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1. Immunohistochemical marker profiles for the differentiation of collagenous spherulosis from adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast.

Author

Warm HL, Kandt LD, Schaumann N, Werlein C, Gronewold M, Christgen H, Hellmann M, Lafos M, Auber B, Hillemanns P, Kreipe H, and Christgen M

Subjects
Humans, Female, Middle Aged, Adult, Aged, Diagnosis, Differential, Aged, 80 and over, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Predictive Value of Tests, Cadherins analysis, Cadherins metabolism, Biomarkers, Tumor analysis, Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic pathology, Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic diagnosis, Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic metabolism, Breast Neoplasms pathology, Immunohistochemistry
Abstract

Collagenous spherulosis (CS) is a rare breast lesion of unknown histogenesis. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare basal-like breast carcinoma with low histological grade. CS is a benign lesion but resembles ACC. Both lesions show a similar histomorphology and feature bilineage differentiation. This study compared immunohistochemical markers in CS and ACC. We compiled n = 13 CS cases and n = 18 mammary ACCs. Fourteen marker proteins (ER, PR, HER2, GATA3, CK7, E-cadherin, CD117, CK5/14, p40, p63, SMA, CD10, calponin, P-cadherin) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). MYB rearrangement, a common alteration in ACC, was assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Patient age ranged between 40-60 years for CS lesions and 30-90 years for ACCs. 7/13 (54%) CS cases harbored a lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) in the luminal component. One CS/LCIS lesion occurred in a carrier of a pathogenic germline variant in CDH1/E-cadherin. MYB rearrangement was detected in 0/11 (0%) CS and 6/16 (37%) ACC cases (P = 0.054). CS was associated with expression of ER in the luminal component (P < 0.001), E-cadherin loss in the luminal component (P = 0.045), and expression of CD10 and calponin in the basal component (P < 0.001). Furthermore, CS was associated with GATA3 expression in the luminal component (12/13 [92%] versus 5/18 [27%], P < 0.001). In summary, IHC for GATA3 and E-cadherin may contribute to the differential diagnosis between CS and ACC, although these markers are not exclusively expressed in either lesion. Histologic evaluation has to take into account that CS is frequently colonized by LCIS, requiring thorough correlation of histomorphology and immunohistochemical features., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declared no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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2. Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies 191 likely target genes.

Author

Fachal L, Aschard H, Beesley J, Barnes DR, Allen J, Kar S, Pooley KA, Dennis J, Michailidou K, Turman C, Soucy P, Lemaçon A, Lush M, Tyrer JP, Ghoussaini M, Moradi Marjaneh M, Jiang X, Agata S, Aittomäki K, Alonso MR, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Antonenkova NN, Arason A, Arndt V, Aronson KJ, Arun BK, Auber B, Auer PL, Azzollini J, Balmaña J, Barkardottir RB, Barrowdale D, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Benitez J, Bermisheva M, Białkowska K, Blanco AM, Blomqvist C, Blot W, Bogdanova NV, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Bonanni B, Borg A, Bosse K, Brauch H, Brenner H, Briceno I, Brock IW, Brooks-Wilson A, Brüning T, Burwinkel B, Buys SS, Cai Q, Caldés T, Caligo MA, Camp NJ, Campbell I, Canzian F, Carroll JS, Carter BD, Castelao JE, Chiquette J, Christiansen H, Chung WK, Claes KBM, Clarke CL, Collée JM, Cornelissen S, Couch FJ, Cox A, Cross SS, Cybulski C, Czene K, Daly MB, de la Hoya M, Devilee P, Diez O, Ding YC, Dite GS, Domchek SM, Dörk T, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Droit A, Dubois S, Dumont M, Duran M, Durcan L, Dwek M, Eccles DM, Engel C, Eriksson M, Evans DG, Fasching PA, Fletcher O, Floris G, Flyger H, Foretova L, Foulkes WD, Friedman E, Fritschi L, Frost D, Gabrielson M, Gago-Dominguez M, Gambino G, Ganz PA, Gapstur SM, Garber J, García-Sáenz JA, Gaudet MM, Georgoulias V, Giles GG, Glendon G, Godwin AK, Goldberg MS, Goldgar DE, González-Neira A, Tibiletti MG, Greene MH, Grip M, Gronwald J, Grundy A, Guénel P, Hahnen E, Haiman CA, Håkansson N, Hall P, Hamann U, Harrington PA, Hartikainen JM, Hartman M, He W, Healey CS, Heemskerk-Gerritsen BAM, Heyworth J, Hillemanns P, Hogervorst FBL, Hollestelle A, Hooning MJ, Hopper JL, Howell A, Huang G, Hulick PJ, Imyanitov EN, Isaacs C, Iwasaki M, Jager A, Jakimovska M, Jakubowska A, James PA, Janavicius R, Jankowitz RC, John EM, Johnson N, Jones ME, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Jung A, Kaaks R, Kang D, Kapoor PM, Karlan BY, Keeman R, Kerin MJ, Khusnutdinova E, Kiiski JI, Kirk J, Kitahara CM, Ko YD, Konstantopoulou I, Kosma VM, Koutros S, Kubelka-Sabit K, Kwong A, Kyriacou K, Laitman Y, Lambrechts D, Lee E, Leslie G, Lester J, Lesueur F, Lindblom A, Lo WY, Long J, Lophatananon A, Loud JT, Lubiński J, MacInnis RJ, Maishman T, Makalic E, Mannermaa A, Manoochehri M, Manoukian S, Margolin S, Martinez ME, Matsuo K, Maurer T, Mavroudis D, Mayes R, McGuffog L, McLean C, Mebirouk N, Meindl A, Miller A, Miller N, Montagna M, Moreno F, Muir K, Mulligan AM, Muñoz-Garzon VM, Muranen TA, Narod SA, Nassir R, Nathanson KL, Neuhausen SL, Nevanlinna H, Neven P, Nielsen FC, Nikitina-Zake L, Norman A, Offit K, Olah E, Olopade OI, Olsson H, Orr N, Osorio A, Pankratz VS, Papp J, Park SK, Park-Simon TW, Parsons MT, Paul J, Pedersen IS, Peissel B, Peshkin B, Peterlongo P, Peto J, Plaseska-Karanfilska D, Prajzendanc K, Prentice R, Presneau N, Prokofyeva D, Pujana MA, Pylkäs K, Radice P, Ramus SJ, Rantala J, Rau-Murthy R, Rennert G, Risch HA, Robson M, Romero A, Rossing M, Saloustros E, Sánchez-Herrero E, Sandler DP, Santamariña M, Saunders C, Sawyer EJ, Scheuner MT, Schmidt DF, Schmutzler RK, Schneeweiss A, Schoemaker MJ, Schöttker B, Schürmann P, Scott C, Scott RJ, Senter L, Seynaeve CM, Shah M, Sharma P, Shen CY, Shu XO, Singer CF, Slavin TP, Smichkoska S, Southey MC, Spinelli JJ, Spurdle AB, Stone J, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Sutter C, Swerdlow AJ, Tamimi RM, Tan YY, Tapper WJ, Taylor JA, Teixeira MR, Tengström M, Teo SH, Terry MB, Teulé A, Thomassen M, Thull DL, Tischkowitz M, Toland AE, Tollenaar RAEM, Tomlinson I, Torres D, Torres-Mejía G, Troester MA, Truong T, Tung N, Tzardi M, Ulmer HU, Vachon CM, van Asperen CJ, van der Kolk LE, van Rensburg EJ, Vega A, Viel A, Vijai J, Vogel MJ, Wang Q, Wappenschmidt B, Weinberg CR, Weitzel JN, Wendt C, Wildiers H, Winqvist R, Wolk A, Wu AH, Yannoukakos D, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Hunter D, Pharoah PDP, Chang-Claude J, García-Closas M, Schmidt MK, Milne RL, Kristensen VN, French JD, Edwards SL, Antoniou AC, Chenevix-Trench G, Simard J, Easton DF, Kraft P, and Dunning AM

Subjects
Bayes Theorem, Female, Humans, Linkage Disequilibrium, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Breast Neoplasms genetics, Chromosome Mapping methods, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci
Abstract

Genome-wide association studies have identified breast cancer risk variants in over 150 genomic regions, but the mechanisms underlying risk remain largely unknown. These regions were explored by combining association analysis with in silico genomic feature annotations. We defined 205 independent risk-associated signals with the set of credible causal variants in each one. In parallel, we used a Bayesian approach (PAINTOR) that combines genetic association, linkage disequilibrium and enriched genomic features to determine variants with high posterior probabilities of being causal. Potentially causal variants were significantly over-represented in active gene regulatory regions and transcription factor binding sites. We applied our INQUSIT pipeline for prioritizing genes as targets of those potentially causal variants, using gene expression (expression quantitative trait loci), chromatin interaction and functional annotations. Known cancer drivers, transcription factors and genes in the developmental, apoptosis, immune system and DNA integrity checkpoint gene ontology pathways were over-represented among the highest-confidence target genes.

Published
2020
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3. Investigating the effects of additional truncating variants in DNA-repair genes on breast cancer risk in BRCA1-positive women.

Author

Sepahi I, Faust U, Sturm M, Bosse K, Kehrer M, Heinrich T, Grundman-Hauser K, Bauer P, Ossowski S, Susak H, Varon R, Schröck E, Niederacher D, Auber B, Sutter C, Arnold N, Hahnen E, Dworniczak B, Wang-Gorke S, Gehrig A, Weber BHF, Engel C, Lemke JR, Hartkopf A, Nguyen HP, Riess O, and Schroeder C

Subjects
Adult, Age of Onset, Aged, Breast Neoplasms diagnosis, Breast Neoplasms epidemiology, Databases, Genetic, Female, Genetic Association Studies, Genetic Loci, Germany epidemiology, Humans, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Grading, Neoplasm Staging, Population Surveillance, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, BRCA1 Protein genetics, Biomarkers, Tumor, Breast Neoplasms genetics, DNA Repair, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Sequence Deletion
Abstract

Background: Inherited pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most common causes of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). The risk of developing breast cancer by age 80 in women carrying a BRCA1 pathogenic variant is 72%. The lifetime risk varies between families and even within affected individuals of the same family. The cause of this variability is largely unknown, but it is hypothesized that additional genetic factors contribute to differences in age at onset (AAO). Here we investigated whether truncating and rare missense variants in genes of different DNA-repair pathways contribute to this phenomenon., Methods: We used extreme phenotype sampling to recruit 133 BRCA1-positive patients with either early breast cancer onset, below 35 (early AAO cohort) or cancer-free by age 60 (controls). Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was used to screen for variants in 311 genes involved in different DNA-repair pathways., Results: Patients with an early AAO (73 women) had developed breast cancer at a median age of 27 years (interquartile range (IQR); 25.00-27.00 years). A total of 3703 variants were detected in all patients and 43 of those (1.2%) were truncating variants. The truncating variants were found in 26 women of the early AAO group (35.6%; 95%-CI 24.7 - 47.7%) compared to 16 women of controls (26.7%; 95%-CI 16.1 to 39.7%). When adjusted for environmental factors and family history, the odds ratio indicated an increased breast cancer risk for those carrying an additional truncating DNA-repair variant to BRCA1 mutation (OR: 3.1; 95%-CI 0.92 to 11.5; p-value = 0.07), although it did not reach the conventionally acceptable significance level of 0.05., Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first time that the combined effect of truncating variants in DNA-repair genes on AAO in patients with hereditary breast cancer is investigated. Our results indicate that co-occurring truncating variants might be associated with an earlier onset of breast cancer in BRCA1-positive patients. Larger cohorts are needed to confirm these results.

Published
2019
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4. Gene panel testing of 5589 BRCA1/2-negative index patients with breast cancer in a routine diagnostic setting: results of the German Consortium for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer.

Author

Hauke J, Horvath J, Groß E, Gehrig A, Honisch E, Hackmann K, Schmidt G, Arnold N, Faust U, Sutter C, Hentschel J, Wang-Gohrke S, Smogavec M, Weber BHF, Weber-Lassalle N, Weber-Lassalle K, Borde J, Ernst C, Altmüller J, Volk AE, Thiele H, Hübbel V, Nürnberg P, Keupp K, Versmold B, Pohl E, Kubisch C, Grill S, Paul V, Herold N, Lichey N, Rhiem K, Ditsch N, Ruckert C, Wappenschmidt B, Auber B, Rump A, Niederacher D, Haaf T, Ramser J, Dworniczak B, Engel C, Meindl A, Schmutzler RK, and Hahnen E

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Female, Genetic Association Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Testing methods, Genetic Variation, Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome epidemiology, Humans, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, Young Adult, Biomarkers, Tumor, Genes, BRCA1, Genes, BRCA2, Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome diagnosis, Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome genetics
Abstract

The prevalence of germ line mutations in non-BRCA1/2 genes associated with hereditary breast cancer (BC) is low, and the role of some of these genes in BC predisposition and pathogenesis is conflicting. In this study, 5589 consecutive BC index patients negative for pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations and 2189 female controls were screened for germ line mutations in eight cancer predisposition genes (ATM, CDH1, CHEK2, NBN, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D, and TP53). All patients met the inclusion criteria of the German Consortium for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer for germ line testing. The highest mutation prevalence was observed in the CHEK2 gene (2.5%), followed by ATM (1.5%) and PALB2 (1.2%). The mutation prevalence in each of the remaining genes was 0.3% or lower. Using Exome Aggregation Consortium control data, we confirm significant associations of heterozygous germ line mutations with BC for ATM (OR: 3.63, 95%CI: 2.67-4.94), CDH1 (OR: 17.04, 95%CI: 3.54-82), CHEK2 (OR: 2.93, 95%CI: 2.29-3.75), PALB2 (OR: 9.53, 95%CI: 6.25-14.51), and TP53 (OR: 7.30, 95%CI: 1.22-43.68). NBN germ line mutations were not significantly associated with BC risk (OR:1.39, 95%CI: 0.73-2.64). Due to their low mutation prevalence, the RAD51C and RAD51D genes require further investigation. Compared with control datasets, predicted damaging rare missense variants were significantly more prevalent in CHEK2 and TP53 in BC index patients. Compared with the overall sample, only TP53 mutation carriers show a significantly younger age at first BC diagnosis. We demonstrate a significant association of deleterious variants in the CHEK2, PALB2, and TP53 genes with bilateral BC. Both, ATM and CHEK2, were negatively associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumor phenotypes. A particularly high CHEK2 mutation prevalence (5.2%) was observed in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumors., (© 2018 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2018
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5. Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies 191 likely target genes

Author

Fachal, L., Aschard, H., Beesley, J., Barnes, D.R., Allen, J., Kar, S., Pooley, K.A., Dennis, J., Michailidou, K., Turman, C., Soucy, P., Lemaçon, A., Lush, M., Tyrer, J.P., Ghoussaini, M., Marjaneh, M.M., Jiang, X., Agata, S., Aittomäki, K., Alonso, M.R., Andrulis, I.L., Anton-Culver, H., Antonenkova, N.N., Arason, A., Arndt, V., Aronson, K.J., Arun, B.K., Auber, B., Auer, P.L., Azzollini, J., Balmaña, J., Barkardottir, R.B., Barrowdale, D., Beeghly-Fadiel, A., Benitez, J., Bermisheva, M., Białkowska, K., Blanco, A.M., Blomqvist, C., Blot, W., Bogdanova, N.V., Bojesen, S.E., Bolla, M.K., Bonanni, B., Borg, A., Bosse, K., Brauch, H., Brenner, H., Briceno, I., Brock, I.W., Brooks-Wilson, A., Brüning, T., Burwinkel, B., Buys, S.S., Cai, Q., Caldés, T., Caligo, M.A., Camp, N.J., Campbell, I., Canzian, F., Carroll, J.S., Carter, B.D., Castelao, J.E., Chiquette, J., Christiansen, H., Chung, W.K., Claes, K.B.M., Clarke, C.L., Mari, V., Berthet, P., Castera, L., Vaur, D., Lallaoui, H., Bignon, Y.-J., Uhrhammer, N., Bonadona, V., Lasset, C., Révillion, F., Vennin, P., Muller, D., Gomes, D.M., Ingster, O., Coupier, I., Pujol, P., Collonge-Rame, M.-A., Mortemousque, I., Bera, O., Rose, M., Baurand, A., Bertolone, G., Faivre, L., Dreyfus, H., Leroux, D., Venat-Bouvet, L., Bézieau, S., Delnatte, C., Chiesa, J., Gilbert-Dussardier, B., Gesta, P., Prieur, F.P., Bronner, M., Sokolowska, J., Coulet, F., Boutry-Kryza, N., Calender, A., Giraud, S., Leone, M., Fert-Ferrer, S., Stoppa-Lyonnet, D., Jiao, Y., Lesueur, F.L., Mebirouk, N., Barouk-Simonet, E., Bubien, V., Longy, M., Sevenet, N., Gladieff, L., Toulas, C., Reimineras, A., Sobol, H., Paillerets, B.B.-D., Cabaret, O., Caron, O., Guillaud-Bataille, M., Rouleau, E., Belotti, M., Buecher, B., Caputo, S., Colas, C., Pauw, A.D., Fourme, E., Gauthier-Villars, M., Golmard, L., Moncoutier, V., Saule, C., Donaldson, A., Murray, A., Brady, A., Brewer, C., Pottinger, C., Miller, C., Gallagher, D., Gregory, H., Cook, J., Eason, J., Adlard, J., Barwell, J., Ong, K.-R., Snape, K., Walker, L., Izatt, L., Side, L., Tischkowitz, M., Rogers, M.T., Porteous, M.E., Ahmed, M., Morrison, P.J., Brennan, P., Eeles, R., Davidson, R., Collée, M., Cornelissen, S., Couch, F.J., Cox, A., Cross, S.S., Cybulski, C., Czene, K., Daly, M.B., de la Hoya, M., Devilee, P., Diez, O., Ding, Y.C., Dite, G.S., Domchek, S.M., Dörk, T., dos-Santos-Silva, I., Droit, A., Dubois, S., Dumont, M., Duran, M., Durcan, L., Dwek, M., Eccles, D.M., Engel, C., Eriksson, M., Evans, D.G., Fasching, P.A., Fletcher, O., Floris, G., Flyger, H., Foretova, L., Foulkes, W.D., Friedman, E., Fritschi, L., Frost, D., Gabrielson, M., Gago-Dominguez, M., Gambino, G., Ganz, P.A., Gapstur, S.M., Garber, J., García-Sáenz, J.A., Gaudet, M.M., Georgoulias, V., Giles, G., Glendon, G., Godwin, A.K., Goldberg, M.S., Goldgar, D.E., González-Neira, A., Tibiletti, M.G., Greene, M.H., Grip, M., Gronwald, J., Grundy, A., Guénel, P., Hahnen, E., Haiman, C.A., Håkansson, N., Hall, P., Hamann, U., Harrington, P.A., Hartikainen, J.M., Hartman, M., He, W., Healey, C.S., Heemskerk-Gerritsen, B.A.M., Heyworth, J., Hillemanns, P., Hogervorst, F.B.L., Hollestelle, A., Hooning, M., Hopper, J., Howell, A., Huang, G., Hulick, P.J., Imyanitov, E.N., Sexton, A., Christian, A., Trainer, A., Spigelman, A., Fellows, A., Shelling, A., Fazio, A.D., Blackburn, A., Crook, A., Meiser, B., Patterson, B., Clarke, C., Saunders, C., Hunt, C., Scott, C., Amor, D., Marsh, D., Edkins, E., Salisbury, E., Haan, E., Neidermayr, E., Macrea, F., Farshid, G., Lindeman, G., Chenevix-Trench, G., Mann, G., Gill, G., Thorne, H., Hickie, I., Winship, I., Flanagan, J., Kollias, J., Visvader, J., Stone, J., Taylor, J., Burke, J., Saunus, J., Forbes, J., Kirk, J., French, J., Tucker, K., Wu, K., Phillips, K., Lipton, L., Andrews, L., Lobb, L., Kentwell, M., Spurdle, M., Cummings, M., Gleeson, M., Harris, M., Jenkins, M., Young, M.A., Delatycki, M., Wallis, M., Burgess, M., Price, M., Brown, M., Southey, M., Bogwitz, M., Field, M., Friedlander, M., Gattas, M., Saleh, M., Hayward, N., Pachter, N., Cohen, P., Duijf, P., James, P., Simpson, P., Fong, P., Butow, P., Williams, R., Kefford, R., Scott, R., Milne, R.L., Balleine, R., Dawson, S.–J., Lok, S., O’Connell, S., Greening, S., Nightingale, S., Edwards, S., Fox, S., McLachlan, S.-A., Lakhani, S., Antill, Y., Aalfs, C., Meijers-Heijboer, H., van Engelen, K., Gille, H., Boere, I., van Deurzen, C., Obdeijn, I.-M., van den Ouweland, A., Seynaeve, C., Siesling, S., Verloop, J., van Asperen, C.J., van Cronenburg, T., Blok, R., de Boer, M., Garcia, E.G., Adank, M., Hogervorst, F., Jenner, D., van Leeuwen, F., Rookus, M., Russell, N., Schmidt, M., van den Belt-Dusebout, S., Kets, C., Mensenkamp, A., de Bock, T., van der Hout, A., Mourits, M., Oosterwijk, J., Ausems, M., Koudijs, M., Baxter, R., Yip, D., Carpenter, J., Davis, A., Pathmanathan, N., Graham, D., Sachchithananthan, M., Isaacs, C., Iwasaki, M., Jager, A., Jakimovska, M., Jakubowska, A., James, P.A., Janavicius, R., Jankowitz, R.C., John, E.M., Johnson, N., Jones, M.E., Jukkola-Vuorinen, A., Jung, A., Kaaks, R., Kang, D., Kapoor, P.M., Karlan, B.Y., Keeman, R., Kerin, M.J., Khusnutdinova, E., Kiiski, J.I., Kitahara, C.M., Ko, Y.-D., Konstantopoulou, I., Kosma, V.-M., Koutros, S., Kubelka-Sabit, K., Kwong, A., Kyriacou, K., Laitman, Y., Lambrechts, D., Lee, E., Leslie, G., Lester, J., Lesueur, F., Lindblom, A., Lo, W.-Y., Long, J., Lophatananon, A., Loud, J.T., Lubiński, J., MacInnis, R.J., Maishman, T., Makalic, E., Mannermaa, A., Manoochehri, M., Manoukian, S., Margolin, S., Martinez, M.E., Matsuo, K., Maurer, T., Mavroudis, D., Mayes, R., McGuffog, L., McLean, C., Meindl, A., Miller, A., Miller, N., Montagna, M., Moreno, F., Muir, K., Mulligan, A.M., Muñoz-Garzon, V.M., Muranen, T.A., Narod, S.A., Nassir, R., Nathanson, K.L., Neuhausen, S.L., Nevanlinna, H., Neven, P., Nielsen, F.C., Nikitina-Zake, L., Norman, A., Offit, K., Olah, E., Olopade, O.I., Olsson, H., Orr, N., Osorio, A., Pankratz, V.S., Papp, J., Park, S.K., Park-Simon, T.-W., Parsons, M.T., Paul, J., Pedersen, I.S., Peissel, B., Peshkin, B., Peterlongo, P., Peto, J., Plaseska-Karanfilska, D., Prajzendanc, K., Prentice, R., Presneau, N., Prokofyeva, D., Pujana, M.A., Pylkäs, K., Radice, P., Ramus, S.J., Rantala, J., Rau-Murthy, R., Rennert, G., Risch, H.A., Robson, M., Romero, A., Rossing, M., Saloustros, E., Sánchez-Herrero, E., Sandler, D.P., Santamariña, M., Sawyer, E.J., Scheuner, M.T., Schmidt, D.F., Schmutzler, R.K., Schneeweiss, A., Schoemaker, M.J., Schöttker, B., Schürmann, P., Scott, R.J., Senter, L., Seynaeve, C.M., Shah, M., Sharma, P., Shen, C.-Y., Shu, X.-O., Singer, C.F., Slavin, T.P., Smichkoska, S., Southey, M.C., Spinelli, J.J., Spurdle, A.B., Sutter, C., Swerdlow, A.J., Tamimi, R.M., Tan, Y.Y., Tapper, W.J., Taylor, J.A., Teixeira, M.R., Tengström, M., Teo, S.H., Terry, M.B., Teulé, A., Thomassen, M., Thull, D.L., Toland, A.E., Tollenaar, R.A.E.M., Tomlinson, I., Torres, D., Torres-Mejía, G., Troester, M.A., Truong, T., Tung, N., Tzardi, M., Ulmer, H.-U., Vachon, C.M., van der Kolk, L.E., van Rensburg, E.J., Vega, A., Viel, A., Vijai, J., Vogel, M.J., Wang, Q., Wappenschmidt, B., Weinberg, C.R., Weitzel, J.N., Wendt, C., Wildiers, H., Winqvist, R., Wolk, A., Wu, A.H., Yannoukakos, D., Zhang, Y., Zheng, W., Hunter, D., Pharoah, P.D.P., Chang-Claude, J., García-Closas, M., Schmidt, M.K., Kristensen, V.N., French, J.D., Edwards, S.L., Antoniou, A.C., Simard, J., Easton, D.F., Kraft, P., Dunning, A.M., Collaborators, GEMO Study, Collaborators, EMBRACE, Investigators, KConFab, Investigators, HEBON, Investigators, ABCTB, Fachal, Laura, Aschard, Hugues, Beesley, Jonathan, Barnes, Daniel R, Duijf, Pascal, Dunning, Alison M, GEMO Study Collaborators, EMBRACE Collaborators, KConFab Investigators, HEBON Investigators, ABCTB Investigators, MUMC+: MA Medische Oncologie (9), RS: GROW - R3 - Innovative Cancer Diagnostics & Therapy, Klinische Genetica, MUMC+: DA KG Polikliniek (9), RS: GROW - R4 - Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine, MUMC+: DA KG Lab Centraal Lab (9), European Commission, Government of Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institutes of Health (US), Cancer Research UK, Département de Biologie Computationnelle - Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), NSCAD, University of Cyprus [Nicosia], Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 656144. Genotyping of the OncoArray was principally funded from three sources: the PERSPECTIVE project (funded by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the ‘Ministère de l’Économie de la Science et de l’Innovation du Québec’ (through Genome Québec) and the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation), the NCI Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) initiative and the Discovery, Biology and Risk of Inherited Variants in Breast Cancer (DRIVE) project (NIH grants U19 CA148065 and X01HG007492), and Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C8197/A16565 and C1287/A16563). BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A16563), by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS) and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreements 633784 (B-CAST) and 634935 (BRIDGES). Genotyping of the iCOGS array was funded by the European Union (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10710), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the ‘CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer’ program, and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade of Quebec (grant PSR-SIIRI-701). Combining of the GWAS data was supported in part by NIH Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS initiative grant U19 CA 148065 (DRIVE, part of the GAME-ON initiative). For a full description of funding and acknowledgments, see the Supplementary Note., We thank all of the individuals who took part in these studies, as well as all of the researchers, clinicians, technicians and administrative staff who enabled this work to be carried out, European Project: 656144,H2020,H2020-MSCA-IF-2014,RADIOGENFF(2016), European Project: 223175,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2007-B,COGS(2009), European Project: 633784,H2020,H2020-PHC-2014-two-stage,B-CAST(2015), European Project: 634935,H2020,H2020-PHC-2014-two-stage,BRIDGES(2015), Clinical Genetics, Medical Oncology, Pathology, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Damage and Repair in Cancer Development and Cancer Treatment (DARE), Life Course Epidemiology (LCE), Targeted Gynaecologic Oncology (TARGON), ​Basic and Translational Research and Imaging Methodology Development in Groningen (BRIDGE), Aschard, Hugues [0000-0002-7554-6783], Barnes, Daniel R [0000-0002-3781-7570], Dennis, Joe [0000-0003-4591-1214], Michailidou, Kyriaki [0000-0001-7065-1237], Lemaçon, Audrey [0000-0002-1817-7029], Andrulis, Irene L [0000-0002-4226-6435], Arason, Adalgeir [0000-0003-0480-886X], Arndt, Volker [0000-0001-9320-8684], Auber, Bernd [0000-0003-1880-291X], Azzollini, Jacopo [0000-0002-9364-9778], Bojesen, Stig E [0000-0002-4061-4133], Bonanni, Bernardo [0000-0003-3589-2128], Brauch, Hiltrud [0000-0001-7531-2736], Campbell, Ian [0000-0002-7773-4155], Carroll, Jason S [0000-0003-3643-0080], Claes, Kathleen BM [0000-0003-0841-7372], Collée, J Margriet [0000-0002-9272-9346], Devilee, Peter [0000-0002-8023-2009], Dörk, Thilo [0000-0002-9458-0282], Dwek, Miriam [0000-0001-7184-2932], Fletcher, Olivia [0000-0001-9387-7116], Floris, Giuseppe [0000-0003-2391-5425], Foulkes, William D [0000-0001-7427-4651], García-Sáenz, José A [0000-0001-6880-0301], Greene, Mark H [0000-0003-1852-9239], Guénel, Pascal [0000-0002-8359-518X], Heemskerk-Gerritsen, Bernadette AM [0000-0002-9724-6693], Hollestelle, Antoinette [0000-0003-1166-1966], Hulick, Peter J [0000-0001-8397-4078], Jakimovska, Milena [0000-0002-1506-0669], Jakubowska, Anna [0000-0002-5650-0501], James, Paul A [0000-0002-4361-4657], Jones, Michael E [0000-0001-7479-3451], Kapoor, Pooja Middha [0000-0001-5503-8215], Keeman, Renske [0000-0002-5452-9933], Konstantopoulou, Irene [0000-0002-0470-0309], Leslie, Goska [0000-0001-5756-6222], Lesueur, Fabienne [0000-0001-7404-4549], Matsuo, Keitaro [0000-0003-1761-6314], McLean, Catriona [0000-0002-0302-5727], Miller, Austin [0000-0001-9739-8462], Muir, Kenneth [0000-0001-6429-988X], Muranen, Taru A [0000-0002-5895-1808], Nathanson, Katherine L [0000-0002-6740-0901], Nevanlinna, Heli [0000-0002-0916-2976], Olopade, Olufunmilayo I [0000-0002-9936-1599], Orr, Nick [0000-0003-2866-942X], Pankratz, V Shane [0000-0002-3742-040X], Parsons, Michael T [0000-0003-3242-8477], Paul, James [0000-0001-7367-5816], Peshkin, Beth [0000-0002-2997-4701], Peterlongo, Paolo [0000-0001-6951-6855], Peto, Julian [0000-0002-1685-8912], Plaseska-Karanfilska, Dijana [0000-0001-8877-2416], Pylkäs, Katri [0000-0002-2449-0521], Radice, Paolo [0000-0001-6298-4111], Rennert, Gad [0000-0002-8512-068X], Robson, Mark [0000-0002-3109-1692], Romero, Atocha [0000-0002-1634-7397], Saloustros, Emmanouil [0000-0002-0485-0120], Scott, Christopher [0000-0003-1340-0647], Scott, Rodney J [0000-0001-7724-3404], Spurdle, Amanda B [0000-0003-1337-7897], Stone, Jennifer [0000-0001-5077-0124], Sutter, Christian [0000-0003-4051-5888], Tan, Yen Yen [0000-0003-1063-5352], Teixeira, Manuel R [0000-0002-4896-5982], Toland, Amanda E [0000-0002-0271-1792], Tomlinson, Ian [0000-0003-3037-1470], Viel, Alessandra [0000-0003-2804-0840], Vijai, Joseph [0000-0002-7933-151X], Wolk, Alicja [0000-0001-7387-6845], Yannoukakos, Drakoulis [0000-0001-7509-3510], Pharoah, Paul DP [0000-0001-8494-732X], Schmidt, Marjanka K [0000-0002-2228-429X], Milne, Roger L [0000-0001-5764-7268], Edwards, Stacey L [0000-0001-7428-4139], Simard, Jacques [0000-0001-6906-3390], Easton, Douglas F [0000-0003-2444-3247], Kraft, Peter [0000-0002-4472-8103], Dunning, Alison M [0000-0001-6651-7166], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Academic Medical Center, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Human genetics, CCA - Cancer biology and immunology, Molecular cell biology and Immunology, Medicum, Kristiina Aittomäki / Principal Investigator, HUSLAB, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Clinicum, Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, Staff Services, INDIVIDRUG - Individualized Drug Therapy, HUS Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Subjects
CHROMATIN, Linkage disequilibrium, Genome-wide association study, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Genome-wide association studies, Linkage Disequilibrium, Basic medicine, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, MESH: Risk Factors, Risk Factors, COMPREHENSIVE MOLECULAR PORTRAITS, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, HEBON Investigators, Genetics & Heredity, 0303 health sciences, [STAT.AP]Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], PROTEIN FUNCTION, Tumor, breast tumor, MESH: Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, 1184 Genetics, developmental biology, physiology, MESH: Genetic Predisposition to Disease, apoptosis, Chromosome Mapping, Single Nucleotide, 3. Good health, MESH: Linkage Disequilibrium, Female, MESH: Biomarkers, Tumor, Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics, [STAT.ME]Statistics [stat]/Methodology [stat.ME], Life Sciences & Biomedicine, SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI, MESH: Bayes Theorem, Quantitative Trait Loci, ABCTB Investigators, INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS, Breast Neoplasms, Computational biology, Biology, Quantitative trait locus, Breast Neoplasms/genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, ENHANCER, GEMO Study Collaborators, 03 medical and health sciences, breast cancer, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, REVEALS, Genetics, Biomarkers, Tumor, MESH: Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION, FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS, EMBRACE Collaborators, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, Genetic association, Bayes Theorem, Genome-Wide Association Study, MESH: Humans, Science & Technology, Nucleic Acid, gene mapping, 06 Biological Sciences, MESH: Quantitative Trait Loci, DNA binding site, ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, Clinical medicine, Expression quantitative trait loci, MESH: Genome-Wide Association Study, Human genome, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, KConFab Investigators, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], MESH: Chromosome Mapping, Chromosome Mapping/methods, Regulatory Sequences, MESH: Female, Biomarkers, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, MESH: Breast Neoplasms, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Genome-wide association studies have identified breast cancer risk variants in over 150 genomic regions, but the mechanisms underlying risk remain largely unknown. These regions were explored by combining association analysis with in silico genomic feature annotations. We defined 205 independent risk-associated signals with the set of credible causal variants in each one. In parallel, we used a Bayesian approach (PAINTOR) that combines genetic association, linkage disequilibrium and enriched genomic features to determine variants with high posterior probabilities of being causal. Potentially causal variants were significantly over-represented in active gene regulatory regions and transcription factor binding sites. We applied our INQUSIT pipeline for prioritizing genes as targets of those potentially causal variants, using gene expression (expression quantitative trait loci), chromatin interaction and functional annotations. Known cancer drivers, transcription factors and genes in the developmental, apoptosis, immune system and DNA integrity checkpoint gene ontology pathways were over-represented among the highest-confidence target genes., This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 656144. Genotyping of the OncoArray was principally funded from three sources: the PERSPECTIVE project (funded by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the ‘Ministère de l’Économie de la Science et de l’Innovation du Québec’ (through Genome Québec) and the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation); the NCI Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) initiative and the Discovery, Biology and Risk of Inherited Variants in Breast Cancer (DRIVE) project (NIH grants U19 CA148065 and X01HG007492); and Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C8197/A16565 and C1287/A16563). BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A16563), by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS) and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreements 633784 (B-CAST) and 634935 (BRIDGES). Genotyping of the iCOGS array was funded by the European Union (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10710), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the ‘CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer’ program, and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade of Quebec (grant PSR-SIIRI-701). Combining of the GWAS data was supported in part by NIH Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS initiative grant U19 CA 148065 (DRIVE; part of the GAME-ON initiative).

Published
2020

6. Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies 191 likely target genes

Author

Fachal, L, Aschard, H, Beesley, J, Barnes, DR, Allen, J, Kar, S, Pooley, KA, Dennis, J, Michailidou, K, Turman, C, Soucy, P, Lemaçon, A, Lush, M, Tyrer, JP, Ghoussaini, M, Marjaneh, MM, Jiang, X, Agata, S, Aittomäki, K, Alonso, MR, Andrulis, IL, Anton-Culver, H, Antonenkova, NN, Arason, A, Arndt, V, Aronson, KJ, Arun, BK, Auber, B, Auer, PL, Azzollini, J, Balmaña, J, Barkardottir, RB, Barrowdale, D, Beeghly-Fadiel, A, Benitez, J, Bermisheva, M, Białkowska, K, Blanco, AM, Blomqvist, C, Blot, W, Bogdanova, NV, Bojesen, SE, Bolla, MK, Bonanni, B, Borg, A, Bosse, K, Brauch, H, Brenner, H, Briceno, I, Brock, IW, Brooks-Wilson, A, Brüning, T, Burwinkel, B, Buys, SS, Cai, Q, Caldés, T, Caligo, MA, Camp, NJ, Campbell, I, Canzian, F, Carroll, JS, Carter, BD, Castelao, JE, Chiquette, J, Christiansen, H, Chung, WK, Claes, KBM, Clarke, CL, Mari, V, Berthet, P, Castera, L, Vaur, D, Lallaoui, H, Bignon, YJ, Uhrhammer, N, Bonadona, V, Lasset, C, Révillion, F, Vennin, P, Muller, D, Gomes, DM, Ingster, O, Coupier, I, Pujol, P, Collonge-Rame, MA, Mortemousque, I, Bera, O, Rose, M, Baurand, A, Bertolone, G, Faivre, L, Dreyfus, H, Leroux, D, Venat-Bouvet, L, Bézieau, S, Delnatte, C, Chiesa, J, Gilbert-Dussardier, B, Gesta, P, and Prieur, FP

Subjects
Quantitative Trait Loci, ABCTB Investigators, Breast Neoplasms, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Medical and Health Sciences, Linkage Disequilibrium, GEMO Study Collaborators, Risk Factors, Breast Cancer, Biomarkers, Tumor, Genetics, Humans, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Testing, Aetiology, Polymorphism, EMBRACE Collaborators, HEBON Investigators, Cancer, Tumor, Nucleic Acid, Prevention, Human Genome, Chromosome Mapping, Bayes Theorem, Single Nucleotide, Biological Sciences, Female, KConFab Investigators, Regulatory Sequences, Biomarkers, Genome-Wide Association Study, Biotechnology, Developmental Biology
Abstract

© 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. Genome-wide association studies have identified breast cancer risk variants in over 150 genomic regions, but the mechanisms underlying risk remain largely unknown. These regions were explored by combining association analysis with in silico genomic feature annotations. We defined 205 independent risk-associated signals with the set of credible causal variants in each one. In parallel, we used a Bayesian approach (PAINTOR) that combines genetic association, linkage disequilibrium and enriched genomic features to determine variants with high posterior probabilities of being causal. Potentially causal variants were significantly over-represented in active gene regulatory regions and transcription factor binding sites. We applied our INQUSIT pipeline for prioritizing genes as targets of those potentially causal variants, using gene expression (expression quantitative trait loci), chromatin interaction and functional annotations. Known cancer drivers, transcription factors and genes in the developmental, apoptosis, immune system and DNA integrity checkpoint gene ontology pathways were over-represented among the highest-confidence target genes.

Published
2020

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