Search

Objective The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of Salvia rosmarinus (syn: Rosmarinus officinalis L.; rosemary) extract on acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy volunteers. Method In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 50 healthy participants (21–25 years old) were divided into two groups: placebo (N = 25) and rosemary (N = 25). The rosemary and placebo groups respectively received rosemary (500 mg rosemary powder) and placebo capsules (500 mg starch powder) twice a day for one month. AChE activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation were determined in blood samples before and after the trial. Discussion Administration of 1000 mg of rosemary for 30 days significantly decreased AChE activity compared to AChE activity before rosemary treatment (p value 0.05) compared to that value before rosemary treatment and in the placebo group. Conclusion The findings indicated the inhibitory effect of rosemary on both AChE activity and on the improvement of non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system. The results may reinforce the use of rosemary as a potential antioxidant supplement. Further evaluations are recommended to find out the effectiveness of rosemary in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

Background/Aim. Plant essential oils (EOs) can have a significant antibacterial effect especially through additive or synergistic action as antibiotic adjuvants. We investi-gated the composition and activity of EOs of two species of genus Salvia (S) from Greece with the aim to deter-mine their antimicrobial activity as well as the activity in combination with selected antibiotics. Methods. The aerial parts of wild-growing S. fruticosa and S. ringens were subjected to a steam distillation and the obtained EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chroma-tography/mass spectrometry. The broth-microdilution method was used in order to determine the minimum in-hibitory concentrations (MICs) of EOs on seven strains of bacteria and one yeast. Antimicrobial activity of the combination of EO and antibiotics was investigated by checkerboard method and estimated by calculating frac-tional inhibitory concentration (FIC) of each component and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Re-sults. Dominant component of S. fruticosa EO was trans-thujone (54.2%) and for S. ringens EO it was α-pinene (28.1%). The MICs of EOs of both species were in the range from 200 μg/mL to > 500 μg/mL. The strongest antimicrobial effect was achieved against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. According to FICI values, EO of S. fruticosa had additive effect with ciprofloxacin against most of bacterial strains but not with amikacin. Conclu-sion. The essential oils of S. ringens and S. fruticosa showed modest antimicrobial activity. However, the es-sential oil of S. fruticosa showed a promising additive ef-fect in combination with ciprofloxacin. Uvod/Cilj. Etarska ulja različitih biljaka mogu imati značajna antibakterijska svojstva, posebno kao adjuvanti antibiotika sa kojima ostvaruju aditivno ili sinergistično dejstvo. Ispitivali smo sastav i aktivnost etarskih ulja dve vrste roda Salvia (S) iz Grčke sa ciljem da odredimo njihovu antimkrobnu aktivnost, kao i dejstvo u kombi-naciji sa odabranim antibioticima. Metode. Nadzemni delovi samoniklih S. fruticosa i S. ringens su destilovani vodenom parom i dobijena etarska ulja su analizirana gasnom hromatografijom i gasnom hromatografijom sa masenom spektrometrijom. Radi određivanja minimalnih inhibitornih koncentracija (MICs) etarskog ulja na sedam sojeva bakterija i na jednoj patogenoj gljivici korišćena je mikrodiluciona metoda. Antimikrobna aktivnost kombi-nacije etarskog ulja i antibiotika ispitana je checkerboard metodom i procenjena je na osnovu frakcione inhibi-torne koncentracije (FIC) svake komponente i indeksa frakcione inhibitorne koncentracije (FICI). Resultati. Dominantna komponenta etarskog ulja S. fruticosa je bio trans-tujon (54,2%), a etarskog ulja S. ringens α-pinen (28,1%). MICs etarskog ulja obe vrste su bile u opsegu od 200 μg/mL do > 500 μg/mL. Najsnažnija anti-mikrobna aktivnost ostvarena je protiv Bacillus subtilis i Candida albicans. Na osnovu FICI vrednosti, etarsko ulje S. fruticosa je sa ciprofloksacinom, ali ne i sa amikacinom imalo aditivni efekat protiv većine bakterijskih sojeva. Zaključak. Etarska ulja S. ringens i S. fruticosa su pokazala skromnu antimikrobnu aktivnost, ali je etarsko ulje S. fru-ticosa u kombinaciji sa ciprofloksacinom ispoljilo značajan aditivni efekat.

Osteoporosis is an important problem in women's health, one of the consequences of which is bone fracture. This clinical trial was performed in 2015 on 99 (33 patients per group) postmenopausal women referred to the bone mineral densitometry center. The first group received one Agnugol tablet (contains 3.2-4.8 mg dry extract of Vitex agnus castus, the second group received three Salvigol tablets (each contains 100 mg Salvia officinal is dry extract daily and the third group three placebo tablets per day for 3 months. Calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D levels were compared before and after the intervention. Results of paired t-test showed that the mean of calcium and phosphorus level increased after intervention in the Vitex agnus and salvia officinalis extract groups, but there was no significant difference in the control group. LSD follow-up test was used, showing that the mean difference of calcium and phosphorus score between the Vitex agnus, S. officinalis extract and control groups was significant in pairwise comparisons. However, the difference between the score of phosphorus level in Vitex agnus and S. officinalis extract groups was not significant after the intervention. After intervention, the mean of vitamin D increased by 2.4 units in the Vitex agnus group compared to before the intervention. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the Vitex agnus and control groups after the intervention compared to before it. The Vitex agnus was effective in increasing calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D level, while S. officinalis extract was effective in increasing the level of calcium and phosphorus.

A new acenaphthylene derivative, salviarisanal (1), has been isolated from the aerial part of Salvia arisanensis, together with six known compounds, carnosol (2), 16-hydroxycarnosol (3), ferruginol (4), cryptotanshinone (5), salvileucantholide (6), and dugesin B (7). The structure of the new compound 1 was determined through spectroscopic and MS analyses. Among the isolates, cryptotanshinone (5) exhibited cytotoxicities with IC50 values of 5.38, 7.16, 4.84, and 9.10 μM, respectively, against DLD-1, CCRF-CEM, HL-60, and IMR-32 cell lines. 16-Hydroxycarnosol (3) also exhibited cytotoxicities with IC50 values of 7.42 and 6.73 μM, respectively, against DLD-1 and IMR-32 cell lines. In addition, salviarisanal (1), carnosol (2), 16-hydroxycarnosol (3), and ferruginol (4) showed potent inhibition with IC50 values of 18.45, 30.33, 27.58, and 35.05 μM, respectively, against LPS-induced NO generation.

The use of Salvia species among the public and their importance in the scientific world increase due to theirnumerous pharmacological and biological activities on a daily basis. In this study, the phytochemical contents ofdifferent parts (root, branch, leaf, flower, whole) of different specimens of Salvia siirtica (SS) (in vivo and in vitro)extracts prepared with various solvents (petroleumether, chloroformand ethanol) were determined using differenttechniques (GC-MS and LC-MS/MS) and the results were compared. In addition, biological activities (antioxidant,cytotoxic, anticholinesterase antiurease, antityrosinase, antielastase and anticollagenase) of all sampleswere determined and compared. The antioxidant potential of the analysed samples was found to be high, andtheir enzyme activity potential was low. Besides, in vitro SS-TIS (Temporary Immersion System) sample showedhigh cytotoxic activity (viability% 2.12 § 0.06) against MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell line. The results of GC-MS andLC-MS/MS analyses indicated that ferruginol and sugiol could be isolated from the ethanol extract of S. siirticaroots, salvigenin and b-sitosterol from the chloroform extract of the aerial parts, and phenolic compounds fromthe ethanol extract of the aerial parts. In addition, the amount of rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and 12-demethylmulticaulineof in vitro samples were found to be higher than those of in vivo samples. Furthermore, all samples,both in vivo and in vitro, contained high levels of rosmarinic acid and b-sitosterol. The whole chloroform extract(SSWC) could be the source extract for salvigenin (33952.13 mg/g) and b-sitosterol (16369.71 mg/g), and the rootethanol extract (SSRE) for ferruginol (17721.99 mg/g). As a result, it is understood that the nature of the plantmaterial, the choice of an appropriate solvent and the parts of the material used are quite effective in chemicalcontent. S. siirtica promise potential natural antioxidant agent in food and/or pharmaceutical industry due to itsphytochemical content (rosmarinic and caffeic acids, ferruginol, salvigenin) and antioxidant activity.

The genus Salvia L. has more than 900 species distributed throughout the globe. 21 species are growing in Ukraine. All species of this genus have essential oils. Salvia officinalis and Salvia sclarea have been used in the culture and are widely used in medical practice. The chemical composition of other species of sage and the possibility of their use in pharmaceutical and medical practice are almost not studied. Taking into account the results of chemotaxonomic studies of species of the flora genus of Ukraine, their prevalence and prospects for introduction into the culture, for further studies were selected raw materials of S. grandiflora, S. pratensis and S. verticillata. The aim.The aim of the study was to conduct a chromato-mass spectrometric study of the aboveground organs of S. grandiflora L., S. pratensis L. and S. verticillata L. to establish the prospects for the use of raw materials of these species in medical and pharmaceutical practice. Materials and methods.The objects of the study were leaves of S. officinalis, leaves, stems and flowers of S. grandiflora, S. pratensis and S. verticillata, which were harvested on the basis of the botanical garden of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. The research of volatile substances in the objects of the research was carried out by the method of GC-MS on the basis of the Department of Natural Sciences for Foreign Students and Toxicological Chemistry of Zaporizhia State Medical University. Results.As a result of the study, 243 substances were found in the objects of the study, of which 149 were identified. 77 substances were found in the leaves of S. officinalis, 80, 26 and 63 substances in the leaves, stems and flowers of S. grandiflora, respectively, in the leaves , stems and flowers of S. pratensis – 28, 30 and 48 substances, respectively, in leaves, stems and flowers of S. verticillata – 39, 22 and 39 substances, respectively. Dominant compounds among substances of terpenoid nature are: cyclofenchene, camphene, 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, β-thujone, camphor borneol, caryophyllene, humulene, viridiflorol, sabinene, pyranone, β-pinene, phytol, kolavenol, β-copaen, loliolide, pseudolimonene and spatulenol. Among the dominant substances, 8 were detected for the first time in these species: cyclofenchene, viridiflorol, sabinene, pyranone, phytol, kolavenol, loliolide and pseudolimonene. Conclusions.The leaves of S. officinalis, leaves, stems and flowers of S. grandiflora, S. pratensis and S. verticillata of the flora of Ukraine were studied by chromato-mass spectrometric method. As a result of the study, 243 substances were identified, of which 149 were identified. Promising raw materials containing terpene compounds for S. grandiflora there are leaves, and for S. pratensis and S. verticillata – flowers, so they are promising agents for introduction into pharmaceutical practice

Salvia alata is reported as new record for Ecuador. This species belongs to S. sect. Macrostachyae, thus an updated identification key to species of this section is provided. The descriptions of Salvia alata and the species most morphologically similar to it (Salvia speciosa) are complemented with new information and photographs taken in the field. Salvia alata is distributed in Ecuador and Peru and can be distinguished from Salvia speciosa by its pilose vegetative organs, flowers with white stamens and styles, and mericarps with a deltoid apex. On the other hand, Salvia speciosa is endemic to Peru, and it has glabrescent vegetative organs, flowers with burgundy to deep purple stamens and styles, and mericarps with a bifurcate apex.

In this study, total phenolic, flavonoid and protein contents, antiradical capacities, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of five different Salvia species (Salvia macrochlamys Boiss., Salvia kronenburgii Rech.f., Salvia euphratica Montbret. ex Aucher var. euphratica, Salvia huberi Hedge and Salvia kurdica Benth) were investigated. The total phenolic content of the species was in the range of 59.6 ± 20 to 150.1 ± 1.1 mg/g, total flavonoid content in the range of 20.4 ± 2.2 to 38.9 ± 4.1 mg/g, and total protein content in the range of 14.0 ± 0.5 to 22.0 ± 1.1 mg/g. Radical scavenging capacities of the Salvia species were determined in the range of 84.1 ± 4.5 to 96.8 ± 0.1%. Moreover, Salvia extracts showed powerful antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Cytotoxic effects of the samples on human lymphocytes were determined by MTS assay and S. kronenburgii and S. euphratica var. euphratica decreased the harmful effects of 2-hydroperoxy-2-methylpropane (tert-butyl hydroper-oxide, t-BOOH) at all time points tested. The highest amounts of rutin hydrate belong to S. kronenburgii and S. euphratica var. euphratica, and the highest amounts of luteolin-7-glucoside belong to S. huberi and S. kronenburgii. Vanillic acid was present only in S. huberi and S. kurdica.

Microscopic analysis of medicinal plants and raw materials is one of the stages of quality control which makes it possible to determine the authenticity of an object. This article presents the results of microscopic analysis of leaves, corolla, leafstalks and stalk of Salvia stepposa (steppe sage). This species is a relative to Salvia officinalis officinal used in traditional medical systems as an anti-inflammatory agent. The purpose of this study is to determine the features of the anatomical structures of the above-ground part of steppe sage and to reveal diagnostic signs at the microscopic level. Preliminary pharmacognostic investigation of vegetative raw material is done and diagnostic signs are identified. The detail microscopy revealed the presence of 3 types of trichomes on leaves’ epidermis: 1) simple unicellular; 2) simple multicellular; 3) glandular; their localization and shape are determined. Type of mesophyll, structure of trichomes; form and location of epidermal cells, the presence of rare simple trichomes along the edge are discovered. As a result of the research the anatomical features of the raw material were established, which make it possible to identify the above-ground part of Salvia stepposa and can be used for the development of regulatory documentation.

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is not found in Turkey's natural flora; however, its cultivation has been increasing in recent years. The species is widely cultivated in many provinces of the Aegean and the Mediterranean regions. There has been no information regarding genetic characteristics and the intra-individual phylogeny of cultivated sage. The levels of genetic relatedness of 19 Salvia samples from Izmir were determined by molecular tools. The sequences from the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) region of 18S–28S nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) locus were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Approximately, a 710 bp single amplified product was obtained in all genotypes. Of the nineteen Salvia specimens, six were identified as Salvia x sylvestris L. and the remaining 13 specimens were S. officinalis. The sequences of both species shared no similar secondary structures. The ITS region of all specimens contains several indels and substitutions. In the phylogenetic dendrogram, three major clusters (I, II, and III) and two independent branches (IV and V) were observed. Ninety-seven percent of local Salvia specimens were clustered in two branches (I and II), indicating a high diversity of genetic relatedness. Sequence divergence was higher among the specimens of S. officinalis than the specimens of Salvia x sylvestris.

Background: Different Salvia species have demonstrated anti-proliferative effects on various cancer cells. Owing to the poor literature on the anti-proliferative effects of Salvia species on gastric cancer cells, present study was conducted to determine the anticancer effects of a local Iranian Salvia, Salvia chorassanica, on two different gastric cell lines. Methods: Root, stem and leaf extract of Salvia chorassanica were prepared through maceration method and were then used to treat the AGS and MKN-45 cell lines in different concentrations. MTT assay was employed to determine the toxicity of all the types of extracts on the two studied cell lines. The expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase3, MMP2 and MMP9 genes were determined through reverse transcription Real time PCR (RT-PCR). Results: Bunge and shoot extracts demonstrated toxicity in both cell lines which were more considerable in AGS cells treated with root extract. In contrary to AGS cells, Caspase3 gene was up-regulated in all types of treatment while the MMP2 and MMP9 genes were down-regulated (p-value

Phenolic acids are one of the most valuable groups of bioactive compounds in Salvia species. In this work, the effect of MeJA (50 μM) and AgNO3 (15 μM) on the phenolic acids accumulation and the expression of some crucial genes involved in the synthesis of these compounds were evaluated in two Salvia species of Iran, S. officinalis and S. verticillata, as the two rich sources of phenolic acids. Twelve-leaf plantlets of the each examined Salvia species were foliar sprayed with 50 µM MeJA and 15 µM AgNO3 until they were entirely soaked. The leaf samples were then harvested after 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours of treatment for analyses. Results demonstrated that the application of MeJA and Ag+ considerably enhanced the accumulation of four predominant phenolic acids of rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid (CA), salvianolic acid B (Sal-B), and salvianolic acid A (Sal-A) in both of the assessed species. Furthermore, Ag+ was more effective than MeJA to induce the phenolic acids accumulation in the studied Salvia plants. The expression of the principal genes (PAL, TAT, HPPR, RAS, and CYP98A14) in both of the phenylpropanoid and tyrosine pathways were affected by MeJA and Ag+ in the examined Salvia species. Our findings showed that expression levels of TAT and CYP98A14 were significantly correlated with phenolic acids production in both of the studied species after elicitation with MeJA. The results provided new information on the putative genes for the production of phenolic acids in the tested Salvia species under the elicitation of MeJA and Ag+.

Background and objectives Dietary habits strongly influence our health status, mostly, in terms of maintenance of the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory homeostasis. High fat and high sugar diets account for the development of a low-grade inflammation which is the pathogenic common denominator of various chronic disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS)-CoV2 (COVID-19) infection affects all ages and especially frail elderly people and a nutri-tional intervention seems to be crucial in the course of this pandemic. The present review describes the properties of some vegetal products and their derivatives, such as Lupin sp., garlic, salvia and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) that can be exploit-ed for their beneficial effects, as preventive and/or nutritional treatment of coronavirus disease SARS-CoV2. Discussion Lupin, salvia, garlic and EVOO share overlapping properties, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities. Quite importantly, these products and their derivatives are able to recover the expression of angiotensin con-verting enzyme expression 2 on cell membrane, otherwise suppressed by COVID-19 binding and entry into cytoplasm. Conclusion Dietary administration of the above nutraceuticals or their extracts may play a preventive or nutritional role in the course of SARS-CoV2 infection, even including the effects of the lockdown and the condition of inflamm-ageing.

Background: During a prospecting revision of Salvia collections at IEB, MEXU and XAL herbaria for Flora of Veracruz, undetermined specimens, or misidentified either as S. nana or S. prunelloides , not referable to any known species were identified. Hypotheses: The morphological characters of these specimens match with those of Salvia subg. Calosphace sect. Farinaceae and support them as an undescribed species. Taxon: Lamiaceae, Salvia sp. nov. Study site: Central portion of the state of Veracruz. Methods: Botanical explorations were conducted in the two general areas in which the putative new species has been recorded, new specimens were collected and prepared according to standard procedures. A thorough morphological examination was applied, and the hypothesis was tested contrasting the evidence against specialized taxonomic literature and specimens of the most similar species. Results: Salvia sp. nov. is vegetatively almost identical to S. nana but lacks the diagnostic floral characters defining the group to which this species belongs, sect. Uliginosae . Floral characters rather match those of sect. Farinaceae , to which is assigned; between the species of this section, it is most similar to S. oblongifolia but clearly differs by vegetative characters (petiole length, absence of axillary leaves, leaf shape, size, pubescence and texture, as well as by having thickened veins). Conclusions: Morphological and comparative examination contrasting with the species of Salvia justifies the recognition of a new Salvia species, which is here named as Salvia gomezpompae and properly described.

Genetic diversity in perennial Salvia judaica Boiss (Judean sage) and Salvia palaestina Benth (Palestinian sage) species using touch-up directed amplification of minisatellite region DNA (TU-DAMD) has been performed in two separated sets; in the first set (set A) the initial annealing temperature was increased from 50 °C to 55 °C, whereas, in the second one (set B), it increased from 55 °C to 60 °C by 0.5 °C/cycle during the first 10 PCR amplification cycles. Fifteen DAMD primers have been tested for each set. Set (A) produced 89.39% polymorphism level (P%) with polymorphic information content (PIC) average of 0.33 and marker index (MI) average of 3.96. Whereas, in set (B) these values were recorded to be 94.02%, 0.34 and 3.98 for P%, PIC and MI, respectively. Data showed that the two mentioned sets successfully highlighted high polymorphism level between the two studied Salvia sp. This work studies genetic diversity of S. judaica and S. palaestina species using TU-DAMD test as a novel molecular marker.

SummaryA new species of Salvia (S. celendina J.R.I.Wood & Uría) is described from the Marañón valley hotspot in northern Peru. The new species is illustrated with photographs and its distribution is mapped. Notes on its cultivation and distinctive characteristics are provided.

The name Salvia, the largest genus of Lamiaceae, derives from the Latin "salvere" (= to feel good, healthy). In the Mediterranean basin, S. officinalis has been used since the time of the ancient Egyptians for medicinal purposes. Pliny the Elder was the first known author to describe a plant called "Salvia" by the Romans. Recent scientific research has confirmed the antituberculosis properties of numerous species present in the traditional ethnobotany.

Salvia circinnata Cav. (Syn. S. amarissima Ortega), Lamiaceae, is a Mexican medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal illness, cancer, and diabetes. Samples of ten natural populations were analyzed by application of a systematic approach which involved the combination of DNA barcoding, GC–MS, HPLC–DAD, and HPLC-FLD for differentiation of their chemical profiles. Taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that all of them belong to the same analyzed plant species. The GC–MS analysis showed the presence of alkanes, amides, anthraquinones, and sesquiterpenoids in the volatile fraction of the extracts. HPLC–PDA and HPLC-FLD analyses indicated that at least four chemotypes exist for the analyzed species, diverging in the production of clerodane diterpenes: (i) an amarissinin A–rich population; (ii) another single population producer of amarisolide A; (iii) producing populations of teotihuacanin and amarissinin A, (iv) while another population only produced alkanes and sesquiterpenes as distinctive constituents not previously reported for this plant. The multivariate statistical analysis suggests that this chemical diversity depends on environmental factors.

Human-designed landscapes can host diverse pollinator communities, and the availability of floral resources is central to supporting insect biodiversity in highly modified environments. However, some urban landscapes have relatively few pollinator-attractive plant species and management in urban environments rarely considers the function of these plants in generating and supporting a stable ecological community. Evaluations of 25 cultivars within five commercially popular herbaceous perennial ornamental plant genera (Agastache, Echinacea, Nepeta, Rudbeckia, and Salvia) revealed variation in the total and proportional abundance of visitors attracted. These varieties supported multiple pollinator functional groups, however bees were the primary visitors to in this system. Cultivars were assessed according to their function within a plant–pollinator network. Comparisons of artificial networks created with the six most attractive and six least attractive cultivars demonstrated that a planting scheme using the most attractive cultivars would attract nearly four times as many bee species, including several specialists and rare species. Plant diversity in the landscape was correlated with abundance and diversity of pollinator visitors, demonstrating that community context shapes a plant’s relative attractiveness to pollinators. We conclude that herbaceous perennial cultivars can support an abundance and diversity of pollinator visitors, however, planting schemes should take into consideration the effects of cultivar, landscape plant diversity, floral phenology, floral area, and contribution to a stable ecological community.

Background: Renal ischemia-reperfusion is known as the underlying pathophysiology of a variety of severe clinical disorders, such as acute renal failure. The use of antioxidants is one of the most important treatment strategies to reduce the ischemia-reperfusion induced injury due to the importance of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress during ischemia reperfusion. Salvia spices, especially Salvia macrosiphon Boiss, are rich in antioxidant compounds. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of these substances on renal ischemia reperfusion. Materials and Methods: In this study, 42 Wistar rats were divided into six groups of seven animals per group. The groups included a sham, a control, and four treatments. One of the treatment groups was treated with luteolin, and the other three groups were treated with different concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss methanolic extract for 20 days before ischemia. After 24 hours following ischemia, blood samples were taken from the rats, and their serum creatinine and urea levels were evaluated. Results: Salvia macrosiphon Boiss extract (at the dose of 100 mg/kg) significantly reduced urea and creatinine levels (P

Respiratory immunity is getting more important recently due to outbreak of respiratory diseases and increasing the concentration of fine dust. The aim of this study was to investigate respiratory protection effect of a fermented extract of medicinal plants (FEMP) containing Ramulus mori, Salvia plebeia, and Anthriscus sylvestris. The expression levels of IL-8 and IL-17 in LPS/poly-L-arginine (PLA) and FEMP-cotreated A549 cells were lower than those in LPS/PLA only-treated cells. The levels of IgE, IL-17, and IL-4 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum of FEMP-treated mice with ovalbumin/LPS-induced asthma were lower than the control levels. The lung inflammation score and the number of inflammatory cells in the BALF decreased by FEMP treatment. In the citric acid-induced coughing guinea pig, the FEMP treatment decreased the number of coughs. Therefore, FEMP shows anti-asthmatic and antitussive activities without hepatotoxicity and can be used as a compound aiming to improve respiratory health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-021-00955-3.

Purpose.Analysis of species and varietal diversity of the genusSalviaL. cultivated flora of the world, including Ukraine; prognostic assessment and determination of the directions of ornamental representatives of the genus introduction to the conditions of the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Methods.Analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization of information data, introduction forecast. Results.The modern assortment of the genusSalviais presented in quantitative, taxonomic, arealogical and ecological-cenotic terms. Belonging of the species of the genus to 6 main centers of origin of cultivated plants was determined, and a significant diversity of life forms (nanophanerophytes, microphanerophytes, hamephites, hemicryptophytes, theophytes), naturally formed under the influence of factors determined by different geographical and ecological-phytocenotic conditions of plant growth was reflected. Species assortment of the genusSalviafrom the collection fund of the M.M.Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was analyzed in comparison with the collections of other Ukrainian botanical gardens. The list of decorative species of the collection, found in the natural flora of Ukraine, was given. Three groups of species have been identified by origin, what determines the conditions for plant cultivation in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. In terms of taxonomic structure, introduced sage species belong to eight (according to Bentham, 1833) out of twelve sections, which represent biomorphological diversity and confirm the high introduction potential of these plants. The species and interspecific hybrids most fully used in breeding work and represented by a significant varietal diversity were distinguished, as well as the sage assortment of the collection of ornamental plants of the NBG was presented. Conclusions.It has been revealed that the species and varietal diversity of the genusSalviaof the world cultivated flora has a significant introduction potential for the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. It was determined that the main base for the introduction of the ornamental species of the genusSalviain Ukraine is the collection of the M.M.Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The main directions of further introduction and breeding work with representatives of the genusSalviain the Forest-Steppe conditions of Ukraine were highlighted.

The effects of different boron doses (boron-free, pure boron, diluted in 1/2 and1/8 ratios) on the ratio and quality of essential oil in medicinal sage (Salvia officinalis L.) during the years 2016 and 2017 were investigated. Field trials were conducted with the randomized block design in triplicates. The essential oil of S. officinalis L. was obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with flame ionization detection (FID). The required measurement could not be taken at the pure dose application because the plants were damaged. In the analysis carried out on dry leaf, the main components of essential oil were found as follows: α-thujone 32.99%; 1.8-cineol 17.41% for the boron-free dose; viridiflorol 24.25%, manool 15.28% for the 1/2 boron dose, and lastly, α-thujone 32.31%, camphor 14.23% for the 1/8 boron dose. Some boron doses had a positive effect on the essential oil yield and essential oil components. In this study, different compounds were obtained with different boron dose applications. The dose to be recommended is the 1/8 boron dose since it has the minimum toxic effect on the plants and a positive effect on the essential oil yield and quality as general.

Gene engineering is a convenient way of solving basic and applied tasks related to the system of secondary metabolism of medicinal and aromatic plants, such as a large and economically important plant family Lamiaceae Martinov (Labiatae Juss.) that includes such major species, as Agastache, Dracocephalum, Lavandula, Mentha, Ocimum, Salvia, Satureja, Thymus, etc. The basic value of this method consists in studying the genetic mechanism of secondary metabolism, which includes key enzyme genes, transcription factors, etc. Applied research consists in producing valuable secondary metabolites with biological activity, including active pharmaceutical ingredients in both, the familyʹs plants proper and the heterologous systems using relevant plant genes. This overview considers a set of diverse gene engineering studies.

The experiments were carried out during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Greenhouse experiments carried out at Department of Plant pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. Field experiments were carried out at Kaha Vegetable Research Farm, Kaliobia Governorate. Compared with untreated infected garlic plants Sids-40 cultivar, all foliar applications with aqueous extracts of each of henna (Lawsonia inermis), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), mixtures of them at levels 5% and 10% for each extract or Ridomil plus (2.5g /L) showed significant decrease in purple blotch severity and resulted in significant increases in phenolic compounds, oxidative enzymes activity i.e., CAT, POD and PPO during two growing seasons. However, significant decreases of proline content were resulted in the treated infected leaves during both seasons. Spraying with licorice and mixtures of extracts at5% and10% resulted the highest significant decreases of disease severity under both greenhouse and field conditions. Also, licorice at10% exhibited the highest values of plant length, fresh and dry weight of plants, values of bulb weight, total yield at harvest and after curing. Mycelial inhibition test proved that all extracts have an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of A. porri and licorice extract exhibited the highest effect, even still lower than Ridomil Plus effect. It can be concluded that all aqueous extracts tested were able to reduce the disease severity as a result of either direct microbial growth inhibition or induction of garlic plant resistance against A. porri, thus as well was associated with improved plant growth parameters and garlic yield.

Salvia miltiorrhiza is one of the most well known species in the genus Salvia of the Lamiaceae with great economic, academic and medicinal value. It was recorded as a traditional Chinese medicine m...

Salvia clandestina L. is a wild perennial species present in the Salento area of Italy. Here, we examined the in vitro effects of an aqueous extract of S. clandestina L. on the MG‐63 osteosarcoma cell line. The extract reduced osteosarcoma cell viability mainly by way of apoptosis, as we observed (1) upregulation of gene and protein expression of p53, cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p21WAF1 and p27Kip1, and proapoptotic BAX; (2) activation of caspases; and (3) induction of a sub‐G1 peak in the cell cycle. The mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) JNK1/2 and p38 are activated and involved in the intracellular effects of the S. clandestina extract, as preincubation with the JNK1/2 inhibitor SP600125 or the p38 inhibitor SB203580 significantly decreased S. clandestina extract–induced cytotoxicity and inhibited increase in p53, p21WAF1, p27Kip1, and BAX. SP600125 also inhibited mRNA levels for all the aforementioned proteins, while SB203580 only affected p53 mRNA. Furthermore, S. clandestina extract treatment counteracted epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, inhibited cell migration, and decreased the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase MMP2. In addition, S. clandestina extract enhanced the cytotoxic activity of cisplatin on MG‐63 cells through downregulation of the Akt/PKB protein kinase. We conclude that S. clandestina extract may be a novel agent for osteosarcoma treatment., In this report, we examined the effects of an aqueous extract of Salvia clandestina L. on the MG‐63 osteosarcoma cell line. The extract reduced osteosarcoma cell viability mainly by inducing apoptosis; it also counteracted epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, inhibited cell migration, and decreased the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase MMP2, as well as enhanced the cytotoxic activity of cisplatin. S. clandestina extract may therefore be a novel agent for osteosarcoma treatment.

BACKGROUND Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a functional food from Central America. Interest in it is growing rapidly due to the many health benefits from the seed. However, when chia is grown at high latitudes, seed yield may be low whereas a high stem biomass and immature inflorescences are produced. Little is known about the chemical composition and the properties of stems and flowers. In this work, the metabolite profile, the antioxidant activity, and the total polyphenol content of stems and inflorescences were evaluated in a factorial experiment with different chia populations (commercial black chia and long‐day flowering mutants G3, G8, and G17) and irrigation (100% and 50% of evapotranspiration). RESULTS The results show the influence of irrigation and seed source on the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content of chia flower and stem. Inflorescences exhibit higher antioxidant activity, suggesting their potential use as natural antioxidant. The mutants G3 and G8, at 50% irrigation, contained the highest amounts of compounds with nutraceutical value, especially within the flower. The mutant G17 showed lower antioxidant activity and polyphenol content compared to other seed sources but exhibited high omega 3 content in flowers but low in stems. This indicates that chia varieties should be chosen according to the objective of cultivation. CONCLUSION These findings, indicating a close relation of metabolite content with irrigation and seed source, may provide the basis for the use of chia flower and stem for their nutraceutical value in the food, feed, and supplement industries. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Soil salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors affecting agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. Salinity negatively affects the soil as well as causes negativity in the plants grown on it. In plants exposed to salt stress, processes such as germination, emergence and sprout are affected, as well as many morphological and physiological negativities and the plant develops mechanisms that can tolerate these negativities. In addition, such plants gain importance in terms of the evaluation of soils with salinity problems. It is necessary to know and make use of the species and varieties that can make use of such soils in conditions where salinity removal is difficult and uneconomical for different reasons. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family grows in a wide area and different species of salvia and sideritis genus belonging to this family are known as sage. Stress factors in plants cause the growth and development periods of plants to slow down and their metabolic functions to deteriorate, thus causing death in plants. The response of different plants or even different species of a plant to salt concentrations may be different. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the effects of salt stress on seed germination in some sage species. Seven different (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mM) of three sage species (S. nemorosa L., S. verticillata L., S. officinalis L.) salt concentration applied. In the study, germination rate, germination speed, average daily germination, peak value and germination values were examined. When the properties investigated were evaluated, it was determined that the woodland sage species, whose germination rate and germination rate decreased as the salt concentration increased, gave the best results. It was determined that lilac sage type gave the best results for the peak value and germination values where the average daily germination value was obtained from 25 mM salt application in three species., Kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde toprak tuzluluğu tarımsal verimliliği etkileyen en önemli abiyotik stress faktörlerinden birisidir. Tuzluluk toprağı olumsuz etkilediği gibi üzerinde yetişen bitkilerde de olumsuzluklara neden olmaktadır. Tuz stresine maruz kalmış bitkilerde çimlenme, çıkış, sürme gibi süreçlerinin etkilenmesi yanı sıra morfolojik ve fizyolojik birçok olumsuzluklar görülmekte ve bitki bu olumsuzlukları tolere edebilecek mekanizmalar geliştirmektedir. Ayrıca tuzluluk problemi olan toprakların değerlendirilmesi açısından da bu tür bitkiler önem kazanmaktadır. Tuzluluğun giderilmesinin farklı nedenlerle zor ve ekonomik olmadığı koşullarda bu tür toprakları değerlendirebilecek tür ve çeşitlerin bilinmesi ve yararlanılması gerekmektedir. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) familyası geniş bir alanda yetişmekte ve bu familyaya ait salvia ve sideritis cinslerinin farklı türleri adaçayı olarak bilinmektedir. Bitkilerde stres faktörleri, bitkilerin büyüme ve gelişme dönemlerinin yavaşlamasına ve metabolik fonksiyonlarının bozulmasına bu nedenle de bitkilerde ölümlere sebep olmaktadır. Farklı bitkilerin hatta bir bitkinin farklı türlerinin tuz konsantrasyonlarına cevabı farklı olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle bazı adaçayı türlerinde tohum çimlenmesi üzerine tuz stresinin etkilerini belirlemek amacı ile bu araştırma yapılmıştır. Tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre on tekrarlı olarak yürütülen çalışmada üç adaçayı türüne (S. nemorosa L., S. verticillata L., S. officinalis L.) yedi farklı (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mM) tuz konsantrasyonu uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada çimlenme oranı, çimlenme hızı, ortalama günlük çimlenme, tepe değeri ve çimlenme değerleri incelenmiştir. İncelenen özellikler değerlendirildiğinde çimlenme oranı ve çimlenme hızının tuz konsantrasyonu arttıkça azaldığı woodland sage (S. nemorosa) türünün en iyi sonuçları verdiği belirlenmiştir. Ortalama günlük çimlenme değerinin üç tür içinde 25 mM tuz uygulamasından elde edildiği tepe değeri ve çimlenme değerleri için en iyi sonuçları lilac sage (S. verticillata) türünün verdiği saptanmıştır.

This study was conducted to determine the contents of some macro and micronutrients of Salvia spp. (Salvia aethiopis L., S. virgata Jacq., S. syriaca L., S. absconditiflora Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham, S. ceratophylla L., S. bracteata Banks et Sol., S. cyanenses Boiss et Bal.) species growing in 17 locations of Kırşehir city. Based on the findings, it was found that phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) contents of the samples obtained from the soil were 3.6-43.2 mg kg-1, 120-398 mg kg-1, 5344-8778 mg kg-1, 134-763 mg kg-1, 0.01-2.43 mg kg-1, 0.03-1.27 mg kg-1, 1.29-8.60 mg kg-1 and 0.17-1.22 mg kg-1, respectively. The K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn contents of the plant samples were 0.002-0.17%, 1.67-5.54%, 0.26-0.90%, 243-3479 mg kg-1, 4.78-7.77 mg kg-1, 4.75-97.00 mg kg-1 and 21.50-45.05 mg kg-1, respectively. The Ca and Mg were the available macronutrients with the highest concentration, Fe was the available micronutrient with the highest concentration, which was followed by Mn, Zn and Cu elements, respectively. When the elements in the plant are evaluated, Ca, K and Zn in S. virgata are the most; Ca and Fe in S. absconditiflora is at least; in S. cyanescens, Mg and Mn are the most, K and Zn the least; in S. syriaca, Mg is at least; in S. ceratophylla Cu the most, Mn least; S. aethiopis Cu at least; Fe was found in excess in S. bracteata. As a result of the soil and plant analyses, it was determined that Salvia plants received the required plant nutrient elements sufficiently although Fe, Mn and Zn nutrient elements were deficient in soil.

Several applications of natural products around the world arise from traditional knowledge or evident organoleptic properties, and essential oils from Salvia species are a current example. The genus is integrated by native and endemic species from Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe. In the present work, essential oil compositions of Salvia dugesii and S. gesneriiflora were experimentally determined and statistically correlated with ten described Salvia species from four continents by using multivariate methods complemented with univariate analysis and PCA protocols, to establish metabolic approaches. Essential oils data from S. angulata, S. miltiorrhiza, S. plebeia, S. sclarea, S. argentea, S. viridis, S. lavandulifolia, S. africana-lutea, S. chamelaeagnea, and S. officinalis were included in the study. By the above, 146 essential oil components, classified into 29 structural skeletons, according to its biogenesis, were analyzed. The results provided metabolic similarities between American and Asian Salvia species due to a higher active sesquiterpene metabolism; and African and European species revealed chemical similarities, since monoterpene pathways dominate. Such correlations are in concordance with genetic knowledge about genus, thereby, approaches on metabolism of Salvia can be easily visualized using statistical tools, consequently, practical method to analyze Salvias for scientific proposes.

Salvia bowleyana is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that is a source of nutritional supplements rich in salvianolic acid B and a potential experimental system for the exploration of salvianolic acid B biosynthesis in the Labiatae. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of S. bowleyana covering 462.44 Mb, with a scaffold N50 value of 57.96 Mb and 44,044 annotated protein-coding genes. Evolutionary analysis revealed an estimated divergence time between S. bowleyana and its close relative S. miltiorrhiza of ~3.94 million years. We also observed evidence of a whole-genome duplication in the S. bowleyana genome. Transcriptome analysis showed that SbPAL1 (PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE1) is highly expressed in roots relative to stem and leaves, paralleling the location of salvianolic acid B accumulation. The laccase gene family in S. bowleyana outnumbered their counterparts in both S. miltiorrhiza and Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that the gene family has undergone expansion in S. bowleyana. Several laccase genes were also highly expressed in roots, where their encoded proteins may catalyze the oxidative reaction from rosmarinic acid to salvianolic acid B. These findings provide an invaluable genomic resource for understanding salvianolic acid B biosynthesis and its regulation, and will be useful for exploring the evolution of the Labiatae.

In this study, the effect of water and alcoholic (ethanol) extracts of Caper Bush Capparis spinosa L., Cumine Cuminum cyminum L. , Black pepper Piper nigrum L., Sage Salvia sp. and Cat thyme Teucrium polium L. plants on the 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus have been evaluated .The results showed that the water extract of P. nigrum had the highest effect on the larvae, with 48h LC50 155. 9 ppm followed by ethanol extracts of C. cyminum , C. spinosa and P. nigrum with 48h LC50 308.2 ,315.1and 791.4 ppm respectively. For all studied plants, the secondary compounds were identified. Alkaloids and phenol extracts from Capparis spinosa, Alkaloids, flavonoids and volatile oils from Cuminum cyminum and Alkaloids and volatile oils from Piper nigrum had been isolated. The volatile oils and alkaloids extracts of P. nigrum showed the highest effect with 48h LC50 values 6.3 and 10.2 ppm, respectively then the volatile oil extract and alkaloids extract of C. cyminum with 48h LC50 were 21.1 and 429.4 ppm respectively

ObjectivesTo examine (i) whether levels of, and changes in, athletes’ basic psychological need satisfaction (BPNS) and challenge appraisals predicted in-match thriving; and (ii) if salivary biomarkers could be defined that were related to thriving.DesignProspective study design.MethodsFifty-one elite male hockey players ( M age = 24.94 years, SD age = 4.73) completed questionnaires measuring their BPNS and challenge appraisals on seven consecutive days prior to a competitive match, as well as providing saliva samples immediately on waking, and then +0.5, +3, and +5.25 h on the day of the match. Saliva was assayed for catabolic (i.e., cortisol) and anabolic (i.e., dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) hormones. In-match thriving was assessed retrospectively using measures of subjective performance and well-being.ResultsLatent growth curve modelling showed pre-match levels of BPNS and challenge appraisals to positively predict thriving. Although not statistically significant, small and moderate negative associations were found for thriving with cortisol concentration (+5.25 h sample) and total cortisol exposure across the morning of the match, respectively. DHEA concentration shared a small positive, yet non-significant, association with thriving.ConclusionsAthletes’ pre-match levels of BPNS and challenge appraisal predict in-match thriving; thus, offering potential mechanisms through which both high-level performance and the experience of well-being can be facilitated. Furthermore, associations suggest that total cortisol exposure across the morning of the match, and cortisol and DHEA levels in pre-match samples may offer sport science and sports medicine practitioners potential biomarkers for thriving. Future research is required to substantiate this initial finding.

This article presents data on the studies on antibacterial activity of ultrasonic extracts of Salvia stepposa (steppe sage) growing wild on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Screening for the antibacterial activity of the presented samples was carried out by the disc-diffusion method against strains of gram-positive bacteria Staphylococus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, gram-negative strains Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albicans. The results showed that in relation to Staphylococus aureus the most pronounced antibacterial activity with growth inhibition zones 35 ± 1 mm is possessed by 30 % ultrasonic extract of steppe sage flowers, in relation to Bacillus subtilis 49 ± 1 mm — 40 % ultrasonic extract of steppe sage leaves, for Escherichia coli 24 ± 1 mm — 70 % ultrasonic extract of steppe sage leaves. This study demonstrated that, 30 % ultrasonic extract of flowers and 90 % ultrasonic extract of flowers and leaves of steppe sage showed weak activity against yeast fungus Candida albicans with growth inhibition zones 12 ± 1 mm, 12 ± 1 mm and 11 mm, respectively. As a result, out of 8 extracts isolated by ultrasonic activation only 2 extracts showed antibacterial activity against 4 studied bacteria. Additionally, it was found that the use of ultrasonic extraction can reduce the extraction time of biologically active substances in 8–9 times compared to conventional extraction methods.

The article presents comparative data on the content of sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen, ash in the leaves of perennial and annual ornamental plants, such as-Hemerocallis hybrida, Iris hybrida, Hosta lancifolia, Salvia splendens, Tagetis patula, Senecio cineraria, Gatsania hybrida, Alyssum hybrida, grown in flower beds near road and industrial zones of the city. Iskitim's. The change in the concentration of substances within each type is shown in the direction of increasing indicators in the series: S

Salvia subviolacea Y.K.Wei & Pendry, a new species from China, is described. Salvia subviolacea belongs to Salvia subg. Glutinaria (Raf.) G.X.Hu, C.L.Xiang & B.T.Drew, sect. Eurysphace E.Peter, and is distinguished from morphologically similar species by differences in its habit, leaves, inflorescences and flowers. It has a disjunct distribution in Sichuan and Xizang, and its IUCN Red List conservation assessment is Endangered. The Xizang population is under extreme threat and rapid conservation measures need to be taken.

The aim of current study is to show phenolics, antioxidant capacities and antimicrobial activities of seeds of five Salvia L. (S. frigida Boiss., S. candidissima subsp. candidissima Vahl., S. virgata Jacq., S. verticillata L. var. verticillata and S. russellii Benth.) taxa grown in Turkey. The flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were measured by using HPLC whilst the antioxidant capacities were determined by using different methods. In addition, agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of Salvia species in this study. It was found that S. frigida, S. verticillata var. verticillata and S. russellii have the highest catechin contents and S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high rosmarinic acid while S. frigida, S. candidissima subsp. candidissima and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high vanilic acid. Also, it was determined that S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high DPPH radical scavenging activities in 150 and 250 µL while S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have highest ABTS radical scavenging activity in all concentrations apart from 25 µL for S. frigida. Furthermore, S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high total phenolic contents. On the other hand, Salvia species have similar lipid peroxidation inhibitions. However, the metal chelating activities of Salvia species are different. And also, it was demonstrated that Salvia taxa have antimicrobial activity.

The present study deals with the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) analysis of the aroma profile of different aerial organs obtained by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and that of th...

Salvia multicaulis has been an important medicinal plant in Iran and several East Asian countries for hundreds of years. Because of growing demand, overharvesting of wild S. multicaulis has endangered its wild populations. Endophytes are well known for protecting wild plant populations against biotic and abiotic stresses, especially under harsh situations, as well as for their plant growth enhancement activities. Since no information was on endophyte biology in S. multicaulis, here we aimed at analyzing diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of fungal endophytes associating S. multicaulis in their main wild habitats in Iran, i.e., Qazvin, Alborz and Mazandaran provinces. A total of 153 fungal endophytes were isolated and identified according to their morphology and ribosomal ITS rDNA sequences. As results indicated Ascomycota dominated in colonizing S. multicaulis with a relative frequency (RF) of 96.77%, comprising of Eurotiomycetes (RF: 40.5%), Sordariomycetes (RF: 33.9%) and Dothideomycetes (RF: 20.5%). Mucoromycota, comprised the rest of endophytes (RF: 5.23%). The entire fungal microbiome was classified into nine genera including Fusarium (25.5%), Penicillium (21.5%), Aspergillus (17.0%), Alternaria (15.5%), Colletotrichum (5.2%), Rhizopus (5.2%), Macrophomina (4.5%), Trichoderma (3.25%) and Nodulisporium (2.0%). Analyses of different diversity indices indicated significant correlations with tissue type, sampling locations and season of recovery. Almost 43% of fungal endophytes were recovered at Mazandaran, Kojur; 35.4% at Qazvin, Barajin Forest Park; 30.1% at Alborz, Taleqan; and 21% at Alborz, Mahdasht. The highest overall endophyte recovery was in summer (36.8%), followed by spring (31.6%), autumn (21%), and winter (10.5%). In total, the number of endophytes recovered from roots (91) was higher than those of stems (32) and leaves (30), especially during autumn and winter. Accordingly, we conclude that Ascomycota are the major endophytic fungi colonizing S. multicaulis, and that sampling location, tissue type and season can affect the fungal endophyte composition of this medicinal plant. This knowledge could be further applied in protection and health management of this endangered species.

Salvia leucantha (Lamiaceae) is an important horticultural plant with great ornamental and economic value. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome of this species. The chloroplast genome was determined to be 151021 bp and the GC contents was 38.0%. The sequence includes a large single copy (LSC) region of 82,262 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,537 bp, and two separated inverted regions of 25,611 bp each. It contains 130 unique genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Based on the chloroplast genomes data of 26 species in Salvia, our result indicated that S. leucantha, S. tiliifolia, S. hispanica, and S. splendens formed one clade with Bootstrap = 100%. The four species belong to Salvia subgenus Calosphace, and S. leucantha was closely related to Salvia tiliifolia and Salvia hispanica. This result will facilitate population, genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies of S. leucantha.

The in vivo antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycemic activities of Salvia splendens extracts (100 mg kg−1d−1 P.O.) in male albino rats were studied. The total 70% methanolic, total aq...

Salvia is the largest genus of Lamiaceae, with almost 1000 species, and has been divided into 11 subgenera. Salvia subg. Glutinaria, native to East Asia, is particularly important because of its potential medicinal value. However, the interspecific relationships of this subgenus have not been resolved and the plastomes of Salvia have rarely been studied. In the current study, we compared plastid genome structure and organization of 19 species of Salvia (14 newly sequenced and 5 previously published). Our comparative analysis showed that all Salvia plastomes examined have a quadripartite structure typical of most angiosperms and contain an identical set of 114 unique genes (80 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes). The plastome structure of all Salvia species is highly conserved like other Lamiaceae plastomes. Gene content, gene order, and GC content were highly similar in these plastomes. The inverted repeats/single copy region (IR/SC) boundaries of Salvia are highly conserved, and IR contraction only occurred in two species (Salvia mekongensis and S. rosmarinus). In Salvia, sequence divergence was higher in non-coding regions than in coding regions. We found that using large single copy (LSC) and small single copy regions (SSC) with exclusion of the rapidly evolving sites produced the highest resolution in phylogenetic analysis of Salvia, suggesting that using suitable informative sites to build trees is more conducive in phylogenetic research. This study assembled a powerful matrix data set for studying the phylogeny of Salvia, resolving the interspecific relationship of Salvia subg. Glutinaria. The newly sequenced plastid genomes will also enrich the plastome database of Salvia, providing the scientific basis for the development and utilization of germplasm resources of this large and important genus.

A case of baled alfalfa hay contaminated with multiple weeds induced hepatotoxicity and death in cattle. The hepatotoxic compounds were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation using a mouse model and identified as salviarin, salvianduline D, rhyacophiline, and 7-hydroxyrhyacophiline. The structure of 7-hydroxyrhyacophiline has not been previously reported. All compounds were found to induce severe acute hepatic necrosis within 24-48 h after a single oral dosage (260-280 mg/kg). The identified diterpenes are known to be found among different Salvia species which led to finding dried plant parts of Salvia reflexa within bales of weedy hay and subsequently a population of S. reflexa was found along the field edges and irrigation ditch banks of the alfalfa hay field. It was thus determined that S. reflexa was responsible for the hepatotoxicity observed in cattle fed the contaminated hay.