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Objectives: Previous research has documented less dialogic interaction between parents and preschoolers during electronic-book reading versus print. Parent-toddler interactions around commercially available tablet-based books have not been described. We examined parent-toddler verbal and nonverbal interactions when reading electronic versus print books., Methods: We conducted a videotaped, laboratory-based, counterbalanced study of 37 parent-toddler dyads reading on 3 book formats (enhanced electronic [sound effects and/or animation], basic electronic, and print). We coded verbalizations in 10-second intervals for parents (dialogic, nondialogic, text reading, format related, negative format-related directives, and off task) and children (book related, negative, and off task). Shared positive affect and collaborative book reading were coded on a scale of 1 to 5 (5 = high). Proc Genmod and Proc Mixed analyzed within-subjects variance by book format., Results: Parents showed significantly more dialogic (print 11.9; enhanced 6.2 [ P < .001]; basic 8.3 [ P < .001]), text-reading (print 14.3; enhanced 10.6 [ P = .003]; basic 14.4 [ P < .001]), off-task (print 2.3; enhanced 1.3 [ P = .007]), and total (29.5; enhanced 28.1 [ P = .003]; basic 29.3 [ P = .005]) verbalizations with print books and fewer format-related verbalizations (print 1.9; enhanced 10.0 [ P < .001]; basic 8.3 [ P < .001]). Toddlers showed more book-related verbalizations (print 15.0; enhanced 11.5 [ P < .001]; basic 12.5 [ P = .005]), total verbalizations (print 18.8; enhanced 13.8 [ P < .001]; basic 15.3 [ P < .001]), and higher collaboration scores (print 3.1; enhanced 2.7 [ P = .004]; basic 2.8 [ P = .02]) with print-book reading., Conclusions: Parents and toddlers verbalized less with electronic books, and collaboration was lower. Future studies should examine specific aspects of tablet-book design that support parent-child interaction. Pediatricians may wish to continue promoting shared reading of print books, particularly for toddlers and younger children., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Dr Radesky is paid to write articles for PBS Parents and is on the board of directors and consults for Melissa and Doug; the other authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2019 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

This study aims at contributing to the discussion on the role of the early printers in the regularisation and standardisation of the English spelling. It assesses the degree of early printers' (in)consistency concerning morphological spelling, in particular the spelling of third person singular present tense (indicative) inflectional endings of verbs in six editions of "The book of good maners" (1487-1526), printed by William Caxton, Richard Pynson and Wynkyn de Worde. The analysis suggests that early printers could have been interested in regularising spelling already before normative guidance from scholars became available in the form of grammars and spelling books, that is before the middle of the sixteenth century. However, the levels of the printers' spelling consistency varied, depending on the particular printing house and edition.

One of the most famous historical documents of English printing is Joseph Ames's "Typographical Antiquities," published in London in 1749. Although Ames referred to his work as a history of printing, the bulk of it is a list of the first printers in England and their works through 1600, with very full bibliographical descriptions for many of the titles. Ames provided bibliographic information for the printers when it was available, and he included plates with the devices of printers and specimens of their type. For William Caxton, England's first printer, he provided six different numbered type specimens, so that the type could be matched to his particular works. Ames's work is thus more a bibliography than a history, but perhaps it is most accurately described as an antiquarian work. Joseph Ames (1687-1759) was a professional joiner and an amateur antiquarian who served as secretary to the Society of Antiquaries from 1741 until his death, and worked within the antiquarian tradition. In this article, the author describes the life of antiquarians of the time and the story of how "Typographical Antiquities" came to be written.

As has been described in the editorials of the past two issues, "The Library Quarterly" has changed in appearance and content to better reflect contemporary research on library-related issues. As the newly dubbed "History of the Book" editor, Karen Nipps is excited that the cover article segment of the journal is being expanded to acknowledge the growth of book history as it own discipline, replete with its own complexity, ambiguity, richness, and pertinence. The connection between the study of printers' and publishers' devices and library research may have seemed tenuous at times, but there is no arguing that the histories of books and libraries are closely conjoined. Moreover, it is the conviction of many that these studies and the future of libraries are inexorably entwined. The subject of this month's feature demonstrates this inseparability. It also pays homage to the significant contributions to book history made by previous authors with their work on printers' devices and hints at some of the variety readers of this segment will encounter in the future.

The 2009 database marketplace is bounded by two extremes: massive digitization projects to increase access, and retrenchment owing to budget worries. Picture medieval monks hunched over their desks in the scriptorium as they labor to copy manuscripts. A 21st-century version of this activity is being repeated daily in the world's libraries and publishing houses as major digitization projects seek to preserve millions of printed books and documents. The work of medieval scribes ensured that the classics were available when the invention of movable type and the printing press made books accessible to the masses, transforming the world. Today's laborers are hunched over digitization equipment, but their goal is the same: copying and preserving resources so they are available now and into the future. Before the printing press made books more affordable, only the well-to-do could afford libraries of manuscripts. Similarly, many companies today are concerned with how libraries will face growing budgetary problems. Twenty-two of the 39 companies that responded to this survey cited the budget as the most important issue in 2009. Demonstrating value via high usage or enhanced and intuitive platforms will become even more crucial as libraries decide which products to keep or cancel. In response to the economy, many companies have frozen prices and are releasing fewer new collections in 2009, focusing instead on improving existing collections.

What is the nature of the change represented by digital communications technologies? How will the impact of the digital compare with the massive changes spawned in its time by print and books? These are the two key questions addressed in this article. The authors answer the first of these questions by comparing the emergence of the printed book with the emergence of the digital communications technologies. The next section of this article, "Transformations in Ways of Meaning: the case of print", discusses the technological nature and textual consequences of the printing press. The following section, "Transformations in Ways of Meaning: designing text digitally", does the same for digital connectivity. Several themes emerge. (Contains 9 figures.)

Considers influences on the design and production of books at the turn of the century, including the influences of symbolists and other European poets (e.g., Blake, Wilde, Verhaeren, Maeterlinck, Baudelaire, Mallarme, Huysmans, George, von Hofmannsthal, and Rilke); book designers, typographers, and printers; and the Art Nouveau school. (DMM)