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espanolEl asentamiento de la Monarquia hispanica en Filipinas se produciria tras varias exploraciones fallidas por el Pacifico durante la primera mitad del siglo XVI. Solo la consecucion del tornaviaje permitiria el establecimiento de una ruta comercial maritima estable y constante que insertaria a este archipielago dentro del sistema de la Monarquia. Este hecho haria realidad el sueno de Colon, llegar a Asia a traves de una ruta occidental. En este estudio se analiza las investigaciones de los especialistas acerca del establecimiento de los espanoles en oriente, su inicio, su desarrollo y como se asentaron las bases que permitirian la presencia hispana en esta zona durante mas tres siglos. EnglishThe Spanish Monarchy settlement in the Philippines would take place after several fail expeditions along the Pacific during the first half of the sixteenth century. The achievement of the tornaviaje, this is the way back, would allow the establishment of a stable and constant maritime commercial route that will introduce this island in the Spanish Monarchy system. This success would make Colon’s dream come true, arrive to Asia taking a western route. In this study it is analyzed the investigations of specialists about the Spanish settlement in Asia, its beginnings, development and how the bases that would allow the Hispanic presence in this place for more than three centuries were established.

Present paper reports an approach to BaI2:Eu2+ glass ceramic fabrication from a powder route. The structural, morphological, luminescent and paramagnetic properties of the materials synthesized this way have been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis made evidence for the glass ceramics containing BaI2·2H2O and BaI2 inclusions when 50 wt.% of the starting iodide powder had been used in the synthesis process. According to scanning electron microscopy, only two samples demonstrated presence of ceramics particles inside: those with initial mix of 25 and 50 wt.% of the BaI2:Eu2+. Photoluminescence spectra could be measured only in these samples. They were multicomponent as compared to the single band spectrum observed in the BaI2:Eu2+ powder. Altogether this indicates europium distribution over several places with different environments in the materials. BaI2 dissolution in the glass matrix is confirmed further by electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. They have shown that the Eu2+ ions predominantly stay in the glass avoiding ceramic grains. Only negligibly small amount presumably occupies the ceramic part in the sample with the initial 50 wt.% part of the BaI2 powder. The Eu2+ → Eu3+ charge transformation under 442 nm laser light irradiation has been observed in the glass ceramics as well. Resumen: Este artículo informa sobre el enfoque de síntesis de BaI2:Eu2+ vitrocerámica a partir de una ruta de polvo. Se han investigado las propiedades estructurales, morfológicas, luminiscentes y paramagnéticas de los materiales sintetizados de esta manera. El análisis de la difracción de rayos X había demostrado las vitrocerámicas que contienen inclusiones de BaI2·2H2O y BaI2 cuando el 50% en peso del polvo de yoduro se había utilizado en el proceso de síntesis. Según la microscopia electrónica de barrido, solo dos muestras demostraron la presencia de partículas de cerámica adentro: aquellas con una cantidad inicial del 25 y 50% en peso del BaI2:Eu2+. Los espectros de fotoluminiscencia solo se pudieron medir en estas muestras. Eran multicomponentes en comparación con el espectro de banda única observado en el polvo BaI2:Eu2+. En conjunto, esto indica la distribución de europio en varios lugares con diferentes ambientes en los materiales. La disolución de BaI2 en la matriz de vidrio se confirma, además, por mediciones de resonancia paramagnética electrónica. Han demostrado que los iones de Eu2+ permanecen predominantemente en el vidrio, evitando los gránulos de cerámica. Solo una cantidad insignificantemente pequeña ocupa presumiblemente la parte cerámica en la muestra con el 50% en peso del polvo inicial de BaI2. La transformación de carga de Eu2+→Eu3+ bajo irradiación de luz láser de 442 nm también se ha observado en la vitrocerámica.

The present work has as main objective the use of a biofuel (Ecopaís) in a direct injection vehicle, it is an option to reduce damage to health and the environment, for this a static thermal simulation will be done in the spark plug, to compare the results of the aforementioned software using On Board tests, in a 1500 cc engine. The measurements of the emission factors of CO, HC and NOx gases will be considered in a route established in the city of Quito from 2399 to 2870 meters above sea level. The interaction of the element is carried out in the ANSYS Academic program which is 14977 nodes and 7523 elements to be studied with automatic meshing, obtaining that the Ecopaís and Ecopaís + Ferox fuels have the highest heat flow with a 5% divergence compared to the Extra fuel + Ferox. There is a significant reduction in pollutant emissions of 3% of CO with the use of Ecopaís in comparison to Extra + Ferox fuel, in the case of HC, Ecopaís and Ecopaís + Ferox fuels with 3% lower emissions compared to Extra fuel + Ferox, and in NOx, fuels that have Extra + Ferox and Ecopaís + Ferox solid additives are 3 and 3.5% lower compared to Ecopaís fuel, respectively. Keywords: biofuel, termal, on board, ferox, emission factors. Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental la utilización de un biocombustible (Ecopaís) en un vehículo de inyección directa, es una opción para disminuir daños a la salud y al medio ambiente, para ello se hará una simulación térmica estática en la bujía de encendido, para comparar los resultados del mencionado software mediante pruebas On Board, en un motor de 1500 cc. Las mediciones de los factores de emisión de gases de CO, HC y NOx, se contemplará en una ruta establecida en la ciudad de Quito de 2399 hasta 2870 m.s.n.m. La interacción del elemento se realiza en el programa ANSYS Academic que es de 14977 nodos y 7523 elementos a estudiar con el mallado automático, obteniendo que los combustibles Ecopaís y Ecopaís+Ferox tienen el mayor flujo de calor con una divergencia del 5% en comparación del combustible Extra + Ferox. Se evidencia una reducción significativa de emisiones contaminantes del 2.5% del CO con el uso del Ecopaís en comparación del combustible Extra + Ferox, en el caso de HC los combustibles Ecopaís y Ecopaís + Ferox con un 1% menor en emisiones en comparación al combustible Extra + Ferox, y en el NOx los combustibles que tienen aditivo sólido Extra+Ferox y Ecopaís+Ferox son menores en un 6 y 4% con respecto al combustible Ecopaís respectivamente. Palabras clave: biocombustible, térmica, on board, ferox, factores de emisiones.

Deficient accessibility and mobility conditions can create exclusion, which is why, when planning a mass transport system, it is necessary to analyse them at the neighbourhood level in order to guarantee the right to the city and access to public transport. The objective of this article is to show how the deficiencies of urban accessibility in line 2 of the RUTA system, in the case study of the San Ramón colony, Puebla, since the necessary pedestrian infrastructure conditions were not considered, which causes difficulties in pedestrian mobility to access public transport. This situation was confirmed by the disappearance of the urban routes that provided transport services in the colony. The action-research methodology was implemented through successive approaches in the theoretical, physical-spatial and legal spheres. The analysis was carried out through the application of a diagnostic instrument to evaluate urban accessibility, workshops with focus groups to identify the perception of inhabitants and users, interviews with key actors and multilevel matrices of legal instruments, with the aim of making recommendations that include participatory management.

espanolLa enfermedad de Behcet es un trastorno inflamatorio cronico recidivante que cursa con brotes y cuya etiologia es incierta. Su prevalencia varia segun el area geografica y la etnia, incrementandose desde el Mediterraneo hacia el Este Asiatico a lo largo de la antigua «ruta de la seda». La manifestacion clinica mas caracteristica son las ulceras orales y genitales, seguidas de otras lesiones cutaneas (eritema nudoso, papulopustuas, etc.) y uveitis. Con menos frecuencia se presenta con artritis, afectacion gastrointestinal, vascular (arterial y venosa) y del sistema nervioso central. Tras los primeros anos desde la presentacion, suele evolucionar de forma favorable, pero la clinica vascular y neurologica, aunque menos comun, puede ser fatal. La afectacion ocular es la principal responsable de dano residual en forma de disminucion de la agudeza visual. Suele comenzar en torno a la tercera decada de la vida y no muestra un predominio claro de sexo, pero suele ser mas grave en el masculino. El tratamiento tiene como objetivo suprimir las exacerbaciones inflamatorias y recurrencias que pueden causar dano organico irreversible. Debe individualizarse segun el fenotipo y la gravedad de la enfermedad. Se fundamenta en la colchicina para la afectacion cutaneomucosa, corticoides, otros inmunosupresores y anticuerpos monoclonales para la clinica mas grave. EnglishBehcet's disease is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder that flares and is of uncertain aetiology. Its prevalence varies by geographic area and ethnicity, increasing from the Mediterranean to East Asia along the ancient «Silk Route». Oral and genital ulcers are the most characteristic clinical manifestations, followed by other skin lesions (erythema nodosum, papulopustular lesions, etc.) and uveitis. Less frequently it presents with arthritis, gastrointestinal, vascular (arterial and venous) and central nervous system involvement. After the first few years from onset, the disease usually progresses favourably, but vascular and neurological symptoms, although less common, can be fatal. Eye involvement is primarily responsible for residual damage in the form of decreased visual acuity. It usually starts around the third decade of life and shows no clear gender predominancy, but is usually more severe in males. The aim of treatment is to suppress inflammatory flare-ups and recurrence that can cause irreversible organ damage. It should be tailored to the phenotype and severity of the disease. It is based on colchicine for involvement of the skin and mucosa, corticosteroids, other immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies for more severe disease.

espanolLos farmacos biologicos se producen en celulas y han demostrado su eficacia en el tratamiento de diversos tipos de cancer y de enfermedades cronicas. Los tipos de farmacos biologicos, sus mecanismos de accion, sus aplicaciones medicas y sus limitaciones son revisados desde una perspectiva medica e inmunologica. Se estudian las familias moleculares mas importantes de farmacos biologicos: citocinas, anticuerpos monoclonales y proteinas de fusion o quimericas. Se clasifican los farmacos biologicos por sus mecanismos de accion y sus usos medicos. Se revisan los agentes neutralizantes del TNF-α y de otros mediadores proinflamatorios utilizados en el tratamiento de enfermedades autoinmunes e inflamatorias. Se revisan los anticuerpos monoclonales que se utilizan en la terapia antitumoral, incluyendo los que actuan uniendose a antigenos tumorales, provocando su lisis; los que antagonizan receptores de crecimiento y factores angiogenicos, y aquellos que actuan bloqueando la regulacion negativa de los linfocitos T antitumorales. La naturaleza proteica de muchos farmacos biologicos eleva considerablemente su coste y condiciona su ruta de administracion, su farmacodinamia y la posibilidad de que se produzcan anticuerpos contra los farmacos. EnglishBiologic drugs are produced in cells and have demonstrated their efficacy in the treatment of various types of cancer and chronic diseases. The types of biologic drugs, their mechanisms of action, their medical uses, and their limitations are reviewed from a medical and immunological perspective. The most important molecular families of biologic drugs are studied: cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and fusion or chimeric proteins. Biologic drugs are classified according to their mechanisms of action and medical uses. Neutralizing agents of TNF-α and other proinflammatory mediators used in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are reviewed. The monoclonal antibodies that are used in anticancer therapy are reviewed, including those that act by binding to tumor antigens, causing their lysis; those which antagonize growth factor and angiogenic factor receptors; and those which act by blocking the downregulation of antitumor T-lymphocytes. The protein composition of many biologic drugs elevates their cost considerably and conditions their route of administration, their pharmacodynamics, and the possibility that antibodies against the drugs are produced.

The carrera de Indias constitutes the maritime-mercantile system that communicates Spain with his American colonies. The whole Europe takes part in this route under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Monarchy. Up to Mexico, Peru or the Carib there arrives many goods that sell for silver and other precious products. There are many economic activities that give form to this maritime route; but the base of everything is the shipping business. The contract that regulates the relations between merchants and masters of the vessels is the freightment. The present work analyzes the different clauses of the freightments of goods and defends that, in spite of Crown’s interventions, the carrera de Indias was an area of economic freedom, been ruled by the private negotiation and the institutional spontaneity of the maritime law. Key words: Economic history, shipping business, freightments, mercantilism, maritime law. JEL Classification: L260, N010, N730, N830. Resumen: La carrera de Indias constituye el sistema marítimo-mercantil que comunica a España con sus colonias americanas. Toda Europa participa en esa ruta bajo jurisdicción de la Monarquía Católica. Hasta México, Perú o el Caribe se llevan mercancías que se venden por plata y otros productos preciosos. Son muchas las actividades económicas que dan forma a esta ruta marítima; pero la base de todo es el negocio naviero. El contrato que regula las relaciones entre comerciantes y señores de naos es el fletamento. El presente trabajo analiza las diferentes cláusulas de los fletamentos de mercancía y defiende que, a pesar de la intervención de la Corona, la carrera de Indias fue un ámbito de libertad económica, regido por la negociación privada y la espontaneidad institucional propia del derecho marítimo. Palabras clave: Historia económica, negocio naviero, fletamentos, mercan-tilismo, derecho marítimo. Clasificación JEL: L260, N010, N730, N830.

Spodoptera littoralis, cotton leafworm is a destructive pest for several economic crops. The more use of chemical pesticide the more increase of this pest resistance, that lead to discovering new natural pesticides from plant extracts and oils. The present search is targeted to suggest alternative components from natural sources that more safety to the ecosystem and had the ability to reduce insect prohibition. The experimental results exhibited highly significance effect on adult moths’ vitality aspects with the pre-pupal treatments by Moringa oleifera and Ruta angustifoliaat all tested concentration especially 4% concentration as shorten female moths' longevity and reduced the oviposition period. Obviously, moringa recorded the shortest oviposition period (3.00 days) while ruta oil recorded (5.33 days) compared to control (10.66 days). Significantly reduced fecundity and hatchability and increased the sterility% compared to control. The tested plant oils caused severe ovarian and testicular histological deformation and significant increase in total lipids and total carbohydrate contents also, marked DNA fragmentation in variable levels in ovaries and testes in each oil treatments at 4% concentration. The promising results of both oils on S. littoralis reproductive system can prove them be used in the integrated management programs of this pest.

Ruta chalepensis L., most commonly known as 'fringed rue,' is an excellent and valuable bioactive plant that produces a range of complex flavonoids, of which rutin is the major compound present in this plant of great pharmaceutical and medicinal significance. The present study is a pioneering attempt to examine the changes in the transcriptomic landscape of leaf, stem, and root tissues and correlate this with rutin quantity in each tissue in order to identify the candidate genes responsible for rutin biosynthesis and to increase genomic resources in fringed rue. Comparative transcriptome sequencing of leaves, stems and roots were performed using the NovaSeq 6000 platform. The de novo transcriptome assembly generated 254,685 transcripts representing 154,018 genes with GC content of 42.60 % and N50 of 2280 bp. Searching assembled transcripts against UniRef90 and SwissProt databases annotated 79.7 % of them as protein coding. The leaf tissues had the highest rutin content followed by stems and roots. Several differentially expressed genes and transcripts relating to rutin biosynthesis were identified in leaves comparing with roots or stems comparing with roots. All the genes known to be involved in rutin biosynthesis showed up-regulation in leaves as compared with roots. These results were confirmed by gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. Up-regulated genes in leaves as compared with roots enriched GO terms with relation to rutin biosynthesis e.g. action of flavonol synthase, biosynthetic mechanism of malonyl-CoA, and action of monooxygenase. Phylogenetic analysis of the rhamnosyltransferase (RT) gene showed that it was highly homologues with RT sequence from Citrus species and all were located in the same clade. This transcriptomic dataset will serve as an important public resource for future genomics and transcriptomic studies in R. chalepensis and will act as a benchmark for the identification and genetic modification of genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.

espanolEste trabajo analiza el proceso de transformacion economica que esta experimentando China desde del ano 2014 cuando se desarrollan un conjunto de planes para corregir el rumbo de la economia. Este conjunto de ambiciosas medidas articuladas en amplio horizonte temporal estan orientadas a reinventar su modelo productivo de bajo coste hacia la produccion de bienes y servicios de mayor valor anadido (Plan Made in China 2025). A compensar la brecha existente en el desarrollo regional (Proyecto de la Nueva Ruta de la Seda) y a erradicar la pobreza del pais que desde 1980 ha sacado a casi mil millones de personas de la pobreza. Se presenta un analisis critico comparado de la efectividad de estas mejoras, se realiza un analisis particular sobre el desarrollo del comercio electronico y se plantean unas reflexiones sobre el impacto que la pandemia COVID-19 ha tenido sobre ellas. Se tiende la vista al futuro para concluir que a lo largo del S. XXI Asia en general y china en particular tendran un papel protagonista en el desarrollo economico mundial. EnglishThis paper analyses the process of economic transformation experienced in China since 2014, when a set of plans were developed to correct the course of the economy. This set of ambitious measures articulated over a wide timeframe are aimed at re-inventing its low-cost production model towards the production of high added value goods and services (Plan Made in China 2025). To close the existing gap in the regional development (New Silk Road Project) and to eradicate poverty in a country that since has lifted almost a billion people out of poverty. A critical analysis of the effectiveness of these measures is presented, a particular analysis is carried out on the development of e-commerce and some reflections are made on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Looking at the future, this paper concludes that throughout the XXI century Asia in general and China will have a leading role in the world economic development.

En los últimos años, la Región de Murcia ha fomentado nuevos modelos turísticos relacionados con la cultura y el mar. Sin embargo, pese a la riqueza de su historia y legado marítimos, no lo ha hecho de forma conjunta. El Mar Menor y La Manga solo han visto potenciado el aspecto marítimo en relación con actividades náuticas, quedando su patrimonio relegado a un segundo plano. Este trabajo busca reivindicar la riqueza del patrimonio, historia y cultura marítimos asociados a esta zona y mostrar las oportunidades que ofrece su adecuada puesta en valor a través de un caso práctico: la implementación de una ruta arqueológica subacuática en el pecio fenicio del Bajo de la Campana, como parte del Proyecto Isla Grosa. In recent years, the Region of Murcia has promoted new tourism models related to heritage and the sea. However, despite the richness of its maritime history and heritage, it has not done so in a complementary manner. The Mar Menor-La Manga area has only boosted the maritime aspect in relation to nautical activities, leaving their heritage relegated to a second place. This paper seeks to vindicate the importance of the Maritime Heritage, History, and Culture associated with this area and to show the opportunities offered by its proper enhancement through a case study: the implementation of an underwater heritage trail in the Phoenician wreck of the “Bajo de la Campana” as part of the “Isla Grosa” Project.

El articulo tiene como objetivo analizar la presencia de China en Europa a traves de la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta (IFR) en un contexto de crisis de la globalizacion neoliberal y del multilateralismo. Las preguntas iniciales son ?de que manera la IFR esta contribuyendo a reconfigurar la globalizacion y el regionalismo en la Union Europea (UE) y cuales son los impactos en la UE de este tipo de acuerdos? El articulo enfoca en el caso de Italia como analisis descriptivo y exploratorio, que si bien no es el unico pais de la UE que firmo un Memorandum de Entendimiento de la IFR, fue el unico del G7 que lo hizo. Finalmente, el articulo destaca como la pandemia del COVID19 torno mas compleja la relacion China-Europa, provocando reacciones diferenciadas entre la UE e ItaliaAlternate abstract:The article aims to analyze the presence of China in Europe through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in a landscape of crisis of neoliberal globalization and multilateralism. The initial questions are in what way the BRI is contributing to reconfigure the globalization and regionalism in the European Union (EU)? and what are the effects on the EU of this type of agreements? The article focuses on Italian case study as a descriptive and exploratory analysis. Italy, although it is not the only EU country that signed the BRI Memorandum of Understanding, it was the only G7 country to signed it. Finally, the article highlights how the COVID19 pandemic made the China-Europe relationship more complex, causing diverse reactions between the EU and Italy

In the present article, Geophysical and Geotechnical techniques were applied to characterize the subsoil at the height of Km 68 + 500 of the main road Troncal Central del Norte (National Route 55). The geophysical techniques implemented were: Vertical Electrical Probe (SEV), Seismic Refraction Tomography (TRS) and Multichannel Surface Wave Analysis (MASW). In the case of Geotechnics, the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and soil laboratory tests such as: Moisture Content, Atterberg limits and Granulometry were used. The objective of this investigation is to determine the physical properties such as electrical resistivity, seismic velocity type P and S, in the same way to obtain the dynamic and geotechnical parameters of the materials in the study area. This in order to classify the type of soil and obtain the acceleration spectrum curves, according to NSR10 (title A). The methodology carried out was the following: a field phase that consisted of the survey of topographic data, geotechnical data and geophysical data covering a line of 161 m in length, where two (2) SPT trials, four ( 4) of SEV, two (2) lines of TRS, two (2) of MASW 1D and MASW 2D. The second phase consisted of the processing of geophysical and geotechnical data in order to generate 2D images and profiles of each property studied. Finally interpret and correlate the geophysical data together with the geotechnical data. As a result, P wave speed ranges between 499m / s and 1714m / s, S wave speed between 210m / s and 466m / s and resistivities between 6.06 Ω-m and 581.05 Ω-m were obtained. After all, it was possible to identify Type D soil profiles, which correspond to rigid materials and sands with presence of clay and saturated silty clay.En el articulo presente se aplicaron tecnicas Geofisicas y Geotecnicas para la caracterizacion del subsuelo a la altura del Km 68+500 de la via principal Troncal Central del Norte (Ruta Nacional 55). Las tecnicas Geofisicas implementadas fueron: el Sondeo Electrico Vertical (SEV), Tomografia de Refraccion Sismica (TRS) y el Analisis Multicanal de Ondas Superficiales (MASW de sus siglas en ingles). Para el caso de la Geotecnia se utilizo el Ensayo de Penetracion Estandar (SPT de sus siglas en ingles) y los ensayos de laboratorio de suelos tales como: Contenido de Humedad, limites de Atterberg y Granulometria. El objetivo de esta investigacion es determinar las propiedades fisicas como la resistividad electrica, velocidad sismica tipo P y S, del mismo modo obtener los parametros dinamicos y geotecnicos de los materiales en el area de estudio. Esto con el fin de clasificar el tipo de suelo y obtener las curvas de espectro de aceleracione, segun la NSR10 (titulo A). La metodologia llevada a cabo fue la siguiente: una fase de campo que consistio en el levantamiento de datos Topograficos, datos geotecnicos y datos geofisicos cubriendo una linea de 161 m de longitud, en donde se realizo dos (2) ensayos de SPT, cuatro (4) de SEV, dos (2) lineas de TRS, dos (2) de MASW 1D y MASW 2D. La segunda fase consistio en el procesamiento de los datos geofisicos y geotecnicos con el fin de generar imagenes 2D y perfiles de cada propiedad estudiada. Finalmente interpretar y correlacionar los datos geofisicos en conjunto con los datos geotecnicos. Como resultado se obtuvieron rangos de velocidad de onda P entre 499m/s y 1714m/s, velocidad de onda S entre 210m/s y 466m/s y resistividades entre 6.06 Ω-m y 581.05 Ω-m. A fin de cuentas, se logro identificar perfiles de suelo Tipo D, los cuales corresponden a materiales rigidos y arenas con presencia de arcilla y arcilla limosa saturada.

espanolIntroduccion: El trabajo busca analizar la distribucion espacial de la inmigracion municipal observada en municipios de Chiapas al 2015, bajo el supuesto que la inmigracion se concentra espacialmente conformando patrones no aleatorios. Metodo: para la identificacion de patrones de inmigracion se utilizo un modelo log- lineal aditivo bayesiano, el cual se especifica a traves de un proceso estocastico espacial indexado por medio de un campo markoviano gausseano. Resultados: Los resultados comprueban la existencia de un patron espacial sobre una ruta migratoria de paso, no obstante, los niveles registrados de pobreza y acceso a servicios de salud no arrojan resultados significativos. Discusion y/o Conclusion: se analiza la hipotesis que sostiene que la inmigracion responde a factores como el acceso a servicios de salud y al porcentaje de poblacion en condiciones de pobreza, de forma que bajos niveles de pobreza y altos niveles de acceso a servicios de salud haran a los municipios mas atractivos a la inmigracion. Los resultados parecen contradecir tal afirmacion. EnglishIntroduction: The work seeks to analyze the spatial distribution of municipal immigration observed in municipalities of Chiapas in 2015, under the assumption that immigration is spatially concentrated forming non-random patterns. Method: the identification of immigration patterns was made with a Bayesian additive log-linear model that is specified through a spatial stochastic process indexed by a Gaussean Markov Random Field. Results: The results prove the existence of a spatial pattern on inmigratory route of passage, however, the recorded levels of poverty and access to health services do not yield significant results. Discussion and/or Conclusion: The hypothesis that immigration responds to factors such as access to health services and the percentage of the population living in poverty is analyzed, so that low levels of poverty and high levels of access to health services will make municipalities more attractive to immigration. The results seem to contradict such a statement.

espanolEn el presente trabajo se explican los factores sociales que condicionan la aparicion de la Bioetica en Cuba, sus avatares, aciertos y desaciertos, con el proposito de esclarecer las etapas por las que transita la materia y coadyuvar a una comprension de su estatuto epistemologico. Se expone que los anos 90 marcan el origen formal o procesos de institucionalizacion de la Bioetica en Cuba. Se fundamenta que la nueva disciplina no fue acogida con regocijo por muchos funcionarios gubernamentales. La crisis de la decada de 1990 momento marco una nueva ruta en las relaciones sociales de produccion en Cuba cuya consecuencia mas sensible fue la reestructuracion de la jerarquia de valores, al fenecer el campo socialista. Se exponen las consecuencias de la subrepticia desaparicion del campo socialista. EnglishThis paper explains the social factors that condition the appearance of bioethics in Cuba, its ups and downs, its successes and failures, with the purpose of clarifying the stages through which the matter passes and contributing to an understanding of its epistemological status. It is stated that the 1990s marked the formal origin or processes of institutionalization of bioethics in Cuba. It is argued that the new discipline was not welcomed by many government officials. The crisis of the 1990s marked a new route in the social relations of production in Cuba whose most sensitive consequence was the restructuring of the hierarchy of values, with the demise of the socialist camp. The consequences of the surreptitious disappearance of the socialist camp are exposed.

espanolEn el presente articulo, se propone una ruta para la generacion de compuestos que inhiban el virus del Ebola mediante un estudio de acoplamiento molecular. El anclaje del virus del Ebola se da en la proteina Niemann Pick C1 (NPC1), la cual se encarga del transporte de colesterol en el sistema endosoma/lisosoma. Se aprovecharon moleculas que han sido reportadas experimentalmente como posibles inhibidores del virus, para evaluar una posible inhibicion competitiva en estos sistemas moleculares. Se tomaron varias moleculas con energias de afinidad por los sitios activos, lo que permitio identificar el potencial farmacocinetico de estas moleculas. Asimismo, se hicieron estudios de adsorcion, distribucion, metabolismo, y excrecion. Se concluye que los resultados expuestos en este trabajo muestran el gran potencial inhibitorio de las moleculas A, B, I, J y K, del anclaje de la glicoproteina del virus del Ebola con la proteina Niemann Pick C1. EnglishThis research article proposes a systematic path for the generation of compounds that inhibit the Ebola virus through a molecular docking study. Ebola virus anchoring occurs in the Niemann Pick C1 (NPC1) protein, which is responsible for transporting cholesterol in the endosome/lysosome system. Molecules that have been experimentally reported as possible virus inhibitors were used to assess a possible competitive inhibition in these molecular systems. Several molecules with affinity energies were taken by the active sites, which allowed to identifying the pharmacokinetic potential of these molecules. Adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of these molecules were also examined. In conclusion, the results obtained show the great inhibitory potential of the A, B, I, J, and K molecules on the anchoring of the Ebola virus glycoprotein with the Niemann Pick C1 protein.

This article discusses the contribution of innovation centres in nearby neighbourhoods based on primary data. This paper involves the study of the case of Ruta N in Medellín to expose the relationship between a consolidated neighbourhood and new innovation facilities. Ruta N was founded after the implementation of a city-level policy for innovation intended to secure the economic growth of a former deprived area of the city. This innovation attracted local and international creative entrepreneurs to Medellín’s downtown but with inconsistent results. The analysis revealed that Ruta N rarely interacts with the nearby neighbourhood, thus restricting its potential to contribute to the community. Instead, it is perceived that Ruta N takes advantage of the neighbourhood to meet the needs of Ruta N users, not the other way around. As a result, community members argue that Ruta N could promote potential conflicts in the area.

Humanity is currently facing the greatest refugee crisis since the Second World War. Children find themselves both directly and indirectly affected by this crisis. They are faced with making sense of complex issues and their diverse repercussions. For example, the distinct difference between a refugee whose life is at risk and a migrant seeking to improve their economic situation by moving to another rich country with prospects, is of particular importance for the objective study of the reasons and dimensions of the refugee crisis. In this context, this article explores the wordless book “La Valigia” by Angelo Ruta, where the construction of the meaning is dependent entirely on carefully sequenced images. The book depicts how a child of the war zone remembers and dreams while facing the chaos of having been chased by bombs and guns. This is the story of a sweet dream; dream that, despite the chaotic environment of reality, was kept alive inside a large suitcase. In this ‘silent’ book, which was a finalist of the Gianni De Conno Award (Silent Book Contest 2018), the vacuum created by the lack of words strengthens the meaning and allows it to exist in another form. At the same time, this style of book is changing the ways we understand and approach literature.

espanolEste texto busca documentar las experiencias de algunos varones en profesiones feminizadas. Se plantean tres ejes de analisis: a) la llegada, expectativas y salida de las profesiones feminizadas, b) ventajas y desventajas dentro de la profesion y c) experiencias de cuidado mas alla de su profesion. Se recurre a entrevistas a profundidad a siete varones. Destaca que los varones llegan a las profesiones por una mezcla de expectativas economicas y de desarrollo personal. Reportan discriminacion de mujeres adultas mayores (entre los enfermeros) y de otros varones en su pro-fesion (entre los profesores). En el ambito domestico llevan a cabo actividades de cuidado de sus hijos y padres. Se concluye con una ruta de temas a profundizar. EnglishThis paper aims to research on the experiences of some men in feminized professions. We deve-loped three levels of analysis: a) the arrival, expectations and exit of the males from these pro-fessions, b) advantages and disadvantages within the profession, and c) their experiences of care beyond their profession. A qualitative method was used through in-depth interviews with seven men. Findings suggest that men come to the professions for a mix of economic expectations and personal development. Males reported being victims of discrimination by older adult women (the nurses) and other males in their profession (the teachers). In the domestic sphere, carry out care activities for their children and parents. We conclude with a route of topics to go in depth.

espanolObjetivo: Determinar los resultados perinatales, el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria, uso de ventilacion mecanica, oxigenoterapia y morbilidad asociada de embarazos con corioamnionitis atendidos en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (INMP) durante los anos 2016 al 2018. Materiales y Metodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron recien nacidos hijos de madre con corioamnionitis entre 2016 - 2018 en el INMP. Se seleccionaron 361 pacientes. Se utilizo el programa SPSS 24.0 en el analisis de los datos. Resultados: Lo mas frecuente fueron los preterminos en 51,5%, el peso al nacer entre 2500-3999g fue 49,9%; la ruta de nacimiento mas frecuente fue cesarea (85,0%). La estancia hospitalaria fue 41,6% >7 dias, los muy prematuros requirieron oxigenoterapia (58,0%) y los prematuros moderados requieron ventilacion asistida (15,4%). El 70,0% de la muestra curso con morbilidad; sepsis neonatal (56,2%), hiperbilirrubinemia (38,0%), taquipnea transitoria (24,9%), neumonia (19,7%), trastorno de coagulacion (19,1%), anemia (17,7%), enfermedad de membrana hialina (15,5%) e hipoglicemia (15,2%) entre otras. Siendo el ano 2017 donde se evidenciaron la mayoria de las morbilidades. El 7,8% de la poblacion total fallecio. Conclusiones: Corioamnionitis tiene seria repercusion en el recien nacido, se relaciona con morbilidad multiple. Se evidencio el aumento de estancia hospitalaria (>7 dias) y el uso de oxigenoterapia y ventilacion asistida (>7dias) en el grupo de los prematuros). EnglishObjective: To determine the perinatal outcomes of pregnancies with chorioamnionitis seen in the National Maternal and Perinatal Institute (INMP) during the years 2016 to 2018, as well as determine the length of the hospital stay, use of mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy and determine morbidity during the years. Material and Methods: Descriptive, transversal and retrospective study. We included newborns of mother with chorioamnionitis at the INMP, born between 2016 - 2018. We selected 361 cases. The information was collected through a data sheet. The SPSS 24.0 program was used in the analysis of the data. Results: The most frequent were the preterms in 51,0%, the birth weight between 2500-3999g was 49,9%; the most frequent delivery route was cesarean (85,0%). The hospitalization was 41,6% longer than 7 days, the very premature babies required oxygen therapy (58.0%) and moderate preterm babies required assisted ventilation (15.4%). The 70,0% of the newborns had morbidity, as neonatal sepsis (56,2%), hyperbilirubinemia (38,0%), transient tachypnea (24,9%), pneumonia (19,7%), coagulation disorder (19,1%), anemia (17.7%), hyaline membrane disease (15,5%) and hypoglycemia (15,2%) among others. The 7,80%. of the total population died. Conclusion: Chorioamnionitis has a serious impact on newborn, is related with multiple morbidity. The increase in hospital stay (> 7 days) and the use of oxygen therapy and assisted ventilation (> 7days) in the group of premature infants were evidenced

A principios de 1930, surgió en Xalapa, Veracruz, un movimiento cultural en torno al grupo Noviembre, con el fin de producir “literatura proletaria”. Protagonizado por Lorenzo Turrent Rozas, José Mancisidor, Julio de la Fuente y Germán List Arzubide, entre otros, el movimiento se desprendió en parte del Estridentismo, vanguardia cultural activa en los años 20, y a la vez constituyó una crítica de éste desde una postura más cercana al realismo social o documentalista. El grupo editaba las revistas Simiente, Noviembre y Ruta, al tiempo que publicaba libros a través de su editorial, Integrales. El presente artículo explora este conjunto de proyectos, haciendo hincapié en sus orígenes, contextos, contenidos y la dinámica local-internacional en su propuesta.

espanolEl objetivo de esta investigacion consiste en explorar de manera critica, la implementacion del Sistema Integrado de Transporte Masivo, en la ciudad de Cartagena como estrategia gubernamental para mejorar la movilidad urbana y como esta accion trastoca los derechos humanos de un sector vulnerable de la ciudad, por ello, la unidad de analisis es examinar de que manera podria impactar la implementacion de la politica publica del Sistema Integrado de Transporte Masivo TRANSCARIBE los derechos economicos, sociales y culturales de los propietarios y conductores de colectivos en la ruta Daniel Lemaitre en la ciudad de Cartagena. EnglishThe main purpose of this research is to critically explore the implementation of the Integrated Mass Transportation System in the city of Cartagena as a government strategy to improve urban mobility and how these actions upset the human rights of a vulnerable sector of the city. Therefore, the unit of analysis is to examine how the implementation of public policy of the Integrated System of Mass Transportation TRANSCARIBE could impact the economic, social and cultural rights of the owners and drivers of buses on the Daniel Lemaitre route in the city of Cartagena.

Objective: Ruta tuberculata forssk. (Rutaceae) is an aromatic plant widely used in traditional Algerian medicine due to its pharmaceutical virtues against various disorders. This study aims to determine the phenolic profile of aqueous (RAE) and methanol (RME) extracts of R. tuberculata aerial parts and to investigate their acute oral toxicity, as well as their possible antiproliferative and hepatoprotective effects. Methods: Polyphenols were identified by quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis. Oral acute toxicity was performed according to OCDE guidelines. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity and supported by biochemical and histological analysis of liver and kidneys. The antiproliferative activity against human colorectal HT-29 and ovarian OV2008 cancer cell lines was determined using SRB assay. Results: LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that RME has higher phenols and flavonoids content than RAE; however, its major identified flavonoids are Kaempferol, rutin, and naringenin. R. tuberculata seems mildly toxic at several doses, with oral LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. The significant increase in hepatic markers enzymes activities as well as cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycemic levels, caused by PCM-administration, was potentially reduced following the co-treatments with vitamin C and RME, respectively, compared to RAE. Moreover, RME-treatment markedly prevented all histological changes. Compared to RAE, RME (100 μg/mL) exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity against both tested cancer lines (% inhibition ≥ 80%). Conclusion: Both R. tuberculata extracts (200 mg/kg/daily) were non-toxic and exerted a potential hepatoprotective effect against PCM-induced hepatotoxicity. Accordingly, RME may be considered a good candidate for the development of new therapies against colorectal and ovarian cancers.

Rutin, a plant flavonol characterized by a wide range of biological effects, has limited application in foods because of its low water solubility and scarce bioavailability. This work aimed to investigate the encapsulation of a rutin-rich extract (200.6 ± 1.5 mg/g of rutin) from Ruta chalepensis L. in zein nanoparticles (hydrodynamic diameter of 80–170 nm) prepared by antisolvent precipitation and stabilized by gum arabic (GA). The addition of GA (1:1 mass ratio with zein) significantly reduced the instability phenomena of zein nanoparticles through the deposition of a negatively charged layer as evidenced by the zeta potential and the UV–visible measurement, suggesting an electrostatic interaction between zein and GA. It also contributed to enhancing the encapsulation efficiency of rutin and inducing a rapid release during simulated digestion. These findings show that zein/GA nanoparticles represent a promising delivery system for natural extracts, fabricated through a facile and versatile process.

In this study, the essential oils (EOs) of separated organs (roots, leaves, stems and flowers) of Ruta chalapensis L., Ruta gravealens L., and Ruta montana L. are characterized by GC/MS analysis and the intra-species variations of the chemical composition of essential oils from three Morocco species were investigated using statistical analysis (principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA)). Correlations between the EO chemical compositions, organs and species were discussed. The results obtained show that a mixture of ketones generally characterizes the EOs of the different organs of three species studied, which 2-undecanone reach 74,36%. Nevertheless, it was observed specific significant disparities between species but also within the same species, especially for presence of chalepensin, geijerene and elemol.

Ruta L. is a typical genus of the citrus family, Rutaceae Juss. and comprises ca. 40 different species, mainly distributed in the Mediterranean region. Ruta species have long been used in traditional medicines as an abortifacient and emmenagogue and for the treatment of lung diseases and microbial infections. The genus Ruta is rich in essential oils, which predominantly contain aliphatic ketones, e.g., 2-undecanone and 2-nonanone, but lack any significant amounts of terpenes. Three Ruta species, Ruta chalepensis L., Ruta graveolens L., and Ruta montana L., have been extensively studied for the composition of their essential oils and several bioactivities, revealing their potential medicinal and agrochemical applications. This review provides a systematic evaluation and critical appraisal of publications available in the literature on the composition and bioactivities of the essential oils obtained from Ruta species and includes a brief outlook of the potential applications of nanotechnology and chitosan-based products of Ruta essential oils.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created challenges that have been dealt with adopting measures such as prolonged or intermittent social distancing, which may even be necessary until 2022 Furthermore, it has been described that a SARS-CoV-2 contagion route corresponds to the inhalation of the virus Medications via nasal/eye spray and inhalers, therefore, could fulfill the function of inactivating SARS-CoV-2 Due to the abovementioned reasons, we suggest the following hypothesis: The use of Ocular/Nasal/Oral sprays could prevent the infection and the further spread of SARS-CoV-2 RESUMEN: La pandemia de COVID-19 propone desafios que han sido manejados con medidas como distanciamiento social prologado o intermitente, el cual podria ser necesario hasta 2022 Se ha descrito que la ruta de contagio de SARS-CoV-2 corresponde a la inhalacion del virus La medicacion a traves de un spray nasal/ocular podria cumplir la funcion de inactivar SARS-CoV-2 Por las razones antes presentadas, los autores sugerimos la siguiente hipotesis: El uso de un spray ocultar/nasal/oral previene la infeccion y replicacion de SARS-CoV-2

espanolEl articulo analiza el programa nuclear y de misiles balisticos de Corea del Norte y explora la posibilidad de un acuerdo sobre su desnuclearizacion. Partiendo de la nueva situacion estrategica en la region, a consecuencia del proceso de cumbres intercoreanas y, entre Estados Unidos y Corea del Norte, y las expectativas depositadas acerca los resultados de estas para resolver el “desafio nuclear norcoreano”, el articulo defiende la hipotesis que no parece viable que se pueda llegar a una solucion satisfactoria para todas las partes implicadas. Para ello, se tienen en cuenta tres factores principales: 1) el nivel de desarrollo del programa nuclear norcoreano y el esfuerzo del regimen para alcanzar ese objetivo; 2) el historial de fracasos negociadores en torno a la desnuclearizacion de la peninsula de Corea; y 3) el hecho que, pese a reconocer una nueva coyuntura en el dialogo entre Corea del Norte y EE.UU., aun no exista una “hoja de ruta” acerca de como se va a llevar a cabo la desnuclearizacion en la peninsula EnglishThis article discusses the North Korea's nuclear and ballistic missile program and explores the possibility of an agreement on its denuclearization. Starting from the new strategic situation in the region, as a consequence of the inter-Korean and U.S.-North Korea summits, and the expectations ctreated on their outcome, the article defends the thesis that it does not seem feasible that a satisfactory solution can be reached for all the parties involved. In this respect, three main factors have been considered: 1) the level of development of the North Korean nuclear program and the regime’s efforts to achieve this objective; 2) the history of negotiating failures on the Korean Peninsula denuclearization; and 3) that fact that, despite recognizing the new situation created by the North Korea-U.S. dialogue, there is still no "roadmap" on how the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula will take place

No presente trabalho, desenvolveu-se uma análise descritiva das modificações existentes no percurso Sobral – Meruoca, bem como a observação e descrição das potencialidades e fatores biogeográficos. Utilizando-se o método descritivo, que visa à descrição das feições da área através da análise e observação dos diferentes biossistemas, seja na depressão sertaneja presente em Sobral, ou no Maciço Residual da Serra da Meruoca, bem como da ação antrópica. Sendo necessária a identificação da mudança na flora, fauna, aspectos socioespaciais, uso e ocupação do solo, modificação ambiental, dentre outros, estes em prol da identificação do desenvolvimento da área juntamente com a intervenção humana. Portanto, constata-se que com o passar dos anos e com os avanços de construções, foram identificados uma expansão dos loteamentos e construções de médio e grande porte no sopé da Meruoca, o que modifica a dinâmica natural da área.Palavras-chave: Fatores Biogeográficos; Dinâmica Natural; Maciço Residual. ABSTRACTIn the present work, a descriptive analysis of the modifications in the route Sobral – Meruoca was developed, as well as the observation of the main potentials and the position of the population in relation to its geographical distribution area, among others. Using the descriptive method, which aims to analyze the features of the area through the analysis and observation of the different biosystems, either in the country depression present in Sobral, or in the Residual mass of the Serra da Meruoca, as well as the anthropic action. It is necessary to identify the change in flora, fauna, Socioespaciais aspects, use and occupation of the soil, environmental modification, among others, for the identification of the development of sustainable forms of use of the area along with the Human intervention. Therefore, it is noted that over the years and with the advances of the buildings, an expansion of the plots and constructions of medium and large size were identified at the foot of the Meruoca, which modifies the natural dynamics of the area as disappearance of species Natives, decreased sources, increased temperature.Keywords: Biogeographical factors; Natural Dynamics; Residual Mass. RESUMENEn el presente trabajo, se desarrolló un análisis descriptivo de las modificaciones en la ruta Sobral - Meruoca, así como la observación de los principales potenciales y la posición de la población en relación a su área de distribución geográfica, entre otros. Utilizando el método descriptivo, que tiene como objetivo analizar las características del área a través del análisis y observación de los diferentes biosistemas, ya sea en la depresión del país presente en Sobral, o en la masa residual de la Serra da Meruoca, así como la acción antrópica. . Es necesario identificar el cambio en la flora, fauna, aspectos socioespaciales, uso y ocupación del suelo, modificación ambiental, entre otros, para la identificación del desarrollo de formas sostenibles de uso del área junto con la intervención humana. Por lo tanto, se observa que a lo largo de los años y con los avances de los edificios, se identificó una expansión de las parcelas y construcciones de mediano y gran tamaño al pie de la Meruoca, que modifica la dinámica natural de la zona como la desaparición de especies. Nativos, disminución de fuentes, aumento de temperatura.Palabras clave: Factores biogeográficos; Dinámica natural; Masa Residual.

El asma es un trastorno alérgico que predomina en la población pediátrica. Factores de riesgo para desarrollar síntomas de sibilancias incluyen: antecedentes familiares, medioambientales y médicos del individuo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la relación entre asma y el tiempo de exposición a la contaminación por una autopista en jóvenes entre trece y catorce años de la parroquia Cumbayá, seleccionados de dos colegios de la zona próximos a la autopista “Ruta Viva”. Se utilizó el test estadístico Chi cuadrado y regresión logística, con los que se determinó que el grupo que estuvo expuesto en menor proporción a la viabilidad de la ruta presentó más síntomas de sibilancias en los últimos 12 meses en contraste con aquellos que estuvieron expuestos mayor tiempo. . Este inesperado hallazgo, está más bien explicado por otros factores independientemente de la exposición de los participantes a la autopista, como la presencia de humedad en domicilio, el uso de alfombras y el uso de sistemas de aire acondicionado.

espanolEl objetivo principal del estudio fue identificar las facetas de desgaste dental de los conductores de bus de una empresa de Medellin. Estudio de corte transversal, con un enfoque empirico analitico de alcance correlacional y de diseno no experimental. A traves de un calculo probabilistico se tomo una muestra de 278 conductores con un nivel de confianza del 98%, un margen error del 5% y una proporcion esperada del 50%. Cada participante diligencio una encuesta y posteriormente se realizo una valoracion clinica dental. A partir de los datos se hizo un analisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado. En los resultados hubo asociacion estadisticamente significativa, con la variable ruta en la que conduce (p=0,01), siendo la respuesta afirmativa a esta variable la unica que se encuentra en la ecuacion. Esta misma se presenta como factor protector (0,33 – IC 0,14 – 0,80). La mayoria de los conductores (82,3%) presentaron facetas de desgaste dental, en relacion a la clasificacion el grado 1 fue el que mas prevalecio. La razon del desgaste esta dada por procesos multifactoriales, por lo que es muy importante detectar las facetas a tiempo para evitar un dano en la estructura dental. EnglishThe main objective of this study was to identify the facets of dental wear of bus drivers in a company in Medellin. It was a cross-sectional study, with an empirical analytical approach of correlational scope and non-experimental design. Through a probabilistic calculation, a sample of 278 drivers was taken with a confidence level of 98%, an error margin of 5% and an expected proportion of 50%. Each participant completed a survey and then a dental clinical assessment was made. A univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was made from the data. In the results there was a statistically significant association, with the variable route in which it leads (p = 0.01), with the affirmative response to this variable being the only one found in the equation. This is presented as a protective factor (0.33-CI 0.14-0.80). As a conclusion of this study, the great majority of drivers (82.3%) presented facets of dental wear, and according to the classification, grade 1 was the most prevalent. The reason for the wear is given by multifactorial processes, so it is vital to detect them in time to avoid damage to the tooth structure.

La recuperacion de conceptos tradicionales chinos y el analisis de conceptos emergentes en la actualidad, llevados al escenario global e internacional nos permite repensar los procesos actuales en un marco contenedor. El Tianxia fue establecido en la dinastia Zhou (1.046-256 a. C.) para garantizar la unidad en la diversidad de los pueblos, lo que daba lugar a una nueva relacion y asignaba funciones para evitar los conflictos. La nocion del sueno chino fue introducida por el presidente Xi Jinping proponiendo exportar beneficios sociales y economicos al resto de los territorios fuera de la orbita China. Ambas propuestas tienen plataformas que exceden la escala territorial de China, ya que intentan legitimarse en practicas globales. A partir de estos dos conceptos tomamos como objeto de analisis la nueva ruta de la seda china (NRS). La problematizacion de este tema, desde los postulados teoricos chinos, nos pueden aportar una mirada del pensamiento geopolitico-cultural del gigante asiatico. Este tipo de trabajo se asienta en un analisis situacional donde la nrs todavia debe extender sus influencias. Por lo cual, este articulo no supone un trabajo de corte final, sino una mirada previa al desafio que se propone y le impone la NRS a China., The revival of traditional Chinese concepts such as Tianxia and the analysis of emerging ideas as the Chinese dream, brought to the global and international arena, allows us to rethink current processes in a self-contained framework. The Tianxia was established back in the times of the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) to ensure unity in the diversity of the people, which gave rise to new relationships and assigned functions to avoid conflicts. The notion of the Chinese dream was introduced by President Xi Jinping, looking to export social and economic benefits to the rest of the territories outside China’s orbit. However, both proposals have platforms that exceed the territorial scale of this Asian country, since they try to legitimize themselves through global practices. From these two concepts, we use China’s New Silk Road (NSR) as object of analysis. The problematization of this topic, based on Chinese theoretical postulates, is able to provide an outlook of the geopolitical and cultural thinking of the Asian giant. This type of study is based on a situational analysis, since the nsr still need to spread its influence. Therefore, this article is not a concluding work, but a preliminary look at the challenge proposed and imposed by the NSR in China., A recuperação de conceitos tradicionais chineses como Tianxia, e a análise de conceitos emergentes na atualidade, como o sono chinês, levados ao cenário global e internacional, permite-nos repensar os processos atuais em um marco abrangente. O Tianxia foi estabelecido na dinastia Zhou (1.046-256 a.C.) para garantir a unidade na diversidade dos povos. Isto permitia uma nova relação e dividia as funções para evitar os conflitos. A noção de sono chinês foi introduzida pelo presidente Xi Jinping propondo exportar benefícios sociais e econômicos ao restante dos territórios fora da órbita chinesa. Ambas as propostas têm plataformas que ultrapassam a escala territorial da China, dado que elas tentam se legitimar nas práticas globais. A partir destes dois conceitos tomamos como objeto de análise a nova rota da seda chinesa (NRS). A problematização deste tema, desde os postulados teóricos chineses, pode-nos aportar uma mirada do pensamento geopolítico-cultural do gigante asiático. Este tipo de trabalho insere-se em uma análise situacional aonde a NRS ainda deve estender suas influências. Por tanto, este artigo não supõe um trabalho de corte final, mas uma mirada prévia ao desafio que se propõe e lhe impõe a China., Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales

espanolEl objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la conformacion del espacio turistico en el estado de Michoacan, Mexico, con base en el analisis de la ruta Don Vasco. Una ruta turistico-cultural cuyo diseno, planificacion y gestion busca promover el turismo cultural a traves de la puesta en valor del patrimonio cultural y natural existente en dos de las diez regiones geograficas que caracterizan a la entidad: region Lacustre y region Meseta Purhepecha. La investigacion se compone de dos secciones: la primera esboza la base natural, historica y sociocultural que soporta el crecimiento turistico en el area de estudio; la segunda, mediante la aplicacion del Modelo de Articulacion Espacial como principal recurso metodologico, identifica los elementos en torno a los que se construye el espacio turistico: los recursos y servicios turisticos, los canales espaciales de articulacion de los turistas, asi como los flujos que estos originan desde ambitos nacionales y extranjero. EnglishThe objective of this work is to present the conformation of the tourism space in the state of Michoacan, Mexico, based on the analysis of the Don Vasco route. A touristic-cultural route whose design, planning and management seeks to promote cultural tourism through the enhancement of the existing cultural and natural heritage in two of the ten geographical regions that characterize the entity: Lacustre and Meseta Purhepecha regions. The present research is comprised of two sections: the first outlines the natural, historical and sociocultural basis that supports tourism growth in the study area; the second, by way of applying the Space Articulation Model as the main methodological resource, identifies the elements around which tourism space is built: the touristic resources and services, the spatial channels of tourist articulation, as well as the exchange flows that these originate at the national and foreign levels.

espanolIntroduccion: el aire como fluido esta presente en diferentes espacios. Es probable quecontenga diferentes contaminantes, incluyendo microorganismos patogenos, que, debidoa factores ambientales, se encuentran dispersos en el entorno hospitalario, donde son responsablesde causar enfermedades en poblaciones vulnerables. Ademas de ser consideradascomo un riesgo para la salud, las enfermedades nosocomiales generan costos de tratamientomuy altos, que varian de 13 a 15 millones de pesos por enfermedad durante el tratamiento.Objetivo: determinar la calidad microbiologica del aire en los banos, los pasillos, la recepciony algunos espacios de almacenamiento de una clinica optica en Colombia. Metodo: serealizo una visita inicial a la clinica para el muestreo microbiologico del aire con el equipoMASS 100, siguiendo una ruta de muestreo disenada de acuerdo con la norma tecnicaISO 14644, ademas de mediciones de porcentaje de humedad relativa y velocidad delviento durante dos semanas. La caracterizacion bacteriana se verifico utilizando un sistemaautomatizado Vitek. Resultados: se identifico que el 64% de las secciones de muestreoestan por encima del limite establecido por la norma ISO 14644 de unidades formadorasde colonias (UFC) para areas limpias. Este estudio identifico 14 generos bacterianos, comoStaphylococcus (26,3%), Pantoea (10,5%) y Sphingomonas (5,3%). Conclusiones: aunqueel presente estudio evidencio un alto numero de UFC en el aire de la clinica, la mayoriade estos generos son agentes bacterianos saprofitos y oportunistas. EnglishIntroduction: Air as a fluid is present in different spaces. It is likely to contain different pollutants,including pathogenic microorganisms, which, due to environmental factors, are dispersed in thehospital environment, where they are responsible for causing diseases in vulnerable populations.In addition to being considered a risk to health, nosocomial diseases generate very high treatmentcosts, ranging from 13 to 15 million pesos per illness during treatment. Objective: To determinethe microbiological quality of the air in bathrooms, corridors, reception and storage of one opticalclinic in Colombia. Methods: An initial visit to the clinic was carried out for a microbiologicalsampling of air with the MASS 100 equipment, based on a sampling route designed accordingto the ISO 14644 technical standard, in addition to the relative humidity and velocity percentagemeasurements of the wind for two weeks. Bacterial characterization was verified using aVitek automated system. Results: It was identified that 64% of the sampling sections are abovethe limit established by the ISO 14644 standard of colony forming units (CFU) for clean areas.This study identified 14 bacterial genera, such as Staphylococcus (26.3%), Pantoea (10.5%), andSphingomonas (5.3%). Conclusions: Although there is a high number of CFU in the clinic’s airin the present study, most of these genera are saprophytic and opportunistic bacterial agents.

espanolEntre la diversidad del movimiento social de mujeres en Colombia se puede identificar, en algunas organizaciones de mujeres, el desarrollo de relatos compartidos. Estos son producto de la participacion sexuada en la guerra que giran en torno a la construccion de paz del pais. Estos se han configurado mediante la convergencia entre vivencias personales, y la generacion de espacios propios de resignificacion. El presente estudio se centra en el analisis de las narrativas colectivas conformadas a traves de tres organizaciones de mujeres en Colombia: la Organizacion Femenina Popular (OFP), la Ruta Pacifica de las Mujeres y la Red Nacional de las Mujeres (RNM). El objetivo de este articulo es comprender la configuracion de las narrativas de estas tres organizaciones de mujeres mediante sus relatos y dinamicas de accion y la confrontacion, apropiacion y resistencia a la hegemonia narrativa. EnglishAmong the diversity of the social movement of women in Colombia, in some women's organizations, we can observe the development of shared stories. Those stories are the product of participation in a war that revolves around the construction of peace in the country. These have been configured through the convergence of personal experiences, and the generation of spaces for resignification. The present study focuses on the analysis of collective narratives formed with three women's organizations in Colombia: Organizacion Femenina Popular (OFP), La Ruta Pacifica de las Mujeres and Red Nacional de Mujeres (RNM). The objective of this article is to understand the configuration of the narratives of these women's organizations —through their stories and dynamics of action— the confrontation, appropriation and resistance to narrative hegemony.

Este texto se aproxima al estudio de la relación entre el turismo y la peregrinación a partir de la interpretación que los turiperegrinos del Camino Portugués Interior de Santiago de Compostela (CPIS) dan a su experiencia. Con base en un trabajo de campo antropológico desarrollado desde septiembre del año 2015, analizamos el proceso reciente de activación patrimonial y turística de una nueva ruta de los caminos de Santiago, el consumo turístico de esta ruta como expresión de nuevos valores contemporáneos, y la configuración de nuevas identidades turiperegrinas postseculares que no se pueden clasificar o interpretar de forma simplista como turismo religioso. ABSTRACT: This paper approach to the study of the relationship between tourism and pilgrimage, based on the interpretation that the pilgrims of the Portuguese Inner Way of Santiago de Compostela give their experience. Based on an anthropological fieldwork research deve-loped since September of the year 2015, we analyze the recent process of patrimonial and tourist activation of a new route of the roads to Santiago de Compostela, the tourist con-sumption of this route as an expression of new contemporary values, and the configuration of new post-secular tourist pilgrimage identities, that can not be classified or interpreted simplistically as religious tourism.

espanolEl sector de transporte por carretera en Colombia es el responsable del 44 % del consumo de energeticos. Igualmente, se clasifica como el principal consumidor de los combustibles derivados del petroleo y el sector productivo con mayores perdidas de energia. En este estudio se presentan estrategias tecnologicas y operacionales que mejoran el rendimiento de los vehiculos livianos. Ademas, se identifican metodologias encaminadas a la medicion del consumo energetico y emisiones de los vehiculos y se evalua la conduccion eficiente como estrategia de eficiencia energetica en Colombia. Como resultado, se implemento la metodologia de pruebas basada en la Regulacion CFR 40 de los Estados Unidos y COPANT en un laboratorio del pais, y se evaluo mediante el aseguramiento metrologico el consumo de combustible en un vehiculo liviano de combustion interna. Adicionalmente, empleando conduccion eficiente se identifico un aumento en el rendimiento del 15 % y 20 % en pruebas de laboratorio y ruta respectivamente. EnglishIn Colombia, road transportation consumes 44% of the overall energy available. This sector is considered a great consumer of oil-based-fuels and the least efficient productive sector. It was identified that technological and operational strategies like eco-driving enhance the performance of vehicles. A set of methodologies were implemented based on the measurement of energy consumption and emissions of vehicles, from which theoretical and experimental models have been performed. Besides, the evaluation of eco-driving as an energy efficiency strategy for Light Duty Vehicles in Colombia was carried out by conducting tests in a chassis dynamometer, based on the procedures described by the CFR 40 of the United States of America and COPANT. In addition, fuel consumption of a Light Duty Vehicle was measured and it was possible to identify the potential of eco driving as it was achieved an increase up to 20% in the energy performance of the vehicle.

The latest findings in neuroscience show that the brain of the child with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) deviates from the typical development path since the prenatal period. We know that the mutation of certain genes alters the maturational trajectory of synaptic connections during early development, a period of maximum vulnerability in which the formation of neuronal circuits is highly plastic and depends on both genetic and environmental factors. A better understanding of the neurobiological bases of ASD will draw bridges, until recently insurmountable, between neuronal circuits and atypical behaviors in the classroom. In addition, it will allow us to better explore which are the critical periods of development where the intervention, both clinical and educational, in the child with ASD may be more effective.RESUMENLos ultimos hallazgos en neurociencia muestran que el cerebro del nino con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) se desvia de la ruta tipica del desarrollo ya desde el periodo prenatal. Sabemos que la mutacion de ciertos genes altera la trayectoria madurativa de las conexiones sinapticas durante el desarrollo temprano, un periodo de maxima vulnerabilidad en el que la formacion de circuitos neuronales es altamente plastica y dependiente tanto de factores geneticos como ambientales. Una mejor comprension de las bases neurobiologicas del TEA trazara puentes, hasta hace poco insalvables, entre los circuitos neuronales y los comportamientos atipicos en el aula. Ademas, nos permitira explorar mejor cuales son los periodos criticos del desarrollo donde la intervencion, tanto clinica como educativa, en el nino con TEA puede resultar mas eficaz.

espanolMalta se encuentra en la primera linea de la ruta del Mediterraneo central. Es un punto en el recorrido de los migrantes que vienen de la costa norteafricana y cruzan el Mediterraneo, que tienen que pasar por la zona de busqueda y salvamento maltesa. Malta se adhirio al Convenio SAR de 1979 en 2002, pero aun no ha firmado las Enmiendas de 2004 que aclaran que el desembarco de personas encontradas en peligro en el mar debe realizarse en lugar seguro EnglishMalta is located at the frontline of the Central Mediterranean route. It is a waypoint for migrants coming from the North African coast and crossing the Mediterranean, who have to pass through the Maltese search and rescue region. Malta acceded to the 1979 SAR Convention in 2002, but it has not yet signed the 2004 Amendments which clarify that the disembarkation of persons found in distress at sea must be done in a place of safety

La deficiente potencializacion de rutas turisticas es una de las causas por las que no se ha desarrollado correctamente la actividad turistica en la Provincia de Cotopaxi, motivo por el cual se ejecuto el presente proyecto de vinculacion en convenio con dirigentes de barrios, comunidades y parroquias de cinco sectores priorizados (Pastocalle, Cumbijin, Mulalo, Canchagua, Cusubamba), con la finalidad de aportar al desarrollo turistico de la Provincia de Cotopaxi. Los objetivos del proyecto se cumplieron con el trabajo conjunto de docentes y estudiantes de la carrera de Ecoturismo de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad Tecnica de Cotopaxi. En primer lugar se realizo el levantamiento de informacion de los sectores priorizados, estableciendo la linea base del proyecto, con los datos obtenidos se procedio a caracterizar los cinco sectores, inventariando los atractivos turisticos con base en la Metodologia para Jerarquizacion de Atractivos y Generacion de Espacios Turisticos en Ecuador creada para esta misma finalidad por el Ministerio de Turismo, obteniendo asi: Pastocalle 7 atractivos turisticos, Cumbijin 8 atractivos turisticos, Mulalo 11 atractivos turisticos, Canchagua 3 atractivos turisticos y Cusubamba 14 atractivos turisticos. Con base en los datos obtenidos de atractivos turisticos inventariados se procedio a disenar, construir y/o repotenciar una ruta turistica en cada sector priorizado, resaltando que en los cinco sectores priorizados ya existian senderos que conectaban a la mayoria de los atractivos turisticos. Ademas, se diseno e implemento la senaletica turistica respectiva en cada ruta, con base en la forma y fondo establecida en el Manual de Senalizacion Turistica del Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador. The deficient potentialization of tourist routes is one of the reasons tourist activity in the Province of Cotopaxi has not been correctly developed. This is also part of the reason the study was performed in agreement with leaders of neighborhoods, communities, and the parishes of five prioritized sectors (Pastocalle, Cumbijin, Mulalo, Canchagua, Cusubamba), with the purpose of contributing to the tourist development of Cotopaxi Province. The objectives of this paper were fulfilled through the work of teachers and students of Ecotourism career of the Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales of the Universidad Tecnica de Cotopaxi. First, data was collected from the prioritized sectors. Thereafter, the base line of the paper was established with the data obtained. The five sectors were characterized, which led to the inventing of tourist attractions with base on the Methodology for Ranking of Attractiveness and Generation of Tourist Spaces in Ecuador. This was created for this same purpose by the Ministry of Tourism for the following places: Pastocalle 7 tourist attractions, Cumbijin 8 tourist attractions, Mulalo 11 tourist attractions, Canchagua 3 tourist attractions, and Cusubamba 14 tourist attractions. Based on the data obtained from inventoried tourist attractions, we proceeded to design, build, and repower a tourist route in each prioritized sector. Also, we highlighted that in the five prioritized sectors, there were already trails that connected most of the tourist attractions. In addition, the respective tourism signage tourism was designed and implemented in each route with base on the form and background established in the Tourism Signalization Manual of the Tourism Ministry of Ecuador.

Entamoeba histolytica (protozoan, family Endomoebidae) is the cause of amoebiasis, a disease related to high morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, this illness is considered a significant public health issue in developing countries. In addition, parasite resistance to conventional medicinal treatment has increased in recent years. Traditional medicine around the world represents a valuable source of alternative treatment for many parasite diseases. In a previous paper, we communicated about the antiprotozoal activity in vitro of the methanolic (MeOH) extract of Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) against E. histolytica. The plant is extensively employed in Mexican traditional medicine. The following workup of the MeOH extract of R. chalepensis afforded the furocoumarins rutamarin (1) and chalepin (2), which showed high antiprotozoal activity on Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites employing in vitro tests (IC50 values of 6.52 and 28.95 µg/mL, respectively). Therefore, we offer a full scientific report about the bioguided isolation and the amebicide activity of chalepin and rutamarin.

espanolEl remodelado de la pared vascular es un comun denominador en las enfermedades vasculares, incluyendo manifestaciones agudas como el hematoma intramural (HIM) y la diseccion aortica (DA), o cronicas como los aneurismas o la formacion de neointima. La Angiotensina II (Ang-II) es un conocido estimulo remodelador de la pared vascular que afecta ampliamente a la homeostasis del vaso actuando sobre diversos tipos celulares. En estudios anteriores se identifico a Rcan1, gen regulado por la ruta calcineurina-NFAT, como mediador del dano vascular inducido por Ang-II. Rcan1 presenta dos isoformas, Rcan1-1 y Rcan1-4, cuyas funciones en el contexto vascular no habian sido estudiadas por separado hasta el momento. En este trabajo hemos generado por primera vez ratones modificados geneticamente para estudiar el papel de cada isoforma de Rcan1 en el contexto del remodelado vascular patologico en celulas de musculo liso vascular (CMLVs), en celulas endoteliales (CEs) o de forma ubicua. La eliminacion de Rcan1 en ratones adultos predispuso a la induccion de HIM aorticos por Ang‑II, que en aproximadamente el 30% de los casos evolucionaron a DA letal en los primeros 7 dias de tratamiento. A tiempos mas largos, estos HIM o desaparecieron o evolucionaron hacia aneurismas de la aorta abdominal (AAA). Diversos abordajes experimentales mostraron que la formacion de HIM y DA estaba mediada por el aumento de presion arterial (PA). Estudios a tiempos tempranos de la induccion de la patologia revelaron un aumento de la permeabilidad vascular en ausencia de Rcan1, y sugirieron un posible origen perivascular de la hemorragia. Las aortas con delecion de Rcan1 de forma inducible presentaban cambios ultraestructurales con aumento de espacios intercelulares. A nivel molecular, la delecion inducida de Rcan1 causo una activacion de la ruta de Gsk-3 β, quien a su vez activo la fosforilacion de la cadena ligera de la miosina (p-MLC) tanto in vivo como en CMLVs cultivadas. Por ultimo, se identifico la activacion de MLC como mediador del dano vascular en este modelo. Paradojicamente, los animales deficientes en Rcan1 de forma constitutiva se comportaron de forma similar a los de genotipo silvestre en este modelo. Asimismo, estudiamos el papel de Rcan1 en un modelo de formacion de neointima. La ausencia de Rcan1 tanto inducida como constitutiva protegio del desarrollo de esta patologia. En los dos modelos patologicos estudiados, las isoformas Rcan1‑1 y Rcan1-4 presentaron funciones analogas y su delecion dio lugar a fenotipos similares. En resumen, todos estos resultados aportan una nueva vision sobre la funcion de Rcan1 y sus isoformas en el remodelado de la pared vascular. EnglishThe vascular wall remodeling is a common factor in cardiovascular diseases, including acute manifestations, such as intramural hematoma (IMH) and aortic dissection (AD), and chronic pathologies, such us aneurysm and neointima formation. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is a well-known mediator of vascular damage that affects different cell types and modifies the homeostasis of the vascular wall. Previous studies have identified Rcan1, transcriptionally regulated by the calcineurin-NFAT pathway, as a mediator of Ang-II-dependent vascular remodeling. Rcan1 is expressed as two isoforms, Rcan1-1 and Rcan1-4, whose specific function in the vascular context has not been defined. In this thesis, we report the generation of genetically modified mice to conditionally delete each Rcan1 isoform. We used these mice to investigate the contribution of Rcan1 in smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells or ubiquitously, to the pathological vascular wall remodeling. Surprisingly, the induced deletion of Rcan1 in either vascular cell-type elicited a hypercontractile phenotype and aortic medial layer disorganization, predisposing to hypertension-mediated AD, IMH, and aneurysm. Incipient IMH at 6h of Ang-II treatment showed an increased vascular permeability when Rcan1 was absent in an inducible way. Moreover, the increase in permeability was localized in the “external” layers of the aortic tunica media, suggesting a perivascular origin of the hemorrhage. Ultrastructural changes were detected in aortas from Rcan1 conditionally deficient mice in the absence of hypertensive conditions, where an increase in intercellular spaces were noticed. A proteomics analysis revealed that Rcan1 interacts with Gsk-3 β, whose inhibition decreased myosin activation. Induction of the phosphorylation state of the myosin light chain (p-MLC), which was detected in Rcan1 conditionally deficient aortas, was eventually identified as an important mediator of the vascular damage in this model. Strikingly, constitutively Rcan1 deficient animals behaved similarly to wild-type mice in this model. Additionally, the role of Rcan1 was studied in a model of neointima formation. Inducible and constitutive Rcan1 deficiency, conferred protection against neointimal growth. In the two pathological models presented in this work, Rcan1-1 and Rcan1-4 isoforms had similar functions and their absence presented analogous phenotypes. In summary, our results contribute to further elucidate the function of Rcan1 and its isoforms in pathological vascular wall remodeling.

En la ruta hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles -ODS- toma relevancia la preocupacion por el trabajo decente en las naciones. El estudio, a partir de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares del DANE, la base de datos RLDatos de riesgos laborales de Fasecolda y el sistema Sislab de la Escuela Nacional Sindical, estima para el periodo 2010-2019 una serie de indicadores que dan cuenta de la realidad, evolucion y retos que tiene Colombia en cuanto al cumplimiento del ODS # 8. Los resultados indican que, antes de iniciar la pandemia, el pais ya venia perdiendo parte del terreno recorrido en materia de cantidad y calidad del empleo y que, en materia de trabajo decente, existen diferencias importantes entre territorios y brechas de genero, y que, sumadas a la tendencia negativa en varios indicadores, senalan un distanciamiento significativo de las metas del ODS # 8.Alternate abstract:On the road to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals -SDGs- the concern for decent work in nations becomes relevant. This study, based on the DANE's Large Integrated Household Survey, Fasecolda's RLDatos of occupational risks, and the Sislab system of the National Union School, estimates for the period 2010-2019 a set of indicators that account for the reality, evolution, and challenges that Colombia has in the achievement of SDG # 8. The results indicate that before the start of the pandemic, Colombia had already been losing part of the ground it had accomplished in terms of quantity and quality of employment and that, in terms of decent work, there were important differences between territories and gender gaps, which added to the negative trend in several indicators, indicate a significant distance from the goals of SDG # 8.

Plants with medicinal properties play an increasingly important role in food and pharmaceutical industries for their functions on disease prevention and treatment. This study characterizes the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of seven medicinal and food plants, including the leaves of Salvia officinalis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Olea europaea L., and Punica granatum L., as well as the leaves and young stems of Ruta graveolens L., Mentha piperita L., and Petroselinum crispum, Mill., by using colorimetric, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric assays. Results revealed that the hydro-methanolic leaf extracts of P. granatum (pomegranate) displayed the highest content of total phenols (199.26 mg gallic acid per gram of plant dry weight), ortho-diphenols (391.76 mg gallic acid per gram of plant dry weight), and tannins (99.20 mg epicatechin per gram of plant dry weight), besides a higher content of flavonoids (24 mg catechin per gram of plant dry weight). The highest antioxidant capacity measured by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP (2.14, 2.27, and 2.33 mM Trolox per gram of plant dry weight, respectively) methods was also obtained in pomegranate leaf extracts, being 4–200 times higher than the other species. Such potent antioxidant activity of pomegranate leaves can be ascribed to the presence of different types of phenolic compounds and the high content in tannins, whilst phenolic acids and flavonoids were found to be the dominant phenolic classes of the other six plants. Consequently, despite the well-known antioxidant properties of these plant species, our study suggests pomegranate leaf can stand out as a relatively more valuable plant source of natural bioactive molecules for developing novel functional food-pharma ingredients, with potential for not only promoting human health but also improving bio-valorization and environment.

Ruta is a common plant growing in Italy and in the Mediterranean area. It has been used in popular tradition with different aims, ranging from therapeutic to esoteric purposes. However, the plant is still used as a common remedy in some of present-day rural and urban communities and it can be found in gardens all over Europe. Ruta's photosensitizing effect has been described in the literature and seems to be mediated by furanocoumarins. We collected data from the 18 case-reports for a total of 32 patients that we included in our analysis, assessing demographic variables, clinical findings, diagnosis, time of onset of lesions, time of resolution and therapy. The main aim of this work was to outline the clinical presentation, therapeutic management and demography of phytophototoxic reactions from contact with Ruta in order to suggest the correct diagnostic approach and disease recognition, as well as its possible prevention.