33,825 results on '"POTASSIUM"'
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2. SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGY OF RECENT THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF ION PERMEATION IN MODEL MEMBRANES.
- Author
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EISENMAN G and CONTI F
- Subjects
- Biology, Biophysical Phenomena, Biophysics, Cell Membrane Permeability, Ion Exchange, Ions, Mathematics, Models, Theoretical, Potassium, Research, Sodium
- Published
- 1965
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The diurnal rhythm in water, chloride, sodium and potassium excretion during a rapid displacement from East to West and vice versa.
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GERRITZEN F
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- Humans, Aerospace Medicine, Biology, Chlorides, Circadian Rhythm, Ions, Potassium, Sodium, Sodium, Dietary, Water, Water-Electrolyte Balance
- Published
- 1962
4. Copper biology.
- Author
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Tsang, Tiffany, Davis, Caroline I., and Brady, Donita C.
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COPPER , *TRANSITION metals , *POTASSIUM , *CELL respiration , *BIOLOGY - Abstract
Metals are vital for life as they are necessary for essential biological processes. Traditionally, metals are categorized as either dynamic signals or static cofactors. Redox-inactive metals such as calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and zinc (Zn) signal through large fluctuations in their metal-ion pools. In contrast, redox-active transition metals such as copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) drive catalysis and are largely characterized as static cofactors that must be buried and protected within the active sites of proteins, due to their ability to generate damaging reactive-oxygen species through Fenton chemistry. Cu has largely been studied as a static cofactor in fundamental processes from cellular respiration to pigmentation, working through cytochrome c oxidase and tyrosinase, respectively. However, within the last decade, a new paradigm in nutrient sensing and protein regulation — termed 'metalloallostery' — has emerged, expanding the repertoire of Cu beyond the catalytic proteins to dynamic signaling molecules essential for cellular processes that impact normal physiology and disease states. In this Primer we introduce both the 'traditional' and emerging roles for Cu in biology and the many ways in which Cu intersects with human health. Copper is well known to serve as a static cofactor in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. However, within the last decade, a new role for redox-active copper has emerged in nutrient sensing and protein regulation. In this Primer, Tsang et al. highlight the diverse roles of copper in biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Hydrocotyle bonariensis Comm ex Lamm (Araliaceae) leaves extract inhibits IKs not IKr potassium currents: Potential implications for anti-arrhythmic therapy
- Author
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Jocelyn Bescond, Patrick Bois, Tcha Pakoussi, Aklesso Mouzou, Aboudoulatifou Diallo, Mindede Assih, Aurélien Chatelier, and Komla Kaboua
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biology ,Potassium ,HEK 293 cells ,hERG ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Pharmacology ,biology.organism_classification ,Potassium channel ,Hydrocotyle bonariensis ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Araliaceae ,Repolarization ,Patch clamp - Abstract
Background and aim Hydrocotyle bonariensis Comm ex Lamm (Araliaceae) is one of these plants sufficiently exploited in traditional African medicine for its hypotensive effect. However, the pharmacological effects of those plants on cardiac functions are not well known. The potassium currents IKs and IKr, responsible for the repolarization of cardiac cell action potential, strongly influence the human cardiac rhythm. Therefore, modulators of these currents have a beneficial or undesirable medical importance in relation to cardiac arrhythmias. In order to optimize the therapeutic use of this medicinal plant, we studied the effects of hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Hydrocotyle bonariensis on both potassium currents. Experimental procedure The patch clamp experiments for IK currents recording were performed on the HEK 293 (Human Embryonic Kidney 293) cell line, stably transfected with either KCNQ1 and KCNE1 genes encoding the channel responsible for the "IKs" current (HEK293 IKs), or with hERG (human ether-a-go-go related gene) gene encoding "IKr" current (HEK293 IKr). Results and conclusion This study revealed that the hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of H. bonariensis significantly inhibits the slow potassium component (IKs) without altering the fast potassium component (IKr). The extract at 0.5 mg/ml decreases IKs conductance by 24 ± 4.1% (n = 6) without modifying its activation threshold suggesting a direct blockade of the slow potassium channel. This selective action of the extract on the IKs current reflects a class III anti-arrhythmic effect.
- Published
- 2022
6. Diazoxide preserves myocardial function in a swine model of hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and prolonged global ischemia
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Jennifer S. Lawton, Cecillia Lui, Sean Kearney, Natalie Gaughan, Alejandro Suarez-Pierre, Rosmi Thomas, Melissa Jones, Brian C. Cho, Thomas S. Metkus, Mary Beth Brady, Jie Wang, Xun Zhou, and Jeffrey M. Dodd-o
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cardiac output ,Potassium Channels ,Swine ,Myocardial Ischemia ,Diastole ,Ischemia ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Ventricular Function, Left ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,0302 clinical medicine ,law ,Internal medicine ,Cardiopulmonary bypass ,Diazoxide ,Animals ,Medicine ,Cardioplegic Solutions ,Ejection fraction ,biology ,Myoglobin ,business.industry ,Stroke Volume ,medicine.disease ,Troponin ,030228 respiratory system ,Heart Arrest, Induced ,Potassium ,biology.protein ,Cardiology ,Ischemic preconditioning ,Surgery ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate potassium sensitive channels provide endogenous myocardial protection via coupling of cell membrane potential to myocardial metabolism. Adenosine triphosphate potassium sensitive channel openers, such as diazoxide, mimic ischemic preconditioning, prevent cardiomyocyte swelling, preserve myocyte contractility after stress, and provide diastolic protection. We hypothesize that diazoxide combined with hyperkalemic cardioplegia provides superior myocardial protection compared with cardioplegia alone during prolonged global ischemia in a large animal model.Twelve pigs were randomized to global ischemia for 2 hours with a single dose of cold blood (4:1) hyperkalemic cardioplegia alone (n = 6) or with diazoxide (500 μmol/L) (n = 6) and reperfused for 1 hour. Cardiac output, myocardial oxygen consumption, left ventricular developed pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic function, myocardial troponin, myoglobin, markers of apoptosis, and left ventricular infarct size were compared.Four pigs in the cardioplegia alone group could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no differences in myoglobin, troponin, or apoptosis between groups. Diazoxide preserved cardiac output versus control (74.5 vs 18.4 mL/kg/min, P = .01). Linear mixed regression modeling demonstrated that the addition of diazoxide to cardioplegia preserved left ventricular developed pressure by 36% (95% confidence interval, 9.9-61.5; P .01), dP/dt max by 41% (95% confidence interval, 14.5-67.5; P .01), and dP/dt min by 33% (95% confidence interval, 8.9-57.5; P = .01). It was also associated with higher (but not significant) myocardial oxygen consumption (3.7 vs 1.4 mL ODiazoxide preserves systolic and diastolic ventricular function in a large animal model of prolonged global myocardial ischemia. Diazoxide as an adjunct to hyperkalemic cardioplegia may allow safer prolonged ischemic times during increasingly complicated cardiac procedures.
- Published
- 2022
7. Protein Phosphatase CgPpz1 Regulates Potassium Uptake, Stress Responses, and Plant Infection in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
- Author
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Lin Huang, Yu-Ting Pan, Bing Li, Yun-Zhao Zhang, Yu-Lan Fang, and De-Wei Li
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chemistry ,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ,Forest pathology ,Potassium ,Phosphatase ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Microbiology - Abstract
Protein phosphatases play important roles in the regulation of various cellular processes in eukaryotes. The ascomycete Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a causal agent of anthracnose disease on some important crops and trees. In this study, CgPPZ1, a protein phosphate gene and a homolog of yeast PPZ1, was identified in C. gloeosporioides. Targeted gene deletion showed that CgPpz1 was important for vegetative growth and asexual development, conidial germination, and plant infection. Cytological examinations revealed that CgPpz1 was localized to the cytoplasm. The ΔCgppz1 mutant was hypersensitive to osmotic stresses, cell wall stressors, and oxidative stressors. Taken together, our results indicated that CgPpz1 plays an important role in the fungal development and virulence of C. gloeosporioides and the multiple stress responses generated.
- Published
- 2022
8. Imbalance between nitrogen and potassium fertilization influences potassium deficiency symptoms in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) leaves
- Author
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Xiaokun Li, Tao Ren, Jing Li, Fanjin Meng, Zhifeng Lu, Jianwei Lu, Rihuan Cong, and Wenshi Hu
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Chlorosis ,Potassium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Photosynthesis ,Dilution ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,Nutrient ,chemistry ,Chlorophyll ,Dry matter ,Potassium deficiency ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Chlorosis at leaf margins is a typical symptom of potassium (K) deficiency, but inappropriate application of K with other nutrients often masks symptoms of K deficiency. A two-year field experiment was conducted to measure the interactive effects of N and K on leaf photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation and the resulting growth dilution effect on K concentration and leaf K deficiency symptoms. N application aggravated the imbalance of N and K nutrients and further exacerbated K deficiency symptoms under K limitation. Synergistic effects of N and K promoted plant growth, amplified the growth dilution effect, and reduced the critical K concentration in leaves. Using 90% of the maximum shoot biomass as a threshold, the critical K concentration was 0.72% at the recommended N (N180) fertilization level. The critical K concentration increased by 62.5% owing to the reduced biomass under insufficient N (N90) supply. In contrast, high N (N270) reduced the critical K concentration (0.64%), accelerating chlorophyll decomposition and exacerbating K deficiency symptoms. The basis of changing the critical K concentration by magnifying growth dilution effect was the functional synergistic effect of N and K on photosynthetic characteristics. Under insufficient N, the low maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) limited the net photosynthetic rate (An) and necessitated more K to maintain high CO2 transmission capacity, to improve the total conductance gtot /Vcmax ratio. High N supply increased gtot and Vcmax, possibly mitigating the effect of K reduction on photosynthesis. In conclusion, it is unwise to judge K status of plants only by K concentration without accounting for crop mass (or dilution effect), critical K concentration and deficiency symptoms are affected by N fertilization, and the synergistic effect of N and K on leaf photosynthesis is the foundation of maximal growth of plants under diverse critical K concentrations.
- Published
- 2022
9. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRISS
- Author
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Adina D. Feinstein, Michael Radica, Luis Welbanks, Catriona Anne Murray, Kazumasa Ohno, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Néstor Espinoza, Jacob L. Bean, Johanna K. Teske, Björn Benneke, Michael R. Line, Zafar Rustamkulov, Arianna Saba, Angelos Tsiaras, Joanna K. Barstow, Jonathan J. Fortney, Peter Gao, Heather A. Knutson, Ryan J. MacDonald, Thomas Mikal-Evans, Benjamin V. Rackham, Jake Taylor, Vivien Parmentier, Natalie M. Batalha, Zachory K. Berta-Thompson, Aarynn L. Carter, Quentin Changeat, Leonardo A. dos Santos, Neale P. Gibson, Jayesh M. Goyal, Laura Kreidberg, Mercedes López-Morales, Joshua D. Lothringer, Yamila Miguel, Karan Molaverdikhani, Sarah E. Moran, Giuseppe Morello, Sagnick Mukherjee, David K. Sing, Kevin B. Stevenson, Hannah R. Wakeford, Eva-Maria Ahrer, Munazza K. Alam, Lili Alderson, Natalie H. Allen, Natasha E. Batalha, Taylor J. Bell, Jasmina Blecic, Jonathan Brande, Claudio Caceres, S. L. Casewell, Katy L. Chubb, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Nicolas Crouzet, Patricio E. Cubillos, Leen Decin, Jean-Michel Désert, Joseph Harrington, Kevin Heng, Thomas Henning, Nicolas Iro, Eliza M.-R. Kempton, Sarah Kendrew, James Kirk, Jessica Krick, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Monika Lendl, Luigi Mancini, Megan Mansfield, E. M. May, N. J. Mayne, Nikolay K. Nikolov, Enric Palle, Dominique J. M. Petit dit de la Roche, Caroline Piaulet, Diana Powell, Seth Redfield, Laura K. Rogers, Michael T. Roman, Pierre-Alexis Roy, Matthew C. Nixon, Everett Schlawin, Xianyu Tan, P. Tremblin, Jake D. Turner, Olivia Venot, William C. Waalkes, Peter J. Wheatley, Xi Zhang, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Feinstein, Adina D [0000-0002-9464-8101], Line, Michael R [0000-0001-6247-8323], Rustamkulov, Zafar [0000-0003-4408-0463], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Feinstein, Adina D. [0000-0002-9464-8101], and Line, Michael R. [0000-0001-6247-8323]
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Extraterrestrial Environment ,639/33/445/862 ,FOS: Physical sciences ,610 Medicine & health ,5109 Space Sciences ,140 ,QB Astronomy ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,QC ,QB ,Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) ,Multidisciplinary ,Settore FIS/05 ,Spectrum Analysis ,article ,Water ,639/33/34/862 ,3rd-DAS ,Oxygen ,QC Physics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,MCP ,Potassium ,570 Life sciences ,biology ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,51 Physical Sciences ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
Transmission spectroscopy provides insight into the atmospheric properties and consequently the formation history, physics, and chemistry of transiting exoplanets. However, obtaining precise inferences of atmospheric properties from transmission spectra requires simultaneously measuring the strength and shape of multiple spectral absorption features from a wide range of chemical species. This has been challenging given the precision and wavelength coverage of previous observatories. Here, we present the transmission spectrum of the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b obtained using the SOSS mode of the NIRISS instrument on the JWST. This spectrum spans $0.6 - 2.8 \mu$m in wavelength and reveals multiple water absorption bands, the potassium resonance doublet, as well as signatures of clouds. The precision and broad wavelength coverage of NIRISS-SOSS allows us to break model degeneracies between cloud properties and the atmospheric composition of WASP-39b, favoring a heavy element enhancement ("metallicity") of $\sim 10 - 30 \times$ the solar value, a sub-solar carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio, and a solar-to-super-solar potassium-to-oxygen (K/O) ratio. The observations are best explained by wavelength-dependent, non-gray clouds with inhomogeneous coverage of the planet's terminator., Comment: 48 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables. Under review at Nature
- Published
- 2023
10. LETM1: Essential for Mitochondrial Biology and Cation Homeostasis?
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Austin, Shane and Nowikovsky, Karin
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HOMEOSTASIS , *BIOLOGY , *CELL physiology , *CATIONS , *OSMOTIC pressure , *MORPHOLOGY - Abstract
Mitochondrial function is essential for life. Therefore, it is unsurprising that perturbations in mitochondrial function have wide-ranging consequences in the cell. High-throughput screening has identified essential genes required for cellular survival and fitness. One such gene is LETM1. The undisputed function of LETM1 from yeast to human is to maintain the mitochondrial osmotic balance. Osmotic imbalance has been demonstrated to affect mitochondrial morphology, dynamics, and, more recently, metabolism. Whether conservation of osmotic homeostasis by LETM1 occurs by extrusion of excess mitochondrial potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), or both has been a matter of dispute over the past 10 years. In this Opinion, we report and discuss recent findings on LETM1 structure, essentiality, and function and its involvement in Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) and seizures. LETM1 has a prominent function in mitochondrial K+ and Ca2+ homeostasis as the long-sought H+/cation exchanger. Under physiological conditions LETM1 provides mitochondria with a pathway for cation release. LETM1 is essential for the survival of all organisms tested so far, which highlights the importance of mitochondrial cation homeostasis for cell function. The recently resolved hexameric structure suggests that LETM1 could mediate cation exchange without the need for additional proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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11. Astrocyte reactivity in a mouse model of SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy
- Author
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Pravin K. Wagley, Manoj K. Patel, Jeremy A. Thompson, Wenxi Yu, Ian C. Wenker, Raquel M Miralles, and Eric R. Wengert
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Encephalopathy ,Inhibitory postsynaptic potential ,Mice ,Epilepsy ,Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase ,Internal medicine ,Glutamine synthetase ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Microglia ,Glial fibrillary acidic protein ,biology ,Chemistry ,Glutamate receptor ,medicine.disease ,Disease Models, Animal ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Neurology ,NAV1.6 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel ,Astrocytes ,Potassium ,biology.protein ,Epilepsy, Generalized ,Neurology (clinical) ,Astrocyte - Abstract
Objective SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy is caused predominantly by de novo gain-of-function mutations in the voltage-gated-sodium channel Nav 1.6. The disorder is characterized by early onset of seizures and developmental delay. Most patients with SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy are refractory to current anti-seizure medications. Previous studies determining the mechanisms of this disease have focused on neuronal dysfunction as Nav 1.6 is expressed by neurons and plays a critical role in controlling neuronal excitability. However, glial dysfunction has been implicated in epilepsy and alterations in glial physiology could contribute to the pathology of SCN8A encephalopathy. In the current study, we examined alterations in astrocyte and microglia physiology in the development of seizures in a mouse model of SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy. Methods Using immunohistochemistry we assessed microglia and astrocyte reactivity before and after the onset of spontaneous seizures. Expression of glutamine synthetase, Nav 1.6 and Kir 4.1 channel currents were assessed in astrocytes in wildtype (WT) mice and mice carrying the N1768D SCN8A mutation (D/+). Results Astrocytes in spontaneously seizing D/+ mice become reactive and increase expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocyte reactivity. These same astrocytes exhibited reduced barium-sensitive Kir 4.1 currents compared to age-matched WT mice and decreased expression of glutamine synthetase. These alterations were only observed in spontaneously seizing mice and not before the onset of seizures. In contrast, microglial morphology remained unchanged before and after the onset of seizures. Significance Astrocytes, but not microglia, become reactive only after the onset of spontaneous seizures in a mouse model of SCN8A encephalopathy. Reactive astrocytes have reduced Kir 4.1-mediated currents, which would impair their ability to buffer potassium. Reduced expression of glutamine synthetase would modulate the availability of neurotransmitters to excitatory and inhibitory neurons. These deficits in potassium and glutamate handling by astrocytes could exacerbate seizures in SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy. Targeting astrocytes may provide a new therapeutic approach to seizure suppression.
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- 2022
12. Metallation of sensitive fluoroarenes using a potassium TMP-zincate supported by a silyl(bis)amido ligand
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Mastropierro, Pasquale, Kennedy, Alan R., and Hevia, Eva
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Models, Molecular ,Metals and Alloys ,General Chemistry ,000 Computer science, knowledge & systems ,Ligands ,Amides ,Catalysis ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,QD450 ,540 Chemie ,540 Chemistry ,Potassium ,Materials Chemistry ,Ceramics and Composites ,570 Life sciences ,biology ,000 Informatik, Wissen, Systeme ,570 Biowissenschaften ,Biologie - Abstract
Combining a bulky bis(amide) and a reactive one-coordinate TMP (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) ligand, a new mixed K/Zn heteroleptic base has been developed for regioselective zincation of fluoroarenes. This special ligand set allows for trapping and structural authentication of the first intermediates of direct Zn-H exchange of fluoroarenes obtained via deprotonative metallation, providing mechanistic insights of the processes involved.
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- 2022
13. Fungal strategies of potassium extraction from silicates of different resistance as manifested in differential weathering and gene expression
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Anne D. Jungblut, Flavia Pinzari, Jens Najorka, Emma Humphreys-Williams, and Javier Cuadros
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biology ,Chemistry ,Muscovite ,Potassium ,fungi ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Weathering ,Vermiculite ,engineering.material ,biology.organism_classification ,Nutrient ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Botany ,engineering ,Paxillus involutus ,Microcosm ,Mycelium - Abstract
The environmental availability of mineral nutrients plays a role in the adaptation and evolution of soil fungi and fungus-plant symbiotic systems. As nutrient availability is different from soil to soil, it is expected that the most adapted fungi can express multiple genes to promote different mechanisms of mineral attack and of metabolic routes to maximize the use of nutrient resources at the lowest energy cost. Microcosm experiments of Paxillus involutus growing on muscovite, phlogopite and K-exchanged vermiculite as K sources were carried out for 21 days. Gene expression analysis indicated that the level of K-deprivation stress was muscovite > phlogopite >> K-vermiculite. Genes and functions overexpressed in the experiments indicated meaningful metabolic activities including K extraction and transport. SEM-EDS and micro-XRD (∼1.15 mm resolution) analysis of mineral surfaces and chemical analysis of agar and mycelium indicated weathering processes and K uptake in good agreement with gene expression analysis. In many areas, P. involutus caused physical damage to the minerals without any apparent chemical attack, consisting of tracks of different depth, from
- Published
- 2022
14. Ability of Sesuvium portulacastrum to Accumulate Sodium and Potassium from Saline Media
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Majed Alharbi, Abdulaziz Alharbi, Ahmad . Alzoheiry, and Mokded Rabhi
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Horticulture ,chemistry ,biology ,Sodium ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Potassium ,medicine ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Saline ,Sesuvium portulacastrum - Published
- 2021
15. Natural biowaste of banana peel-derived porous carbon for in-vitro antibacterial activity toward Escherichia coli
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Mula Sigiro
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020209 energy ,Potassium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Banana peel ,Bacterial growth ,medicine.disease_cause ,Bacterial cell structure ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,Escherichia coli ,biology ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,General Engineering ,E. coli ,ATCC 25922 ,biology.organism_classification ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,Porous carbon ,chemistry ,Potassium chloride ,TA1-2040 ,Antibacterial activity ,Carbon ,Bacteria ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Banana peel-derived porous carbon from natural biowaste had been prepared with different annealing temperatures at 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 °C. The as-prepared carbon powders were carefully characterized with XRD, SEM, TEM, EIS, and XPS measurements and their antibacterial activities were tested toward Escherichia coli (E. coli - ATCC 25922). It was found that 600 °C as-prepared porous carbon exhibited the most significant inhibitor against E. coli colonies’ growth. It was found that the natural potassium chloride in the banana peel-derived porous carbon played an essential role in preventing the bacterial growth. Furthermore, the as-prepared nanosized porous carbon also directly contacted the bacterial cell wall, which seriously affected the cellular activities, including the metabolic processes and transfer of substances in the cell interfaces. Therefore, the synergistic effect between natural potassium chloride and porous carbon gave rise to antimicrobial activity. The generated electron and hole from low thermal-induced excitation in porous carbon and released electron from potassium significantly deactivated the bacteria activity. The bactericides of banana peel-derived porous carbon were investigated at 37 °C without light illumination and the mechanism of antibacterial growth was elucidated and proposed in this work.
- Published
- 2021
16. To exclude or to accumulate? Revealing the role of the sodium HKT1;5 transporter in plant adaptive responses to varying soil salinity
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Shalini Pulipati, Meixue Zhou, Kumkum Kumari, Lana Shabala, Sergey Shabala, Zhong-Hua Chen, Gopalasamudram Neelakantan Hariharan, Suji Somasundaram, Gothandapani Sellamuthu, Gayatri Venkataraman, Anne-Aliénor Véry, Mohan Harikrishnan, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Foshan University, Partenaires INRAE, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment [Richmond] (HIE), and Western Sydney University
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0106 biological sciences ,Salinity ,Soil salinity ,Physiology ,Sodium ,Xylem loading ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Plant Roots ,01 natural sciences ,Soil ,03 medical and health sciences ,Arabidopsis ,Botany ,Haplotype ,Genetics ,Arabidopsis thaliana ,Cation Transport Proteins ,Plant Proteins ,030304 developmental biology ,Allele ,2. Zero hunger ,0303 health sciences ,Symporters ,biology ,fungi ,Exclusion ,food and beverages ,Xylem ,[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Shoot ,Potassium ,SOS1 ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; Arid/semi-arid and coastal agricultural areas of the world are especially vulnerable to climate change-driven soil salinity. Salinity tolerance in plants is a complex trait, with salinity negatively affecting crop yield. Plants adopt a range of mechanisms to combat salinity, with many transporter genes being implicated in Na+-partitioning processes. Within these, the high-affinity K+ (HKT) family of transporters play a critical role in K+ and Na+ homeostasis in plants. Among HKT transporters, Type I transporters are Na+-specific. While Arabidopsis has only one Na + -specific HKT (AtHKT1;1), cereal crops have a multiplicity of Type I and II HKT transporters. AtHKT1; 1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) and HKT1; 5 (cereal crops) ‘exclude’ Na+ from the xylem into xylem parenchyma in the root, reducing shoot Na+ and hence, confer sodium tolerance. However, more recent data from Arabidopsis and crop species show that AtHKT1;1/HKT1;5 alleles have a strong genetic association with ‘shoot sodium accumulation’ and concomitant salt tolerance. The review tries to resolve these two seemingly contradictory effects of AtHKT1;1/HKT1;5 operation (shoot exclusion vs shoot accumulation), both conferring salinity tolerance and suggests that contrasting phenotypes are attributable to either hyper-functional or weak AtHKT1;1/HKT1;5 alleles/ haplotypes and are under strong selection by soil salinity levels. It also suggests that opposite balancing mechanisms involving xylem ion loading in these contrasting phenotypes exist that require transporters such as SOS1 and CCC. While HKT1; 5 is a crucial but not sole determinant of salinity tolerance, investigation of the adaptive benefit(s) conferred by naturally occurring intermediate HKT1;5 alleles will be important under a climate change scenario.
- Published
- 2021
17. Synthesis of an eco-friendly nanocomposite fertilizer for common bean based on carbon nanoparticles from agricultural waste biochar
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Mohamed S.A. Abd Elwahed, E.A. Shaaban, Mahmoud Essam Abd El-Aziz, Dina M. Salama, and Mehrez E. El-Naggar
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Nanocomposite ,biology ,Potassium ,Soil Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Potassium nitrate ,Environmental pollution ,engineering.material ,biology.organism_classification ,Nitrogen ,Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Biochar ,engineering ,Fertilizer ,Phaseolus - Abstract
The burning of agricultural waste is a major cause of environmental pollution. In this study, we sought to prepare biochar from agricultural waste as a source material for the preparation of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Surface morphology, hydrodynamic particle size, and purity and crystallinity of CNPs were extensively investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta sizing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, respectively. The CNPs were subsequently immersed in a solution of potassium nitrate (KNO3) to prepare a CNPs/NK nanocomposite (CNPs loaded with nitrogen (N) and potassium (K)) as a nanocomposite fertilizer for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The CNPs/NK nanocomposite was sprayed as a foliar fertilizer at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg L–1 on common bean plants 25 d after sowing on a farm in Shebin El-Kom, El-Monifia, Egypt. The growth, yield, and quality of common bean were investigated during two successive growing seasons (2017 and 2018). The highest seed yields of 2.04 and 2.01 t ha–1 and the highest values of growth parameters including plant height of 61.5 and 59.2 cm, number of leaves per plant of 35 and 35, number of flowers per plant of 83.3 and 82.7, and plant fresh weight of 148.7 and 152.8 g plant–1 were obtained when using the CNPs/NK nanocomposite at a concentration of 20 mg L–1 during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons, respectively.
- Published
- 2021
18. Traditional soybean (
- Author
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Jin He, Jairo A. Palta, Ming-Jian Ren, Ping Lu, Xing-Tao Zhu, and Zhong-Hua Zhang
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Phosphorus ,Potassium ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Growing season ,Agriculture ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Dilution ,Plant Breeding ,Horticulture ,Point of delivery ,chemistry ,Yield (chemistry) ,Seeds ,Glycine ,Soybeans ,Cultivar ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Traditional soybean (Glycine max L.) breeding has improved seed yield in high-input agricultural systems, under high nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply. The seed yield improvements under non-P supply and the seed protein and mineral content dilution by yield improvement were evaluated in 18 soybean cultivars released from 1995 to 2016 in south-east China. Soybean varieties were grown under rainfed conditions in the field under 0 and 35 kg P ha−1 in four sites: Dafang and Shiqian in the growing season of 2017 and Dafang and Puding in the 2018 season. The seed yield, seed protein content and nine seed nutrition concentration were examined. Soybean seed yield increased with the year of release at rates of 5.5–6.7 g m−2 year−1 under 35 kg P ha−1 and 3.9–4.8 g m−2 year−1 under non-P supply in the four experiments. The increase resulted from increases in the number of filled-pods and total seed number rather than from single seed weight and number of seeds per pod. Seed protein content and seed nutrition concentration has not changed with the year of release under 0 and 35 kg P ha−1. Grain yield was positively correlated with the seed Fe concentration. The cultivar superiority of seed yield, seed P, Zn and Ca concentration was negatively correlated with their static stability coefficient. Traditional soybean breeding increased yield under both P and non-P supply, without affecting seed protein content and mineral concentrations. A trade-off between high seed yield and seed P, Zn and Ca concentration and their stability under different environments was shown.
- Published
- 2021
19. Simulation of Lovastatin Production in Solid-State Fermentation via Oil Palm Frond
- Author
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N. A. Nata, F. Mohd Said, S. Md Shaarani@Md Nawi, and N. Harun
- Subjects
Frond ,biology ,Chemistry ,Cholesterol ,Potassium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Solid-state fermentation ,medicine ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Monascus purpureus ,Fermentation ,Composition (visual arts) ,Food science ,Lovastatin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Lovastatin is a potent drug for lowering the blood cholesterol. It is a competitive inhibitor of 3-hyroxy3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is a key enzyme in the cholesterol production pathway. Lovastatin increases the good cholesterol or high-density lipoproteins to prevent the formation of plaque inside the blood vessels. This study aims to develop a process model of lovastatin production, produced by Monascus purpureus under solid-state fermentation using oil palm frond. SuperPro Design V9.5 software was used to develop and simulate the process model. Three parameters which are initial moisture content, composition of peptone and potassium, were varied to investigate their effects on lovastatin production. The optimum condition simulated using the process model at pH 7 with 60% initial moisture content, 0.0075 kg/hr of potassium, and 0.0075 kg/hr of peptone was able to produce 0.0288 kg/kg of lovastatin. The simulated results show good agreement with experimental work, with low percentage error of 5.77%, and provide a good approximation on the production of lovastatin under various process operating conditions.
- Published
- 2021
20. In vitro cytotoxicity and virucidal efficacy of potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate compared to quaternary ammonium compound under various concentrations, exposure times and temperatures against African swine fever virus
- Author
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Watcharee Sovijit, Machimaporn Taesuji, Khate Rattanamas, Darsaniya Punyadarsaniya, Thanongsak Mamom, Hoa Thi Nguyen, and Sakchai Ruenphet
- Subjects
General Veterinary ,biology ,Hydrogen ,Veterinary medicine ,Potassium ,In vitro cytotoxicity ,chemistry.chemical_element ,biology.organism_classification ,SF1-1100 ,African swine fever virus ,Animal culture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate ,SF600-1100 ,porcine alveolar macrophage cell ,quaternary ammonium compound ,Ammonium ,African swine fever ,disinfectant ,virucidal efficacy ,Research Article ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Background and Aim: The selection and proper application of disinfectants are crucial to the prevention of many diseases, so disinfectants must be evaluated before being used for the prevention of African swine fever (ASF). Three disinfectant products belonging to the group of potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfates, product A and product B, and a quaternary ammonium compound called product C, were examined in vitro for host cell cytotoxicity and the efficacy of ASF virus inactivation. The study parameters included various concentrations, exposure times, temperatures, and degrees of cytotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Three disinfectant products were evaluated for cytotoxicity using primary porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells at dilutions from 1:200 to 1:51,200. Disinfectants in concentrations of 1:200, 1:400, and 1:800 were prepared, the pH and the virucidal activity were tested. An equal volume of each dilution was mixed with the ASF virus and incubated at room temperature (20°C) or on ice (4°C) for 1 min, 5 min, or 30 min. Hemadsorption (HAD) or rosette formation was observed using an inverted microscope for 5 days after inoculation, and the virus titer was calculated as HAD50/mL. Each treatment and virus control were tested in triplicate, and the titers were reported as means and standard deviations. The reduction factor was used to measure inactivation. Results: Products A, B, and C at 1:400, 1:800, and 1:25,600 of dilution, respectively, did not show significant cytotoxic effects on PAM cells. Products A and B could inactivate ASF virus at 1:200 dilution within 5 min after exposure at 4°C. However, at 20°C, the exposure time had to be extended to 30 min to inactivate the virus. Product C could inactivate the virus at 1:400 dilution within 5 min under both temperature conditions, whereas at 1:800 dilution, the exposure time had to be extended to 30 min to completely inactivate the virus at 20°C. Conclusion: All disinfectants could inactivate ASF virus in various concentrations, under appropriate exposure times and reaction temperatures, and there was no evidence of host cell cytotoxicity. For the control of ASF in pig farms, the appropriate concentration, ambient temperature, and contact time of these disinfectants should be taken into account.
- Published
- 2021
21. Mixed-metal phosphates K1.64Na0.36TiFe(PO4)3 and K0.97Na1.03Ti1.26Fe0.74(PO4)3 with a langbeinite framework
- Author
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Igor V. Zatovsky, Vyacheslav N. Baumer, Denis S. Butenko, N. S. Slobodyanik, Ivan V. Ogorodnyk, and Nataliia Strutynska
- Subjects
crystal structure ,framework structure ,Langbeinite ,Crystallography ,biology ,Chemistry ,Sodium ,Potassium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Crystal structure ,Atmospheric temperature range ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Phosphate ,biology.organism_classification ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,QD901-999 ,law ,Tetra ,General Materials Science ,Crystallization ,mixed occupancy ,phosphate - Abstract
Single crystals of the langbeinite-type phosphates K1.65Na0.35TiFe(PO4)3 and K0.97Na1.03Ti1.26Fe0.74(PO4)3 were grown by crystallization from high-temperature self-fluxes in the system Na2O–K2O–P2O5–TiO2–Fe2O3 using fixed molar ratios of (Na+K):P = 1.0, Ti:P = 0.20 and Na:K = 1.0 or 2.0 over the temperature range 1273–953 K. The three-dimensional framework of the two isotypic phosphates are built up from [(Ti/Fe)2(PO4)3] structure units containing two mixed [(Ti/Fe)O6] octahedra (site symmetry 3) connected via three bridging PO4 tetrahedra. The potassium and sodium cations share two different sites in the structure that are located in the cavities of the framework. One of these sites has nine and the other twelve surrounding O atoms.
- Published
- 2021
22. Is a Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker Truly Superior to Proton Pump Inhibitors in Terms of Helicobacter pylori Eradication?
- Author
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Shin Maeda and Soichiro Sue
- Subjects
Oncology ,Sitafloxacin ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Proton pump inhibitors ,medicine.drug_class ,Vonoprazan ,Proton-pump inhibitor ,Review ,Potassium-competitive acid blocker ,Helicobacter Infections ,law.invention ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Clarithromycin ,Metronidazole ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Helicobacter pylori ,Hepatology ,biology ,business.industry ,Gastroenterology ,Amoxicillin ,Publication bias ,biology.organism_classification ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Treatment Outcome ,Potassium ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Drug resistance, microbial ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Vonoprazan (VPZ), a new potassium-competitive acid blocker, has been approved and used for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Japan. To date, many studies, as well as several systematic reviews and meta-analyses (MAs), have compared VPZ-based 7-day triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-based therapy. An MA of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing first-line VPZ- with PPI-based triple therapy, the latter featuring amoxicillin (AMPC) and clarithromycin (CAM), found that approximately 30% of patients hosted CAM-resistant H. pylori; however, the reliability was poor because of high heterogeneity and a risk of selection bias. VPZ-based triple therapy is superior to PPI-based triple therapy for patients with CAM-resistant H. pylori, but not for those with CAM-susceptible H. pylori. An MA of non-RCTs found that second-line VPZ-based triple therapies were slightly (~2.6%) better than PPI-based triple therapies (with AMPC and metronidazole). However, the reliability of that MA was also low because of selection bias, confounding variables and a risk of publication bias; in addition, it is difficult to generalize the results because of a lack of data on antibiotic resistance. VPZ-based triple therapy (involving AMPC and sitafloxacin) was more effective than PPI-based triple therapy in a third-line setting, but a confirmatory RCT is needed. Non-RCT studies indicated that VPZ-based triple therapy involving CAM and metronidazole may be promising. Any further RCTs must explore the antibiotic-resistance status when evaluating the possible superiority of a potassium-competitive acid blocker.
- Published
- 2021
23. Growth, yield and fruit quality of specialty banana in response to yeast extract and potassium amendments
- Author
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Amira S. A. Abd-El-Rahman, Khandakar Rafiq Islam, Sherif Fathy El-Gioushy, and Reda M. Y. Zewail
- Subjects
Horticulture ,chemistry ,Physiology ,Potassium ,Yield (chemistry) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Yeast extract ,Quality (business) ,Biology ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,media_common - Published
- 2021
24. Potassium Fertigation to Enhance the Performance of Hypoxis hemerocallidea
- Author
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Zenzile Peter Khetsha, Fhatuwani N. Mudau, Patience Seyram Akakpo, Mokgaputsiwa P. Theka-Kutumela, M. M. Sedibe, and Bello Zaid
- Subjects
medicinal ,Fertigation ,biology ,Chemistry ,Potassium ,Hypoxis hemerocallidea ,chemistry.chemical_element ,food and beverages ,Plant culture ,Horticulture ,nutrient solution ,biology.organism_classification ,SB1-1110 ,agronomic ,african potato ,metabolites - Abstract
Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient in plant metabolism, ionic balance, and stress resistance. In this study, the effects of K on agronomic attributes and on mineral and primary metabolite content in African potato were determined. K was administered hydroponically at four concentrations (4.00, 6.00, 8.00, and 10.00 meq·L−1) using Steiner’s universal nutrient solution. Chlorophyll content (CHL), leaf area (LA), fresh corm mass (FCM), number of roots (NR), root fresh weight (RFM), and root dry mass (RDM) were measured 18, 32, and 40 weeks after transplanting. Mineral analysis data were collected at 18 weeks, and primary metabolite data were collected at 32 weeks. Significant effects of K were observed after 18 weeks, and all test concentrations had a positive effect on yield. Calcium and boron significantly accumulated in the corm at 4.00 meq·L−1 K. Alanine and malic acid were the only metabolites affected by K concentrations. More minerals accumulated in the corm at 4.00 meq·L−1 K, whereas at 10.00 meq·L−1 K, more minerals clustered in the leaf. K applied at 4.00 meq·L−1 is recommended when growing African potato using a nutrient solution to improve corm mineral and metabolite accumulation.
- Published
- 2021
25. Fruit quality of West Indian cherry under saline water irrigation and nitrogen-potassium fertilization
- Author
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Cassiano N. de Lacerda, Geovani S. de Lima, Evandro M. da Silva, Reginaldo G. Nobre, Hans R. Gheyi, and Lauriane A. dos A. Soares
- Subjects
Irrigation ,Environmental Engineering ,Agriculture (General) ,Potassium ,PH reduction ,chemistry.chemical_element ,plant nutrition ,Titratable acid ,Biology ,Saline water ,Malpighia emarginata Sesse & Moc. ex DC ,S1-972 ,post-harvest ,Salinity ,Horticulture ,Human fertilization ,chemistry ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Plant nutrition ,salt stress - Abstract
The presence of waters with high salt concentration stands out as a limiting factor for the quality of agricultural production. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the fruit quality of West Indian cherry cv. Flor Branca, subjected to irrigation with water of different salinity levels and combinations of nitrogen-potassium fertilization, between 630 and 750 days after transplanting in the field. A randomized block design was used in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with three replicates, whose treatments consisted of five values of electrical conductivies of irrigation water - ECw (0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3 and 4.3 dS m-1) and four combinations of nitrogen and potassium fertilization (70-50, 100-75, 130-100 and 160-125% of recommendation of N and K2O, respectively). Electrical conductivity of irrigation water above 0.3 dS m-1 reduces the polar and equatorial diameters, hydrogen potential and flavonoid concentration and increases titratable acidity in West Indian cherry fruits. N-K2O combination of 70/50% of fertilizer recommendation reduces the effect of salt stress of irrigation water on the anthocyanin concentration in the fruits at ECw of 1.3 dS m-1 and ascorbic acid at ECw of 3.3 and 4.3 dS m-1.
- Published
- 2021
26. Fly ash utilization for methane production improvement from co-digestion between cow dung and Pennisetum Purpureum
- Author
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Sasitorn Hasin, Vanatpornratt Sawasdee, and Nipon Pisutpaisal
- Subjects
Pennisetum Purpureum ,biology ,Chemistry ,Potassium ,Phosphorus ,Microorganism ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Biomass ,Fly ash ,Co-digestion ,Pulp and paper industry ,biology.organism_classification ,Methane production ,TK1-9971 ,Anaerobic digestion ,General Energy ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,Pennisetum purpureum ,Cow dung - Abstract
This research aimed to study fly ash utilization for methane production improvement from co-digestion between cow dung and Pennisetum Purpureum. Co-digestion conditions were variable in three conditions consisting of 0 (Control condition), 5, and 10 g L− fly ash, respectively. Fly ash from a biomass powerplant included several elements that were trace elements for microorganisms in the methane production system, such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). Phosphorus is a component of nucleic acid in the methane production system obtained from fly ash. Potassium, calcium, and iron are elements of coenzymes in microorganism mechanisms in biogas production. Thus, fly ash can be improved methane production from an anaerobic digestion system. The 5, and 10 g L−1 fly ash conditions were obtained using 54.14% and 48.68%, respectively. The co-digestion with 5 g L−1 fly ash addition can increase the percentage of methane production. The kinetic methane production in the control condition, 5, and 10 g L−1 fly ash presented H max 85, 185, and 165 mL, respectively. R max in the control condition, 5, and 10 g L−1 fly ash presented 30, 30, and 22 mL hr −1, respectively. The highest kinetic methane production ( H max and R max ) was presented in the 5 g L−1 fly ash condition. Therefore, the suitable condition for fly ash utilization was 5 g L−1 fly ash. As a result, this research can be applied for waste utilization and management in industry and slaughterhouses. Finally, the benefit of this research was related to BCG model that increased waste utilization and valuable from industry and community, resulting in environmental sustainability.
- Published
- 2021
27. Dynamic expression of homeostatic ion channels in differentiated cortical astrocytes in vitro
- Author
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Stefano Ferroni, Marco Caprini, Martina Fazzina, Raúl Estévez, Francesco Formaggio, Formaggio F., Fazzina M., Estevez R., Caprini M., and Ferroni S.
- Subjects
Central Nervous System ,Patch-Clamp Techniques ,K+ channel ,Physiology ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Chlorides ,Downregulation and upregulation ,In vivo ,Physiology (medical) ,Animals ,Homeostasis ,Vimentin ,Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ,Brain homeostasi ,Intermediate filament ,Brain homeostasis ,Cl − channel ,Ion channel ,Glial fibrillary acidic protein ,biology ,Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel ,Chemistry ,Cell Membrane ,Cultured astrocyte ,Correction ,Cl− channel ,Rats ,Cell biology ,CLC-2 Chloride Channels ,Chemically defined medium ,Astrocytes ,Ion channels ,Potassium ,biology.protein ,Cultured astrocytes ,Neuroscience - Abstract
The capacity of astrocytes to adapt their biochemical and functional features upon physiological and pathological stimuli is a fundamental property at the basis of their ability to regulate the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). It is well known that in primary cultured astrocytes, the expression of plasma membrane ion channels and transporters involved in homeostatic tasks does not closely reflect the pattern observed in vivo. The individuation of culture conditions that promote the expression of the ion channel array found in vivo is crucial when aiming at investigating the mechanisms underlying their dynamics upon various physiological and pathological stimuli. A chemically defined medium containing growth factors and hormones (G5) was previously shown to induce the growth, differentiation, and maturation of primary cultured astrocytes. Here we report that under these culture conditions, rat cortical astrocytes undergo robust morphological changes acquiring a multi-branched phenotype, which develops gradually during the 2-week period of culturing. The shape changes were paralleled by variations in passive membrane properties and background conductance owing to the differential temporal development of inwardly rectifying chloride (Cl−) and potassium (K+) currents. Confocal and immunoblot analyses showed that morphologically differentiated astrocytes displayed a large increase in the expression of the inward rectifier Cl− and K+ channels ClC-2 and Kir4.1, respectively, which are relevant ion channels in vivo. Finally, they exhibited a large diminution of the intermediate filaments glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin which are upregulated in reactive astrocytes in vivo. Taken together the data indicate that long-term culturing of cortical astrocytes in this chemical-defined medium promotes a quiescent functional phenotype. This culture model could aid to address the regulation of ion channel expression involved in CNS homeostasis in response to physiological and pathological challenges.
- Published
- 2021
28. Envisioning the role of inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channel in epilepsy
- Author
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Arda Uner, Enes Akyuz, Yam Nath Paudel, Efthalia Angelopoulou, and Betul Koklu
- Subjects
Neurons ,Epilepsy ,Central nervous system ,Neurological disorder ,Biology ,Inhibitory postsynaptic potential ,medicine.disease ,Kir channel ,Epileptogenesis ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Seizures ,Potassium ,medicine ,Excitatory postsynaptic potential ,Humans ,Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ,Neuroscience ,Ion channel - Abstract
Epilepsy is a devastating neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures attributed to the disruption of the dynamic excitatory and inhibitory balance in the brain. Epilepsy has emerged as a global health concern affecting about 70 million people worldwide. Despite recent advances in pre-clinical and clinical research, its etiopathogenesis remains obscure, and there are still no treatment strategies modifying disease progression. Although the precise molecular mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis have not been clarified yet, the role of ion channels as regulators of cellular excitability has increasingly gained attention. In this regard, emerging evidence highlights the potential implication of inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels in epileptogenesis. Kir channels consist of seven different subfamilies (Kir1-Kir7), and they are highly expressed in both neuronal and glial cells in the central nervous system. These channels control the cell volume and excitability. In this review, we discuss preclinical and clinical evidence on the role of the several subfamilies of Kir channels in epileptogenesis, aiming to shed more light on the pathogenesis of this disorder and pave the way for future novel therapeutic approaches.
- Published
- 2021
29. Comparison of Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Qualities of Grewia forbesii Hav. Ex Mast and Grewia bicolor Juss Fruits from Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve in Iringa District
- Author
-
Vendeline E. Tairo
- Subjects
anti-nutritional qualities ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Grewia bicolor ,Potassium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Biology ,Proximate ,biology.organism_classification ,Animal science ,Nutrient ,Grewia ,chemistry ,Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve ,Grewia species ,Tannin ,mineral nutrients ,Mast (botany) ,Proximate analysis ,Forest reserve - Abstract
The Grewia forbesii and Grewia bicolor fruits were collected from Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve and were analysed for proximate, nutrients and anti-nutrients compositions. Results showed low moisture contents in G. forbesii and G. bicolor amounting to 14.14 and 13.98 percent, respectively. Crude fibre percent was slightly higher in G. bicolor (33.15%) than G. forbesii (31.95%). Lipid content was slightly higher in G. bicolor (1.37%) compared to G. forbesii (1.28%). The crude protein content of G. forbesii (7.44%) was slightly higher than G. bicolor (7.00%). Total carbohydrate content of G. forbesii (68.9%) was higher than that of G. bicolor (70%). Mineral analysis indicated substantial amounts of potassium 898 mg/100 g in G. forbesii and 879 mg/100 g in G. bicolor. Calcium content was high in G. forbesii and G. bicolor amounting to 453 mg/100 g and 582 mg/100 g, respectively. Iron was high in both species (20.73–24.45 mg/100 g). Manganese, copper and zinc were substantially low. The results revealed low levels of tannin (< 1.7%) and phylates (< 0.3%). The presence of substantial amounts of nutrients and low anti-nutrients revealed that the studied species may be potential sources of nutritional food. Keywords: Proximate analysis, mineral nutrients, anti-nutritional qualities, Grewia species, Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve
- Published
- 2021
30. Localization of seed-derived and externally supplied nutrients in peanut seedling root
- Author
-
Thomas C. Pesacreta and Aniruddha Acharya
- Subjects
biology ,Potassium ,Lateral root ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Calcium ,biology.organism_classification ,Cortex (botany) ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Seedling ,Stele ,Radicle ,Primordium ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
The distribution of essential nutrients such as potassium (K), phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S) and chlorine (Cl) within root tissues is crucial aspect of plant growth but nothing is known regarding this subject in seedlings of dicotyledons such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea). We used scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to analyze element distributions in developing root tissues. Distribution patterns and concentrations of endogenous K, P, S and exogenous Ca from seeds grown in water varied along the length of peanut radicle and were tissue specific. Semi-quantitative SEM/EDS data indicated 24 mM K in the cortex and 46 mM K in the stele at a distance of 5 mm from the root tip. The P concentration in the same region was 15 mM in cortex and 22 mM in stele. The concentration of K and P decreased in the more mature parts of the root. SEM–EDS element concentrations values were lower for K and higher for P when compared with the ICP-OES data of root segments. Peanut roots grown in 10 mM Ca(NO3)2 solution for hours showed tissue-specific Ca distribution at 25 mm from the root tip with the highest levels detected in portions of the cortex. The parent root cortex centrifugal to the tip of developing lateral root primordia had lower levels of calcium than could be detected by SEM/EDS.
- Published
- 2021
31. Altering Amino Acid Profile in Catharanthus Roseus (L.) G. Don Using Potassium and Ascorbic Acid Treatments
- Author
-
Neda Sahi, Mustafa Ghanadian, and Akbar Mostajeran
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,biology ,Potassium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Glutamic acid ,Catharanthus roseus ,biology.organism_classification ,Ascorbic acid ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Amino acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hplc fluorescence ,chemistry ,Aspartic acid ,Aromatic amino acids - Abstract
Background: Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is the main source of alkaloids anticancer drugs. Alkaloids are derived from amino acids and can lead to changes in these valuable compounds. Objective: This experiment evaluated the variation of amino acids under potassium and ascorbic acid treatments. Methods: Different concentrations (1.5, 3.16, 15 and 30 mM) and forms (K2SO4 and KNO3) of potassium (K+) were added to plants via Hoagland’s nutrient solution. Ascorbic acid (AsA) (750 mg L-1) was sprayed on the leaves surfaces on days 68 and 78. Amino acids were extracted from 90-day-old plant leaves, and different amino acids were determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detection. Results: Amino acids increased in K+ deficiency (1.5 mM), but changes in negatively charged amino acids were lower. In contrast, N-rich amino acids showed the biggest change. In excessive K+, branched-chain and aromatic amino acids decreased, while the least amount of the other amino acids was observed in the plants treated with optimum K+. Conclusion: The exterior of AsA and excessive K+ cause branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, aspartic acid and glutamic acid to decrease.
- Published
- 2021
32. Asteraceae degrade atrazine in the presence of iron under circumneutral conditions via a rhizosphere Fenton reaction
- Author
-
Keitaro Tawaraya, Takashi Otani, Sayuri Namiki, Tadao Wagatsuma, M. S. H. Khan, Nobuyasu Seike, Tomohiro Ezura, and Rina Fitriana
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,Rhizosphere ,biology ,Chemistry ,Potassium ,fungi ,Drought tolerance ,food and beverages ,Soil Science ,Plant physiology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Asteraceae ,biology.organism_classification ,Apoplast ,Salinity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Environmental chemistry ,Atrazine - Abstract
The objective of the present study was to degrade the herbicide atrazine in iron-containing media using several selected plant species under circumneutral conditions. The concentration of the root apoplastic H2O2 (CRAH) for 59 plant species was mainly measured using the potassium iodide-starch qualitative staining technique. Plant species with a range of CRAH values were used for the atrazine degradation. At pH 6.5, atrazine was immediately removed and most significantly by Asteraceae plants having high CRAH (≥ 1.5 mM) in the presence of Fe3+-nitrilotriacetate. Less biologically harmful degradation products (deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) of the Fenton reaction were identified in the treated medium. Asteraceae plants were estimated to remove atrazine via a rhizosphere Fenton reaction which was more than twice that via plant uptake. This is the first report demonstrating direct and immediate degradation of atrazine in the medium by plant roots. The high CRAH of Asteraceae plants was connected with salinity/drought tolerance mechanisms and phylogenetic evolution. Roots of Asteraceae plants with high apoplastic H2O2 significantly degraded atrazine by transforming to less biologically harmful degradation products in the presence of iron under circumneutral conditions via the rhizosphere Fenton reaction.
- Published
- 2021
33. Effect of Integrated Potassium Application on Growth, Yield and Micronutrient Uptake by Forage Maize (Zea mays L.)
- Author
-
Manish Yadav, Drashti Chaudhari, Nisha Chaudhary, and J. K. Parmar
- Subjects
Farmyard manure ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Yield (chemistry) ,Potassium ,Materials Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Forage ,Biology ,Micronutrient ,Zea mays - Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019 to carry out the study on “Interactive effect of potash (K2O), potassium mobilizing bacteria (KMB) and FYM on forage yield, nutrient uptake by forage maize and soil fertility in a loamy sand soil of middle Gujarat”. Application of K2O @ 60 kg ha-1, KMB and FYM recorded significantly the highest plant height of forage maize at harvest over respective control. Crop fertilized with K2O @ 60 kg ha-1 and KMB gave significantly the highest green forage and dry matter yield. The results indicated that application of K2O @ 60 kg ha-1, potassium mobilizing bacteria recorded significantly the highest uptake of N, P, K, Fe and Zn by crop at harvest. Significantly the highest uptake of N, K and Cu were found with application of FYM @10 t ha-1. Significantly the highest K uptake by maize as well as higher P and Zn uptake by maize were observed due to interaction effect of K × KMB (60 kg K2O ha-1 with KMB). In case of N and Cu uptake by maize were noted the Significantly higher due to interaction effect of K × KMB (30 kg K2O ha-1 with KMB) and K × KMB × FYM (60 kg K2O ha-1 with KMB and FYM), respectively. The integrated use of potassium fertilizers along with KBM or in combination with FYM significantly improved the maize grain and nutrient uptake.
- Published
- 2021
34. Andrographolide and Its Derivative Potassium Dehydrographolide Succinate Suppress PRRSV Replication in Primary and Established Cells via Differential Mechanisms of Action
- Author
-
Qisheng Lin, Jianxin Chen, Jianying Guo, Yarou Gao, Lang Gong, Mingxin Zhang, Lixia Chen, Lizhan Su, Tong-Qing An, and Zexin Liu
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Swine ,animal diseases ,Andrographolide ,Immunology ,Succinic Acid ,Virus Replication ,medicine.disease_cause ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Medical microbiology ,In vivo ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus ,EC50 ,biology ,Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ,biology.organism_classification ,In vitro ,Vaccination ,chemistry ,Potassium ,Molecular Medicine ,Diterpenes ,Oxidative stress ,Research Article - Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause significant economic loss worldwide and remains a serious threat to the pork industry. Currently, vaccination strategies provide limited protection against PRRSV infection, and consequently, new antiviral strategies are urgently required. Andrographolide (Andro) and its derivative potassium dehydrographolide succinate (PDS) have been used clinically in China and other Asian countries as therapies for inflammation-related diseases, including bacterial and viral infections, for decades. Here, we demonstrate that Andro and PDS exhibit robust activity against PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells and primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The two compounds exhibited broad-spectrum inhibitory activities in vitro against clinically circulating type 2 PRRSV GD-HD, XH-GD, and NADC30-like HNhx strains in China. The EC(50) values of Andro against three tested PRRSV strain infections in Marc-145 cells ranged from 11.7 to 15.3 μmol/L, with selectivity indexes ranging from 8.3 to 10.8, while the EC(50) values of PDS ranged from 57.1 to 85.4 μmol/L, with selectivity indexes ranging from 344 to 515. Mechanistically, the anti-PRRSV activity of the two compounds is closely associated with their potent suppression on NF-κB activation and enhanced oxidative stress induced by PRRSV infection. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that PDS, but not Andro, is able to directly interact with PRRSV particles. Taken together, our findings suggest that Andro and PDS are promising PRRSV inhibitors in vitro and deserves further in vivo studies in swine. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12250-021-00455-y.
- Published
- 2021
35. Potassium and salicylic acid function synergistically to promote the drought resilience through upregulation of antioxidant profile for enhancing potassium use efficiency and wheat yield
- Author
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Muhammad Arif, Rabia Amir, Umar Farooq, Kashif Akhtar, Muhammad Jehangir, Shamsher Ali, Ijaz Ahmad, Tariq Shah, Muhammad Shahid Khan, Sajjad Zaheer, Fazal Munsif, and Wiqar Ahmad
- Subjects
Antioxidant ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Potassium ,Drought tolerance ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Yield (chemistry) ,medicine ,Resilience (materials science) ,Food science ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Function (biology) ,Salicylic acid - Published
- 2021
36. <scp> ZRT‐IRT‐Like PROTEIN </scp> 6 expression perturbs local ion homeostasis in flowers and leads to anther indehiscence and male sterility
- Author
-
Patrick Motte, Marie Schloesser, Marc Hanikenne, Julien Spielmann, Nathalie Detry, Noémie Thiébaut, Alice Jadoul, and Claire Périlleux
- Subjects
Plant Infertility ,Physiology ,Sterility ,Arabidopsis ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Flowers ,Plant Science ,Zinc ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Homeostasis ,Arabidopsis thaliana ,Magnesium ,Cation Transport Proteins ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,Tapetum ,Cadmium ,biology ,food and beverages ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,biology.organism_classification ,Phenotype ,Cell biology ,Ion homeostasis ,chemistry ,Potassium - Abstract
Metallic micronutrients are essential throughout the plant life cycle. Maintaining metal homeostasis in plant tissues requires a highly complex and finely tuned network controlling metal uptake, transport, distribution and storage. Zinc and cadmium hyperaccumulation, such as observed in the model plant Arabidopsis halleri, represents an extreme evolution of this network. Here, non-ectopic overexpression of the A. halleri ZIP6 (AhZIP6) gene, encoding a zinc and cadmium influx transporter, in Arabidopsis thaliana enabled examining the importance of zinc for flower development and reproduction. We show that AhZIP6 expression in flowers leads to male sterility resulting from anther indehiscence in a dose-dependent manner. The sterility phenotype is associated to delayed tapetum degradation and endothecium collapse, as well as increased magnesium and potassium accumulation and higher expression of the MHX gene in stamens. It is rescued by the co-expression of the zinc efflux transporter AhHMA4, linking the sterility phenotype to zinc homeostasis. Altogether, our results confirm that AhZIP6 is able to transport zinc in planta and highlight the importance of fine-tuning zinc homeostasis in reproductive organs. The study illustrates how the characterization of metal hyperaccumulation mechanisms can reveal key nodes and processes in the metal homeostasis network.
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- 2021
37. Evidence of Coordinated and Adjustable Osmolytes Movements Following Hyposmotic Swelling in Rainbow Trout Red Blood Cells
- Author
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Valérie Maxime
- Subjects
Taurine ,Cell Membrane Permeability ,Erythrocytes ,Alkalosis ,Physiology ,Intracellular pH ,QD415-436 ,Biochemistry ,Chloride ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chlorides ,Osmotic Pressure ,medicine ,QP1-981 ,Animals ,Cell Size ,biology ,Osmolar Concentration ,Sodium ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Trout ,chemistry ,Osmolyte ,Oncorhynchus mykiss ,Potassium ,Biophysics ,Cotransporter ,Intracellular ,medicine.drug - Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The osmolytes involved in the volume regulation of hyposmotically-swollen fish cells are well identified. However, if a coordination and adjustments of their fluxes are obvious, few studies have clearly illustrated these aspects. METHODS: Trout red blood cells volume variations were estimated from water contents obtained by a gravimetric method. Intracellular K+ and Na+ contents, and Cl- content of haemolysed cells were determined by photometry and colorimetry, respectively. The taurine contribution to cell volume regulation was calculated from the net changes of water, K+, Cl- and Na+ contents. The intracellular pH was calculated from the chloride distribution across the cells membranes according to the Donnan equilibrium. RESULTS: Cells responses to a rapid change (from 296 to 176 mOsm.kg-1) of the saline osmolality were examined in three conditions designed to not impact (Hypo. I) or to reduce the K+ (Hypo. II) and Cl- (Hypo. III) contributions to the volume regulation. Hypo. I condition caused an immediate increase in water content, followed by a 90 min. full regulation, concomitant with gradual lowering of K+ and Cl- contents and a surprising increase in Na+ content. Hypo. II and III conditions showed a partial and complete volume regulation, respectively. This was made possible by an increase in the taurine involvement. These experiments allowed to confirm that K+ and Cl- were released via KCl cotransport and by separate channels. The comparison of Hypo. I and III conditions led to the observation that the partially amiloride-sensitive Na+ influx is proportional to the taurine efflux; the latter being sustained mainly by a Na+/taurine cotransport. The Hypo. II condition was suitable for the (Na+/K+)ATPase activity inhibition. This effect could explain the observed lack of Na+ uptake, the consecutive depletion of intracellular taurine stock and the incomplete volume regulation. Finally, the results support the importance of taurine in pH control under Hypo. I (physiologic) condition. The alkalosis observed in Hypo. II and III conditions were the consequences of changes in the salines compositions, not of physiologic adjustments. CONCLUSION: The regulatory volume decrease process of trout RBCs is complex and adjustable through coordinated osmolytes movements. The obliged decrease in K+ and/or Cl- contributions stimulates taurine and Na+ pathways. This study highlights the importance of taurine as a compensatory variable in cell volume regulation and explains for the first time the significance of the Na+ uptake during this process
- Published
- 2021
38. The study of the elemental composition of common domestic types of the medicinal plant raw material
- Author
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Ye. Yu. Zudova and O. P. Khvorost
- Subjects
food.ingredient ,Traditional medicine ,biology ,Magnesium ,Phosphorus ,Potassium ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Raw material ,biology.organism_classification ,law.invention ,food ,chemistry ,law ,Crataegus sanguinea ,Herb ,Arctium lappa ,Atomic absorption spectroscopy - Abstract
Aim. To determine the elemental composition of common domestic types of the medicinal plant raw material, such as Sophora japonica flower buds, Crataegus sanguinea leaves and flowers, Astragalus dasyanthus herb, Mentha piperita leaves, Arctium lappa roots. Materials and methods. The elemental composition was studied by atomic absorption spectrography with photographic registration. The research was conducted at the premises of STC “Institute of Single Crystals” of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kharkiv). Results and discussion. The results of the research obtained show that the samples of common domestic types of the medicinal plant raw material studied contain at least 19 chemical elements; potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus predominate among them. Conclusions. The study shows the prospects of creating new original complex drugs from the raw material of the plants studied for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system, in particular hypertension.
- Published
- 2021
39. Dynamic critical potassium concentrations in soybean leaves and petioles for monitoring potassium nutrition
- Author
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Nathan A. Slaton, Gerson Laerson Drescher, Rasel Parvej, and Trenton L. Roberts
- Subjects
Agronomy ,chemistry ,Potassium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Biology ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Published
- 2021
40. Physicochemical and Morphological Characteristics of Starch and Flour Obtained from Green Banana cv. Raja (Musa paradisiaca cv. Raja) in West Sumatra, Indonesia
- Author
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Netti Herawati, Jamsari Jamsari, Irfan Suliansyah, Lily Syukriani, and Alfi Asben
- Subjects
biology ,Starch ,Magnesium ,Potassium ,Phosphorus ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Musa × paradisiaca ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallinity ,chemistry ,Amylose ,Proximate analysis ,Food science ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Background and Objective: Banana cv. Raja is widely cultivated in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The physicochemical properties of starch and flour were investigated to determine their functional food prospects in industrial food. Materials and Methods: Starch and flour of banana cv. Raja was characterized using proximate analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA). Results: Banana cv. Raja starch contains 40.73% starch, 17.49% amylose, 55.5% water, 0.66% ash, 0.83% protein and 0.18% fat. The size of the granules is ranging from 20-30 μm in irregular and ellipsoidal-truncated shapes. The structure of crystallinity belongs to the type B while the gelatinization temperature is 74.9°C. Furthermore, the starch composed of 41.06% potassium, 12.85% phosphorus, 12.74% iron, 9.4% calcium and 7.5% magnesium. Conclusion: The morphological and physicochemical starch characteristics of Banana cv. Raja and has similar characteristics with its flour. Meanwhile the swelling power and the solubility value of the flour were higher than the starch. The gelatinization temperatures of starch and flour were 74.9 and 73.4°C, respectively.
- Published
- 2021
41. Unraveling Wheat Grain Quality, Physiological Indices, Dry Matter Accumulation, and Attenuating Water Stress Adverse Effect Via Foliar Potassium Application at Different Growth Stages
- Author
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Gul Roz Khan, Nawab Ali, Rovaid Ali, and Muhammad Mehran Anjum
- Subjects
Potassium ,Drought tolerance ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Biology ,Potassium sulfate ,Water retention ,Field capacity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Water balance ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Grain quality ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Water content - Abstract
Water resources are increasingly scarce, and in drought prone production systems, the capability of the plant to recover its adverse effects is important for yield stability. There is an urgent need to develop water-saving strategies for wheat production. Water stress at critical growth stages diminishes wheat production and has harmful effects on crop growth and development; however, regulated water deficit and potassium foliar application ameliorates its adverse effect up to a certain extent. Consequently, the water deficit effect at different growth stages of the crop with exogenous application of potassium was evaluated in a screenhouse experiment in a complete randomized design (CRD) having four repeats. Varieties of wheat, i.e. Lalma (drought resistant) and Pakhtunkhwa-2015 (drought susceptible), were sown. Water deficit, i.e. mild water stress (50% of water required for field capacity) and severe stress (no application of water), at different growth stages of the crop were imposed. Potassium (K) foliar spray (1%) from potassium sulfate (K2SO4) was applied at the respective stage subjected to water deficit levels. Internal water status, i.e. relative water content (RWC) and water retention capacity (WRC), were attained maximum at tillering stage under mild stress than the rest of the stages with maximum for Lalma. Conversely, water saturation deficit (WSD) and water uptake capacity (WUC) were higher under severe stress imposed at grain filling stage. Theses indices were maintained by foliar potassium application. Similarly, dry matter (DM) allocation varied for stress level imposition and translocation to other parts were improved under foliar K application. The chlorophyll indices, i.e., soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, also decreased with the severity of water deficit. Grain yield was higher under stress imposition at grain filling stage than the rest of the stages, though severe water stress decreased yield significantly. The Potassium (K) foliar spray showed no prominent effect at grain filling. Canopy temperature increased with stress severity and was maintained under K foliar spray. Osmotic adjustment, water and turgor potential were affected by water stress and maintained with foliar K spray. Grain quality and biochemical traits of wheat were affected severely under water deficit. Potassium foliar spray was found to decrease the adverse effect of the water stress and hence maintained the quality and biochemical characters. It is concluded that application of foliar potassium decreases the adverse effects of water stress at any growth stage, minimises the stress indices drastic effect and maintains the internal water balance of the crop at different stages subjected to water deficit.
- Published
- 2021
42. Potassium diformate in the diet of sterlet sturgeon ( Acipenser ruthenus ): Zootechnical performance, humoral and skin mucosal immune responses, growth‐related gene expression and intestine morphology
- Author
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Mansore Kakavand, Mehdi Shamsaie Mehrgan, Seyed Pezhman Hosseini Shekarabi, and Houman Rajabi Islami
- Subjects
Innate immune system ,Mucosal Immune Responses ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Potassium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Morphology (biology) ,Appetite ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,Sturgeon ,chemistry ,Acipenser ruthenus ,Related gene ,media_common - Published
- 2021
43. Transcriptome Analysis of Maize Ear Leaves under Long-Term Applications of Nitrogen Fertilizer and its Combinations with Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers
- Author
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Hongcui Zhao, Liu Shutang, Yubin Li, Xiyun Song, Jun Li, Liu Jintao, and Kaili Zhu
- Subjects
Phosphorus ,Potassium ,Soil Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Biology ,engineering.material ,Nitrogen ,Transcriptome ,Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chlorophyll ,engineering ,Fertilizer ,Cultivar ,Sugar ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
This study aims to investigate the utilization status of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers at molecular level in field conditions. Maize cultivar Luyu 16 was planted in 41-year-old plots treated with different fertilizer combinations: unfertilized (control), N fertilizer (N), N fertilizer with P (NP), N fertilizer with K (NK), and N fertilizer with P and K (NPK). The ear leaves at grain filling stage were harvested for transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq techniques. Results showed that NPK enhanced the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, and protein, and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes but reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content much, relative to other treatments. There were 1258, 4438, 5177, and 4505 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from the paired comparisons of NvsCK, NKvsCK, NPvsCK and NPKvsCK, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that DEGs identified from different paired comparisons but involved in the same biological or metabolic process were having significant differences in numbers, transcript levels, and expression pattern. Many promising genes related to absorption, transport, and metabolism of N, P and K were identified. The combination of N together with K and/or P fertilizers induced more differential genes than sole N fertilizer application. This study would deepen our understanding of macronutrient utilization efficiency in crops.
- Published
- 2021
44. Effect of insect feces (Hermetia illucens) on rice growth and heavy metal migration from polluted soil to rice plant
- Author
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Weina Geng, Xiaoyan Xu, Xiang Wu, Nan Wu, and Xiaobo Wang
- Subjects
Hermetia illucens ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Potassium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Feces ,Soil ,Animal science ,Metals, Heavy ,Soil pH ,Animals ,Soil Pollutants ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ecotoxicology ,Organic matter ,Fertilizers ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Diptera ,Phosphorus ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,chemistry ,Organic fertilizer ,Cadmium - Abstract
Insect feces are a new kind of biological organic fertilizer. Little is known about the influences of insect feces on rice growth and heavy metal migration from soil to rice plant. In this study, the effects of different amounts (CK (0%), T1 (2%), T2 (4%), T3 (6%), and T4 (8%)) of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) feces on the rice growth and the migration/accumulation of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) were investigated by pot experiments within 2 years. The application of insect feces remarkably increased the contents of soil pH, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and potassium. Meanwhile, the insect feces application reduced the weak acid-soluble contents of soil Cd and Pb by 8.3-56.8%, but increased those in the oxidizable (by 22.4-165.7%) and residual (by 1.8-225.6%) states. Except for the T4 treatment in the first year, all fertilization treatments increased the rice yield (up to 43.7% and 195.5% higher than those of CK within 2 years). Moreover, the insect feces application reduced the contents of Cd (8.3-66.7%) and Pb (6.4-61.8%) in different parts of rice. Under the same treatment, the metal contents in each part of rice in the second year were lower than those in the first year. The insect feces application decreased the absorption coefficients (24.4-57.5%) and secondary transport coefficients (3.6-44.1%) of Cd and Pb by rice plant. The findings implied that the insect feces might act as effective organic fertilizers for rice plants as well as reducing heavy metal accumulation in rice plants growing in polluted soil.
- Published
- 2021
45. Identifying the genetic control of salinity tolerance in the bread wheat landrace Mocho de Espiga Branca
- Author
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Nathaniel Jewell, Juan Carlos Sanchez-Ferrero, Chana Borjigin, Chris Brien, Stuart J. Roy, Bettina Berger, Rhiannon K. Schilling, Nathan S. Watson-Haigh, Paul Eckermann, and Allison S. Pearson
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Candidate gene ,biology ,Potassium ,ATPase ,Sodium ,Population ,Australia ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Chromosome ,Bread ,Salt Tolerance ,Plant Science ,Salinity ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Cultivar ,education ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Triticum - Abstract
Salinity tolerance in bread wheat is frequently reported to be associated with low leaf sodium (Na+) concentrations. However, the Portuguese landrace, Mocho de Espiga Branca, accumulates significantly higher leaf Na+ but has comparable salinity tolerance to commercial bread wheat cultivars. To determine the genetic loci associated with the salinity tolerance of this landrace, an F2 mapping population was developed by crossing Mocho de Espiga Branca with the Australian cultivar Gladius. The population was phenotyped for 19 salinity tolerance subtraits using both non-destructive and destructive techniques. Genotyping was performed using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Genomic regions associated with salinity tolerance were detected on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 4B and 5A for the subtraits of relative and absolute growth rate (RGR, AGR respectively), and on chromosome 2A, 2B, 4D and 5D for Na+, potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl−) accumulation. Candidate genes that encode proteins associated with salinity tolerance were identified within the loci including Na+/H+ antiporters, K+ channels, H+-ATPase, calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), calcium dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and calcium-transporting ATPase. This study provides a new insight into the genetic control of salinity tolerance in a Na+ accumulating bread wheat to assist with the future development of salt tolerant cultivars.
- Published
- 2021
46. The rectification control and physiological relevance of potassium channel OsAKT2
- Author
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Junlin Li, Dongli Hao, Shunying Yang, Yanhua Su, Jia-Jin Wang, Ya-Nan Huang, and Shao-Fei Wang
- Subjects
Crops, Agricultural ,Potassium Channels ,Membranes, Transport and Bioenergetics ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01280 ,Physiology ,Potassium ,Mutant ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Phloem ,Genes, Plant ,medicine.disease_cause ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Arabidopsis ,Genetics ,medicine ,Arabidopsis thaliana ,Research Articles ,Mutation ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01270 ,biology ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,AcademicSubjects/SCI02288 ,Chemistry ,Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel ,AcademicSubjects/SCI02287 ,AcademicSubjects/SCI02286 ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,Salt Tolerance ,biology.organism_classification ,Potassium channel ,Focus Issue on Transport and Signaling ,Biophysics - Abstract
AKT2 potassium (K+) channels are members of the plant Shaker family which mediate dual-directional K+ transport with weak voltage-dependency. Here we show that OsAKT2 of rice (Oryza sativa) functions mainly as an inward rectifier with strong voltage-dependency and acutely suppressed outward activity. This is attributed to the presence of a unique K191 residue in the S4 domain. The typical bi-directional leak-like property was restored by a single K191R mutation, indicating that this functional distinction is an intrinsic characteristic of OsAKT2. Furthermore, the opposite R195K mutation of AtAKT2 changed the channel to an inward-rectifier similar to OsAKT2. OsAKT2 was modulated by OsCBL1/OsCIPK23, evoking the outward activity and diminishing the inward current. The physiological relevance in relation to the rectification diversity of OsAKT2 was addressed by functional assembly in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) akt2 mutant. Overexpression (OE) of OsAKT2 complemented the K+ deficiency in the phloem sap and leaves of the mutant plants but did not significantly contribute to the transport of sugars. However, the expression of OsAKT2-K191R overcame both the shortage of phloem K+ and sucrose of the akt2 mutant, which was comparable to the effects of the OE of AtAKT2, while the expression of the inward mutation AtAKT2-R195K resembled the effects of OsAKT2. Additionally, OE of OsAKT2 ameliorated the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis., The presence of a unique K191 residue retains the activity of rice potassium channel OsAKT2 mainly as an inward rectifier (Mode I) that emphasizes its in planta role of phloem K+ translocation.
- Published
- 2021
47. Cesium tolerance is enhanced by a chemical which binds to BETA-GLUCOSIDASE 23 in Arabidopsis thaliana
- Author
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Ju Yeon Moon, Hiroyuki Osada, Makoto Muroi, Nobumoto Watanabe, Ryoung Shin, Eri Adams, Takae Miyazaki, and Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Subjects
Chemical compound ,Plant molecular biology ,Potassium ,Science ,Mutant ,Plant physiology ,Arabidopsis ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Cesium ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Arabidopsis thaliana ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Beta-glucosidase ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,beta-Glucosidase ,Transporter ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,Environmental sciences ,chemistry ,K deficiency ,Plant stress responses ,Medicine ,Plant biotechnology ,Plant sciences - Abstract
Cesium (Cs) is found at low levels in nature but does not confer any known benefit to plants. Cs and K compete in cells due to the chemical similarity of Cs to potassium (K), and can induce K deficiency in cells. In previous studies, we identified chemicals that increase Cs tolerance in plants. Among them, a small chemical compound (C17H19F3N2O2), named CsToAcE1, was confirmed to enhance Cs tolerance while increasing Cs accumulation in plants. Treatment of plants with CsToAcE1 resulted in greater Cs and K accumulation and also alleviated Cs-induced growth retardation in Arabidopsis. In the present study, potential target proteins of CsToAcE1 were isolated from Arabidopsis to determine the mechanism by which CsToAcE1 alleviates Cs stress, while enhancing Cs accumulation. Our analysis identified one of the interacting target proteins of CsToAcE1 to be BETA-GLUCOSIDASE 23 (AtβGLU23). Interestingly, Arabidopsis atβglu23 mutants exhibited enhanced tolerance to Cs stress but did not respond to the application of CsToAcE1. Notably, application of CsToAcE1 resulted in a reduction of Cs-induced AtβGLU23 expression in wild-type plants, while this was not observed in a high affinity transporter mutant, athak5. Our data indicate that AtβGLU23 regulates plant response to Cs stress and that CsToAcE1 enhances Cs tolerance by repressing AtβGLU23. In addition, AtHAK5 also appears to be involved in this response.
- Published
- 2021
48. Forage productivity and chemical composition of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tamani under defoliations regimes
- Author
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J. A. Magalhaes, N. de L. Costa, Vicente Gianluppi, A. N. A. Rodrigues, A. B. Bendahan, Liana Jank, F. J. de S. Santos, Braz Henrique Nunes Rodrigues, NEWTON DE LUCENA COSTA, CPAF-RR, LIANA JANK, CNPGC, JOAO AVELAR MAGALHAES, CPAMN, AMAURY BURLAMAQUI BENDAHAN, CPAF-RR, VICENTE GIANLUPPI, CPAF-RR, BRAZ HENRIQUE NUNES RODRIGUES, CPAMN, and FRANCISCO JOSE DE SEIXAS SANTOS, CPAMN.
- Subjects
Canopy ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Nitrogen ,Phosphorus ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Forage ,General Medicine ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Pasture ,Animal science ,chemistry ,Productivity (ecology) ,Megathyrsus maximus ,Grazing ,Potassium ,Calcium ,Magnesium ,Dry matter - Abstract
The effects of defoliation frequency (21, 28, 35 and 42 days) and defoliation intensity (20, 30 and 40 cm above the ground) on green dry matter (GDM) yield, and chemical composition of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tamani were evaluated under natural field conditions at the Roraima´s savannas. Defoliation regimes affect productivity and chemical composition of M. maximus cv. Tamani forage. The decrease in the pasture defoliation frequency and intensity improved the accumulation of forage, however it reduces the tissue concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg and K. Irrespective of defoliation frequencies, the highest levels of N (25.31 g kg-1), P (2.11 g kg-1), Mg (2.78 g kg-1) and K (21.13 g kg-1) were recorded for the defoliation intensity at 40 cm above the ground, except for Ca (4.31 g kg-1), where the greatest concentration was obtained with defoliations at 30 cm above the ground. The use of defoliation frequency around 32 days and defoliation intensity of 28 cm above the ground can be considered adequate for the management of pastures of M. maximus cv. Tamani, in order to provides higher forage productivity and quality, regrowth vigor, larger efficiency of forage utilization, greater tissue renewal and canopy structure more favorable to grazing Made available in DSpace on 2021-10-18T19:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PubVet-2021-Produtividade-e-composicao-quimica-da-forragem-de-Megathyrsus-maximus-cv.-Tamani-sob-regimes-de-desfolhacao.pdf: 404226 bytes, checksum: 2c10af0da8c33992d6c90beabb689c7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021
- Published
- 2021
49. Effect of stress ameliorants on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) growth and productivity under different moisture regimes
- Author
-
Ramalakshmi A, Senthil A, Karthikeyan R, Selvakumar T, and Kayalvizhi A
- Subjects
Irrigation ,Pink-Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs ,Phenology ,Field experiment ,Potassium ,food and beverages ,Moisture stress ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Sowing ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Pennisetum - Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University located in Coimbatore during summer 2021. The objectives of the study were to identify the effect of moisture stress at critical stages on growth and yield of pearl millet and to assess the effect of stress ameliorants on growth and productivity enhancement in pearl millet. The experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice with skipping irrigation at critical growth stages (M-Main plot factor) and foliar spray of stress ameliorants (S-Subplot factor). The main plot factor comprised of skipping irrigations at active tillering stage (M1), flowering stage (M2) and in both active tillering stage and flowering stages (M3) and adequate irrigation at all stages (M4). The subplot factor consisted of foliar spray of stress ameliorants viz., 1% Potassium chloride (KCl) on 20 and 40 days after sowing (S1), 100 ppm salicylic acid on 20 and 40 days after sowing (S2), 2% Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs (PPFM) on 20 and 40 days after sowing (S3), 1% Potassium chloride (KCl) on 20 days after sowing and 100 ppm salicylic acid on 40 days after sowing (S4), 1% Potassium chloride (KCl) on 20 days after sowing and 2% Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs (PPFM) on 40 days after sowing (S5) and water spray (S6) as control. The results showed that skipping irrigation at active tillering stage and flowering stage had severe effect on growth, phenology and productivity followed by skipping irrigation at flowering stage. Among stress ameliorants used, the foliar spray of 1% Potassium chloride (KCl) on 20 days after sowing and 2% Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs (PPFM) on 40 days after sowing recorded higher growth and yield followed by 2% Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs (PPFM) spray on 20 and 40 days after sowing. Lower grain yield was obtained under water spray.
- Published
- 2021
50. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses alleviating salt stress in maize is associated with a decline in root-to-leaf gradient of Na+/K+ ratio
- Author
-
Hao Wang, Suiqi Zhang, Di Huang, Yinglong Chen, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, Tingting An, Bingcheng Xu, Xiping Deng, and Runjin Liu
- Subjects
Genotype ,Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ,Chromosomal translocation ,Plant Science ,Root system ,Biology ,Plant Roots ,Salt Stress ,Zea mays ,Chloroplast ,Symbiosis ,Mycorrhizae ,Salt tolerance ,Ion transporter ,Ion balance ,Ion Transport ,Inoculation ,Sodium ,fungi ,Fungi ,Botany ,Genetic Variation ,Sowing ,food and beverages ,Maize ,Horticulture ,QK1-989 ,Shoot ,Potassium ,Plant Shoots ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has the potential to alleviate salt stress in host plants through the mitigation of ionic imbalance. However, inoculation effects vary, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Two maize genotypes (JD52, salt-tolerant with large root system, and FSY1, salt-sensitive with small root system) inoculated with or without AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae were grown in pots containing soil amended with 0 or 100 mM NaCl (incrementally added 32 days after sowing, DAS) in a greenhouse. Plants were assessed 59 DAS for plant growth, tissue Na+ and K+ contents, the expression of plant transporter genes responsible for Na+ and/or K+ uptake, translocation or compartmentation, and chloroplast ultrastructure alterations. Results Under 100 mM NaCl, AM plants of both genotypes grew better with denser root systems than non-AM plants. Relative to non-AM plants, the accumulation of Na+ and K+ was decreased in AM plant shoots but increased in AM roots with a decrease in the shoot: root Na+ ratio particularly in FSY1, accompanied by differential regulation of ion transporter genes (i.e., ZmSOS1, ZmHKT1, and ZmNHX). This induced a relatively higher Na+ efflux (recirculating) rate than K+ in AM shoots while the converse outcoming (higher Na+ influx rate than K+) in AM roots. The higher K+: Na+ ratio in AM shoots contributed to the maintenance of structural and functional integrity of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells. Conclusion AM symbiosis improved maize salt tolerance by accelerating Na+ shoot-to-root translocation rate and mediating Na+/K+ distribution between shoots and roots.
- Published
- 2021
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