7,203 results on '"Richard, S."'
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2. Telomeres and race: what can we learn about human biology from health differentials?
- Author
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Kaufman JS and Cooper RS
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- Health, Humans, Biology, Racial Groups, Telomere metabolism
- Abstract
The advent of molecular technology that can be applied across large population samples has added--rather than reduced--complexity in the analysis of the intertwined effects of social history and heritable factors on health outcomes. The report by Hunt et al. in this issue of Aging Cell provides an example of the promises and dilemmas associated with this increased complexity.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Construction and Maintenance of Classroom Aquaria. Marine Science Curriculum Aid No. 2.
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Alaska Univ., Anchorage. and Lee, Richard S.
- Abstract
This manual introduces teachers to the biological systems at work in a marine aquarium. It provides guidance in selection of the tanks, specifically discussing the effect of capacity on the well-being of the occupants. It guides the teacher in setting up aeration, filtering, lighting, and temperature control for the aquarium. It also advises on collection or treatment of water sources for the salt water aquarium. Instructions on the construction of home-made aquarium tanks are also provided. The selection of aquarium species is somewhat specific to those collectable in the coastal waters of Alaska. A glossary of terms is provided. (RE)
- Published
- 1976
4. Close-Up Photography for the Marine Science Classroom. Marine Science Curriculum Aid No. 3.
- Author
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Alaska Univ., Anchorage. and Lee, Richard S.
- Abstract
This document describes cameras, film, and methods useful for indoor or outdoor photography of aquatic and marine subjects. (SL)
- Published
- 1976
5. Periodic Table Target: A Game that Introduces the Biological Significance of Chemical Element Periodicity
- Author
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Sevcik, Richard S., McGinty, Ragan L., and Schultz, Linda D.
- Abstract
Periodic Table Target, a game for middle school or high school students, familiarizes students with the form of the periodic table and the biological significance of different elements. The Periodic Table Target game board is constructed as a class project, and the game is played to reinforce the content. Students are assigned several elements that they must classify by biological activity (as opposed to more traditional family names); they record their findings and those of the class on a blank data chart. Students then label appropriately colored felt squares, glue them onto the correct position on a previously prepared outline of the periodic table, and play the game. Students may also color paper periodic tables as a class exercise for their own future reference. The project allows students to observe correlations between chemistry and biology and serves as a reference for later, more conventional study of periodic properties of the elements and their placement on the periodic table. (Contains 2 notes.)
- Published
- 2008
6. Soil-Inhabiting Nematodes
- Author
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Hussey, Richard S. and Bernard, Ernest C.
- Abstract
Describes procedures for extracting nematodes from soil and culturing them for study and experimentation. (PB)
- Published
- 1975
7. A perspective on the impacts of microplastics on mosquito biology and their vectorial capacity.
- Author
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Jones, Christopher M., Hughes, Grant L., Coleman, Sylvester, Fellows, Rosie, and Quilliam, Richard S.
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MICROPLASTICS ,MOSQUITOES ,LIFE cycles (Biology) ,DISEASE vectors ,MOSQUITO control ,BIOLOGY ,MARINE organisms - Abstract
Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm) permeate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and constitute a hazard to animal life. Although much research has been conducted on the effects of microplastics on marine and benthic organisms, less consideration has been given to insects, especially those adapted to urban environments. Here, we provide a perspective on the potential consequences of exposure to microplastics within typical larval habitat on mosquito biology. Mosquitoes represent an ideal organism in which to explore the biological effects of microplastics on terrestrial insects, not least because of their importance as an infectious disease vector. Drawing on evidence from other organisms and knowledge of the mosquito life cycle, we summarise some of the more plausible impacts of microplastics including physiological, ecotoxicological and immunological responses. We conclude that although there remains little experimental evidence demonstrating any adverse effect on mosquito biology or pathogen transmission, significant knowledge gaps remain, and there is now a need to quantify the effects that microplastic pollution could have on such an important disease vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Life History of Glossobius hemiramphi (Isopoda: Cymothoidae): Development, Reproduction, and Symbiosis with Its Host Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Pisces: Hemiramphidae)
- Author
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McBride, Richard S. and Price, W. Wayne
- Published
- 2006
9. Urinary Tract Infections in Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux Are Accompanied by Alterations in Urinary Microbiota and Metabolome Profiles
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Joseph F. Petrosino, Joseph W. McQuaid, Ali Hashemi Gheinani, Kohei Hasegawa, Shannon E. DiMartino, Rosalyn M. Adam, Kylie H. Davis, Candace Y. Chung, Jonathan M. Mansbach, Dijana Vitko, and Richard S. Lee
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Fever ,Urology ,Urinary system ,Urine ,Gut flora ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Gastroenterology ,Vesicoureteral reflux ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Prevotella ,Metabolome ,Humans ,Microbiome ,Vesico-Ureteral Reflux ,Kidney ,biology ,business.industry ,Microbiota ,Infant ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Urinary Tract Infections ,Female ,business - Abstract
Children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are at an increased risk of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and renal scarring. Gut microbiota are associated with disease phenotypes, but there has been no study that associates urinary microbiota (uMB) and metabolic profiles with VUR pathology. To identify dominant uMB genera and metabolites associated with UTIs in VUR, urine samples collected under sterile conditions underwent 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing (n = 49) and metabolomic analysis by mass spectrometry (n = 96). Alterations in uMB and metabolomic profiles in VUR patients suggest remodeling of urinary bacterial communities after UTIs: Dorea- and Escherichia-dominant uMB profiles were more frequently identified in participants with VUR. Prevotella- and Lactobacillus-dominant uMB profiles were more prevalent in controls (p 0.001). Microbial composition varied based on recurrent febrile UTI status (p = 0.001). A total of 243 urinary metabolites involved in energy, amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid metabolism were altered in VUR patients with UTIs (p 0.05). Importantly, VUR specimens revealed changes in the bacteria-associated metabolic pathways such as glutamate degradation, methyl-citrate cycle, and bile acid metabolism. PATIENT SUMMARY: Differences in urinary commensal bacteria and metabolites exist between children with and without vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). These changes may be utilized to identify patients at risk of VUR-associated kidney damage.
- Published
- 2022
10. Dysregulation of the sensory and regulatory pathways controlling cellular iron metabolism in unilateral obstructive nephropathy
- Author
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Richard S. Eisenstein, James A Votava, Arjang Djamali, Shannon R. Reese, Sheila A. Anderson, Kathryn M. Deck, and Christopher P. Nizzi
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physiology ,Anemia ,Iron ,Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase ,Transferrin receptor ,Kidney ,Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases ,Internal medicine ,Receptors, Transferrin ,Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ,medicine ,Animals ,Iron Regulatory Protein 1 ,Renal Insufficiency ,Erythropoietin ,Mice, Knockout ,biology ,Chemistry ,RNA ,Hypoxia (medical) ,Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ,medicine.disease ,Fibrosis ,Cell Hypoxia ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Ferritin ,Disease Models, Animal ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Ferritins ,biology.protein ,medicine.symptom ,Ureteral Obstruction ,Research Article ,Kidney disease ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Chronic kidney disease involves disturbances in iron metabolism including anemia caused by insufficient erythropoietin (EPO) production. However, underlying mechanisms responsible for the dysregulation of cellular iron metabolism are incompletely defined. Using the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model in Irp1(+/+) and Irp1(−/−) mice, we asked if iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), the central regulators of cellular iron metabolism and suppressors of EPO production, contribute to the etiology of anemia in kidney failure. We identified a significant reduction in IRP protein level and RNA binding activity that associates with a loss of the iron uptake protein transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), increased expression of the iron storage protein subunits H- and L-ferritin, and a low but overall variable level of stainable iron in the obstructed kidney. This reduction in IRP RNA binding activity and ferritin RNA levels suggests the concomitant rise in ferritin expression and iron content in kidney failure is IRP dependent. In contrast, the reduction in the Epo mRNA level in the obstructed kidney was not rescued by genetic ablation of IRP1, suggesting disruption of normal hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α regulation. Furthermore, reduced expression of some HIF-α target genes in UUO occurred in the face of increased expression of HIF-α proteins and prolyl hydroxylases 2 and 1, the latter of which is not known to be HIF-α mediated. Our results suggest that the IRP system drives changes in cellular iron metabolism that are associated with kidney failure in UUO but that the impact of IRPs on EPO production is overridden by disrupted hypoxia signaling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that iron metabolism and hypoxia signaling are dysregulated in unilateral obstructive nephropathy. Expression of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), central regulators of cellular iron metabolism, and the iron uptake (transferrin receptor 1) and storage (ferritins) proteins they target is strongly altered. This suggests a role of IRPs in previously observed changes in iron metabolism in progressive renal disease. Hypoxia signaling is disrupted and appeared to dominate the action of IRP1 in controlling erythropoietin expression.
- Published
- 2022
11. Expanded Histopathology and Tropism of Ebola Virus in the Rhesus Macaque Model
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David X. Liu, Peter B. Jahrling, Russell Byrum, Danny Ragland, Donna L. Perry, Nejra Isic, Timothy K. Cooper, Louis Huzella, Rebecca J. Reeder, Kurt Cooper, Michael R. Holbrook, James Logue, Richard S. Bennett, Marisa St. Claire, Lisa E. Hensley, Randy Hart, and Amanda M.W. Hischak
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Stromal cell ,Sexual transmission ,Adrenalitis ,Ebola virus ,viruses ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Rhesus macaque ,VP40 ,Viral replication ,medicine ,Tropism - Abstract
The pathogenesis of Ebola virus disease (EVD) is still incomplete, although the non-human primate model has been studied for more than 4 decades. To further investigate EVD pathogenesis, a natural history study has been conducted using 27 Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. Of them, 24 macaques were exposed intramuscularly to Kikwit Ebola virus (EBOV) and euthanized at pre-determined timepoints or when end stage clinical disease criteria were met, while 3 other sham-exposed macaques were euthanized at the study day 0. This study demonstrates for the first time that Ebola virus causes uterine cervicitis, vaginitis, posthitis, and medullary adrenalitis. Not only is Ebola virus detected in the interstitial stromal cells of the genital tract, but it is also present in the epididymal and seminal vesicular tubular epithelial cells, ectocervical and vaginal squamous epithelial cells, and seminal fluid. Furthermore, as early as day 3 after exposure, EBOV replicative intermediate RNA was detected in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. These findings in the nonhuman model provide additional insight into potential sexual transmission, possible disruption of sympathetic hormone production, and early virus replication sites in human EVD patients.
- Published
- 2022
12. Phylogeny, alkenone profiles and ecology of Isochrysidales subclades in saline lakes: Implications for paleosalinity and paleotemperature reconstructions
- Author
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Emma J. Pearson, Gaoyuan Li, Richard S. Vachula, Yongsong Huang, Yuan Yao, Sian Liao, and Jiaju Zhao
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Salinity ,Ecological niche ,Alkenone ,biology ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Ecology ,Phylogenetics ,Paleosalinity ,Environmental science ,Sediment ,Isochrysis ,biology.organism_classification ,Relative species abundance - Abstract
Long-chain alkenones (LCAs) produced by phylogenetically classified Groups 1 and 3 Isochrysidales are increasingly used for paleotemperature and/or paleosalinity reconstructions in oligohaline lakes and marine environments. However, there are considerable difficulties in the paleoenvironmental interpretation of LCAs from Group 2 Isochrysidales thriving in saline lakes. The biggest challenge lies in our poor understanding of the complexity and ecological niches of individual Group 2 subclades in saline lakes. Here, we perform comprehensive analysis of haptophyte-specific 18S rRNA sequences and distributions of LCAs, and long-chain alkenoates (LCEs) in surface sediments and suspended particulate matter (SPM) from 37 saline lakes in northern China. These lakes span a large salinity gradient from 0.5 to 308‰. Combined with published genomic data of Group 2 Isochrysidales, our phylogenetic analysis reveals three Group 2 subclades occupying distinct ecological niches: one ice-related bloomer Group 2i and two warm-season bloomers Groups 2w1 and 2w2. Group 2i, the earliest seasonal bloomer, frequently co-occurs with Group 2w1 in sediments from saline lakes with relatively low to intermediate salinity waters, whereas Group 2w2 blooms in hypersaline waters. Based on existing data, C39:4 methyl alkenone is a chemotaxonomic biomarker for Group 2i. %C37:4 (relative abundance of C37:4 to the total C37 alkenones) values in the three Group subclades follow the order: Group 2i > Group 2w2 > Group 2w1. The %C37:4 in sediment cores of saline lakes does not directly record past salinity changes, but instead reflects variable contributions in production by these three subclades. This could indirectly and partially reflect overall salinity changes in some lakes dominated by Groups 2i and 2w1, but can be more complicated in lakes dominated by other assemblages. For our sites, we also demonstrate that direct use of C37 alkenone unsaturation indices ( U 37 K , U 37 K ' , and U 37 K ' ' ) for paleotemperature reconstructions in saline lakes is generally not feasible, except for cases where alkenone-producing Isochrysidales are dominated by one single species/subclade and seasonal production effects can be circumvented. We propose two possible alternative proxies for paleotemperature reconstructions in saline lakes: 1) unsaturation ratios of C41 and C42 alkenones, as these compounds are predominantly produced by a limited number of Group 2 species, such as Isochrysis nuda ( Liao et al., 2020 ); 2) C38Et/C36OEt ratio (ratio of C38 ethyl alkenones and C36 ethyl alkenoates), which appears to have similar temperature sensitivity for Groups 2w1 and 2w2, in lakes with no Group 2i inputs. Our study provides new insights into the phylogenetic classifications of Group 2 Isochrysidales and their ecological/environmental niches, which are fundamental for more quantitative and rigorous applications of LCAs and LCEs in saline lakes as paleosalinity and paleotemperature proxies.
- Published
- 2022
13. Quantifying the effect of shade on cuticle morphology and carbon isotopes of sycamores: present and past
- Author
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Jennifer D. Wagner, Bernd Zechmann, Andrew Flynn, Joseph Milligan, Joseph White, Daniel J. Peppe, Lenny L.R. Kouwenberg, Bruce W. Byars, Richard S. Barclay, and Regan E. Dunn
- Subjects
Sunlight ,Canopy ,Carbon Isotopes ,biology ,Crown (botany) ,Daily light integral ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Atmospheric sciences ,Trees ,Plant Leaves ,Platanus occidentalis ,Platanus ,Isotopes of carbon ,Paleobotany ,Genetics ,Photosynthesis ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
PREMISE Reconstructing plant canopy light environment and architecture from the fossil record includes proxies derived from cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes. All approaches assume that plant taxa will respond predictably to changes in light environments. However, most species-level studies looking at cell wall undulation only consider "sun" or "shade" leaves, therefore we lack a fully quantitative taxon-specific method. METHODS We quantify the response of cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes of Platanus occidentalis using two different experimental setups: (1) two growth chambers at low and high light and (2) a series of outdoor growth experiments using green and black shade cloth at different densities. We then developed and applied a proxy for daily light integral (DLI) to fossil Platanites leaves from two early Paleocene floras from the San Juan Basin in New Mexico. RESULTS All traits responded to light environment. Cell wall undulation was the most useful trait for reconstructing DLI in the geological record. Median reconstructed DLI from early Paleocene leaves was ~44 mol m-2 d-1, with values ranging from 28 - 54 mol m-2 d-1. CONCLUSIONS Cell wall undulation of P. occidentalis is a robust, quantifiable measurement of light environment that can be used to reconstruct paleo-light environment from fossil leaves. The distribution of high DLI values from fossil leaves may provide information on canopy architecture; indicating that either (1) most of the canopy mass is within the upper portion of the crown or (2) leaves exposed to more sunlight are preferentially preserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2021
14. Strongyloides genotyping: a review of methods and application in public health and population genetics
- Author
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Eva Nosková, Richard S. Bradbury, Hideo Hasegawa, and Barbora Pafčo
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Primates ,Genotype ,030231 tropical medicine ,Context (language use) ,Biology ,Cat Diseases ,030308 mycology & parasitology ,Strongyloides stercoralis ,Feces ,03 medical and health sciences ,Dogs ,0302 clinical medicine ,Zoonoses ,medicine ,Animals ,Dog Diseases ,Clade ,Genotyping ,Phylogeny ,Genetics ,0303 health sciences ,Zoonosis ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,3. Good health ,Genetics, Population ,Infectious Diseases ,Strongyloidiasis ,Strongyloides ,Cats ,Parasitology ,Public Health ,Multilocus Sequence Typing - Abstract
Strongyloidiasis represents a major medical and veterinary helminthic disease. Human infection is caused by three species; Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni fuelleborni and Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi, with S. stercoralis accounting for the majority of cases. Strongyloides f. fuelleborni likely represents a zoonosis acquired from non-human primates (NHPs), while no animal reservoir for S. f. kellyi infection has been found. Whether S. stercoralis represents a zoonosis acquired from dogs and cats remains unanswered. Over the past two decades various tools have been applied to genotype Strongyloides spp. The most commonly sequenced markers have been the hyper-variable regions I and IV of the 18S rRNA gene and selected portions of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. These markers have been sequenced and compared in Strongyloides from multiple hosts and geographical regions. More recently, a machine learning algorithm multi-locus sequence typing approach has been applied using these markers, while others have applied whole genome sequencing. Genotyping of Strongyloides from dogs, cats, NHPs and humans has identified that S. stercoralis likely originated in dogs and adapted to human hosts. It has also demonstrated that S. stercoralis is distinct from S. f. fuelleborni and S. f. kellyi. Two distinct genetic clades of S. stercoralis exist, one restricted to dogs and another infecting humans, NHPs, dogs and cats. Genotyping of S. f. fuelleborni has identified two separate clades, one associated with African isolates and another Indochinese peninsular clade. This review summarises the history and development of genotyping tools for Strongyloides spp. It describes the findings of major studies to date in the context of the epidemiology and evolutionary biology of these helminths, with a specific focus on human-infecting species.
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- 2021
15. Host immunomodulatory lipids created by symbionts from dietary amino acids
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Da-Jung Jung, Jérôme Le Nours, Dennis L. Kasper, Jesang Lee, ChangWon C. Lee, Hyun-Soo Kim, Seung Bum Park, Yoon Soo Hwang, Deniz Erturk-Hasdemir, Jamie Rossjohn, Ji-Sun Yoo, Heebum Song, T. Praveena, Sungwhan F. Oh, and Richard S. Blumberg
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ,Galactosylceramides ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,Article ,Bacteroides fragilis ,Mice ,Immune system ,Gene expression ,Animals ,Humans ,Symbiosis ,Receptor ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Natural killer T cell ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Amino acid ,Mucosal immunology ,Biochemistry ,CD1D ,Models, Animal ,biology.protein ,Natural Killer T-Cells ,Antigens, CD1d ,Amino Acids, Branched-Chain ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Small molecules derived from symbiotic microbiota critically contribute to intestinal immune maturation and regulation1. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control immune development in the host–microbiota environment. Here, using a targeted lipidomic analysis and synthetic approach, we carried out a multifaceted investigation of immunomodulatory α-galactosylceramides from the human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis (BfaGCs). The characteristic terminal branching of BfaGCs is the result of incorporation of branched-chain amino acids taken up in the host gut by B. fragilis. A B. fragilis knockout strain that cannot metabolize branched-chain amino acids showed reduced branching in BfaGCs, and mice monocolonized with this mutant strain had impaired colonic natural killer T (NKT) cell regulation, implying structure-specific immunomodulatory activity. The sphinganine chain branching of BfaGCs is a critical determinant of NKT cell activation, which induces specific immunomodulatory gene expression signatures and effector functions. Co-crystal structure and affinity analyses of CD1d–BfaGC–NKT cell receptor complexes confirmed the interaction of BfaGCs as CD1d-restricted ligands. We present a structural and molecular-level paradigm of immunomodulatory control by interactions of endobiotic metabolites with diet, microbiota and the immune system. The symbiotic gut bacterium Bacteroides fragilis produces unique α-galactosylceramides from host dietary branched-chain amino acids, which are presented as CD1d ligands and immunomodulate natural killer T cells.
- Published
- 2021
16. in New Guinea: neglected, ignored and unexplored
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Richard S. Bradbury
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,biology ,Rhabditiform larvae ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Zoology ,New guinea ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Microbiology ,Strongyloides stercoralis ,Strongyloidiasis ,Strongyloides fuelleborni ,medicine ,Helminths ,Enteropathy ,Feces - Abstract
Strongyloidiasis remains endemic throughout the Island of New Guinea. While many infections are caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, a second human-infecting Strongyloides species, Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi, is also present. S. f. kellyi infections are most common in infants and young children, and those with high-intensity infections might develop a potentially fatal protein-losing enteropathy, swollen belly syndrome. Surprisingly little work has been performed on S. f. kellyi. Unlike S. stercoralis, S. f. kellyi is passed in faeces as eggs rather than rhabditiform larvae. There is no specific diagnostic test. This review summarises what is currently known about the biology, epidemiology, and clinical impact of S. f. kellyi infections. Features that might be used to differentiate S. f. kellyi from hookworm and S. stercoralis are also discussed. S. f. kellyi remains a neglected, ignored, and unexplored human helminth infection, worthy of further research.
- Published
- 2021
17. Cell biology of the leaf epidermis: Fate specification, morphogenesis, and coordination
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Stéphanie Robert, Richard S. Smith, Siamsa M. Doyle, Mateusz Majda, Daniel T Zuch, and Keiko U. Torii
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Pavement cells ,Plant growth ,Cell type ,Epidermis (botany) ,Guard cell ,Cellular differentiation ,Morphogenesis ,Cell Biology ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Cell cycle ,Focus on Cell Biology ,Cell biology - Abstract
As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal cell types, including stomatal guard cells, pavement cells, and trichomes, occurs simultaneously, each providing unique and pivotal functions for plant growth and survival. Decades of molecular-genetic and physiological studies have unraveled key players and hormone signaling specifying epidermal differentiation. However, most studies focus on only one cell type at a time, and how these distinct cell types coordinate as a unit is far from well-comprehended. Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate flexibility, as well as cell cycle and hormonal controls. Furthermore, we discuss computational modeling approaches to integrate how mechanical properties of individual epidermal cell types and entire tissue/organ properties mutually influence each other. We hope to illuminate the underlying mechanisms coordinating the cell differentiation that ultimately generate a functional leaf epidermis.
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- 2021
18. Relationship between genetically determined telomere length and glioma risk
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Charlie N. Saunders, Ben Kinnersley, Richard S. Houlston, Alex J. Cornish, Richard Culliford, and Philip J. Law
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Cancer Research ,Linkage disequilibrium ,Reviews ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Glioma ,glioma ,Mendelian randomization ,Genetic variation ,medicine ,telomere length ,AcademicSubjects/MED00300 ,risk factors ,Humans ,Gene ,Telomere ,medicine.disease ,Editor's Choice ,Oncology ,DNA methylation ,Cancer research ,AcademicSubjects/MED00310 ,Neurology (clinical) ,Carcinogenesis - Abstract
Background Telomere maintenance is increasingly recognized as being fundamental to glioma oncogenesis with longer leukocyte telomere length (LTL) reported to increase risk of glioma. To gain further insight into the relationship between telomere genetics and risk of glioma, we conducted several complementary analyses, using genome-wide association studies data on LTL (78 592 individuals) and glioma (12 488 cases and 18 169 controls). Methods We performed both classical and summary Mendelian randomization (SMR), coupled with heterogeneity in dependent instruments tests, at genome-wide significant LTL loci to examine if an association was mediated by the same causal variant in glioma. To prioritize genes underscoring glioma-LTL associations, we analyzed gene expression and DNA methylation data. Results Genetically increased LTL was significantly associated with increased glioma risk, random-effects inverse variance weighted ORs per 1 SD unit increase in the putative risk factor (odds ratio [OR]SD) 4.79 (95% confidence interval: 2.11-10.85; P = 1.76 × 10−4). SMR confirmed the previously reported LTL associations at 3q26.2 (TERC; PSMR = 1.33 × 10−5), 5p15.33 (TERT; PSMR = 9.80 × 10−27), 10q24.33 (STN1 alias OBFC1; PSMR = 4.31 × 10−5), and 20q13.3 (STMN3/RTEL1; PSMR = 2.47 × 10−4) glioma risk loci. Our analysis implicates variation at 1q42.12 (PSMR = 1.55 × 10−2), 6p21.3 (PSMR = 9.76 × 10−3), 6p22.2 (PSMR = 5.45 × 10−3), 7q31.33 (PSMR = 6.52 × 10−3), and 11q22.3 (PSMR = 8.89 × 10−4) as risk factors for glioma risk. While complicated by patterns of linkage disequilibrium, genetic variation involving PARP1, PRRC2A, CARMIL1, POT1, and ATM-NPAT1 was implicated in the etiology of glioma. Conclusions These observations extend the role of telomere-related genes in the development of glioma.
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- 2021
19. Can ‘On-Farm’ Seed Priming and Chitosan Seed Treatments Induce Host Defences in Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Field Conditions?
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Adrian C. Newton, Francesc Ferrando-Molina, Javier Carrillo-Reche, and Richard S. Quilliam
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tolerance trait ,elicitor ,Host (biology) ,grain yield ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,Priming (agriculture) ,Plant disease resistance ,Biology ,foliar disease ,induced resistance ,Crop protection ,Fungicide ,Agronomy ,Disease management (agriculture) ,Hordeum vulgare ,canopy structure ,Powdery mildew - Abstract
Enhancing host defences through induced resistance, disease tolerance, and/or escape, in combination with current disease management regimes may be a valuable strategy to reduce pesticide use. Since both ‘on-farm’ seed priming (OSP) and chitosan priming (CHP) have been reported to confer varying levels of host defence, this study sought to investigate their potential to deliver disease control as a strategy for sustainable management of foliar pathogens in winter barley. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of OSP and CHP at two different field sites using three different cultivars under fungicide/non-fungicide regimes. Overall, no evidence was found to suggest that CHP or OSP can induce effective resistance in temperate field conditions. However, these field trials enabled the identification of candidate traits to deliver disease tolerance (and escape) for the primary and secondary spread of powdery mildew, i.e., large canopies and rapid stem elongation respectively. Thus, these seed treatments may deliver disease tolerance and escape traits, but these benefits are dependent upon successful establishment and vigour first. The integration of seed treatments into sustainable crop protection may be better undertaken with spring crops or in semi-arid agriculture where the added vigour at emergence can help compensate for negative environmental interactions.
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- 2021
20. Association between spinal stenosis and wild-type ATTR amyloidosis
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Andy Wang, Ellen D. McPhail, Ron I. Riesenburger, Tara J Nail, Cindy Varga, Michael Mastroianni, James Kryzanski, Anthony Yu, Knarik Arkun, Paul J. Kurtin, Nauman S Siddiqui, Denis Toskic, Monika Pilichowska, Teresa Fogaren, Richard S. Dowd, Ayan R. Patel, Amandeep Godara, Raymond L. Comenzo, Diana X Zhang, and Jason D. Theis
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Amyloid ,Spinal stenosis ,Spinal Stenosis ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Prealbumin ,Medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Carpal tunnel syndrome ,Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial ,biology ,business.industry ,Amyloidosis ,Wild type ,medicine.disease ,nervous system diseases ,Transthyretin ,Ligamentum Flavum ,Cardiac amyloidosis ,cardiovascular system ,biology.protein ,business ,Attr amyloidosis - Abstract
Age-related cardiac amyloidosis results from deposits of wild-type tranthyretin amyloid (ATTRwt) in cardiac tissue. ATTR may play a role in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and in spinal stenosis (SS), indicating or presaging systemic amyloidosis. We investigated consecutive patients undergoing surgery for SS for ATTR deposition in the resected ligamentum flavum (LF) and concomitant risk of cardiac amyloidosis. Each surgical specimen (LF) was stained with Congo red, and if positive, the amyloid deposits were typed by mass spectrometry. Patients with positive specimens underwent standard of care evaluation with fat pad aspirates, serum and urine protein electrophoresis with immunofixation, free light-chain assay
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- 2021
21. W246G Mutant ELOVL4 Impairs Synaptic Plasticity in Parallel and Climbing Fibers and Causes Motor Defects in a Rat Model of SCA34
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Richard S. Brush, Ferenc Deak, David M. Sherry, Albert Orock, Jennifer L. Fessler, Raghavendra Y. Nagaraja, Robert E. Anderson, Karanpreet Multani, Megan Stiles, Feng Li, Martin-Paul Agbaga, and Mohiuddin Ahmad
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Cerebellum ,Ataxia ,Motor Disorders ,Neuroscience (miscellaneous) ,Parallel fiber ,Biology ,Nerve Fibers, Myelinated ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Organ Culture Techniques ,medicine ,Animals ,Spinocerebellar Ataxias ,Rats, Long-Evans ,Spinocerebellar ataxia-34 (SCA34) ,Eye Proteins ,Very Long Chain Fatty Acids (VLC-FA) ,Neuronal Plasticity ,Membrane Proteins ,Long-term potentiation ,Elongation of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids-4 (ELOVL4) ,Climbing fiber ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,Electrophysiology ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Neurology ,Synaptic plasticity ,Mutation ,Spinocerebellar ataxia ,Cerebellar atrophy ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Rats, Transgenic ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background: Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neuronal degeneration leading to loss of motor coordination. A number of different mutations gives rise to different types of SCA with characteristic ages of onset, symptomatology, and rates of progression. SCA type 34 (SCA34) is an age-related cerebellar neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the fatty acid elongase-4 (ELOVL4). The ELOVL4 is an essential enzyme that mediates biosynthesis of Very Long Chain Saturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA, resp., ≥28 carbons) that are critical for the normal function of brain, skin, retina, Meibomian glands, and testes in which ELOVL4 is expressed. Global deletion or homozygous expression of truncated mutant ELOVL4 that lack VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA biosynthesis cause severe skin disorders, seizures and neonatal mortality in rodents and humans. Methods: To understand role of ELOVL4 and its products in neuronal function and to evaluate the consequences of ELOVL4 mutations in pathogenesis of age-related SCA34, we generated a rat model of SCA34 by knock-in of the SCA34-causing 736T>G (p.W246G) ELOVL4 mutation. We performed biochemical, neuroanatomical and behavioral analyses by rotorod to measure motor function. We used electrophysiological recordings from cerebellar slices to determine the impact of the W246G mutation on neuronal function. Results were analyzed using GraphPad Prism Statistical software. Results: Heterozygous and homozygous rats carrying the W246G mutation developed impaired motor deficits by two months of age. To understand the mechanism of these motor deficits, we performed electrophysiological studies using cerebellar slices from rats homozygous for W246G mutant ELOVL4 and found marked reduction of long-term potentiation at parallel fiber synapses and long-term depression at climbing fiber synapses onto Purkinje cells. Neuroanatomical analysis of the cerebellum up 6 months of age showed normal cytoarchitectural organization despite the early-onset motor deficits and defects in synaptic plasticity. Conclusions: Our results point to ELOVL4 and its products being essential for motor function and cerebellar synaptic plasticity. The results further suggest that in SCA34 patients, ataxia arises from primary impairment of synaptic plasticity and cerebellar network desynchronization that precedes cerebellar degeneration and loss of motor coordination with aging.
- Published
- 2021
22. Genomic landscape of platinum resistant and sensitive testicular cancers
- Author
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Alex J. Cornish, Barbara Benton, Chey Loveday, Robert Huddart, James D. Brenton, Paula Proszek, Max Levy, Clare Turnbull, Peter Broderick, Charles Swanton, Richard S. Houlston, Janet Shipley, Maise Al Bakir, Kevin Litchfield, Emily Grist, Simon Chowdhury, Flavia Santo, Amy Holryod, Crispin T. Hiley, Alison Reid, Thomas Powles, Simon O'Connor, Geoff Macintyre, David Gonzalez de Castro, Darshna Dudakia, Loveday, Chey [0000-0002-2291-372X], Macintyre, Geoff [0000-0003-3906-467X], Broderick, Peter [0000-0002-8348-5829], Swanton, Charles [0000-0002-4299-3018], Huddart, Robert [0000-0003-3604-1990], Brenton, James D. [0000-0002-5738-6683], de Castro, David Gonzalez [0000-0003-0580-5636], Houlston, Richard S. [0000-0002-5268-0242], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Organoplatinum Compounds ,endocrine system diseases ,General Physics and Astronomy ,medicine.disease_cause ,0302 clinical medicine ,lcsh:Science ,Cancer genetics ,Exome sequencing ,Platinum resistant ,Mutation ,Multidisciplinary ,article ,Genomics ,Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Signal Transduction ,endocrine system ,DNA Copy Number Variations ,Science ,Genomic data ,Copy number analysis ,45/23 ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,631/67/1836 ,03 medical and health sciences ,Testicular Neoplasms ,Testicular cancer ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,631/67/68 ,Exome Sequencing ,Platinum chemotherapy ,medicine ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Platinum ,45 ,General Chemistry ,Testicular germ cell ,030104 developmental biology ,Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ,ras Proteins ,Cancer research ,lcsh:Q ,49/61 - Abstract
While most testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) exhibit exquisite sensitivity to platinum chemotherapy, ~10% are platinum resistant. To gain insight into the underlying mechanisms, we undertake whole exome sequencing and copy number analysis in 40 tumours from 26 cases with platinum-resistant TGCT, and combine this with published genomic data on an additional 624 TGCTs. We integrate analyses for driver mutations, mutational burden, global, arm-level and focal copy number (CN) events, and SNV and CN signatures. Albeit preliminary and observational in nature, these analyses provide support for a possible mechanistic link between early driver mutations in RAS and KIT and the widespread copy number events by which TGCT is characterised., Most testicular germ-cell tumours are exquisitely sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapies, but little is known about why 10% are resistant. Here, the authors explore the potential underlying mechanisms by probing the genomic landscape of platinum-resistant disease.
- Published
- 2020
23. Exploring genetic diversity of lowland avocado (Persea americana Mill.) as a genetic reservoir for breeding
- Author
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Eduardo Sandoval-Castro, Richard S. Dodd, Vanessa E.T.M. Ashworth, Abraham Cruz-Mendívil, Ayesha Y. Peraza-Magallanes, and Carlos L. Calderón-Vázquez
- Subjects
Germplasm ,Genetic diversity ,Persea ,biology ,business.industry ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Center of origin ,Race (biology) ,Horticulture ,Agriculture ,Tropical climate ,Genetics ,Microsatellite ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
The avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is highly valued worldwide for its desirable nutritional properties and broader applications in the oil and pharmaceutical industry. Despite northwestern Mexico is not considered as a region of the avocado origin, it possesses a high morphological diversity of avocado fruits and trees. In an effort to provide more information about the diversity present in this region and at the same time, to support a more efficient production of lowland avocado in a tropical semi desert climate, this study characterized the genetic diversity of avocado trees growing at northwestern Mexico. Genetic diversity was estimated by using eight microsatellite loci. 45 seed-derived trees, with contrasting fruit morphology were identified. Results showed a high level of genetic diversity with 11.5 alleles per locus, a polymorphic index content of 0.75, and observed and expected heterozygosity values of 0.58 and 0.79, respectively, these values were similar to those observed in germplasm banks and genotypes from centers of origin. Clustering analysis assigned local genotypes to six clusters but did not provide a clear separation among avocado races, suggesting that local genotypes are a result of racial hybridization. Interestingly, avocados from the Mexican race and the commercial variety Hass clustered into two different groups. Despite not being considered a center of origin, results confirm an extensive diversity in northwestern Mexico, encouraging further exploration and preservation of genotypes with desirable traits to future breeding programs for the selection of local genotypes adapted to a lowland tropical climate.
- Published
- 2021
24. A budding yeast model for human disease mutations in the EXOSC2 cap subunit of the RNA exosome complex
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Sara W. Leung, Richard Baker, Richard S. Lee, Sarah E. Strassler, Munira A. Basrai, Liz Enyenihi, Laurie Hess, Elise S. Withers, Isaac Kremsky, Maria C. Sterrett, Anita H. Corbett, Milo B. Fasken, Daniela Farchi, and Ambro van Hoof
- Subjects
Transcriptome ,Exosome complex ,Protein subunit ,Exoribonuclease complex ,RNA ,Missense mutation ,Biology ,Molecular Biology ,Gene ,Exosome Multienzyme Ribonuclease Complex ,Cell biology - Abstract
RNA exosomopathies, a growing family of diseases, are linked to missense mutations in genes encoding structural subunits of the evolutionarily conserved, 10-subunit exoribonuclease complex, the RNA exosome. This complex consists of a three-subunit cap, a six-subunit, barrel-shaped core, and a catalytic base subunit. While a number of mutations in RNA exosome genes cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia, mutations in the cap subunit gene EXOSC2 cause an apparently distinct clinical presentation that has been defined as a novel syndrome SHRF (short stature, hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa, and distinctive facies). We generated the first in vivo model of the SHRF pathogenic amino acid substitutions using budding yeast by modeling pathogenic EXOSC2 missense mutations (p.Gly30Val and p.Gly198Asp) in the orthologous S. cerevisiae gene RRP4. The resulting rrp4 mutant cells show defects in cell growth and RNA exosome function. Consistent with altered RNA exosome function, we detect significant transcriptomic changes in both coding and noncoding RNAs in rrp4-G226D cells that model EXOSC2 p.Gly198Asp, suggesting defects in nuclear surveillance. Biochemical and genetic analyses suggest that the Rrp4 G226D variant subunit shows impaired interactions with key RNA exosome cofactors that modulate the function of the complex. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that pathogenic missense mutations present in EXOSC2 impair the function of the RNA exosome. This study also sets the stage to compare exosomopathy models to understand how defects in RNA exosome function underlie distinct pathologies.
- Published
- 2021
25. A recurrent, homozygous EMC10 frameshift variant is associated with a syndrome of developmental delay with variable seizures and dysmorphic features
- Author
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Richard S. Smith, Lina Basel-Salmon, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Gilad D. Evrony, Aisha M. Al-Shamsi, Jiin Ying Lim, Rachel Straussberg, Indra Ganesan, Diane D. Shao, Christian Beetz, Najim Ameziane, Min Dong, Christopher A. Walsh, Guntram Borck, Saumya Shekhar Jamuar, Lihadh Al-Gazali, Peter Bauer, R. Sean Hill, Edward Yang, Amar J. Majmundar, Iris Hovel, Amal Al Tenaiji, Amjad Khan, Achiya Z. Amir, Hind Ahmed, Muna Al-Saffar, Thorsten M. Schlaeger, Lariza M. Rento, Jennifer E. Neil, A. James Barkovich, Wafaa Eyaid, Songhai Tian, and Shirlee Shril
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0301 basic medicine ,Developmental Disabilities ,Biology ,Brief Communication ,Genome ,Frameshift mutation ,03 medical and health sciences ,symbols.namesake ,Arachnodactyly ,0302 clinical medicine ,Seizures ,Intellectual Disability ,medicine ,Humans ,Global developmental delay ,Child ,Frameshift Mutation ,Exome ,Genetics (clinical) ,Genetics ,Sanger sequencing ,Homozygote ,Haplotype ,Membrane Proteins ,medicine.disease ,Phenotype ,Pedigree ,030104 developmental biology ,symbols ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Purpose The endoplasmic reticulum membrane complex (EMC) is a highly conserved, multifunctional 10-protein complex related to membrane protein biology. In seven families, we identified 13 individuals with highly overlapping phenotypes who harbor a single identical homozygous frameshift variant in EMC10. Methods Using exome, genome, and Sanger sequencing, a recurrent frameshift EMC10 variant was identified in affected individuals in an international cohort of consanguineous families. Multiple families were independently identified and connected via Matchmaker Exchange and internal databases. We assessed the effect of the frameshift variant on EMC10 RNA and protein expression and evaluated EMC10 expression in normal human brain tissue using immunohistochemistry. Results A homozygous variant EMC10 c.287delG (Refseq NM_206538.3, p.Gly96Alafs*9) segregated with affected individuals in each family, who exhibited a phenotypic spectrum of intellectual disability (ID) and global developmental delay (GDD), variable seizures and variable dysmorphic features (elongated face, curly hair, cubitus valgus, and arachnodactyly). The variant arose on two founder haplotypes and results in significantly reduced EMC10 RNA expression and an unstable truncated EMC10 protein. Conclusion We propose that a homozygous loss-of-function variant in EMC10 causes a novel syndromic neurodevelopmental phenotype. Remarkably, the recurrent variant is likely the result of a hypermutable site and arose on distinct founder haplotypes.
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- 2021
26. Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 antibodies in patients screened for treatment with onasemnogene abeparvovec
- Author
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Richard S. Finkel, John W. Day, Jerry R. Mendell, Sitra Tauscher-Wisniewski, Kathryn J. Swoboda, Melissa Menier, Eugenio Mercuri, and Rudolf van Olden
- Subjects
survival motor neuron ,0301 basic medicine ,Serotype ,onasemnogene abeparvovec ,Genetic enhancement ,QH426-470 ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 ,Genetics ,medicine ,Molecular Biology ,Adeno-associated virus ,spinal muscular atrophy ,gene replacement therapy ,clinical trials ,QH573-671 ,biology ,business.industry ,Antibody titer ,Spinal muscular atrophy ,medicine.disease ,gene therapy ,Titer ,managed access programs ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Molecular Medicine ,Original Article ,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ,antibody titers ,Antibody ,Cytology ,business - Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy is a progressive, recessively inherited monogenic neurologic disease, the genetic root cause of which is the absence of a functional survival motor neuron 1 gene. Onasemnogene abeparvovec (formerly AVXS-101) is an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vector-based gene therapy that delivers a fully functional copy of the human survival motor neuron gene. We report anti–adeno-associated virus serotype 9 antibody titers for patients with spinal muscular atrophy when they were screened for eligibility in the onasemnogene abeparvovec clinical trials (intravenous and intrathecal administration) and managed access programs (intravenous). Through December 31, 2019, 196 patients and 155 biologic mothers were screened for anti–adeno-associated virus serotype 9 binding antibodies with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of these, 15 patients (7.7%) and 23 biologic mothers (14.8%) had titers >1:50 on their initial screening tests. Eleven patients (5.6%) had elevated titers on their final screening tests. The low percentage of patients with exclusionary antibody titers indicates that most infants with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 should be able to receive onasemnogene abeparvovec. Retesting may identify patients whose antibody titers later decrease to below the threshold for treatment, and retesting should be considered for patients with anti–adeno-associated virus serotype 9 antibody titers >1:50., Graphical abstract, Day and colleagues report that 5.6% of patients screened across the onasemnogene abeparvovec clinical development program and US MAPs were excluded because of elevated anti-adeno-associated virus serotype 9 binding antibody titers, indicating that most patients with spinal muscular atrophy should be able to receive adeno-associated virus serotype 9-based therapy.
- Published
- 2021
27. Longevity of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in hemodialysis patients and protection against reinfection
- Author
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Maria Prendecki, Eleanor Parker, Graham Pickard, Louise Greathead, Megan Griffith, Richard S. Tedder, Myra O. McClure, Alison J. Cox, Claire Edwards, Paul Randell, Liz Lightstone, Virginia Prout, Michelle Willicombe, Stephen P. McAdoo, Amrita Dhutia, Rawya Charif, Federica Marchesin, Jaslyn Gan, Candice Clarke, Mary Guckian, Peter Kelleher, and Imperial Health Charity
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Cellular immunity ,medicine.medical_specialty ,T cell ,medicine.medical_treatment ,030232 urology & nephrology ,serology ,Antibodies, Viral ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Gastroenterology ,Asymptomatic ,Serology ,03 medical and health sciences ,COVID-19 Testing ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Renal Dialysis ,Immunity ,Internal medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Serologic Tests ,Clinical Investigation ,Pandemics ,hemodialysis ,biology ,SARS-CoV-2 ,business.industry ,COVID-19 ,1103 Clinical Sciences ,Urology & Nephrology ,Haemodialysis ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Nephrology ,Reinfection ,biology.protein ,Kidney Failure, Chronic ,Female ,Hemodialysis ,medicine.symptom ,Antibody ,business - Abstract
Patients with end stage kidney disease receiving in-center hemodialysis (ICHD) have had high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Following infection, patients receiving ICHD frequently develop circulating antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, even with asymptomatic infection. Here, we investigated the durability and functionality of the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients receiving ICHD. Three hundred and fifty-six such patients were longitudinally screened for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and underwent routine PCR-testing for symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. Patients were regularly screened for nucleocapsid protein (anti-NP) and receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) antibodies, and those who became seronegative at six months were screened for SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses. One hundred and twenty-nine (36.2%) patients had detectable antibody to anti-NP at time zero, of whom 127 also had detectable anti-RBD. Significantly, at six months, 71/111 (64.0%) and 99/116 (85.3%) remained anti-NP and anti-RBD seropositive, respectively. For patients who retained antibody, both anti-NP and anti-RBD levels were reduced significantly after six months. Eleven patients who were anti-NP seropositive at time zero, had no detectable antibody at six months; of whom eight were found to have SARS-CoV-2 antigen specific T cell responses. Independent of antibody status at six months, patients with baseline positive SARS-CoV-2 serology were significantly less likely to have PCR confirmed infection over the following six months. Thus, patients receiving ICHD mount durable immune responses six months post SARS-CoV-2 infection, with fewer than 3% of patients showing no evidence of humoral or cellular immunity., Graphical abstract
- Published
- 2021
28. Affinity Purification–Mass Spectrometry Identifies a Novel Interaction between a Polerovirus and a Conserved Innate Immunity Aphid Protein that Regulates Transmission Efficiency
- Author
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Stewart M. Gray, Michelle Heck, Richard S. Johnson, Cecilia Tamborindeguy, Michael J. MacCoss, Patricia V. Pinheiro, Jennifer R. Wilson, and Stacy L. DeBlasio
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,food.ingredient ,Luteoviridae ,Biochemistry ,Mass Spectrometry ,Polerovirus ,03 medical and health sciences ,food ,Affinity chromatography ,Plant virus ,Animals ,Humans ,Plant Diseases ,Solanum tuberosum ,Aphid ,Potato leafroll virus ,Innate immune system ,030102 biochemistry & molecular biology ,biology ,food and beverages ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Immunity, Innate ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Aphids ,Myzus persicae - Abstract
The vast majority of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors, with many crucial aspects of the transmission process being mediated by key protein-protein interactions. Still, very few vector proteins interacting with viruses have been identified and functionally characterized. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is transmitted most efficiently by Myzus persicae, the green peach aphid, in a circulative, non-propagative manner. Using affinity purification coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (AP-MS), we identified 11 proteins from M. persicaedisplaying a high probability of interaction with PLRV and an additional 23 vector proteins with medium confidence interaction scores. Three of these aphid proteins were confirmed to directly interact with the structural proteins of PLRV and other luteovirid species via yeast two-hybrid. Immunolocalization of one of these direct PLRV-interacting proteins, an orthologue of the human innate immunity protein complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein (C1QBP), shows that MpC1QBP partially co-localizes with PLRV in cytoplasmic puncta and along the periphery of aphid gut epithelial cells. Artificial diet delivery to aphids of a chemical inhibitor of C1QBP leads to increased PLRV acquisition by aphids and subsequently increased titer in inoculated plants, supporting a role for C1QBP in the acquisition and transmission efficiency of PLRV by M. persicae. This study presents the first use of AP-MS for the in vivo isolation of a functionally relevant insect vector-virus protein complex. MS data are available from ProteomeXchange.org using the project identifier PXD022167.
- Published
- 2021
29. Testing the plastic‐wrapped composting system to dispose of swine mortalities during an animal disease outbreak
- Author
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Richard S. Gates, Yuanhui Zhang, Tiago Costa, James Lowe, and Neslihan Akdeniz
- Subjects
Canada ,Veterinary medicine ,Salmonella ,Environmental Engineering ,Swine ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,engineering.material ,medicine.disease_cause ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,African swine fever virus ,Disease Outbreaks ,Soil ,medicine ,Animals ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,biology ,Compost ,Inoculation ,Composting ,Outbreak ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,African Swine Fever Virus ,Pollution ,Manure ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Woodchips ,Aeration ,Plastics - Abstract
Composting has been used to dispose of animal mortalities and infected materials, such as manure and feed, during major animal disease outbreaks. In this study, we adapted the plastic-wrapped mortality composting system developed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency during the 2004 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak to compost swine mortalities. The goals of the study were to evaluate the performance of the plastic-wrapped composting system to dispose of swine mortalities and to field test its ability to eliminate the spread of airborne pathogens through the aeration ducts. Two cover materials, ground cornstalks and woodchips, were tested using passively and actively aerated composting sheds. The mortalities were inoculated with Salmonella spp. and vaccine strains of Bovine herpesvirus-1 and Bovine viral diarrhea virus. Air samples collected from the upper aeration duct (air outlet) during the first 10 d of composting were negative for Salmonella and the viruses tested, which indicated that aerosol transmission of the pathogens was limited. The aeration plenum placed under the mortalities helped to keep conditions aerobic, as O2 concentrations of both passively and actively aerated test units were above 11%. Actively aerated cornstalks had the highest degree-hours (1,462 °C h d-1 ), which was followed by passively aerated cornstalks (1,312 °C h d-1 ), actively aerated woodchips (1,303 °C h d-1 ), and passively aerated woodchips (1,062 °C h d-1 ). After a 7-wk composting period, all three pathogens were inactivated based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction test results. The mortalities were not inoculated with the African swine fever virus, but temperature data showed that if they were, the system had the potential to eliminate this virus.
- Published
- 2021
30. Lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A review
- Author
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Scott Buzin, Jeffrey A. Geller, William Macaulay, and Richard S. Yoon
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Population ,Review ,Outcomes ,Osteoarthritis ,Arthroplasty ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Blood loss ,Survivorship curve ,medicine ,Knee ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,education ,Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty ,030222 orthopedics ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,business.industry ,Minireviews ,Lateral ,030229 sport sciences ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Surgery ,Valgus ,Unicompartmental ,Implant ,business - Abstract
Isolated lateral compartment osteoarthritis of the knee is a rare condition affecting approximately 1% of the population, which is ten times less common than osteoarthritis affecting only the medial compartment. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has many potential advantages over total knee arthroplasty. The benefits of UKA include a smaller incision, preservation of more native tissue (including cruciate ligaments and bone), decreased blood loss, and better overall proprioception. When UKA was first introduced in the 1970s, the outcomes of medial UKA (MUKA) were poor, but the few cases of lateral UKA (LUKA) showed promise. Since that time, there has been a relative paucity of literature focused specifically on LUKA given it is a rare procedure. Refinements in patient selection criteria, implant design, and surgical technique have been made leading to increased popularity. A review of the recent literature reveals that LUKA is associated with excellent long-term clinical outcomes and implant survivorship when performed in properly selected patients. Implant design options include fixed vs mobile bearing as well as metal backed vs all polyethylene tibial component, with improved outcomes noted with fixed bearing designs. Three reasons cited for revision (i.e., fracture of the femoral component, fracture of the tibial component, and valgus malalignment) had been reported in past literature but not recently. Presently, while rare, the most common cause of failure and need for revision are osteoarthritis progression and aseptic loosening. Despite the need for an occasional revision procedure, the survivorship of LUKA is comparable to MUKA, although it should be noted that outcomes of MUKA have been notably varied. Continued pursuit of improved techniques and implant designs will continue to show LUKA to be an excellent procedure for appropriately indicated patients.
- Published
- 2021
31. Stylet Probing Behavior of Two Bactericera (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae) Species on Host and Nonhost Plants
- Author
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Joseph E. Munyaneza, David R. Horton, Tariq Mustafa, Richard S. Zack, Alexander V. Karasev, Jenita Thinakaran, and W. Rodney Cooper
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Bactericera cockerelli ,Ecology ,biology ,Psylloidea ,biology.organism_classification ,Ipomoea ,01 natural sciences ,Hemiptera ,010602 entomology ,Insect Science ,Electrical penetration graph ,Bactericera ,Botany ,Animals ,Triozidae ,Convolvulaceae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Convolvulus ,Plant Diseases ,Solanum tuberosum ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Understanding host use by psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) benefits from comparative studies of behavior on host and nonhost plant species. While most psyllid species develop on one or a few closely related plant species, some species are generalized enough to develop on species across plant families. We used electropenetography (EPG) technology to compare probing activities of an oligophagous psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc)) and a host-specialized psyllid (Bactericera maculipennis) on two species of Solanaceae (potato, Solanum tuberosum L. and matrimony vine, Lycium barbarum L.) and two species of Convolvulaceae (field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. and sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas). Bactericera cockerelli develops on all four species, albeit with longer development times on Convolvulaceae. Bactericera maculipennis develops only on Convolvulaceae. Bactericera cockerelli fed readily from phloem of all four species, but the likelihood of entering phloem and duration of time in phloem was reduced on suboptimal hosts (Convolvulaceae) relative to behavior on Solanaceae. We observed instances of cycling between bouts of phloem salivation and ingestion in assays of optimal (Solanaceae) hosts not observed on Convolvulaceae. The Convolvulaceae-specialized B. maculipennis (Crawford) failed to feed from phloem of nonhosts (Solanaceae). Both psyllid species readily ingested from xylem of all plant species, irrespective of host status. Our finding that phloem feeding by B. maculipennis did not occur on potato has implications for understanding epidemiology of phloem-limited psyllid-vectored plant pathogens. Our results also showed that EPG assays detect subtle variation in probing activities that assist in understanding host use by psyllids.
- Published
- 2021
32. Molecular Breeding for Improving Salinity Tolerance in Rice: Recent Progress and Future Prospects
- Author
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Lovepreet Singh, Richard S Garcia, Sapphire Coronejo, Prasanta K. Subudhi, Sandeep Chapagain, Jonathan Concepcion, and Rajat Pruthi
- Subjects
Salinity ,Molecular breeding ,Phenomics ,Oryza sativa ,Genomics ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Marker-assisted selection ,Quantitative trait locus ,DNA sequencing - Published
- 2021
33. Dronabinol Prescribing and Exposure Among Children and Young Adults Diagnosed with Cancer
- Author
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Richard S. Lemons, Jonathan E. Constance, Venkata K. Yellepeddi, Amber D. King, Jacob Wilkes, Diana G. Wilkins, Joseph E. Rower, and Luke Maese
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Nausea ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neoplasms ,Internal medicine ,mental disorders ,Humans ,Medicine ,Dronabinol ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Child ,Tetrahydrocannabinol ,Cannabis ,biology ,business.industry ,organic chemicals ,Cancer ,Original Articles ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Vomiting ,Observational study ,medicine.symptom ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Purpose: The therapeutic utility of Cannabis in cancer is a topic of intense interest. Dronabinol is synthetic Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa, and is approved for treating refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Little is known about dronabinol prescribing in children and young adults, and no published concentration data are available. This study evaluated national level dronabinol use and assessed concentrations of THC and its primary metabolites in patients with cancer
- Published
- 2021
34. Home range characteristics and diel patterns in space use of mutton snapper, Lutjanus analis, in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands
- Author
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Jonathan Jossart, Sarah L. Heidmann, Richard S. Nemeth, and Melissa Kimble
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Range (biology) ,Lutjanus analis ,Home range ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Movement ecology ,US Virgin Islands ,14. Life underwater ,Instrumentation ,Diel vertical migration ,QH540-549.5 ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Lutjanidae ,QP501-801 ,Coral reef ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,Animal biochemistry ,Lutjanus ,Fishery ,Seagrass ,Geography ,Habitat ,Signal Processing ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Acoustic telemetry ,Bay - Abstract
Background The movement ecology of mutton snapper Lutjanus analis is poorly understood despite their ecological and economic importance in the Caribbean. Passive acoustic telemetry was used to determine home ranges of six adult L. analis, including diel patterns, in Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. Understanding long-term space use, including site fidelity and habitat usage, is necessary to implement effective and appropriate management actions for a species with extensive space and resource needs. Results Individual L. analis were tracked over an average period of 316 days (range 125–509 days) and showed high site fidelity to relatively small home ranges (mean ± SD: 0.103 ± 0.028 km2, range 0.019–0.190 km2) and core use areas with low overlap among individuals. Most home ranges had a habitat composition dominated by seagrass and to a lesser degree, coral reef and/or pavement. Nighttime activity spaces were distinct from but contained within daytime areas. Conclusions Mutton snapper showed strong site fidelity to home ranges in Brewers Bay. Two individuals that were absent from the array for more than a few hours were detected at separate arrays at spawning aggregation sites. This study expands upon knowledge of mutton snapper home range characteristics, highlights the importance of maintaining adjacent high-quality habitat types in any spatial management plan, and encourages the adoption of other types of management strategies, particularly for transient-aggregating species.
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- 2021
35. Partitioned glioma heritability shows subtype-specific enrichment in immune cells
- Author
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Melissa L. Bondy, Beatrice Melin, Michelle Monje, Jinyoung Byun, Ben Kinnersley, Quinn T. Ostrom, Richard S. Houlston, Younghun Han, Kyle M. Walsh, Jacob Edelson, and Christopher I. Amos
- Subjects
Adult ,Autoimmune disease ,Cancer Research ,Linkage disequilibrium ,Genome-wide association study ,Glioma ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Acquired immune system ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Linkage Disequilibrium ,Immune system ,Oncology ,Basic and Translational Investigations ,Cancer research ,medicine ,Genetic predisposition ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Neurology (clinical) ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,Genetic association - Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies of adult glioma have identified genetic syndromes and 25 heritable risk loci that modify individual risk for glioma, as well increased risk in association with exposure to ionizing radiation and decreased risk in association with allergies. In this analysis, we assess whether there is a shared genome-wide genetic architecture between glioma and atopic/autoimmune diseases. Methods Using summary statistics from a glioma genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analysis, we identified significant enrichment for risk variants associated with gene expression changes in immune cell populations. We also estimated genetic correlations between glioma and autoimmune, atopic, and hematologic traits using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), which leverages genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations and patterns of linkage disequilibrium. Results Nominally significant negative correlations were observed for glioblastoma (GB) and primary biliary cirrhosis (rg = −0.26, P = .0228), and for non-GB gliomas and celiac disease (rg = −0.32, P = .0109). Our analyses implicate dendritic cells (GB pHM = 0.0306 and non-GB pHM = 0.0186) in mediating both GB and non-GB genetic predisposition, with GB-specific associations identified in natural killer (NK) cells (pHM = 0.0201) and stem cells (pHM = 0.0265). Conclusions This analysis identifies putative new associations between glioma and autoimmune conditions with genomic architecture that is inversely correlated with that of glioma and that T cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells are involved in mediating glioma predisposition. This provides further evidence that increased activation of the acquired immune system may modify individual susceptibility to glioma.
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- 2021
36. Using seed respiration as a tool for calculating optimal soaking times for ‘on-farm’ seed priming of barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Author
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Javier Carrillo-Reche, Richard S. Quilliam, and Adrian C. Newton
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,food and beverages ,Sowing ,Plant Science ,Priming (agriculture) ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Horticulture ,030104 developmental biology ,Germination ,Seedling ,Respiration ,Hordeum vulgare ,Respiration rate ,Axis elongation ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
A low-cost technique named ‘on-farm’ seed priming is increasingly being recognized as an effective approach to maximize crop establishment. It consists of anaerobically soaking seeds in water before sowing resulting in rapid and uniform germination, and enhanced seedling vigour. The extent of these benefits depends on the soaking time. The current determination of optimal soaking time by germination assays and mini-plot trials is resource-intensive, as it is species/genotype-specific. This study aimed to determine the potential of the seed respiration rate (an indicator of metabolic activity) and seed morphological changes during barley priming as predictors of the priming benefits and, thus, facilitate the determination of optimal soaking times. A series of germination tests revealed that the germination rate is mostly attributable to the rapid hydration of embryo tissues, as the highest gains in the germination rate occurred before the resumption of respiration. Germination uniformity, however, was not significantly improved until seeds were primed for at least 8 h, that is, after a first respiration burst was initiated. The maximum seedling vigour was attained when the priming was stopped just before the beginning of the differentiation of embryonic axes (20 h) after which vigour began to decrease (‘over-priming’). The onset of embryonic axis elongation was preceded by a second respiration burst, which can be used as a marker for priming optimization. Thus, monitoring of seed respiration provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to the current practice. The method could be carried out by agricultural institutions to provide recommended optimal soaking times for the common barley varieties within a specific region.
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- 2021
37. The Association Between Antibody Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Post–COVID-19 Syndrome in Healthcare Workers
- Author
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Ksenia Katsanovskaja, Michael Fertleman, Melanie Dani, Natalia Fernandez, Macià Sureda-Vives, Christopher P. G. Pereira, Benjamin Howell Lole Harris, Charlotte-Eve Short, Richard S. Tedder, Carolina Rosadas, Isaac Day-Weber, Rachael Quinlan, Maryam Khan, Myra O. McClure, Eleanor Parker, Matteo Di Giovannantonio, Graham P. Taylor, and Federica Marchesin
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0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Longitudinal study ,biology ,business.industry ,Antibody titer ,medicine.disease_cause ,Vaccination ,03 medical and health sciences ,Titer ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Infectious Diseases ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Immunology and Allergy ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Antibody ,Young adult ,business ,Coronavirus ,Cohort study - Abstract
It is currently unknown how post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) may affect those infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This longitudinal study includes healthcare staff who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between March and April 2020, with follow-up of their antibody titers and symptoms. More than half (21 of 38) had PCS after 7–8 months. There was no statistically significant difference between initial reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction titers or serial antibody levels between those who did and those who did not develop PCS. This study highlights the relative commonality of PCS in healthcare workers and this should be considered in vaccination scheduling and workforce planning to allow adequate frontline staffing numbers.
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- 2021
38. Uromodulin Isolation and Its N-Glycosylation Analysis by NanoLC-MS/MS
- Author
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John W. Froehlich, Ali Hashemi Gheinani, Stephen A. Kostel, Richard S. Lee, Haiying Li, and Shannon E. DiMartino
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Glycan ,Tamm–Horsfall protein ,Glycosylation ,030102 biochemistry & molecular biology ,biology ,General Chemistry ,Urine ,Biochemistry ,Fucose ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Glycomics ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,N-linked glycosylation ,biology.protein ,Glycoprotein - Abstract
The glycoprotein uromodulin (UMOD) is the most abundant protein in urine, and N-glycans are critical for many biological functions of UMOD. Comprehensive glycan profiling of UMOD provides valuable information to understand the exact mechanisms of glycan-regulated functions. To perform comprehensive glycosylation analysis of UMOD from urine samples with limited volumes, we developed a streamlined workflow that included UMOD isolation from 5 mL of urine from 6 healthy adult donors (3 males and 3 females) and a glycosylation analysis using a highly sensitive and reproducible nanoLC-MS/MS based glycomics approach. In total, 212 N-glycan compositions were identified from the purified UMOD, and 17% were high-mannose glycans, 2% were afucosylated/asialylated, 3% were neutral fucosylated, 28% were sialylated (with no fucose), 46% were fucosylated and sialylated, and 4% were sulfated. We found that isolation of UMOD resulted in a significant decrease in the relative quantity of high-mannose and sulfated glycans with a significant increase of neutral fucosylated glycans in the UMOD-depleted urine relative to the undepleted urine, but depletion had little impact on the sialylated glycans. To our knowledge, this is the first study to perform comprehensive N-glycan profiling of UMOD using nanoLC-MS/MS. This analytical workflow would be very beneficial for studies with limited sample size, such as pediatric studies, and can be applied to larger patient cohorts not only for UMOD interrogation but also for global glycan analysis.
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- 2021
39. Snow roots
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A. M. Kipkeev, Vladimir G. Onipchenko, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, A. D. Kozhevnikova, Alexander S. Zernov, Inga Hiiesalu, Richard S. P. van Logtestijn, Mikhail I. Makarov, D. K. Tekeev, A. A. Akhmetzhanova, Liesje Mommer, Jan Willem van der Paauw, and Systems Ecology
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0106 biological sciences ,Lesser Caucasus ,nitrogen nutrition ,root growth ,Gravitropism ,Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation ,Snow field ,Plant Roots ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Soil ,Poppy ,Snow ,Botany ,Papaveraceae ,alpine snow beds ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,biology ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Corydalis ,Armenia ,biology.organism_classification ,PE&RC ,Shoot ,Forb ,Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer ,Seasons - Abstract
Snow roots are a very special type of roots that counteract geotropism to grow upward into long-lasting snow fields. They develop under snow at near 0oC, a phenomenon that had previously only been reported from plant shoots (Korner et al. 2019). Up to now, this intriguing and spectacular looking plant structure has been discovered and studied in only a single species, i.e. the vernal forb, Corydalis conorhiza Ledeb. (poppy family, Papaveraceae) at an elevation of almost 3 km in the mountains of the northern Caucasus, Russia by Onipchenko et al. (2009a, 2014), who reported results from a snow-field labeling experiment with the natural nitrogen (N) isotope 15 N, accompanied with anatomical and structural root trait measurements.
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- 2021
40. IL-22 receptor signaling in Paneth cells is critical for their maturation, microbiota colonization, Th17-related immune responses, and anti-Salmonella immunity
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Preet Joshi, Cody Kempen, Stephen J. Gaudino, Onur Eskiocak, Sonika Rathi, Pawan Kumar, Xun Lin, Kenneth R. Shroyer, Neil Mehta, Brian Yueh, Patrick A. McLaughlin, Semir Beyaz, Adrianus W. M. van der Velden, Michael Beaupre, Agnieszka B. Bialkowska, and Richard S. Blumberg
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Paneth Cells ,Cell type ,Immunology ,Morphogenesis ,Biology ,Lymphocyte Activation ,digestive system ,Article ,Interleukin 22 ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,medicine ,Animals ,Immunology and Allergy ,Typhoid Fever ,Immunity, Mucosal ,Mice, Knockout ,Effector ,Interleukins ,Microbiota ,LGR5 ,Cell Differentiation ,Receptors, Interleukin ,Salmonella typhi ,Cell biology ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Paneth cell ,Th17 Cells ,Stem cell ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) signaling in the intestines is critical for promoting tissue-protective functions. However, since a diverse array of cell types (absorptive and secretory epithelium as well as stem cells) express IL-22Ra1, a receptor for IL-22, it has been difficult to determine what cell type(s) specifically respond to IL-22 to mediate intestinal mucosal host defense. Here, we report that IL-22 signaling in the small intestine is positively correlated with Paneth cell differentiation programs. Our Il22Ra1fl/fl;Lgr5-EGFP-creERT2-specific knockout mice and, independently, our lineage-tracing findings rule out the involvement of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell (ISC)-dependent IL-22Ra1 signaling in regulating the lineage commitment of epithelial cells, including Paneth cells. Using novel Paneth cell-specific IL-22Ra1 knockout mice (Il22Ra1fl/fl;Defa6-cre), we show that IL-22 signaling in Paneth cells is required for small intestinal host defense. We show that Paneth cell maturation, antimicrobial effector function, expression of specific WNTs, and organoid morphogenesis are dependent on cell-intrinsic IL-22Ra1 signaling. Furthermore, IL-22 signaling in Paneth cells regulates the intestinal commensal bacteria and microbiota-dependent IL-17A immune responses. Finally, we show ISC and, independently, Paneth cell-specific IL-22Ra1 signaling are critical for providing immunity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Collectively, our findings illustrate a previously unknown role of IL-22 in Paneth cell-mediated small intestinal host defense.
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- 2021
41. Design and Rationale of the Global Phase 3 NEURO-TTRansform Study of Antisense Oligonucleotide AKCEA-TTR-LRx (ION-682884-CS3) in Hereditary Transthyretin-Mediated Amyloid Polyneuropathy
- Author
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Shiangtung W. Jung, Li Jung Tai, Márcia Waddington-Cruz, William J. Litchy, Sotirios Tsimikas, Peter J. Dyck, Cecilia Monteiro, Gustavo Buchele, Julian D. Gillmore, Michela Brambatti, John L. Berk, Eugene Schneider, Yukio Ando, Teresa Coelho, Morie A. Gertz, Merrill D. Benson, Nicholas J. Viney, Louis O'Dea, Richard S. Geary, Brett P. Monia, Sami Khella, and Laura Obici
- Subjects
Oncology ,endocrine system ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neurology ,Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities ,Phases of clinical research ,Neurodegenerative ,Placebo ,Study Protocol ,03 medical and health sciences ,Rare Diseases ,0302 clinical medicine ,Phase 3 clinical trial ,Clinical Research ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Antisense oligonucleotide ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Dosing ,Peripheral Neuropathy ,biology ,business.industry ,Amyloidosis ,Clinical study design ,Neurosciences ,Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,medicine.disease ,Hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloid polyneuropathy ,AKCEA-TTR-L-rx ,Clinical trial design ,Transthyretin ,Orphan Drug ,AKCEA-TTR-Lrx ,6.1 Pharmaceuticals ,biology.protein ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Polyneuropathy ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Introduction AKCEA-TTR-LRx is a ligand-conjugated antisense (LICA) drug in development for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR), a fatal disease caused by mutations in the transthyretin (TTR) gene. AKCEA-TTR-LRx shares the same nucleotide sequence as inotersen, an antisense medicine approved for use in hATTR polyneuropathy (hATTR-PN). Unlike inotersen, AKCEA-TTR-LRx is conjugated to a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine moiety that supports receptor-mediated uptake by hepatocytes, the primary source of circulating TTR. This advanced design increases drug potency to allow for lower and less frequent dosing. The NEURO-TTRansform study will investigate whether AKCEA-TTR-LRx is safe and efficacious, with the aim of improving neurologic function and quality of life in hATTR-PN patients. Methods/Design Approximately 140 adults with stage 1 (independent ambulation) or 2 (requires ambulatory support) hATTR-PN are anticipated to enroll in this multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase 3 study. Patients will be assigned 6:1 to AKCEA-TTR-LRx 45 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks or inotersen 300 mg once weekly until the prespecified week 35 interim efficacy analysis, after which patients receiving inotersen will receive AKCEA-TTR-LRx 45 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks. All patients will then receive AKCEA-TTR-LRx through the remainder of the study treatment period. The final efficacy analysis at week 66 will compare the AKCEA-TTR-LRx arm with the historical placebo arm from the phase 3 trial of inotersen (NEURO-TTR). The primary outcome measures are between-group differences in the change from baseline in serum TTR, modified Neuropathy Impairment Score + 7, and Norfolk Quality of Life—Diabetic Neuropathy questionnaire. Conclusion NEURO-TTRansform is designed to determine whether targeted delivery of AKCEA-TTR-LRx to hepatocytes with lower and less frequent doses will translate into clinical and quality-of-life benefits for patients with hATTR-PN. Trial Registration The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04136184) and EudraCT (2019-001698-10). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40120-021-00235-6., Plain Language Summary Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with peripheral neuropathy (hATTR-PN for short) is a rare inherited condition.In hATTR-PN, a protein called transthyretin (TTR for short) builds up and damages nerves throughout the body.This neuropathy causes symptoms such as weakness, loss of sensation, and pain.Currently available medicines can slow disease progression, but researchers are looking for more effective treatments with fewer side effects.AKCEA-TTR-LRx is an investigational treatment for hATTR-PN.AKCEA-TTR-LRx prevents the liver from making TTR, reducing the amount that causes disease progression.It is similar to an existing treatment called inotersen, but designed for better delivery to the liver and is more potent.This article describes the NEURO-TTRansform study that will evaluate how effective AKCEA-TTR-LRx is for treating hATTR-PN.Around 140 adults with hATTR-PN from the USA, Canada, and Europe will be able to take part in this study.The study treatment period will be 85 weeks long. People will receive injections underneath the skin of either:AKCEA-TTR-LRx every 4 weeks, orInotersen once a week for 35 weeks, followed by a switch to AKCEA-TTR-LRx every 4 weeks.People may continue to receive AKCEA-TTR-LRx after the study treatment period ends.In this study, researchers will compare results from people who received AKCEA-TTR-LRx to results from people who received no active ingredients (called placebo) in a similar study (called NEURO-TTR).Researchers will measure the differences in peoples’:Neuropathy symptoms.Quality of life.TTR protein levels in the blood. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40120-021-00235-6.
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- 2021
42. Blacklegged tick population synchrony between oak forest and non‐oak forest
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Kelly Oggenfuss, Richard S. Ostfeld, and Benjamin W. Borgmann‐Winter
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Ecology ,biology ,Population ,Tick ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Landscape dynamics ,Lyme disease ,Ixodes scapularis ,Insect Science ,medicine ,Oak forest ,education - Published
- 2021
43. Time to rethink trophic levels in aquaculture policy
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Marc Metian, Halley E. Froehlich, Max Troell, Williams, Kirsty L. Nash, Daniel Moran, Peter B. McIntyre, Jessica A. Gephart, Benjamin S. Halpern, Richard S. Cottrell, N Sand Jacobsen, Julia L. Blanchard, Lex Bouwman, and Caitlin D. Kuempel
- Subjects
food.ingredient ,Fish farming ,Aquaculture ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Trophic level ,03 medical and health sciences ,food ,Production (economics) ,030304 developmental biology ,Invertebrate ,0303 health sciences ,Ecology ,business.industry ,Tilapia ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Fishery ,Policy ,Seafood ,Feed ,Sustainability ,040102 fisheries ,Trait ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production ,business - Abstract
Aquaculture policy often promotes production of low-trophic level species for sustainable industry growth. Yet, the application of the trophic level concept to aquaculture is complex, and its value for assessing sustainability is further complicated by continual reformulation of feeds. The majority of fed farmed fish and invertebrate species are produced using human-made compound feeds that can differ markedly from the diet of the same species in the wild and continue to change in composition. Using data on aquaculture feeds, we show that technical advances have substantially decreased the mean effective trophic level of farmed species, such as salmon (mean TL = 3.48 to 2.42) and tilapia (2.32 to 2.06), from 1995 to 2015. As farmed species diverge in effective trophic level from their wild counterparts, they are coalescing at a similar effective trophic level due to standardisation of feeds. This pattern blurs the interpretation of trophic level in aquaculture because it can no longer be viewed as a trait of the farmed species, but rather is a dynamic feature of the production system. Guidance based on wild trophic position or historical resource use is therefore misleading. Effective aquaculture policy needs to avoid overly simplistic sustainability indicators such as trophic level. Instead, employing empirically derived metrics based on the specific farmed properties of species groups, management techniques and advances in feed formulation will be crucial for achieving truly sustainable options for farmed seafood.
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- 2021
44. Immunoreactive peptide maps of SARS-CoV-2
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Nischay Mishra, Rafal Tokarz, Thomas Briese, Xin Dong, Xi Huang, Jiahai Lu, James Ng, Richard S. Pinapati, Adrian Caciula, Cheng Guo, Eric Sullivan, W. Ian Lipkin, Yongjian Wu, Shreyas Joshi, Riddhi Thakkar, and Qianlin Li
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Proteome ,QH301-705.5 ,viruses ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Peptide ,Asymptomatic ,Peptide Mapping ,Article ,Epitope ,Immunoglobulin G ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Epitopes ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Chiroptera ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Biology (General) ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Peptide sequence ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Infectious-disease diagnostics ,fungi ,COVID-19 ,virus diseases ,respiratory tract diseases ,body regions ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Viral infection ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Peptide microarray ,Antibody ,medicine.symptom ,Infection ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Peptides ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Serodiagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is impeded by immunological cross-reactivity among the human coronaviruses (HCoVs): SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, OC43, 229E, HKU1, and NL63. Here we report the identification of humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 peptides that may enable discrimination between exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoVs. We used a high-density peptide microarray and plasma samples collected at two time points from 50 subjects with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by qPCR, samples collected in 2004–2005 from 11 subjects with IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-1, 11 subjects with IgG antibodies to other seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV), and 10 healthy human subjects. Through statistical modeling with linear regression and multidimensional scaling we identified specific peptides that were reassembled to identify 29 linear SARS-CoV-2 epitopes that were immunoreactive with plasma from individuals who had asymptomatic, mild or severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. Larger studies will be required to determine whether these peptides may be useful in serodiagnostics., Mishra, Huang et al. identify 29 linear SARS-CoV-2 epitopes that are immunoreactive with the plasma from individuals who had asymptomatic, mild, or severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. This study suggests the possibility of using these peptides to discriminate the exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses.
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- 2021
45. Increased thickness of lumbar spine ligamentum flavum in wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis
- Author
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Nicholas S. Hernandez, Ayan R. Patel, Michael Mastroianni, Anthony Yu, Richard S. Dowd, Knarik Arkun, James Kryzanski, Andy Wang, Oscar Soto, Jeffrey M Breton, Diana Zhang, Amandeep Godara, Jayde Nail, Cindy Varga, Raymond L. Comenzo, Keith M. George, Ron I. Riesenburger, and Baillee Cooper
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,musculoskeletal diseases ,Spinal stenosis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Spinal Stenosis ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiology (medical) ,medicine ,Humans ,Increased thickness ,Retrospective Studies ,Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial ,biology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Amyloidosis ,Lumbosacral Region ,Lumbar spinal stenosis ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,musculoskeletal system ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Transthyretin ,Stenosis ,Ligamentum Flavum ,Neurology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,biology.protein ,Female ,Surgery ,Lumbar spine ,Neurology (clinical) ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt) amyloid deposits have been found in the ligamentum flavum of patients undergoing surgery for spinal stenosis. The relationship between ATTRwt and ligamentum flavum thickness is unclear. We used pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyze ligamentum flavum thickness in lumbar spinal stenosis patients with and without ATTRwt amyloid.We retrospectively identified 178 patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery. Ligamentum flavum thickness of 253 specimens was measured on T2-weighted axial MRI. Amyloid presence was confirmed through Congo red staining of specimens, and ATTRwt was confirmed using mass-spectrometry and gene sequencing.Twenty four of the 178 patients (13.5%) were found to have ATTRwt in the ligamentum flavum. Forty ATTRwt specimens and 213 non-ATTRwt specimens were measured. Mean ligamentum flavum thickness was 4.92 (±1.27) mm in the ATTRwt group and 4.00 (±1.21) mm in the non-ATTRwt group (p 0.01). The ligamentum flavum was thickest at L4-L5, with a thickness of 5.15 (±1.27) mm and 4.23 (±1.29) mm in the ATTRwt and non-ATTRwt group, respectively (p = 0.007). There was a significant difference in ligamentum flavum thickness between ATTRwt and non-ATTRwt case for both patients younger than 70 years (p = 0.016) and those older than 70 years (p = 0.004). ATTRwt patients had greater ligamentum flavum thickness by 0.83 mm (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41-1.25 mm, p 0.001) when controlled for age and lumbar level.Patients with ATTRwt had thicker ligamentum flavum compared to patients without ATTRwt. Further studies are needed to investigate the pathophysiology of ATTRwt in ligamentum flavum thickening.
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- 2021
46. RCL1 copy number variants are associated with a range of neuropsychiatric phenotypes
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Casie A. Genetti, Ferne Pinard, Abhijit S. Rao, Emily A. Garvey, Stephen W. Scherer, Christopher A. Walsh, Dimitri J. Stavropoulos, Mehdi Zarrei, Adam W. Hansen, Eugene J. D'Angelo, Emma A. Deaso, Annmarie Caracansi, Jill A. Rosenfeld, Hesham M. Hamoda, Richard S. Smith, Mark P. Gorman, Alan H. Beggs, Jianqiao Li, Richard A. Gibbs, Devon Carroll, Catherine A. Brownstein, Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich, Jennifer L. Howe, David C. Glahn, Margaret A. Hojlo, Lance H. Rodan, Pankaj B. Agrawal, Joshua J. Bowen, Kristin Cabral, and Weimin Bi
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Adolescent ,DNA Copy Number Variations ,Catatonia ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,symbols.namesake ,0302 clinical medicine ,Exome Sequencing ,medicine ,Genetics ,Humans ,Copy-number variation ,Molecular Biology ,Index case ,Exome sequencing ,Mutation ,medicine.disease ,Phenotype ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,030104 developmental biology ,Mood ,Mendelian inheritance ,symbols ,Psychiatric disorders ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Mendelian and early-onset severe psychiatric phenotypes often involve genetic variants having a large effect, offering opportunities for genetic discoveries and early therapeutic interventions. Here, the index case is an 18-year-old boy, who at 14 years of age had a decline in cognitive functioning over the course of a year and subsequently presented with catatonia, auditory and visual hallucinations, paranoia, aggression, mood dysregulation, and disorganized thoughts. Exome sequencing revealed a stop-gain mutation in RCL1 (NM_005772.4:c.370 C > T, p.Gln124Ter), encoding an RNA 3′-terminal phosphate cyclase-like protein that is highly conserved across eukaryotic species. Subsequent investigations across two academic medical centers identified eleven additional cases of RCL1 copy number variations (CNVs) with varying neurodevelopmental or psychiatric phenotypes. These findings suggest that dosage variation of RCL1 contributes to a range of neurological and clinical phenotypes.
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- 2021
47. Identification of airborne particles and fungus spores concentrations within horses stables
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Richard S. Gates, Wolfgang Buescher, Ehab Mostafa, and Edith Szabo
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,biology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Particulates ,Straw ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Spore ,Animal science ,Fodder ,Mold ,medicine ,Hay ,Environmental science ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Cladosporium - Abstract
Horses are used mainly for sports and leisure activities and are predominantly kept in closed individual straw-bedded stalls for a long time during the day, especially in cold weather. Horses are may therefore be exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter and microorganisms from the bedding and fodder material. The dangers posed by exposure the horses to high pollutant concentrations for a long period are respiratory diseases. Thus, the aim of the present research was to detect the potential PM and mold emitting sources in typical horse stables and to identify the concentrations of the particles in the stable air on the basis of quantitative and qualitative studies for the PM and mold concentrations. Long-term measurements of particles and molds were conducted in two horse stables located in Rottgen city, Germany. Collected data from two stables were checked for possible correlations between particulate matter and mold spores. Simulation experiments for the emitted particulates during feeding hay were conducted with a particulate chamber. High diurnal fluctuations in concentrations were observed due to the daily activities in the stables. Fine particles were dominant in the air, especially with a size 0.3–0.4 μm. Mold concentrations in the stables ranged from 3.9 to 5.9 × 105 CFU/m3. The most common mold genera were Eurotium, Wallemia, and Cladosporium. The latter two were found in the straw and hay. A limited prognosis occurred of the mold fungus concentration in horse stables on the basis of airborne particle concentration.
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- 2021
48. Ebola virus antibody decay–stimulation in a high proportion of survivors
- Author
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Georgios Pollakis, Richard S. Tedder, Charlene Adaken, Raman Sharma, Peter Horby, Robin Gopal, Sahr M. Gevao, Samreen Ijaz, Philip Kamara, Foday Sahr, Steven Dicks, Osman Kargbo, Johan van Griensven, Malcolm G Semple, Richard J. Dimelow, Saidia Niazi, William A. Paxton, Heidi A. Doughty, Tansy Edwards, Catherine C. Smith, Janet T Scott, and Christine P. Cole
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Time Factors ,Adolescent ,Immunology ,Antibodies, Viral ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,Article ,Sierra leone ,Cohort Studies ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Antigen ,Neutralization Tests ,medicine ,Humans ,Survivors ,Viremia ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Neutralizing antibody ,Multidisciplinary ,Ebola virus ,biology ,business.industry ,Outbreak ,Convalescence ,Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola ,Middle Aged ,Ebolavirus ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Virology ,Africa, Western ,030104 developmental biology ,Immunization ,Viral infection ,biology.protein ,Female ,Antibody ,business ,Half-Life - Abstract
Neutralizing antibody function provides a foundation for the efficacy of vaccines and therapies1–3. Here, using a robust in vitro Ebola virus (EBOV) pseudo-particle infection assay and a well-defined set of solid-phase assays, we describe a wide spectrum of antibody responses in a cohort of healthy survivors of the Sierra Leone EBOV outbreak of 2013–2016. Pseudo-particle virus-neutralizing antibodies correlated with total anti-EBOV reactivity and neutralizing antibodies against live EBOV. Variant EBOV glycoproteins (1995 and 2014 strains) were similarly neutralized. During longitudinal follow-up, antibody responses fluctuated in a ‘decay–stimulation–decay’ pattern that suggests de novo restimulation by EBOV antigens after recovery. A pharmacodynamic model of antibody reactivity identified a decay half-life of 77–100 days and a doubling time of 46–86 days in a high proportion of survivors. The highest antibody reactivity was observed around 200 days after an individual had recovered. The model suggests that EBOV antibody reactivity declines over 0.5–2 years after recovery. In a high proportion of healthy survivors, antibody responses undergo rapid restimulation. Vigilant follow-up of survivors and possible elective de novo antigenic stimulation by vaccine immunization should be considered in order to prevent EBOV viral recrudescence in recovering individuals and thereby to mitigate the potential risk of reseeding an outbreak., In many survivors of Ebola virus infection, antibody responses show long-term patterns of decline followed by restimulation, possibly owing to recrudescence of persisting virus.
- Published
- 2021
49. Ticks as novel sentinels to monitor environmental levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
- Author
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Samantha M. Wisely, John A. Bowden, Emily K. Griffin, Hannah J Brown, Juan J. Aristizabal-Henao, Brandon M. Parker, Richard S. Ostfeld, and Kelly Oggenfuss
- Subjects
Environmental remediation ,Hematophagy ,Wildlife ,Wetland ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Tick ,Water Purification ,Ticks ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Pollutant ,Fluorocarbons ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,Contamination ,biology.organism_classification ,Bioaccumulation ,Alkanesulfonic Acids ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Environmental Pollutants ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent, ubiquitous pollutants. It is important to continuously monitor the presence of PFAS contamination, utilizing both legacy and new sentinels. In this study, environmental PFAS levels were evaluated using ticks as a sentinel model due to their world-wide distribution, hematophagous nature, and ease of collection and sampling. Hematophagy in discrete blood meals, from a suite of vertebrates, allows ticks to sample dozens of species of consumers and bioaccumulation across communities. Four different species of ticks, across two states (NY, n = 28 in mid-April of 2020 and FL, n = 32 between 2015 and 2020) with two sampling sites in each state were analyzed for the presence of 53 PFAS. The total PFAS concentration in ticks was the lowest at Newburgh (NY), a site that has been undergoing remediation efforts, while the highest total PFAS concentrations were measured in ticks at the Sweetwater site, a wastewater treatment wetland. Detection of PFAS and the potential for variation between tick species and between locations are necessary to establish the utility of ticks as sentinels, in addition to assessing additional environmental factors, such as other wildlife, water, or soil.
- Published
- 2021
50. Tuberculosis among Children and Adolescents at HIV Treatment Centers in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Author
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Angelina Kayabu, Alexander W. Kay, Moorine Penninah Sekadde, Andrew R. DiNardo, Sandile Dlamini, David Damba, Makhorong Matsoso, Mogo Matshaba, Richard S. Wanless, Rachel Golin, Lineo Thahane, Tara Devezin, Joseph Mhango, Saeed Ahmed, Bhekumusa Lukhele, Dilsher Dhillon, Katherine R Simon, Moses Chodota, Pauline Amuge, Jill Sanders, Gordon E. Schutze, Anna M. Mandalakas, Neway G Fida, Nodumo Chidah, and Jason M. Bacha
- Subjects
Pediatrics ,Malawi ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,lcsh:Medicine ,HIV Infections ,medicine.disease_cause ,Tanzania ,Epidemiology ,Uganda ,adolescents ,Child ,bacteria ,Botswana ,biology ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Immunosuppression ,Lesotho ,Infectious Diseases ,tuberculosis ,epidemiology ,Microbiology (medical) ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,Tuberculosis among Children and Adolescents at HIV Treatment Centers in Sub-Saharan Africa ,Adolescent ,antiretroviral therapy ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,respiratory infections ,children ,medicine ,Humans ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,HIV/AIDS and other retroviruses ,Africa South of the Sahara ,business.industry ,Research ,lcsh:R ,HIV ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Antiretroviral therapy ,tuberculosis and other mycobacteria ,business ,Eswatini - Abstract
HIV-infected children and adolescents are at increased risk for tuberculosis (TB). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces TB risk in HIV-infected adults, but its effectiveness in HIV-infected children and adolescents is unknown. We analyzed data from 7 integrated pediatric HIV/TB centers in 6 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We used a Bayesian mixed-effect model to assess association between ART and TB prevalence and used adaptive lasso regression to analyze risk factors for adverse TB outcomes. The study period encompassed 57,525 patient-years and 1,160 TB cases (2,017 cases/100,000 patient-years). Every 10% increase in ART uptake resulted in a 2.33% reduction in TB prevalence. Favorable TB outcomes were associated with increased time in care and early ART initiation, whereas severe immunosuppression was associated with death. These findings support integrated HIV/TB services for HIV-infected children and adults and demonstrate the association of ART uptake with decreased TB incidence in high HIV/TB settings.
- Published
- 2020
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