotic tropical fruit consumed mainly by native people of the Brazilian Cerrado (2nd biggest biome of Brazil). In this study, pulp, seed, and peel of slight ripe and overripe fruits were extracted using ethanol and water. The extracts showed high content of total phenols and were screening for their potential as antioxidants using the in vitro model 1,1- dipheniyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). The ethanol extracts of peel and seeds showed IC50 of 48.82 μg/mL and 31.14 μg/mL, respectively, for the slightly ripe fruits. As the ethanolic fractions of araticum showed the highest antioxidant activity, they were selected for testing of its effect on lipid peroxidation. The ethanolic extracts of slightly ripe fruits showed IC 50 of 4.44 μg/mL, 1.72 μg/mL, and 8.62 μg/mL for the peel, seed, and pulp, respectively. This is the 1st report on the antioxidant properties of the extracts of araticum. Owing to these properties, the studies can be further extending to exploit them for their possible application as natural antioxidant for cosmetic, supplements, and functional ingredients for food products.

Annona crassiflora Mart. is a native tree from Brazilian savanna, widely spread throughout this biome. Isoquinoline alkaloids are an important characteristic of species of Annonaceae and several biological activities have been reported in the literature concerning these compounds [e.g. 1]. The present work aims to assess the magnitude of genetic diversity among different populations of A. crassiflora using AFLP markers, and verify the existence of any correlation between the AFLP data and the composition of alkaloids [2]. 106 samples of Annona crassiflora from eight populations from Brazilian savanna areas in the states of Sao Paulo, Goias, Minas Gerais and Distrito Federal were analyzed. Regarding the genetic diversity, the percentage of polymorphisms (P) ranged from 23.8% to 62.96%, the average expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.077 to 0.215 and the Shannon's Index ranged from 0.119 to 0.323. These data suggest a low to moderate level of genetic diversity. The molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) indicates that most of the genetic variation occurs within populations (70%), while interpopulation variation is lower (22%). The FST value was 0.401. The Mantel test (r = 0.107; p = 0.154) showed a weak correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance. No correlation between alkaloid profiles and genetic differentiation was observed (Mantel test, r =-0.084; p = 0.003). Our results may contribute to establishment of conservation strategies for Brazilian savanna, looking forward to avoid genetic losses and ensure the long-term viability of populations of A. crassiflora. Acknowledgements: FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do estado de Sao Paulo) for financial support (2007/0651143 – 0). DYACS is a research fellow of CNPq. Keywords: Annona crassiflora, genetic diversity, AFLP, Isoquinoline alkaloids References: [1] Chang, F. R. et al. 1998. Phytochemistry 49; 2015 – 2018. [2] Egydio, A.P.M. et al. 2013. Biochem Sys Ecol 46;145 – 151.

The aim of this research was to investigate the antiproliferative and anticholinesterase activities of 11 extracts from 5 Annonaceae species in vitro. Antiproliferative activity was assessed using 10 human cancer cell lines. Thin-layer chromatography and a microplate assay were used to screen the extracts for acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitors using Ellman's reagent. The chemical compositions of the active extracts were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography. Eleven extracts obtained from five Annonaceae plant species were active and were particularly effective against the UA251, NCI-470 lung, HT-29, NCI/ADR, and K-562 cell lines with growth inhibition (GI50) values of 0.04-0.06, 0.02-0.50, 0.01-0.12, 0.10-0.27, and 0.02-0.04 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the Annona crassiflora and A. coriacea seed extracts were the most active among the tested extracts and the most effective against the tumor cell lines, with GI50 values below 8.90 µg/mL. The A. cacans extract displayed the lowest activity. Based on the microplate assay, the percent AchE inhibition of the extracts ranged from 12 to 52%, and the A. coriacea seed extract resulted in the greatest inhibition (52%). Caffeic acid, sinapic acid, and rutin were present at higher concentrations in the A. crassiflora seed samples. The A. coriacea seeds contained ferulic and sinapic acid. Overall, the results indicated that A. crassiflora and A. coriacea extracts have antiproliferative and anticholinesterase properties, which opens up new possibilities for alternative pharmacotherapy drugs.

Annona crassiflora and Annonaceae plants are known to be used to treat malaria by traditional healers. In this work, the antimalarial efficacy of different fractions of A. crassiflora, particularly acetogenin, alkaloids and flavonoid-rich fractions, was determined in vivo using Plasmodium berghei-infected mice model and toxicity was accessed by brine shrimp assay. The A. crassiflora fractions were administered at doses of 12.5 mg/kg/day in a 4-day test protocol. The results showed that some fractions from woods were rich in acetogenins, alkaloids and terpenes, and other fractions from leaves were rich in alkaloids and flavonoids. The parasitaemia was significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) reduced (57-75%) with flavonoid and alkaloid-rich leaf fractions, which also increased mean survival time of mice after treatment. Our results confirm the usage of this plant in folk medicine as an antimalarial remedy.

Annona crassiflora, a native tree from Brazilian Cerrado, is reported to possess several ethnomedical uses. Here, we report the isolation and unambiguous characterisation of the flavonoids quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosil(1 → 6)-O-α-L-arabinoside (1), known as peltatoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (2), quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-β-L-arabinopiranoside (4) and the ( − )-epicatechin (5) from the hydroalcoholic portion of the leaf ethanolic extract. Their structures were elucidated by using 1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS, UV/Vis spectroscopy, optical rotation analysis and literature data comparison. The leaf ethanolic extract and its isolated compounds were evaluated by using antimicrobial, antioxidant and larvicidal assays, expressing antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This is the first report on flavonoid isolation from A. crassiflora.

Ethanol extracts from leaves of Annona crassiflora and A. coriacea, and the fruits of Solanum lycocarpum and S. grandiflorum were investigated against 52 strains of Candida albicans, four strains of C. tropicalis and three strains of C. krusei isolated from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with oropharyngeal candidosis, using the agar dilution method. Among the extracts tested, leaves of A. crassiflora was active against all the microorganisms and showed the greatest antifungal activity based on the MIC values. It was observed that 57 strains (96%) were inhibited by the extract from A. crassiflora at a concentration of 64 µg/ml, whereas against 18 strains (30%), it exhibited MIC values as low as 0.5 µg/ml against 10 6 UFC/ml organisms. Candida albicans CBS 562, a reference strain used as a control, showed a similar inhibition pattern. The activities of fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole were also evaluated and afforded MIC values = 32 µg/ml (19.5% of all strains), = 64 µg/ml (13....

Annona crassiflora Mart. (Annonaceae) is a native fruit species of the region of Brazilian Cerrado with a high agronomic potential, although without any traces of domestication. A set of 10 microsatellite primer pairs was developed from an enriched genome library (TC13). An average of 19.3 alleles per locus was detected. Observed heterozygosity estimates were consistently lower than those obtained for gene diversity, evidencing a departure from Hardy-Weinberg expected proportions. The reported set of markers showed to be highly informative and constitutes a powerful tool for the development of genetic characterization studies in A. crassiflora.

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart. - Annonaceae) is a species with great ecological importance and potential for fruit production. Its fruits, seeds and seedlings were morphologically described in this article as being the main objective of this study. To describe and illustrate the examples, 100 seeds and 42 fruits were analyzed; the latter being collected in Santo Antônio do Leverger - MT - Brazil, in 2011. To describe the morphology of the seedling, 100 seeds were germinated in two different environments. The araticum plant has a compound, multiple strobiliform, globose-subglobose and fleshy fruit, with average measures of 12.9 cm length, 13.5 cm width, 12.7 cm thickness, weight of 1,187.0 g and 99.2 seeds per fruit. The seeds are obovoid, hairless, smooth with a bony aspect and a pale brown color; they have an average of 17. 7 mm length, 10.8 mm width and 8.3 thickness. Epigeous and phanerocotylar germination begins about 148 days after sowing. All morphological data of araticum fruits, seeds and seedlings can be used to recognize the botanical family and, when associated to other features, to recognize the species in the field.

Alcoholic extracts of six Brazilian Cerrado medicinal plants were evaluated for their molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of schistosomiasis. Stryphnodendron polyphyllum bark extract, rich in condensed tannins, was the most promising as molluscicide.

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar plantas e frutos de araticum (Annona crassiflora), avaliar a frequência de consumo, predação e dispersão de suas sementes por animais e seus efeitos na germinação, em área de Cerrado, entre fevereiro de 2007 a junho de 2008. Baseado em armadilhas de pegadas, registrou-se a frequência de visitação (FV) e o consumo de frutos por animais, além da ação de insetos em frutos caídos no solo, sob as plantas. Estrumes de antas, Tapirus terrestris, foram amostrados para verificar a frequência de ocorrência (FO) e os danos causados por elas e por insetos. Para analisar a dispersão por antas, foram inseridas miçangas coloridas em frutos maduros caídos sob plantas-mãe. Posteriormente, foi medida a distância entre o local das fezes com miçanga até a planta-mãe da cor específica da miçanga. Realizou-se teste de germinação com sementes de amostras fecais e de frutos intactos. Dentre os animais que se alimentaram dos frutos, antas contribuíram com maior frequência de visitação e consumo de frutos de araticum, o qual representou 54% de frequência de ocorrência nas amostras fecais e as sementes não foram significativamente danificadas. Besouros (Scarabaeidae) se alimentaram da polpa de frutos e enterraram sementes de araticum próximo da planta-mãe. Insetos curculionídeos e euritomídeos predaram as sementes de araticum nos frutos. Os danos causados nas sementes por esses insetos foram significativamente maiores que aqueles provocados pelas antas. Foram encontradas duas fezes com miçangas distantes 1,7km e 1,8km das plantas-mãe, respectivamente. A germinação das sementes foi baixa neste período de estudo, no entanto, as antas podem proteger as sementes de insetos predadores, defecando-as intactas para longas distâncias. Assim, T. terrestris é um possível dispersor, enquanto que curculionídeos e euritomídeos são possíveis predadores de sementes de araticum. Essas relações provavelmente contribuem para o controle da população de araticum no Cerrado brasileiro. This study aimed to characterize araticum (Annona crassiflora) plants and fruits, and evaluate the frequency of consumption, predation and dispersal of the seeds by animals and its effect on germination, in Cerrado vegetation area, between February 2007 and June 2008. Using track traps installed on araticum plants, the frequency of visitation (FV) and the fruit consumption by the animals was assessed, as well as, the action of insects in fallen fruits under the trees was registered. Sample of tapirs excrement Tapirus terrestris were analyzed to verify the occurrence frequency (FO) and the damage caused on the seeds by tapirs and insects. To analyze the dispersal by tapirs, colored beads were inserted in fallen mature fruits under the parent trees. Then, the distance between the location of the excrements with beads to the parent tree in the specific color of the bead was measured. Germination test was performed with excrement samples and unbroken fruit seeds. Among the animals that fed on fruits, tapirs contributed with the largest frequency of visitation and consumption of araticum fruits, representing 54% of the frequency occurrence in excrement samples, and the seeds were not damaged significantly. Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) fed the pulp of the fruit and buried araticum seeds next to the parent tree. Curculionid and eurytomid insects predated the araticum seeds on the fruits. The damage caused by these insects in the seeds was significantly higher than those caused by tapirs. Two excrements with beads were found at 1,7 and 1,8km distant from the parent trees, respectively. The seeds had low germinability in this period of study, however the tapirs can protect the seeds of predator insects, defecating the intact seeds for long distances. Thus, T. terrestris is a possible disperser of seeds, whereas curculionids and eurytomids can be considered predators of araticum seeds. These relations probably contribute with the control of araticum population in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Genomic DNA extraction from mature leaf tissue of native species). Great amounts of contaminants in DNA samples hamper the extraction of high-quality genomic DNA. The main problem is the presence of polysaccharides, phenols and other secondary metabolites that impair the DNA isolation procedure and subsequent application, by inhibiting the Taq DNA polymerase and restriction enzyme activity. This study describes a modified procedure based on hexadecyltrimethylammonium (CTAB) from which genomic DNA, ap-propriate for subsequent manipulation such as PCR reactions and restriction enzyme diges-tion, is derived. This protocol uses different β-mercaptoethanol concentrations in the extrac-tion buffer ( 0.0; 0.2; 10 ; 15; 25 and 50 uL β-mercaptoethanol/ml from the extraction buffer: 100mM Tris-HCl, pH 8 ; 20 mM EDTA, 1.4 M NaCl ; 2% CTAB; 1% PVP ). The procedure was tested on mature leaves of Annona crassiflora (araticum), Eugenia dysenterica (cagaita), Anacardium humilis (caju-do-campo), Hancornia speciosa (mangaba) e Caryocar brasiliensis (pequi ).The protocol was efficient in the isolation of polysaccharide and polyphenol-free DNA of high molecular weight using β-mercaptoethanol concentrations of over 1 % in the extraction buffer. The purity of thereby isolated DNA isolated was high according to the di-gestion analyses by PCR restriction and amplification. RESUMO - (Extracao de DNA genomico de tecidos foliares maduros de especies nativas). Grandes quantidades de contaminantes na amostra de DNA dificultam a obtencao de DNA genomico de qualidade durante a extracao. A presenca de polissacarideos, fenois e outros compostos secundarios representa o principal problema com o procedimento de isolamento do DNA e sua aplicacao subsequente, por inibir a atividade das enzimas Taq DNA polimera-se e enzimas de restricao. Neste estudo, descreveu-se um procedimento modificado baseado no hexadecyltrimethylammonium (CTAB), rendendo DNA genomico satisfatorio para tecnicas de manipulacao subsequente, como reacoes de PCR e digestao com enzima de restricao. Nesse protocolo foram utilizadas diferentes concentracoes de β-mercaptoetanol no tampao de extracao (0,0; 0,2; 10; 15; 25; e 50 uL de β-mercaptoetanol/mL do tampao de extracao: 100 mM de Tris-HCl, pH 8; 20 mM de EDTA; 1,4 mM de NaCl; 2% de CTAB; 1% de PVP), cujo procedimento foi aplicado no caso de folhas maduras e testado em Annona crassiflora (arati-cum), Eugenia dysenterica (cagaita), Anacardium humilis (caju-do-campo), Hancornia speciosa (mangaba) e Caryocar brasiliense (pequi). O protocolo foi eficiente no isolamento de DNA livre de polissacarideos e polifenois, com rendimento do DNA com alto peso molecu-lar, utilizando-se concentracoes a partir de 1% de β-mercaptoetanol no tampao de extracao. O DNA isolado por esse metodo mostrou alta pureza, de acordo com as analises de digestao por restricao e amplificacao por PCR. Palavras-chave: Annona crassiflora (araticum). Eugenia dysenterica (cagaita). Anacardium humilis (caju-do-campo).

Annona crassiflora (araticum), Eugenia dysenterica (cagaita), and Caryocar brasiliense (pequi) are tropical fruits of the second biggest Brazilian biome: the cerrado. Nowadays, the cerrado faces two different realities: 1) the great possibility of food production since it is considered as the biggest storehouse of the world; and 2) the rich biodiversity that has been newly discovered and known. Previous studies showed that certain cerrado fruits demonstrate high content of total phenols and excellent antioxidant activity in in vitro models. Moreover, using fingerprinting analysis, important bioactive molecules were identified as probably responsible for their antioxidant activity. In this study, the cytotoxicity and phototocixity of ethanolic extracts from cerrado fruits were evaluated using the in vitro Neutral Red Uptake (NRU). Regarding cytotoxicity, the extracts of araticum peel and cagaita seed did not shown any cytotoxic potential up to 300 µg.mL-1. Ethanolic extracts of araticum seed and pequi peel presented low cytotoxic potential and, according to linear regressions, the estimated LD50 were de 831.6 and 2840.7 mg.kg-1, respectively. In the evaluated conditions, only the araticum peel extract presented a phototoxic potential. This is the first attempt to screen the toxicity of cerrado fruits with high antioxidant activity. Annona crassiflora (araticum), Eugenia dysenterica (cagaita) e Caryocar brasiliense (pequi) são frutas do segundo maior bioma brasileiro: o cerrado. Atualmente, o cerrado enfrenta duas realidades diferentes: 1) a grande possibilidade de produção de alimentos, sendo considerado o maior celeiro do mundo; e 2) a riquíssima biodiversidade recentemente descoberta e conhecida. Estudos prévios demonstraram que algumas frutas do cerrado possuem alto conteúdo fenólico e excelente atividade antioxidante em modelos in vitro. Adicionalmente, por meio de análises de fingerprinting, importantes moléculas bioativas foram identificadas como prováveis responsáveis pela atividade antioxidante. Neste estudo, foram avaliadas a citotoxicidade e a fototoxicidade dos extratos etanólicos de frutas do cerrado usando o método in vitro de Neutral Red Uptake (NRU). Em relação à citotoxicidade, os extratos de casca de araticum e semente de cagaita não apresentaram potencial citotóxico até a concentração de 300 µg.mL-1. Extratos etanólicos de semente de araticum e casca de pequi apresentaram baixo potencial citotóxico e por meio de regressões lineares, as LD50 estimadas foram de 831,6 e 2840,7 mg.kg-1, respectivamente. Nas condições avaliadas, somente o extrato de casca de araticum apresentou potencial fototóxico. Esse estudo representa a primeira abordagem para screening de toxicidade de frutos do cerrado com alto poder antioxidante.

Annona crassiflora (araticum), Solanum lycocarpum (lobeira), Eugenia dysenterica (cagaita), Caryocar brasilense (pequi) e Swartzia langsdorfii (banha de galinha) são frutas do bioma cerrado, conhecidas e consumidas principalmente por populações nativas dessa região. Nesse estudo, as diferentes frações dos frutos acima descritos (polpa, semente e casca) foram avaliadas por meio de extratos aquosos e etanólicos. Alguns extratos mostraram altíssimos conteúdos de compostos fenólicos e foram escolhidos para avaliação do potencial em seqüestrar radicais livres por meio do modelo 2,2 difenil-1-picril hidrazil (DPPH). Os melhores resultados foram: extrato aquoso e etanólico de casca de pequi (IC50 igual a 9,44 e 17,98 µg.mL-1 respectivamente), extrato etanólico de sementes de cagaita (IC50 igual a 14,15 µg.mL-1), extrato etanólico de sementes e casca de araticum (IC50 igual a 30,97 e 49,18 µg.mL-1, respectivamente). Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia o potencial em seqüestrar radicais livres de frações de frutas do cerrado. Os resultados indicam que os extratos possuem grande potencial antioxidante e estudos adicionais são necessários para avaliar essa propriedade dos extratos como uma aplicação sustentável dos recursos do cerrado nos setores farmacêuticos, cosméticos e nutricionais. Annona crassiflora (araticum), Solanum lycocarpum (lobeira), Eugenia dysenterica (cagaita), Caryocar brasilense (pequi) and Swartzia langsdorfii (banha de galinha) are tropical fruits consumed mainly by native people in the Brazilian Cerrado (second biggest biome of Brazil). In this study, pulp, seed and peel of the fruits were extracted using ethanol and water. Some of the extracts showed a high content of total phenols and were screened for their potential as antioxidants using the in vitro model 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). The best results were found for aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pequi peel (IC50 of 9,44 and 17,98 µg.mL-1 respectively), etanolic extract of cagaita seeds (IC50 of 14,15 µg.mL-1), etanolic extract of araticum seeds and peel (IC50 of 30,97 and 49,18 µg.mL-1 respectively). This is the first report on the antioxidant properties of the extracts of cerrado fruit fractions. Owing to these properties, studies can be further extended to use them for possible applications as natural antioxidant for cosmetics, supplements and functional ingredients for food products as well as being able to represent a sustainable application of the natural sources in the Brazilian bioma cerrado.

† Background and Aims Little is known about environmental factors that break morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of the Annonaceae and the mechanisms involved. The aim of this study was to characterize the morphological and physiological components of dormancy of Annona crassiflora, a tree species native to the Cerrado of Brazil, in an ecophysiological context. † Methods Morphological and biochemical characteristics of both embryo and endosperm were monitored during dormancy break and germination at field conditions. Seeds were buried in the field and exhumed monthly for 2 years. Germination, embryo length and endosperm digestion, with endo-b-mannanase activity as a marker, were measured in exhumed seeds, and scanning electron microscopy was used to detect cell division. The effect of constant low and high temperatures and exogenous gibberellins on dormancy break and germination was also tested under laboratory conditions. † Key Results After burial in April, A. crassiflora seeds lost their physiological dormancy in the winter months with lowest monthly average minimum temperatures (May – August) prior to the first rainfall of the wet season. The loss of physiological dormancy enabled initiation of embryo growth within the seed during the first 2 months of the rainy season (September –October), resulting in a germination peak in November. Embryo growth occurred mainly through cell expansion but some dividing cells were also observed. Endosperm digestion started at the micropylar side around the embryo and diffused to the rest of the endosperm. Exogenous gibberellins induced both embryo growth and endo-b-mannanase activity in dormant seeds. † Conclusions The physiological dormancy component is broken by low temperature and/or temperature fluctuations preceding the rainy season. Subsequent embryo growth and digestion of the endosperm are both likely to be controlled by gibberellins synthesized during the breaking of physiological dormancy. Radicle protrusion thus occurred at the beginning of the rainy season, thereby maximizing the opportunity for seedlings to emerge and establish.

The side effects and the emerging resistance to the available drugs against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis led to the urgent need for new therapeutic agents against these diseases. Thirty one extracts of thirteen medicinal plants from the Brazilian Cerrado were therefore evaluated in vitro for their antiprotozoal activity against promastigotes of Leishmania donovani, and amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Among the selected plants, Casearia sylvestris var. lingua was the most active against both L. donovani and T. cruzi. Fifteen extracts were active against promastigotes of L. donovani with concentrations inhibiting 50% of parasite growth (IC50) between 0.1-10 microg/ml, particularly those of Annona crassiflora (Annonaceae), Himatanthus obovatus (Apocynaceae), Guarea kunthiana (Meliaceae), Cupania vernalis (Sapindaceae), and Serjania lethalis (Sapindaceae). With regard to amastigotes of T. cruzi, extracts of A. crassiflora, Duguetia furfuracea (Annonaceae), and C. sylvestris var. lingua were active with IC50 values between 0.3-10 microg/ml. Bioassay fractionations of the more active extracts are under progress to identify the active antiparasite compounds.

The aim of this work was to analyze and quantify the presence of antinutritional compounds such as lectins and trypsin-like inhibitors, polyphenols and tannins, and enzymatic activity of peroxidases and proteases in the seeds of Annona crassiflora Mart. (araticum), Hymenaea courbaril L. var. courbaril (jatobá), Plathymenia reticulata Benth. (vinhático), Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (maminha de porca), Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. (pau jangada), Salacia crassiflora Mart G. Don. (bacupari), and Sclerolobium paniculatum Vog. (carvoeiro). The results suggested that these plants could be used as new source of food.O Cerrado é constituído por inúmeras espécies vegetais com potencial econômico, as quais são utilizadas para os mais variados fins, como medicinal e nutricional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e quantificar a presença de atividade enzimática de peroxidases e proteases e fatores antinutricionais, como lectinas e inibidores de proteases, além de polifenóis e taninos em algumas espécies nativas do Cerrado. O material vegetal utilizado foram sementes de Annona crassiflora Mart. (araticum), Hymenaea courbaril L. var. courbaril (jatobá), Plathymenia reticulata Benth. (vinhático), Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (maminha de porca), Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. (pau jangada), Salacia crassiflora (Mart.) G. Don. (bacupari) e Sclerolobium paniculatum Vog. (carvoeiro), coletadas na cidade de Goiânia e municípios de Jataí e Caldas Novas, estado de Goiás. O uso potencial destas plantas e suas enzimas na indústria de alimentos, poderia resultar em aplicações ao aparecimento de novos produtos a partir das matérias-primas tradicionais, além do uso de novas fontes de alimentos.

In the search for plant molluscicides for the vector control of schistosomiasis, ethanolic extracts from different parts of six species of the Annonaceae family were evaluated against adult forms and egg masses of Biomphalaria glabrata. Results from accurate experiments indicate that the majority of the analyzed extracts possess properties lethal to B. glabrata, some of them with significant LD90 values (< 20 ppm), as showed for Annona crassiflora M. [pulp and seed (13.21 ppm), stem (2.34 ppm), root bark (3.79 ppm)], A. glabra L. [seed (17.02 ppm)], A. muricata [leaf (8.75 ppm) and stem bark (3.79 ppm)], A. pisonis [stem bark (6.21 ppm)], A. salzmani D. [leaf (1.37 ppm)] and A. squamosa Vell. [root (8.55 ppm)]. Emphasis is held mainly into A. muricata L. (leaf) and A. squamosa Vell. (root) for presenting additional toxicity toward snail eggs masses.

Summary In search for plant molluscicides for the vector control of schistosomiasis, ethanolic extracts from different parts of six species of the Annonaceae family were evaluated against adult forms and egg masses of Biomphalaria glabrata . Results from accurate experiments indicate that the majority of analyzed extracts possess properties lethal to Biomphalaria glabrata , some of them with significant LD 90 values ( Annona crassiflora M: [pulp and seed (LD 50 = 13.21), steem (2.34), root bark (3.79)], Annona glabra L. [seed (17.02)], Annona muricata [leaf (8.75)]. Emphasis is held mainly into Annona muricata L. (leaf) and Annona squamosa Vell. (root) for presenting additional toxicity toward snail egg masses.

Grossamide, and N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, were isolated for the first time from the seeds of Annona crassiflora Mart, and in the Annonaceae family.

Este estudo foi realizado no cerrado (sensu stricto) da Estação Florestal de Experimentação de Paraopeba-MO, pertencente ao Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal (IBDF). Para o levantamento florístico utilizou-se o método de quadrantes, incluindo-se os indivíduos com diâmetro mínimao do tronco de 5cm ao nível do solo. Foram alocados 25 pontos de amostragem em cada uma das 20 áreas selecionadas pela homogeneidade fisionômica. A distribuição dos diâmetros dos 2.000 indivíduos amostrados apresentou-se não balanceada, indicando uma grande representação (66,55%) na menor classe de diâmetro (5-1Ocm), podendo isto ser devido ao restabelecimento das populações na área após o desmatamento ocorrido em 1952. Esta hipótese sugere que 30 anos seria um prazo insuficiente para o estabelecimento da rotação de corte naquele cerrado. Levantaram-se a situação atual e as hipóteses quanto aos prováveis problemas enfrentados para o estabelecimento de algumas das populações que mais se destacaram pelo índice do valor de importância (IVI) e pelo número mínimo de indivíduos amostrados (n=50): Qualea parviflora Mart., Byrsonima crassa Nied., Qualea grandiflora Mart., Eryth-roxylum suberosum St. Hill., Eugenia dysenterica D.C., Kielmeyera grandiflora (Wawra) Saddi, Dimorphandra mol/is Benth., Curatel/a americana L., Terminalia argentea Mart., Annona crassiflora Mart., Machaerium opacum Vog. Concluiu-se que a atividade de extração de minhocuçus na Estação tem contribuído negativamente para o estabelecimento de novos indivíduos na área e, para a recuperação das populações, recomenda-se o plantio de mudas produzidas na própria EFLEX. Para o sucesso de qualquer medida com este objetivo e essencial uma efetiva fiscalização da área. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT This study was carried out in 200ha of the Experimental Forest Station (EFLEX) of Paraopeba-MG with the purpose of evaluating the trunk diameter distribution of local "cerrado" vegetation. Twenty sampling plots were randomly distributed through out the experimental area and the floristic composition was studied using the point-centered-quarter method, including individuals of at least 5cm diameter at the ground level. Twenty-five sampling points were located in each plot. Diameter distribution of 2,000 individuals was unbalanced, with 66,55% of these in the smallest diameter class(5-1Ocm). This could be due to population restablishment caused by deforestation that took place in 1952. This suggests that a 30 year rotation period might not be long enough for managing "cerrado" vegetation. The situation of populations with at least 50 individuals sampled or with highest importance value (IVI) was studied: Qualea parviflora Mart., Byrsonima crassa Nied. Qualea grandiflora Mart., Erythroxy/um suberosum St. Hill., Eugenia dysenterica D.C., Kielmeyera grandiflora(Wawra) Saddi, Dimorphandra mollis Benth., Curatella americana L., Terminalia argentea Mart., Annona crassiflora Mart. and Machaerium opacum Vog. Hypothesis were postulated to explain problems that may affect the establishment of the species. Observations indicate that digging for earthworms has adversely affected the establishment of new individuals. It is recomended that the native seedlings being produced at EFLEX could be used to regenerate natural "cerrado"; however effective enforcement is needed to guarantee its success.

The effect of a crude extract of Annona crassiflora was evaluated on larvae of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in different stages of larval development. The extract was prepared with seeds of A. crassiflora fruits collected in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The extract was diluted in water and solubilizer agent at the concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0%; it was tested by ingestion of treated leaves and contact. The mortality rate of topically treated caterpillars of first, third, and fifth instars was significantly higher than that of the control group. For first instar caterpillars, mortality was observed within the first 24 h after application, while, for the remaining instars, it was significant after 72 h. For caterpillars fed treated leaves, no differences in mortality rates were observed within the first 120 h. These caterpillars were monitored until the end of the larval stage, during which mortality rates increased for first and third instar caterpillars. The mortality rate of fifth instar larvae was not significantly different between treatments. The treatment by ingestion was not efficient over a short period of time, but reduced the number of caterpillars that completed their development, decreasing the number of insects in the following generation. We concluded that the crude extract of A. crassiflora affected the development of C. includens and is a promising compound for the control of this pest.

Background The aim of this work was to investigate the potential nematicidal activity of Annona crassiflora leaf extract against Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods The hydroalcoholic leaf extract and its fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) were submitted to mobility assay against the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. GC-MS and NMR analysis were performed in order to identify metabolites. Results The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions showed to be the most active among the hydroalcoholic leaf extracts and its four fractions. The percentages of C. elegans larvae immobility were 98.13 and 89.66%, respectively, at a concentration of 1000 μg.mL−1. Besides some amino acids, palmitic acid methyl ester, 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol, oleic acid methyl esther, stearic acid methyl ester, quercetin and kaempferol were also identified in these fractions. Conclusion The results indicated that of A. crassiflora leaf ethanolic extract has a good potential as a source for natural nematicide.