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Attacus atlas is one of several mould species in Indonesia known as kupu-kupu gajah. Information about variety of mould is rarely known. The purpose of this research was to obtain data about variety of pathogenic or non pathogenic mould at imago,cocoon, and sixth larvae phase of wild silkworm A. atlas . Mould was isolated from cocoon, integument, alimentary duct and reproduction duct of imago, trachea, midgut and hindgut, also haemolymph of larvae. Isolated mould was cultured on potato dextrose agar. Isolated mould from cocoon and imago was identified by macroscopic and microscopic observation. The results showed that there were two kind of moulds from cocoon which were Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus . There were four kind of moulds from imago A . atlas which were A spergillus flavus , Aspergillus versicolor , Aspergillus fumigatus , Fusarium dimerum , and Aspergillus sp.There were three kind of moulds from sixth larvae which were Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus flavus , and Fusarium dimerum . The mould which has opportunistic pathogenic for Attacus atlas were Fusarium oxysporum , Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium dimerum .

Sphagnum-dominated ecosystem plays major roles as carbon sinks at the global level. Associated microbial communities, in particular, eukaryotes, play significant roles in nutrient fixation and turnover. In order to understand better the ecological processes driven by these organisms, the first step is to characterise these associated organisms. We characterised the taxonomic diversity, and from this, inferred the functional diversity of microeukaryotes in Sphagnum mosses in tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones through an environmental DNA diversity metabarcoding survey of the V9 region of the gene coding for the RNA of the small subunit of the ribosomes (SSU rRNA). As microbial processes are strongly driven by temperatures, we hypothesised that saprotrophy would be highest in warm regions, whereas mixotrophy, an optimal strategy in oligotrophic environments, would peak under colder climates. Phylotype richness was higher in tropical and subtropical climatic zones than in the temperate region, mostly due to a higher diversity of animal parasites (i.e. Apicomplexa). Decomposers, and especially opportunistic yeasts and moulds, were more abundant under warmer climates, while mixotrophic organisms were more abundant under temperate climates. The dominance of decomposers, suggesting a higher heterotrophic activity under warmer climates, is coherent with the generally observed faster nutrient cycling at lower latitudes; this phenomenon is likely enhanced by higher inputs of nutrients most probably brought in the system by Metazoa, such as arthropods. Fil: Singer, David. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Universite de Neuchatel; Suiza Fil: Metz, Sebastián Darío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Unrein, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Shimano, Satoshi. Hosei University; Japón Fil: Mazei, Yuri. Universidad Estatal de Moscú ; Rusia Fil: Mitchell, Edward A. D.. Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel; Suiza Fil: Lara Pandis, Enrique Miguel. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Real Jardín Botánico; España

The results of the research into the microbiological contamination of litter used by broiler chickens are presented. Litter samples were taken prior to the introduction of chicks (day 0) and in 7-day intervals until the end of the fattening period. The total numbers of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts, moulds and Clostridium perfringens spores, and the presence of bacteria of the Salmonella genus were determined. The total microbial count in newly laid litter was 7 log10 CFU/g, which increased to 9 log10 CFU/g by the 4th week. However, at the end of the 5th week, it was at the same level as in newly laid litter. C. perfringens spores, presumably originating from chicks' faeces, were first detected on day 7. In the next 7 days their number increased, reaching 3-4 log10 CFU/g, and remained at approximately same levels until the end of the research. The initial mould contamination was 5-6 log10 CFU/g. However, from day 21 moulds were not isolated, but only yeasts of the Saccharomyces genus. It is supposed that these were deposited with chicks' faeces, due to their presence in complete broiler feed. No bacteria of the Salmonella genus were ever isolated from the litter. In conclusion, the total numbers of microorganisms in deep litter reach their peak in approximately a month, which is followed by their decrease. Deep litter is a favourable environment for probiotic yeast cultures. Added to feed intended for broilers, they can positively influence the microbial composition of litter, providing healthier environment to fattening broilers. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja mikrobiološke kontaminacije prostirke korišćene u tovu pilića. Prostirka je uzorkovana pre naseljavanja objekata i u nedeljnim intervalima tokom 35 dana tova pilića. Uzorci su ispitani na ukupan broj aerobnih mezofilnih mikroorganizama, kvasaca, plesni i spora Clostridium perfringens, kao i prisustvo bakterija roda Salmonella. Ukupan broj mikroorganizama u svežoj prostirci iznosio je 7 log10 CFU/g, a do 4 nedelje tova pilića povećao se do 9 log10 CFU/g. Međutim, na kraju pete nedelje tova, ukupan broj mikroorganizama u prostirci bio je na nivou vrednosti ustanovljenih u svežoj prostirci. Spore C. perfringens su ustanovljene tek sedmog dana od naseljavanja objekta, što ukazuje da u prostirku dospevaju fecesom pilića. Za 14 dana broj spora C. perfringens se povećao do 3-4 log10 CFU/g i na približno istim vrednostima zadržao do kraja ispitivanja. Sveža prostirka bila je kontaminirana plesnima u nivou od 5-6 log10 CFU/g, ali od 21. dana iz uzoraka prostirke nisu izolovane plesni, već samo kvasci roda Saccharomyces. Pretpostavka je da su kvasci u prostirku dospeli fecesom pilića, jer se koriste kao probiotske kulture u smešama za njihov tov. Bakterije roda Salmonella nisu izolovane iz prostirke. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da ukupan broj mikroorganizama u prostirci dostiže svoj pik za oko mesec dana, nakon čega se smanjuje. Prostirka je pogodna sredina za život probiotskih kultura kvasaca i njihovo dodavanje u smeše za tov brojlera može imati povoljan uticaj na sastav mikroorganizama u prostirci, a time i obezbeđenje zdravije životne sredine u podnom sistemu uzgoja brojlera.

Bamboo, a natural material, has been widely used in the fields of decoration, architecture and furniture. However, bamboo is easy to mildew and lose its use value. In this paper, the inhibition mechanism and antibacterial activity of a natural antibacterial agent citral on bamboo mould and its anti-mildew effect on bamboo were studied. The results showed that citral could change the shape of mycelium, destroy the integrity of mycelium structure, cell wall and cell membrane structure, thereby causing leakage of nucleic acids, proteins and other substances in the cell, as well as destroy the pH balance of the inside and outside of the cell, to inhibit or kill mould. When the concentration of citral is 100 mg ml −1 , the antibacterial rates of citral against Penicillium citrinum (PC), Trichoderma viride (TV), Aspergillus niger (AN) and a hybrid fungi group comprising PC, TV and AN (Hun) were more than 100%. However, compared with the direct effect of citral on mould, the antibacterial property of bamboo treated with citral was significantly reduced, the mildew proof effect can be achieved only if the concentration of citral to treat bamboo is increased to more than twice the concentration of citral directly acting on mould.

Aim: To evaluate the potentiality of LAB strains isolated from different fermented products to inhibit moulds associated with spoilage of bakery products. Methodology: Lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains obtained from fermented products (“burukutu”, “pito”, yoghurt, and “iru”) were screened for antifungal activity against moulds (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus repens and Penicillium sp.) isolated from spoilt bakery products. Inhibitory activities of the lactic acid bacterial isolates were determined by the dual agar overlay method and well diffusion method. Results: Eleven isolates (79%) out of the fourteen lactic acid bacterial strains screened showed antifungal activity against one or more of the moulds when the method used was dual agar overlay method. When agar well diffusion assay was used to check the antifungal activity of the cell-free culture supernatants of these eleven LAB isolates after excluding inhibition due to organic acids and hydrogen peroxide, only four LAB strains (BE1, IO1, PO4 and PO9) continued to show antifungal activity against the moulds. The selected bacteriocin-producing LAB strains (BE1, IO1, PO4, and PO9) were identified as Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Tetragenococcus halophilus respectively using API 50 CHL system. The cell-free culture supernatant of P. pentosaceus IO1, T. halophilus PO9, and L. cellobiosus BE1 sprayed on bread surface inhibited the growing of moulds during 14 days of storage in polythene bags. Conclusion: These LAB isolates from fermented products capable of inhibiting the moulds have potential that could be used as biopreservative agents in bakery products.

Robiola di Roccaverano is a Protected Designation of Origin soft cheese made with goat’s milk, produced in Piedmont region (Italy). The peculiarities of this cheese are: i) the use of the raw milk, ii) the addition of a Natural Milk Starter, iii) the application of traditional techniques of production and iv) the localization of the dairies in rural area. All these aspects influence the microbial flora of final product and make interesting its investigation. Samples were collected at different moment of the cheese making process and during the different seasons. In this preliminary study, the safety and the hygiene parameters of the production were evaluated. Lactic acid bacteria, moulds and yeasts involved in cheese-making process were also enumerated. Pathogens were not found in all samples and the counts of coagulase positive staphylococci were within the standard of law. The enumeration of microorganisms of technological interest demonstrated that, nevertheless the artisanal manufacturing process applied, the dairy was able to standardize the final products.

Background Temporal ecological studies have shown that outdoor moulds are associated with severe asthma exacerbations, as emergency department visits or hospitalisations. The aim of this was to assess the associations between daily sales of short-acting β2-agonists (SABA), a specific and frequent treatment for control of mild asthma exacerbations in children and young adults, and outdoor mould concentrations in the central France area over a 5 year period. Methods The relationship between daily changes in mould (25 species) concentrations and daily SABA sales within a population of patients aged 6 to 39 years in a middle-size town of central France (approximately 127,000) was obtained from social security database and analysed with generalized additive models, taking into account confounding factors (air pollution, weather conditions, pollen counts and trend). Results Daily SABA sales (mean, SD) rose from 17.3 (9.7) in 2010 to 22.7 (12) in 2015. The relative risk (RR [95% CI]) of SABA sales associated with an interquartile increase in mould concentration was significant in the whole population for Alternaria 1.06 [1.002–1.12]. When the influence of age and sex was accounted for, the relationship was significant only in 6–12 years old males for Alternaria 1.21 [1.04–1.41] and Aspergillus–Penicillium 1.08 [1.04–1.12]. Conclusions Daily SABA sales are positively associated with Alternaria spores in the general population of children and young adults. The association between daily SABA sales and temporal changes to Alternaria and Aspergillus–Penicillium in male children indicate that outdoor moulds contribute to asthma morbidity.

Mikotoksin, farklı küfler tarafından sentezlenen sekonder toksik bileşiklerdir. Mikotoksinler, gıda ve yemlerde bulunan insan ve hayvan sağlığını tehdit eden en tehlikeli kimyasal etkenlerdendir. Yem, yem hammaddeleri ve gıdalarda nem, ısı, oksijen ve süre gibi uygun şartlarda oluşabilmektedir. Küflerin ürettiği mikotoksinleri içeren gıdaları tüketen hayvan ve insanlarda subakut, akut ve özelikle de kronik zehirlenmelere ve ölümlere neden olmaktadırlar. Mikotoksinlerin çoğu Aspergillus, Penicillium ve Fusarium genusu üyeleri tarafından sentezlenmektedir. Bugün bilinen 300-400'den fazla mikotoksin olmasına rağmen aflatoksinler, okratoksinler, trikotesenler, zearalenonlar, patulin ve fumonisinler yem ve gıdalarda bulunarak, insan ve hayvan sağlığı için risk oluşturan mikotoksinlerin başında gelmektedirler. Yem ve yem ürünleri toksik küf gelişmesi ve mikotoksin oluşumu için hasat öncesinde, hasat sırasında ve sonrasında ısı ve rutubet gibi uygun şartlarda küflerin istilasına uğrayarak mikotoksinler ile kontamine olabilirler. Her yıl dünyada tahıl ve yağlı tohum üretiminin en az %1'i çürüme ve küflenme yüzünden kullanılamaz hale gelmekte ve %25'e yakın kısmı da farklı oranlarda mikotoksinlerle kirlenmektedirler. Çalışmamızın amacı; besin değeri yüksek, düşük maliyetli ve kalite yönünden en önemli belirleyici faktörlerden olan küf ve mikotoksin içermeyen organik yemleri üretmek amacıyla, toprak ve ürün örneklerinden potansiyel mikotoksin üreticisi fungal türlerin izolasyonu ve identifikasyonunu yapmaktır. Çalışmamızda; hasat öncesi ve sonrasında alınan toprak ve yem ürünleri kullanılmıştır. Alınan 48 adet toprak ve 32 adet ürün örneklerinden potansiyel mikotoksin üreticisi fungal türlerin izolasyonu için seyreltme esasına dayalı teknik kullanılmıştır. Uygun koşullardaki inkübasyonun ardından elde edilen Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria ve Cladosporium genuslarına ait izolatlar fenotipik olarak tanılanmıştır. Fenotipik tanılama sonucunda 17 adet Aspergillus flavus, 24 adet Aspergillus amstelodami, 35 adet Aspergillus terreus, 12 adet Aspergillus japonicus, 1 adet Aspergillus ostianus, 1 adet Aspergillus versicolor, 23 adet Aspergillus ustus, 2 adet Aspergillus ochraceus, 35 adet Aspergillus niger, 1 adet Aspergillus clavatus, 3 adet Aspergillus wentii, 1 adet Aspergillus alliaceus, 2 adet Aspergillus awamori, 25 adet Aspergillus fumigatus ve Penicillium genusuna ait küfleden, 7 adet Penicillium purpurogenum, 16 adet Penicillium commune, 4 adet Penicillium oxalicum, 11 adet Penicillium citrinum, 1 adet Penicillium expansum, 5 adet Penicillium pinophilum , 4 adet Penicillium decumbens, 3 adet Penicillium verruculosum , 3 adet Penicillium chrysogenum , 1 adet Penicillium aurantiogrisesum, 1 adet Penicillium brevicompactum, 1 adet Penicillium glabrum, 1 adet Penicillium funicolusum ve 40 adet Alternaria genusuna ait tür ve 37 adet Clodosporium genusuna türlerine ait izolatı elde edilmiştir. Çalışmamız sonucunda elde edilen fungal izolatlar potansiyel mikotoksin üreticisi türlerdir. Mikotoksin üreticisi bu fungal türler hayvan yemlerini kontamine ederek insan ve hayvan sağlığını tehdit altına almaktadırlar. Mikotoksinlerin toksik ve karsinojenik özellikte olmaları nedeniyle, kontamine olmuş ürünlerin insan ve hayvanlar tarafından tüketilmesi geçmişten günümüze önemli sağlık sorunlarına yol açmaktadır. DNA ve hücresel boyutta çok farklı etkiler göstererek kansere kadar gidebilen birçok hastalığa neden olan mikotoksinlerin etkilerinin minimuma indirilebilmesi toplum sağlığı açısından da büyük öneme sahiptir., Mycotoxins are secondary toxic compounds synthesized by different molds. Mycotoxins are the most dangerous chemical agents in food and feedstuffs that threaten human and animal health. Feed, feed stuffs and other foods can be formed under suitable conditions such as moisture, heat, oxygen and time. In animals and humans consuming food containing mycotoxins produced by molds, subacute, acute, and especially chronic poisonings and deaths occur. Most mycotoxins are synthesized by Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genus members. Although there are more than 300-400 mycotoxins known today, aflatoxins, ochratoxins, tricotheenes, zearalenones, patulin and fumonisins are found in feed and food, leading to mycotoxins, which are a risk for human and animal health. Forage and fodder crops can become contaminated with mycotoxins by toxic mold development and mycotoxin formation before harvest, during and after harvest and under suitable conditions such as heat and humidity. Feed and feed products; they may become contaminants with mycotoxins after undergoing harvesting, during and after harvest and under suitable conditions such as heat and humidity. At least 1% of cereal and oil seed production in the world becomes unusable due to decay and mold, and close to 25% are contaminated with mycotoxins at different rates. In our study; it is aimed to isolate and identify potential mycotoxin-producing fungi species from soil and feed samples in order to produce organic and non-moldy meats and mycotoxin-free foodstuffs which are the most important determining factors of nutrient value, low cost and quality. In the present study; soil and feed crops taken before and after harvest were used. Dilution based technique was used for the isolation of fungal species of potential mycotoxin producer from 48 soil and 32 crop samples. Isolates belonging to Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Cladosporium were obtained phenotypically after incubation. According to our results 17 Aspergillus flavus, 24 Aspergillus amstelodami, 35 Aspergillus terreus, 12 Aspergillus japonicus,1 Aspergillus ostianus, 1 Aspergillus versicolor, 23 Aspergillus ustus, 2 Aspergillus ochraceus, 35 Aspergillus niger, 1 Aspergillus clavatus, 3 Aspergillus wentii, 1 Aspergillus alliaceus, 2 Aspergillus awamori, 25 Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium, 7 Penicillium purpurogenum, 16 Penicillium commune, 4 Penicillium oxalicum, 11 Penicillium citrinum, 1 Penicillium expansum, 5 Penicillium pinophilum, 4 Penicillium decumbens, 3 Penicillium verruculosum, 3 Penicillium chrysogenum, 1 Penicillium aurantiogrisesum, 1 Penicillium brevicompactum, 1 Penicillium glabrum, 1 Penicillium funicolusum, 40 Alternaria spp. and 37 Clodosporium spp. were phenotypically identified. Our work is important because the fungal isolates obtained as a result of our study are potential mycotoxin producing species. These fungal species, which are mycotoxin producers, threaten human and animal health by contaminating animal feed. As a result; Because mycotoxins are toxic and carcinogenic, it has long been known that consumption of contaminated products by humans and animals leads to significant health problems in the past. The ability to minimize the effects of mycotoxins, which cause many diseases that can go on to cancer by showing very different effects on DNA and cellular size, has great prominence in terms of community health.

Rośliny zielarskie są powszechnie wykorzystywane jako surowce w przemyśle farmaceutycznym. Od czasów starożytnych ziół używa się w leczeniu i zapobieganiu chorób. Jednakże w dzisiejszych czasach mogą one nie spełniać wymagań dotyczących jakości, bezpieczeństwa i skuteczności. Większość produktów ziołowych nie jest testowana, a ich efekty działania są słabo monitorowane. Konsekwencją tego jest niewystarczająca wiedza na temat przebiegu ich działania, skutków ubocznych, przeciwwskazań oraz interakcji z występującymi na rynku produktami farmaceutycznymi oraz żywnością. Przyczyną negatywnego wpływu surowców ziołowych na organizm może być ich zanieczyszczenie przez różne grzyby pleśniowe, powstające podczas zbioru, przetwarzania, przechowywania, a także dystrybucji. Zanieczyszczenie surowców zielarskich może być również spowodowane przez różnorodne metale ciężkie, które występują w wielu aspektach współczesnego życia. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przegląd informacji na temat stanu mykologicznego i chemicznego roślin leczniczych, a także wskazanie kilku ważnych wyzwań związanych z efektywnym monitorowaniem ich bezpieczeństwa.

Heat-resistant moulds (HRMs) are well known for their ability to survive pasteurization and spoil high-acid food products, which is of great concern for processors of fruit-based products worldwide. Whilst the majority of the studies on HRMs over the last decades have addressed their inactivation, few data are currently available regarding their contamination levels in fruit and fruit-based products. Thus, this study aimed to quantify and identify heat-resistant fungal ascospores from samples collected throughout the processing of pasteurized high-acid fruit products. In addition, an assessment on the effect of processing on the contamination levels of HRM in these products was carried out. A total of 332 samples from 111 batches were analyzed from three processing plants (=three processing lines): strawberry puree (n = 88, Belgium), concentrated orange juice (n = 90, Brazil) and apple puree (n = 154, the Netherlands). HRMs were detected in 96.4% (107/111) of the batches and 59.3% (197/332) of the analyzed samples. HRMs were present in 90.9% of the samples from the strawberry puree processing line (1–215 ascospores/100 g), 47.0% of the samples from the orange juice processing line (1–200 ascospores/100 g) and 48.7% of samples from the apple puree processing line (1–84 ascospores/100 g). Despite the high occurrence, the majority (76.8%, 255/332) of the samples were either not contaminated or presented low levels of HRMs ( 0.05). On the contrary, a significant reduction (p

The concentration of fungal spores in the air is traditionally considered as a proxy of allergen exposure. However, in vitro experiments have shown that the allergenicity of Alternaria spores varies depending on ecophysiological and developmental factors. Despite the potential clinical significance of these findings, it has never been verified in outdoor environments. This study, therefore, aims to investigate variability in the amount of the major allergen (Alt a 1) released from Alternaria spores in outdoor air. During the 3-year monitoring study (2014–2016), the median seasonal allergenicity of Alternaria spores exceeded 8.6 × 10−3 pg Alt a 1/spore. The most allergenic spores were collected during the driest and the most polluted season (with respect to seasonal concentrations of ozone, sulphur dioxide, and particulate matter). Within the season, daily spore allergenicity ranged from 2.4 to 34.7 × 10−3 pg Alt a 1/spore (5th-95th percentile). No repeatable effects of weather and pollution on short-term variations in Alternaria spore allergenicity were found. However, during the episodes when high-potency spores were recorded, the air masses arrived from eastern directions. Contrary, the spores with the lowest allergenicity were related to western winds. This suggests that factors such as source area (habitat types) and species diversity could be responsible for the varying exposure to Alternaria allergens. Our findings show that high and low-potency spores are recorded in the air; therefore, the airborne concentrations of fungal spores alone may not be sufficient to provide allergy sufferers and healthcare professionals with information about allergen exposure.

Peduncle mould caused by Penicillium sp. in export pineapple is a major postharvest problem in Costa Rica and causes significant economic losses. The accumulation of ethylene in the cooling rooms and transport containers may be a risk factor for fungal growth. Ethylene exposure has been shown to enhance fungal development in other non-climacteric fruit such as strawberry and citrus. This paper assessed the use of a potassium permanganate ethylene absorbent (Bi-On®, Bioconservacion SA, Spain) in reducing rotting of waxed and unwaxed 'Gold Extra Sweet' pineapple held under export conditions of 25 days at 7.5°C and 85-90% RH with and without aerobic inoculation with Penicillium inoculation. The obtained results show that the inclusion of the potassium permanganate absorbent into the storage room significantly reduced (p

Acknowledgement of partial funding by Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, ALK-Abello. The researchers are totally independent of the funder; BackgroundOutdoor moulds are classically associated with exacerbations of asthma.ObjectiveThe aim of this paper was to examine nasal allergy morbidity by studying the short-term relationship between mould spore exposure and daily sales of reimbursable anti-allergic treatment in central France.MethodsThe relationship between daily changes in mould concentrations and daily sales obtained from the national healthcare database was analysed with generalized additive models, taking into account confounding factors such as air pollution, weather conditions, pollen counts, and days of the week.ResultsDuring the study, the average total yearly number of treated people was around 10000 over approximately 230000 surveyed. The relative risk (95% CI confidence interval) of sales of oral antihistamines with topical treatment associated with an interquartile increase in mould concentration was significant for Cladosporium 1.079 [1.019-1.142] and Aspergillus-Penicillium (Asp-Pen) 1.051 [1.021-1.082] in the whole population. When the influence of age and sex was considered, the relationship was significant only in male children aged 0-12years and those aged between 13 and 49years for Cladosporium: 1.256 [1.081-1.460] and 1.151 [1.063-1.245], respectively. The relationship was also significant for Asp-Pen: 1.038 [1.003-1.075] for those aged between 13 and 49years and 1.056 [1.007-1.108] for adults over 50years of age.ConclusionThe association between prescribed daily sales of oral antihistamines with topical treatment sales is associated with temporal changes to Cladosporium and Aspergillus-Penicillium in the whole population. When the influence of age and sex was considered, these two moulds contributed to prescribed medication sales only in the male general population.

Aims To evaluate the levels of unicellular and filamentous fungi in ice cubes produced at different levels and to determine their survival in alcoholic beverages and soft drinks. Methods and Results Sixty samples of ice cubes collected from home level (HL) productions, bars and pubs (BP) and industrial manufacturing plants (MP) were investigated for the presence and cell density of yeasts and moulds. Moulds were detected in almost all samples, while yeasts developed from the majority of HL and MP samples. Representative colonies of microfungi were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The identification was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the region spanning the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene. The process of yeast identification was concluded by sequencing the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene. The fungal biodiversity associated with food ice was represented by nine yeast and nine mould species. Strains belonging to Candida parapsilosis and Cryptococcus curvatus, both opportunistic human pathogens, and Penicillium glabrum, an ubiquitous mould in the ice samples analysed, were selected to evaluate the effectiveness of the ice cubes to transfer pathogenic microfungi to consumers, after addition to alcoholic beverages and soft drinks. All strains retained their viability. Conclusions The survival test indicated that the most common mode of consumption of ice cubes, through its direct addition to drinks and beverages, did not reduce the viability of microfungi. Significance and Impact of the Study This study evidenced the presence of microfungi in food ice and ascertained their survival in soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

BackgroundBiofinished wood is considered to be a decorative and protective material for outdoor constructions, showing advantages compared to traditional treated wood in terms of sustainability and self-repair. Natural dark wood staining fungi are essential to biofinish formation on wood. Although all sorts of outdoor situated timber are subjected to fungal staining, the homogenous dark staining called biofinish has only been detected on specific vegetable oil-treated substrates. Revealing the fungal composition of various natural biofinishes on wood is a first step to understand and control biofinish formation for industrial application.ResultsA culture-based survey of fungi in natural biofinishes on oil-treated wood samples showed the common wood stain fungus Aureobasidium and the recently described genus Superstratomyces to be predominant constituents. A culture-independent approach, based on amplification of the internal transcribed spacer regions, cloning and Sanger sequencing, resulted in clone libraries of two types of biofinishes. Aureobasidium was present in both biofinish types, but was only predominant in biofinishes on pine sapwood treated with raw linseed oil. Most cloned sequences of the other biofinish type (pine sapwood treated with olive oil) could not be identified. In addition, a more in-depth overview of the fungal composition of biofinishes was obtained with Illumina amplicon sequencing that targeted the internal transcribed spacer region 1. All investigated samples, that varied in wood species, (oil) treatments and exposure times, contained Aureobasidium and this genus was predominant in the biofinishes on pine sapwood treated with raw linseed oil. Lapidomyces was the predominant genus in most of the other biofinishes and present in all other samples. Surprisingly, Superstratomyces, which was predominantly detected by the cultivation-based approach, could not be found with the Illumina sequencing approach, while Lapidomyces was not detected in the culture-based approach.ConclusionsOverall, the culture-based approach and two culture-independent methods that were used in this study revealed that natural biofinishes were composed of multiple fungal genera always containing the common wood staining mould Aureobasidium. Besides Aureobasidium, the use of other fungal genera for the production of biofinished wood has to be considered., Biofinished wood is considered to be a decorative and protective material for outdoor constructions, showing advantages compared to traditional treated wood in terms of sustainability and self-repair. Natural dark wood staining fungi are essential to biofinish formation on wood. Although all sorts of outdoor situated timber are subjected to fungal staining, the homogenous dark staining called biofinish has only been detected on specific vegetable oil-treated substrates. Revealing the fungal composition of various natural biofinishes on wood is a first step to understand and control biofinish formation for industrial application.

International standards and European legislation are available for well established mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA) and trichothecenes in a variety of dried plant products. However, information of mycotoxins in fresh fruit and vegetable produce and derived products is limited. A semi-quantitative screening method was developed to screen for six mycotoxins (alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), OTA and fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 (FB)) relevant in different matrices (tomatoes, bell peppers, onions and soft red fruits). On tomatoes, onions and soft red fruits, Alternaria spp. and their associated mycotoxins were detected. Derived tomato products were also screened and six out of 173 samples and four out of 173 samples were positive for AOH and AME, respectively. Moreover, 11/11 derived tomato products, containing AOH or AME, were positive for tenuazonic acid (TeA) as well. A dietary exposure assessment was performed for TeA with Belgian consumption data, and the obtained mean value (4230 ng/kg bw/day) was higher than the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) value of 1500 ng/kg bw/day set by EFSA. This study demonstrates the necessity for further mycotoxin research in the fresh produce chain in order to guarantee the safety and health of the consumers.

Aerobiological measurements were made by the volumetric method (VPPS Lanzoni and Burkard instruments). Concentrations of microscopic fungi were measured from April 16th to July 2nd, 2013, in two rooms of the Chair of Botany and Natural Environment Protection, Faculty of Biology, Szczecin University. The study was undertaken to perform mycological analysis of the air in selected rooms. Mycological contamination of the air in the surveyed areas was not diverse in terms of species composition. Nearly three times higher concentrations of fungal spores were recorded in the seminar room. The most abundant were spores of fungi from the genus Cladosporium. The concentration of fungal spores of Cladosporium, Botrytis and Aspergillus/Penicillium exceeds the limits.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinico-demographical profile of keratomycosis. (January 2004 to January 2012). The corneal scrapings were processed by direct microscopic methods and standard culture techniques. Of 209 cases of keratitis studied, culture yielded growth in 80 cases (38.3%). Out of these 80 cases of growth, fungi were isolated in 77.5% and bacteria in 22.5%. The spectrum of keratomycosis was Aspergillus flavus (22.5%), Fusarium solani (16.1%), A. fumigatus (11.3%), Candida albicans (6.4%), etc., Routine surveillance of fungal keratitis is necessary to know the existing and emerging pattern of pathogens and to prevent use of un-warranted anti-microbial therapy.

The development of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/mass spectrometry (MS) methods for the simultaneous detection and quantification of a broad spectrum of mycotoxins has facilitated the screening of a larger number of samples for contamination with a wide array of less well-known "emerging" mycotoxins and other metabolites. In this study, 83 samples of feed and feed raw materials were analysed. All of them were found to contain seven to 69 metabolites. The total number of detected metabolites amounts to 139. Fusarium mycotoxins were most common, but a number of Alternaria toxins also occurred very often. Furthermore, two so-called masked mycotoxins (i.e., mycotoxin conjugates), namely deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (75% positives) and zearalenone-4-sulfate (49% positives), were frequently detected. Although the observed median concentrations of the individual analytes were generally in the low μg/kg range, evaluating the toxicological potential of a given sample is difficult. Toxicity data on less well-known mycotoxins and other detected metabolites are notoriously scarce, as an overview on the available information on the most commonly detected metabolites shows. Besides, the possible synergistic effects of co-occurring substances have to be considered.

Introduction: Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection, but can cause substantial morbidity and mortality in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Apophysomyces is a mucormycetes species ubiquitous in nature, particularly in soil, decaying wood and other organic matter. Apophysomyces is known to cause cutaneous fungal infections, particularly after penetrating trauma. Septic arthritis is a rare clinical manifestation. Case presentation: We describe a case of Apophysomyces trapeziformis causing septic arthritis of the knee of a patient with multiple myeloma. He was treated multiple times for bacterial septic arthritis with minimal improvement. Surgical tissue specimens finally grew mucoraceous mould, and DNA sequencing and morphological assessment of spores identified the mould as A. trapeziformis. The patient was treated with amphotericin B and posaconazole, but ultimately required an above-the-knee amputation for definitive treatment. Conclusion: This case illustrates the need to evaluate for fungal infection in a persistent septic arthritis that is culture negative and refractory to empiric antibiotics, particularly in an immunocompromised individual. It also shows the importance of a thorough social history and adequate tissue specimens for culture.

Brown rot can lead to considerable fruit losses in peach orchards and cultural practices likely to contend this major disease have to be promoted. In order to limit peach brown rot incidence in a three-year-old mid-season maturing peach orchard of the cultivar ’Ruby Bright’, four combinations of irrigation and soil management treatments were assessed: conventional (Conv) irrigation (I) and soil management (S) (ConvI+ConvS); modified (Mod) irrigation and soil management (ModI+ConvS); conventional irrigation and modified soil management (ConvI+ModS); and modified irrigation and soil management (ModI+ModS). Conventional irrigation and soil management in the tree row consisted of irrigation scheduling using tensiometer readings and herbicide use, respectively. Modified irrigation and soil management in the tree row consisted of water deprivation during stage III of fruit development and ground cover with white clover, respectively. For four consecutive years (2010–2013), in the conditions of the Middle Rhone Valley in France, the lowest and highest brown rot incidence were detected under (ModI+ModS) and (ConvI+ConvS), respectively, whereas brown rot incidence under (ModI+ConvS) and (ConvI+ModS) was intermediate. This lower brown rot incidence under the modified treatments occurred from one to two weeks before fruit maturity and was still observed for several days in post-harvest storage. Ground cover with white clover was shown to limit water availability in the soil after heavy rainfall compared to bare soil, probably limiting peach growth variations, well-known as a possible source of detrimental microcracks at the fruit surface. This suggests that under our conditions appropriate cultural practices, water deprivation and a clover crop cover in the tree row possibly decrease peach disease sensitivity, which might lead to the reduced use of pesticide sprays to control brown rot in the orchard.

Mycotoxigenic moulds can grow on the surface of sausages and reduce the safety of these sausages for consumption. The aim of this study was to prevent the growth of Aspergillus ochraceus and the presence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) on the surface of Milano-type sausages using ozonated air. Spores of A. ochraceus were used to inoculate the casings of the sausages after casing. A portion of the lot (35 samples) was ripened in typical rooms, and another portion (35 samples) was dried and ripened in a separate room that was treated with gaseous ozone. The gas was delivered at night (8 h/day) at a concentration of ∼1 ppm. The temperature and relative humidity during the drying and ripening were the same for both rooms. Our results demonstrate that the gaseous ozone treatment prevented the growth of A. ochraceus and, consequently, the presence of OTA. In contrast, A. ochraceus grew and produced OTA on the untreated sausages. Moreover, the use of ozone did not influence the ripening, physico-chemical parameters, peroxide value or sensorial characteristics of the sausages.

Estuary basin is a fertile area which has important role for sustaining many organisms from estuary and sea. Mould andother saprobic microorganisms have important role to decomposing organic material in estuary water. A study on diversity and abundance of mould inhabiting Muara Layang estuary sediment, Bangka Belitung Islands has not been conducted before. The objective of this study is to investigate the abundance and diversity of mould inhabiting Muara Layang estuary sediment, Bangka Belitung Islands. The mould isolation was based on sample dilution method with Rose BengalChloramphenicol Agar mould isolation media. The abundance of mould was counted by measuring the average Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/ml of all mould colonies which grown on isolation media by Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The diversity of isolated mould was identified based on phenotypic characters by observing both of macroscopic and microscopic mould morphology. The result showed that the growth average of mould colonies is about (5-27.5) x102 CFU/mL. The result of mould identification showed that eight mould genera, Aspergillus (6 species), Chaetomium, Eupenicillium (3 species), Gliocladium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium (3 species), Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma (3 species), one group identified in class level (Coelomycetes), and three groups of unidentified sterile mould isolates were isolated.Key words: estuary, mould, sediment, abundance, diversity.

Transition from manufacture to the industrial way of meat production and processing, as well as contemporary concept of food quality and safety, have led to the application of starter cultures. Their application leads towards the streamlining of the production process in the desired direction, quality improvement and its harmonization, and thereby to its standardization. Application of moulds in the meat industry is based on positive effects of their proteolytic and lipolytic egzoenzymes which, as a consequence, leads to the creation of characteristic sensory properties ('flavor') of fermented products. Penicillium nalgiovense is a typical representative of moulds used in the production of fermented sausages-salamis from our region. Samples of 'zimska salama' (dry sausage), produced with Penicillium nalgiovense, were evaluated as hygienically unacceptable. Their sensory properties changed due to contamination of this mould during the ripening process. Micological analysis discovered the presence of Penicillium aurantiogriseum, which is a frequent mould contaminant in the meat industry. At the same time, thin layer chromatography revealed no possibility of metabolic activity of this mould in the creation of mycotoxins. However, the presence of this mould on the surface of 'zimska salama' is considered as undesirable due to formation of 'off flavor' in products. Such product is considered as hygienically unacceptable and cannot be used for the human consumption.

Key microbiota of maize kernels from two farms in Cameroon were characterised at harvest and during five months of drying / storage in firewood kitchens. Moulds populations shifted from Fusarium sp. to Penicillium and Aspergillus during drying, and aflatoxigenic moulds were absent. Lactic acid bacteria ( Lactobacillus plantarum , Leuconostoc citreum ) were only present earlier on, and Enterobacteriaceae became dominant. Common yeasts were Candida quercitrusa (early storage) and Meyerozyma guilliermondii (late storage). Strains of L. plantarum and M. guilliermondii are known to inhibit mould growth and could be used in an energy-efficient system for moist-storage of maize kernels. Keywords: Maize, mycotoxins, mould, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, biocontrol

International audience; There have been many reviews concerned with antimicrobial food packaging, and with the use of antifungal compounds, but none provided an exhaustive picture of the applications of active packaging to control fungal spoilage. Very recently, many studies have been done in these fields, therefore it is timely to review this topic. This article examines the effects of essential oils, preservatives, natural products, chemical fungicides, nanopartides coated to different films, and chitosan in vitro on the growth of moulds, but also in vivo on the mould free shelf-life of bread, cheese, and fresh fruits and vegetables. A short section is also dedicated to yeasts. All the applications are described from a microbiological point of view, and these were sorted depending on the name of the species. Methods and results obtained are discussed. Essential oils and preservatives were ranked by increased efficacy on mould growth. For all the tested molecules, Penicillium species were shown more sensitive than Aspergillus species. However, comparison between the results was difficult because it appeared that the efficiency of active packaging depended greatly on the environmental factors of food such as water activity, pH, temperature, NaCl concentration, the nature, the size, and the mode of application of the films, in addition to the fact that the amount of released antifungal compounds was not constant with time.

The complex interplay between host and microbe is especially evident in the pathogenesis of fungal diseases. Certain fungi, like Candida albicans, are commensals whereas others, like Cryptococcus neoformans, are environmental opportunists who have, in part, enhanced their capacity to cause devastating disease through interactions (e.g., a “boot camp”) over the millennia with environmental predators, such as amoebae (Casadevall et al., 2003). Moreover, the invading eukaryotic fungal cells have enormous similarities to mammalian cells, which significantly complicate therapeutic approaches to combat fungal diseases, which most frequently occur in hosts with compromised immunity. Human Pathogenic Fungi: Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Mechanisms, edited by Derek J. Sullivan and Gary P. Moran from Trinity College Dublin, provides a new collection of chapters that carefully delineate critically important aspects of the pathobiology of major human pathogenic fungi while concomitantly detailing recent significant advances in methods for their study and carefully reviewing relevant current epidemiological, clinical, and basic science information (Sullivan and Moran, 2014). The up-to-date, well-presented chapters serve to make this text a valuable reference for experts in the field as well as those new to fungal pathobiology. The authors contributing chapters to the book include well-known leaders in fungal pathogenesis, and several chapters have co-authors who are young, rising stars in their respective areas. The editors divide the book into two interconnected sections. In Part I, the chapters focus on recent advances in approaches to studying fungal pathogenesis. In Part II, specific fungi are separately presented with a particular emphasis on the current knowledge of their cellular and molecular biology. Each chapter is carefully edited and easy to read. A real strength of the publication is that the chapters are highly linked to each other, but also stand as independent, extremely useful reviews of their individual, dedicated topics. An additional exceedingly useful aspect of this text is the carefully collected reference sets for each chapter, which will be invaluable especially to those new to the study of pathogenic fungi. In Part I, there are six well-developed chapters that provide detailed information on the well-established and cutting edge methods for studying fungal pathogenesis. Chapters one and two discuss approaches for high-throughput sequencing and how analyses of these data translate into fundamental insights into fungal pathobiology, including the evolution of factors associated with virulence. This rich array of established and emerging data also facilitates system-wide, highly complex assessments of host-fungal interactions, and the application of systems biology to these data sets is carefully detailed in the third chapter. Building on concepts in the first three chapters, the fourth chapter describes exploration of pathogenesis through transcriptomic analyses. Validated animal models for studying fungal diseases are presented in the fifth chapter, including using these models to evaluate therapeutics. The final chapter of Part I, chapter six, uses C. albicans as a model organism to provide an overview of host responses to fungal cells, concomitantly looking at the roles of both the fungi and the host in these responses. The pathobiology of specific fungi or groups of fungi is presented in separate chapters in Part II of Human Pathogenic Fungi: Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Mechanisms. The impact of secreted enzymes, the capacity to form biofilms, the ability to scavenge metals, and diverse other virulence attributes are discussed in these chapters. The seventh chapter dovetails well with the host response chapter preceding it, as it focuses on the recent advances in our knowledge of the clinical relevance and pathogenesis of Candida. Chapter eight discusses the various attributes that converge to provide Aspergillus fumigatus with the potent to cause devastating disease in immunocompromised hosts as well as allergic manifestations in immunologically intact individuals. C. neoformans is the focus of chapter nine, and I especially enjoyed reading the descriptions of capsular dynamics and plasticity as well as the relatively new finding that the fungus produces “titan” or “giant” cells during infection that are up to 100 μm in diameter (Zaragoza and Nielsen, 2013). Dermatophytes typically cause superficial disease, but are extremely common and, thus, economically important. Chapter ten describes the factors that contribute to the virulence of these species as well as presents new information gained through the sequencing of genomes from seven different dermatophyte species. The clinical importance and pathogenesis Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis are rigorously explored in chapters eleven and twelve, respectively. The complexities of studying Pneumocystis jerovecii (i.e., it only grows in humans) and the significance of pneumocystosis are detailed in chapter thirteen. The final chapter, chapter fourteen, is co-authored by six Brazilian scientists who summarize the current knowledge regarding the virulence characteristics and pathogenesis of Paracoccidioides. In sum, this well-presented work is a highly useful addition to the literature. The approach of presenting the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular biology of these important pathogens in conjunction with concise discussions of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic approaches, both current and potential, provides the reader with a thorough fundamental understanding of the particular aspect of each chapter. The extremely readable nature of the well-edited text will certainly facilitate its use by graduate students entering into the fields of fundamental or medical mycology and established researchers will appreciate the crisp reviews and their thorough references.

During ten-year period (1995-2004), a total of 756 analyses of pig and poultry feed was performed. Standard methods were used for microbiological determination. Qualitative and quantitative analyze of mycotoxins was performed by TLC technique. Feed for young categories contained from 100 to 3,400,000 CFU/g of feed. In 35.71% of all samples the detected amount was above acceptable levels. Feed for adult categories contained from 800 to 8,000,000 CFU/g of feed. In only 7.54% of samples this amount was over the tolerable level. Species determination revealed great heterogeneity, with the most common findings of Penicillium spp. (28.38%), Aspregillus spp. (26.37%) Mucor spp. (24.67%), Fusarium spp. (11.33%) and Rhizopus spp. (9.22%). The amount and type of mycotoxin varied depending on the feed category as well as on year of detection, implicating a strong influence of climatic factors and average humidity of the specified year. In a total of 320 analyzed feeds for pigs and poultry the characteristic finding was a combined contamination with two or three mycotoxins. In 161 samples of feed for young animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 36, 161 and 161 samples respectively, while in 33, 83 and 71 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels. In 159 samples of feed for adult animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 32, 159 and 159 samples, respectively while in 31, 65 and 99 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels. Tokom desetogodišnjeg perioda (1995-2004) izvršeno je ukupno 756 analiza uzoraka stočne hrane namenjenih za ishranu živine i svinja. Za mikrobiološku analizu uzoraka korišćene su standardne metode, a kvalitativno i kvantitativno ispitivanje navedenih mikotoksina izvršeno je TLC metodom. Smeše za mlade životinje sadržale su od 100 do 3.400.000 plesni/gr, pri čemu je čak 35.71% ispitivanih uzoraka sadržalo nedozvoljen broj plesni. Smeše za odrasle životinje sadržale su od 800 do 8.000.000 plesni/gr, pri čemu je svega 7.54% ispitivanih uzoraka sadržalo nedozvoljen broj plesni. Vrste izolovanih rodova plesni pokazuju veliku heterogenost, a najčešće su detektovane Penicilium spp. (28.38%), Aspergillus spp. (26.37%), Mucor spp. (24.67%), Fusarium spp. (11.33%) i Rhisopus spp. (9.22%). Količina i vrsta mikotoksina varira u odnosu na vrstu smeše, kao i u odnosu na pojedine godine, što može da se dovede u direktnu vezu sa klimatskim faktorima, odnosno sa godišnjom vlažnošću. Ispitano je ukupno 320 smeša za ishranu svinja i živine, a karakteristično je da je velik broj smeša bio kontaminiran sa dva, odnosno tri mikotoksina. Od ukupno 161 uzorka hrane za mlade životinje prisustvo AFB1 F-2 i OTA utvrđeno je u 36, 161 i 161 uzorku, od čega je, istim redom, 33, 83 i 71 uzorak sadržao navedene mikotoksine iznad dozvoljene granice. Od ukupno 159 uzoraka hrane za odrasle životinje prisustvo AFB1, F-2 i OTA utvrđeno je u 32, 159 i 159 uzoraka, od čega je, istim redom, 31, 65 i 99 uzoraka sadržalo navedene mikotoksine iznad dozvoljene granice.

The aim of the study was to characterize the heterotrophic microbiota in surface samples and in the air of the Roman catacombs of St. Callistus and St. Domitilla. The microbiotas inhabiting different environments and substrates, including plaster, marble and tufa in illuminated and dark sites, were studied. Microbial groups examined were aerobic microorganisms, anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria, proteolytic microorganisms, actinobacteria, yeasts and moulds. Filamentous actinobacteria, Streptomyces spp., were dominant in the biofilm samples. 16S rDNA sequence similarity analysis indicated that many of the isolates were novel species. Gram-negative bacteria were a minority among the isolated bacteria: few slime forming bacteria or types most closely related to them, like Pseudomonas spp., Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens, Sinorhizobium morelense and Bosea thiooxidans, were isolated. Fungi, mainly white Lecanicillium psalliotae, Torrubiella spp., Beauveria alba and L. aranearum, were isolated from both air and biofilm samples.

Background: There has been a significant growth in the prevalence of allergy, mainly associated to IgE-mediated disorders such as asthma and rhinitis. The identification of atopy in asthmatic patients through the measurement of specific IgE can help to identify risk factors that cause asthmatic symptoms in patients. The development and use of individualized allergen-based tests by the Component Resolved Diagnosis has been a crucial advance in the accurate diagnosis and control of allergic patients. The objective of this work was to assess the usefulness of molecular diagnosis to identify environmental allergens as possible factors influencing the development and manifestation of asthma in a group of asthmatic patients from Iran. Methods: Studied population: 202 adult asthmatic patients treated at the Loghman Hakim Hospital and Pasteur Institute of Teheran (Iran) from 2011 to 2012. Specific IgE determined by the ImmunoCAP system were used to both evaluate the patients' atopic condition and the molecules involved in the allergic sensitization. SDS-PAGE IgE-immunoblotting associated with mass spectrometry was carried out to study the cockroach IgE-binding sensitizing proteins. Results: Forty-five percent of all patients could be considered atopic individuals. Eighty-two percent of atopic patients were sensitized to pollen allergens. The Salsola kali (Sal k 1) and the Phleum pratense (rPhl p 1 and/or rPhl p 5) major allergens were the most common sensitizers among pollens (71% and 18%, respectively). Thirty-five percent of the atopic population was sensitized to cockroach. Four different allergens, including a previously unknown alpha-amylase, were identified in the cockroach extract. No significant associations could be demonstrated between the severity of asthma and the specific IgE levels in the atopic population. Statistical analysis identified the Sal k 1 as the main protein allergen influencing the development and expression of asthma in the studied population. Conclusions: Pollen and cockroach were the most relevant allergen sources in the asthmatic population. The Salsola kali major allergen was the main cause for sensitization in the atopic patients suffering asthma. Using the Component Resolved Diagnosis, it was possible to identify a new Blattella germanica cockroach allergen (Blattella alpha amylase 53 kDa) that could sensitize a relevant percentage of this population. This study has been founded by the Government of The Basque Country, Project IT787-13.

Ozone is already known as effective food/environmental disinfection agent, thanks to its oxidative action towards microbial cell components. Bactericidal effect of ozone is well documented, while data concerning its inhibitory activity towards fungi are still ambiguous. Our study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of gaseous ozone towards potentially contaminant fungi in a meat production plant in real working conditions. M2 and M5S5 plates were inoculated with Aspergillus niger, Penicillium roqueforti, Mucor racemosus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and positioned in a deboning room, where gaseous ozone was dispensed throughout the night (until a maximum concentration of 20 ppm). Nine different points were chosen, based on height and distance from the ozone dispenser. After the treatment, the presence of strains growth was evaluated. Gaseous ozone did not show any inhibitory activity against mould strains, as optimum growth during all the trials was observed. An appreciable and constant microbicidal effect against S. cerevisiae was evidenced, with a mean value of 2.8 Log reduction. Our results suggest the importance of the definition of environmental and technical use conditions in order to optimise the antimicrobial efficacy of ozone in real working situations in food industries.

Asp f 1 (ribotoxin) is the main allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus and a critical factor in provoking allergic responses and bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. This study investigated the prevalence of allergen Asp f 1 in dust samples collected at two Croatian sawmills from different working sites (sawmilling, parquetry and sorting). A total of thirty-five floor dust samples were collected, extracted, and the mass fraction of Asp f 1 was determined using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. More than 91% of the collected dust samples had detectable levels of Asp f 1 (limit detection, 3.6 ng g-1). The median Asp f 1 mass fractions in Sawmill 1 and Sawmill 2 were 49.4 ng g-1 (range

The aim of this work was to verify if the headspace analysis of fungal volatile compounds produced by some species of Fusarium can be used as a marker of mould presence on maize. Eight samples of maize (four yellow maize from North Italy and four white maize from Hungary), naturally contaminated by Fusarium and positive for the presence of fumonisins, were analyzed to detect moisture content, Aw, volatile metabolites and an enumeration of viable moulds was performed by means of a colony count technique. Headspace samples were analysed using a gas-chromatograph equipped with a capillary column TR-WAX to detect volatile metabolites of moulds. Furthermore macro- and microscopic examination of the colonies was performed in order to distinguish, according to their morphology, the genera of the prevalent present moulds. Prevalent mould of eight samples was Fusarium, but other fungi, like Aspergillus, Penicillum and Mucoraceae, were observed. The metabolites produced by F. graminearum and F. moniliforme were Isobutyl-acetate, 3-Methyl-1-butanol and, only at 8 days, 3-Octanone. The incubation time can affect off flavour production in consequence of the presence of other moulds. Further studies on maize samples under different conditions are needed in order to establish the presence of moulds using the count technique and through the identification of volatile compounds.

Yeast contamination of fermented green olives was evaluated. Plate counts were determined during the fermentation process and strains were isolated, identified and characterized. Results showed that counts of yeasts reached a maximum when the acidity was rather high. Strain identification showed that: Pichia anomala, Debaryomyces hansenii, Candida versatilis and C. tropicalis were the most abundant species. Isolates of these species were used in the in-vitro inhibition assays using laboratory media with whole garlic, water extract and steam distilled oil to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs). The effect of concentrations that inhibited yeasts and moulds were also studied on lactic acid bacteria which were not inhibited. The essential oil was the most active on growth of moulds and yeasts. The same concentrations of sorbic acid were used in olive preservation against yeasts and moulds during the fermentation and storage. A net decrease in yeast counts was observed.En el trabajo se evalúa la contaminación por levaduras en la fermentación de aceitunas verdes. Se hicieron recuentos en placas, y se aislaron, identificaron y caracterizaron las cepas correspondientes. Los resultados indican que los recuentos de mohos alcanzan el máximo cuando la acidez es elevada. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Pichia anomala, Debaryomyces hansenii, Candida versatilis y C. tropicalis. Las especies anteriores se usaron en ensayos de inhibición in vitro utilizando medios de cultivos con ajo, extracto acuoso y aceites obtenidos por arrastre de vapor, determinándose las concentraciones de inhibición mínima (MICs). Las concentraciones que mostraron actividad no tuvieron inhibición frente a las bacterias lácticas. El aceite esencial fue la composición más activa frente a mohos y levaduras. La utilización adicional de ácido sórbico durante la fermentación y almacenamiento dio lugar a un descenso en la población de levaduras.

Aims: This study was undertaken to assess the influence of seed treatment (soaking in water) on nutritional and microbiological composition of two cowpea cultivars. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Tropical Products Technology, and the laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, between October 2010 and December 2011. Study Design: Method based on AOAC tests and AFNOR for microbiological analysis. A two-way analysis of variance and t-test were used. Methodology: The proximate composition of soaked and non soaked cowpea grains was determined and microbiological (bacteriological and mycological) analysis of these grains was also performed. Results: The major components were 28% and 26.25% protein, 48.35% and 47.99% carbohydrate, 41.66% and 40.05% starch for the RC (red cultivar) and WC (white cultivar) respectively. Lipids are less represented in the 2 cultivars (2.5%). There were significant reductions in the contents of the major components as a result of the treatment. Plain water soaking brought about a significant decrease in the proximate composition causing a mean reduction of 3.14% and 10.02% protein, 28.23% and 29.30% carbohydrate, 29.47% and 28.94% starch, 18.80% and 22.02 % energy for the RC and WC respectively. The mean decrease for mineral was 23.13% and 47.66% iron, 2.32% and 8.15% calcium, 9.30% and 2.10% phosphorus for the RC and WC respectively. In general the highest reduction was observed in the WC variety. Mean count (Log10 cfu/g) of total aerobic miroflora, coliforms, mould and yeast were 6.29 and 6.43; 2.04 and 2.58; 4.41 and 4.78 for the RC and WC respectively. Five genera of mould were isolated: Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, Botrytis and Geotrichum. The predominant fungi belonged to Aspergillus genus. Conclusion: The cultivar types of cowpea and the preparation methods could affect the nutrient availability of this product. Cold water soaking has a great influence on the properties of cowpea grains.

Cereals are very important for human and animal diet. However, agricultural products can be contaminated by moulds and their mycotoxins. On the other hand, natural plant products with antimicrobial properties could be a possibility to control mycotoxigenic fungi in foods and feeds. In this study, Equisetum arvense and Stevia rebaudiana extracts were tested for their efficacy against a range of mycotoxigenic fungi. Maize agar medium (MAM 2%) was used for this study and E. arvense and S. rebaudiana extracts were added at different concentrations (1–3%) under different water activity (aw) levels (0.85–0.95). Six mycotoxigenic moulds were inoculated and incubated at different temperatures (15–30 °C) during 21 days. In general, no growth was observed with E. arvense extract at 3% in all studied conditions for all isolates. However, with S. rebaudiana extract at 2–3%, growth was not significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in most of the cases. Finally, in terms of toxin production, results were not conclusive. The use of E. arvense extracts as antifungals and antimycotoxigenics and their application should be further explored. The authors are grateful to the EU (MYCORED KBBE-2007-2-5-05 project) and Spanish government (AGL2010-22182-C04-04 project), Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca, del Departament d’Innovació, Universitats i Empresa de la Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR) and European Social Fund for the financial support.

This paper describes the first map, albeit partial, of toxigenic fungi re-isolated from grape berries collected in three out of the six most important Slovakia winemaking areas in two different periods of the harvest year 2008. Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008 favoured the development of grape fungal diseases that cause rots such as Plasmopara, Uncinula, Botrytis, Metasphaeria, Elsinoe, and Saccharomycetes. In the analysed samples, the following genera of toxigenic fungi were identified in the range of 1-4%: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Ulocladium, and Trichoderma Trichothecium, while the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium were in the range 11-29%. A. niger, A. carbonarius, some strains of A. carbonarius-with 'crystals' and strains of A. uvarum-uniseriate were identified; these species are considered ochratoxigenic (able to produce variable amounts of toxins). In addition, a non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthesize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins were identified. P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents 29.7%, of the Penicillium genus together with P. verrucosum, P. glabrum, P. citrinum, and P. crustosum. An analysis for the identification and quantification of the main toxins: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin was performed on grape samples; it was consistent with the results of the mycological analysis. Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout the years and their occurrence compared with all environmental factors to avoid health risks.

Örümcek ağından mikrobiyolojik besiyerleri için yeni bir pepton geliştirilmiştir. Materyal olarak, Erzurum ili Pasinler ilçesi Alvar Beldesindeki ahırlardan temin edilen örümcek ağları kullanılmıştır. Örümcek ağları toz haline getirildikten sonra kimyasal olarak hidrolize edilmiş ve hidrolizat örümcek ağı hidrolizatı (ÖAH) olarak isimlendirilmiştir. ÖAH'nin kül, element, toplam şeker ve amino asit içeriği belirlenmiştir. Farklı konsantrasyonlardaki (% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) ÖAH'nin doğal ortamlardan alınan (et, su, süt ve toprak) test mikroorganizmalarının üremesi üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmış ve %4'lük ÖAH'nin en uygun konsantrasyon olduğu saptanmıştır. ÖAH kurutulmuş ve elde edilen ürüne örümcek ağı peptonu (ÖAP) adı verilmiştir. Elde edilen bu pepton, bacterilogical pepton ve proteose pepton'a karşı saf kültür halindeki mikroorganizmaları ve doğal ortamlardaki mikroorganizmaları üretme potansiyeli bakımından test edilmiştir. Yüzey ekimi, dökme plak (koloni sayılarını karşılaştırmak için) ve çalkalama kültür (biyomas verimlerini karşılaştırmak için) çalışmalarından elde elden sonuçlar ÖAP'nin mikrobiyolojik vasatlarda pepton olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. A new peptone has been developed from spider net for microbiological media. Spider net were obtained from the stables in Alvar, Pasinler, Erzurum. After powdering, it was hydrolysed chemically and obtained product was termed as spider net hydrolysate (SNH). The amounts of ash, element, total sugar and amino acid those SNH contained were determined. The effects of different concentrations (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 %) of SNH on the growth of microorganisms were investigated and it was found that the optimal concentiration is 4%. SNH was dried and obtained product was termed as spider net peptone (SNP). SNP was compaired with proteose pepton (PP) and bacteriological peptone (BP) and it was found that this product can be used as a pepton in microbiological media. 46

A study on isolation and identification mould inhabiting plant leaf litter had been conducted. The objective of the study was to isolate and identify mould inhabiting plant leaf litter from Mount Lawu, Surakarta, Central Java. The mould isolation was based on washing and filtering with membrane isolation method. The result showed that 39 moulds generas with 55 species varians, one group identified in class level, and three groups of unidentified mould isolates had been isolated. Taxas distributions showed that there were endophyte and phytopatogen mould isolates had been isolated such as Fusarium, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma, and Coelomycetes. However, typical soil taxa and common saprobic fungi such as Aspergillus, Cunninghamella, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Trichoderma remain dominated the resulted isolates..© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: mould, leaf litter, Mount Lawu, washing and filter membrane isolation method

The antifungal effects of eight commercial disinfectants namely alcohol, peracetic acid, iodophors, aldehydes, quaternary amine compounds (QAC, a, b and c), and a chlorine-based agent were assessed at different concentrations. The time taken for these disinfectants to kill different microorganisms was used to assess their efficacy. The microorganisms tested were six yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum, Kloeckera apiculata, Candida oleophila, Metschnikowia fructicola, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and two moulds, Aspergillus niger (5 strains) and Penicillium roqueforti (5 strains). The disinfectants QAC (a) and QAC (c) were the most effective against all the microorganisms tested. The chlorine-based disinfectant worked most efficiently against the moulds at all concentrations used (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%). Peracetic acid and alcohol based disinfectants were most effective against the yeasts than mould. Tested yeasts were more resistant to the aldehyde and iodophors base disinfectants than the others.

Indonesia as one of the megabiodiversity country has high biodiversity of plants, animals, and microbes. One of the microbe’s biodiversity is mould inhabiting plant rhizosphere. Research and exploration on mould inhabiting plant rhizosphere in Gunung Mutis Natural Reserve, NTT has never been conducted before. The objective of the study was to isolate and identify mould inhabiting several horticulture and reforestation plants rhizosphere in Gunung Mutis Natural Reserve, NTT. The mould isolation method was based on direct inoculation. Theresult showed that eight moulds genera with several species variants had been isolated. The isolated moulds genera were; Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, Cunninghamella, Eupenicillium, Fusarium (2 species), Paecilomyces, Penicillium (5 species), and Trichoderma.© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: mould, rhizosphere, Gunung Mutis Natural Reserve, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), isolation, identification, direct innoculation

(1 -> 3)-beta-d-glucan is a well known cell wall constituent of fungal isolates that can be detected by assays in vivo and in vitro. Previous studies have shown that different fungal isolates may show different levels of reactivity with an assay for beta glucan. In this study we evaluated the in vitro reactivity of 127 clinical fungal isolates belonging to 40 different genera, with the Glucatell (TM) assay. The majority of the fungal isolates released high levels of beta glucan. Beta glucan test reactivity appears to be species-specific and this may reflect the beta glucan content of the organism.

Ekološki faktori kao što su temperatura, vlažnost i drugi klimatski faktori u različitim geografskim područjima, imaju uticaj na brzinu rasta i razmnožavanja kvasaca i plesni. Fizičko hemijske osobine mleka utiču na rast kvasaca i plesni, a među najvažnijima su aw, pH, temperatura i druge. Međusobnim uticajem ovih parametara uslovljen je njihov rast i razmnožavanje. Cilj našeg rada bio je da utvrdimo broj kontaminisanih uzoraka sirovog mleka plesnima i kvascima u zavisnosti od godišnjeg doba i geografskog područja. Ecological parametres such as temperature, humidity and other climatic factors in different geographical regions and ecological factors of food production have a complex impact on the speed of growth and multiplication of mould and yeasts. They enable one type of microorganisms to multiply on account of others. Several factors have an impact on the growth of mould and yeasts in raw milk, and the most important ones are as follows: aw, pH and temperature. The interplay between factors ultimately determines grow of yeasts and moulds in raw milk.

V ÖZET DEPOLANMIŞ HAYVAN YEMLERİNİN KUF FLORASI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA ERDOĞAN, Aylin Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Biyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Alev HALİKİ Mayıs 2001, 63 sf Bu çalışmada, İzmir ilinde bulunan iki ayrı yem fabrikasından alınan 13 çeşit toplam 22 adet yem hammaddesi örneği incelenmiştir. Bu örneklerde bulunan küflerin izolasyon ve identifıkasyonları amaçlanmıştır. Toplam 147 izolat elde edilmiştir ve farklı 1 7 küf türü tanımlanmıştır; 6 Aspergillus genusunda, 6 Penicillium genusunda ve 5 tanesi Fungi İmperfecti sınıfındadır. Çalışmalar sonucunda izole edilen küf türlerinin bir kısmının toksik etki yapabilecek küf türleri arasında olduğu saptanmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler; Yem, küf florası, mikotoksigenik küfler VII ABSTRACT A RESEARCH ON MOULD FLORA IN STORED FEEDS ERDO?AN, Aylin MSc in Biology Supervisor Assoc. Prof.Dr. Alev HALİKİ April 2001 In this research, 1 3 different types and total 22 pieces of raw feed samples which were received from 2 different feed production plant. It is aimed at the isolation and identifications of moulds in this samples. It is gained 147 isolates in total and 17 different mould types are identified: 6 in Aspergillus. 6 in Penicillium species and 5 Fungi Imperfecti class. It is detected that some part of the isolated mould types may have toxic effect. Keywords: feed, mycofiora. mycotoxigenic moulds. 63

ÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ KAHRAMANMARAŞ YÖRESİNDE YAYGIN OLARAK KULLANILAN BAZI PESTİSİTLERİN TOPRAK MİKROORGANİZMALARI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ Ferdağ ÇOLAK KSÜ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ BİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI DANIŞMAN: Doç. Dr. Metin DIGRAK Yıl: 2001 Sayfa:60 Jüri Doç. Dr. Metin DIGRAK Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özlem T. ERDOĞRUL Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hüseyin KOKSAL Bu çalışmada Kahramanmaraş yöresinde yaygın olarak kullanılan pestisitlerin toprak mikroorganizmaları üzerine etkisi araştırıldı. Araştırmada herbisitlerden Tefralin, Dimethenamid, akarisitlerden Akrifol, insektisitlerden Marchal, Diazinon ve Deltametrin, fungisitlerden Vitavax ve Dikotom kullanıldı. Belirtilen pestisitlerin toprakta bulunan toplam canlı bakteri, aerop endospor oluşturan bakteri, anaerop bakteri, aktinomiset, proteolitik bakteri, maya ve küf üzerine etkisi araştırıldı. Tefralin ile muamele edilen toprakta bulunan toplam canlı bakterilere, aerop endospor oluşturan bakterilere, anaerop bakterilere ve aktinomisetler üzerine bu herbisitin olumsuz etkide bulunmadığı, proteolitik bakterilerle, maya ve küfte ise inkübasyonun değişik günlerinde değişik sonuçlar verdiği tespit edildi. Dimethenamid ile muamele edilen toprakta bulunan toplam canlı bakteri ve aerop endospor oluşturan bakterileri adı geçen herbisitin olumsuz yönde etkilemediği bunun yanısıra diğer bakteri grublarını olumsuz yönde etkilediği gözlendi. Akrifol ile muamale edilen toprakta sadece toplam canlı bakteri sayısının bu akarisitten olumsuz yönde etkilendiği, diğer bakteri grublannm ise olumsuz yönde etkilenmediği tesbit edildi. Marchal ile yapılan çalışmada, toplam canlı bakteri ve proteolitik bakteri sayısının azaldığı, aktinomisetlerin bu insektisitten etkilenmediği diğer bakteri grublarının ise sayılarının artmasını teşvik ettiği görüldü.Diazinon uygulanan toprakta sadece proteolitik bakteri sayısının azaldığı diğer bakteri grublannın ise sayılarının arttığı gözlendi. Deltametrin ile yapılan çalışmada bu insektisidin, hiçbir bakteri grubuna olumsuz yönde etki yapmadığı ve inkübasyonun değişik günlerinde değişik sonuçlar verdiği görüldü. Vitavax uygulanan toprakta bu pestisidin aerop endospor bakteri sayısını, maya ve küf sayısını etkilemediği, sadece anaerop bakteri sayışım azalttığı ve diğer mikroorganizma grublannın sayılarını ise artırdığı tespit edildi. Dikotom uygulanan toprakta bu fungisitin yalnızca aerop endospor bakteri sayısını azalttığı, diğer bakteri grublannın sayısını ise artırdığı gözlendi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pestisitler, toprak mikroorganizmaları, maya ve küf, aktinomisetler II ABSTRACT MSc THESIS EFFECTS ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS SOME PESTICIDES WIDELY USE REGION KAHRAMANMARAŞ Ferdağ ÇOLAK DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY INSTTUTE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Metin DIGRAK Year: 2001, pages:60 Jury :Assist. Prof. Dr. Metin DI?RAK :Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem T. ERDOGRUL :Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin KOKSAL In this study, effects of pesticides, widely used in Kahramanmaraş region, on soil microorganisms were investigated. In the study, pesticides including Tefralin, Dimethenamid (herbicide), Acrifol (acaricide), Marchal, Diazinon and Deltametrin (insecticide), Vitavax and Dikotom (fungicide) were used. Effects of pesticides, mentioned above on total live bacteria, spore-forming aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, proteoliytic bacteria, yeast and mold in soil were searched. While Tefralin didn't have any negative effect on total live, spore-forming aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria actinomycetes of soil, which was applied with this herbiside, different results were determinated for proteoliytic bacteria, yeast and mold in different incubation days. While Dimethenamid didn't have any negative effect on total live bacteria and spore-forming aerobic bacteria of soil, which was applied with this herbicide, it had a negative effect on other bacteria groups. IllWhile Acrifol had an effect on number of total live bacteria in soil, which was applied with this acariside, it didn't have a negative effect on other bacteria groups. Studies with Marchal showed that, were decrease on the number of total live bacteria and proteoliytic bacteria but actinomycetes didn't get affected by this insecticide. On the other hand, this insecticide stimulated the other bacteria groups to increase their number. Number of proteoitic bacteria decreased while the number of other bacteria groups increased in the soil which was applied with Diazinoh. Studies with Deltametrin showed that, this insectiside didn't have any negative effect on any the bacteria bacteria groups and different results were determinated in different incubation days. The number of spore-forming aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold, in soil which was applied with Vitavax didn't get effected by this pesticide, only the number of anaerobic bacteria were decreased by the pesticide. However, the number of the other bacteria groups were increased by Vitavax. Dikotom also decreased the number of spore-forming aerobic bacteria in the soil but it increased the number of other bacteria groups. Key Words: Pesticides, soil microorganisms, yeast-mold, actinomycetes IV 60

ÖZET ÇEŞİTLİ ÜZÜM İŞLETMELERİNDEN ALINAN ÇEKİRDEKSİZ KURU ÜZÜM ÖRNEKLERİNDEKİ FUNGAL YÜKÜN VE POTANSİYEL OKRATOKSİJENİK KÜFLERİN BELİRLENMESİ BOR, Tarık Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Biyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Rengin ELTEM Mart 2001, 202 sayfa Bu araştırmada, İzmir ve Manisa illerindeki işletmelerden alınan çekirdeksiz kuru üzüm örnekleri ve bağlardan gelen bandırma sıvılarındaki potansiyel okratoksijenik küf florası incelenmiştir. Bunun için 10 bandırma sıvısı ve 35 çekirdeksiz kuru üzüm örneği toplanmıştır. Bu örneklerden toplam 408 küf izolatı elde edilmiştir. Bu izolatların identifikasyonunun yapılması sonucu 60 farklı tür ve varyete saptanmıştır. Tür bakımından en zengin cinsler sırasıyla Penicillium (29 tür), Aspergillus (18 tür), Cladosporium (3 tür), Trichoderma (2 tür), Absidia (1 tür), Alternaria (1 tür), Monilia (1 tür), Stachybotris (1 tür), Rhizopus (1 tür), Chaetomium, Spicaria ve Glomerularia genus seviyesinde tayin edilmiştir. Tanılanan türlerin içerisinden toplam 9 potansiyel okratoksijenik küf türü tespit edilmiştir. Aspergillus genusuna ait potansiyel okratoksijenik küf türlerinin oram %39, Penicillium genusuna ait potansiyel okratoksijenik küf türlerinin oranı %7 olarak belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: çekirdeksiz kuru üzüm, üzüm işletmesi, bandırma sıvısı, okratoksijenik küfler, izolasyon, identifikasyon,. vn ABSTRACT THE DETERMINATION OF FUNGAL COUNT AND POTENTIAL OCHRATOXIGENIC MOLDS IN THE SULTANAS FROM SEVERAL SULTANA PLANTS BOR, Tank Msc in Biology Supervisor: Doç. Dr. Rengin ELTEM March 2001, 202 pages In this study, the potential ochratoxigenic fungal flora in dipping solutions collected from vineyards and sultanas from Sultana Plants in Izmir and Manisa provinces were examined. Therefore, 10 dipping solutions and 35 sultana samples were collected. From these samples totally 408 fungus isolates were obtained. As a consequence, the identification of these isolates 60 different species and varieties were determined. With respect to species, most abundant found genera were as followed; Penicilliwn (29 species), Aspergillus (18 species), Cladosporium (3 species), Absidia (1 species), Alternaria (1 species), Monilia (1 species), Trichoderma (2 species), Stachybotris (1 species), Rhizopus (1 species), Chaetomium, Spicaria and Glomerularia. Among the molds identified 9 species were found to be potential ochratoxigenic molds. The potential ochratoxigenic molds species were determined in the proportion of 39% Aspergillus and 7% Penicillium genera. Keywords: sultana, sultana plant, dipping solution, ochratoxigenic molds, isolation, identification. 202

Mould strains were isolated from Olive Mill Waste (OMW) waters, characterized and screened for their activities on polyphenols hydrolysis by reculturing on the olive mill waste waters itself. The selected strains were then used for polyphenols removal in pure culture assays in flasks. Prior to the inoculation, OMW water was diluted to prepare three initial concentrations of polyphenols (2.2 g/L; 4.5g/L; 14.5g/L). Chemical characteristics including polyphenols and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were followed up in these assays. Results showed that the polyphenols removal by some strains was estimated to around 95.14% and the COD was also decreased by 43%. Olive mill waste waters are normally colored in dark because of the polyphenols oxidation. The microbial strains by hydrolysing the polyphenols had decolored completely these effluents and a clear liquid was obtained afier 12-15 days of treatment under aerobic shaking in laboratory. Polyphenols may have some inhibitory effect which would cause problems to the biological treatment of these effluents. Their removal would facilitate the treatment of the waste.Cepas de moho fueron aisladas del alpechín (OMW), caracterizadas y analizadas para determinar sus actividades en la hidrólisis de polifenoles mediante su recultivo en el mismo alpechín. Las cepas seleccionadas se usaron posteriormente para la eliminación de polifenoles en ensayos de cultivos puros en matraces. Antes de la inoculación, el alpechín fue diluido para obtener tres concentraciones iniciales de polifenoles (2,2g/L; 4,5g/L; 14,5g/L). Las características químicas, incluyendo polifenoles y la demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), fueron analizadas en estos ensayos. Los resultados muestran que los polifenoles eliminados por algunas cepas fueron del 95.14% y la DQO disminuyó un 43%. El alpechín es normalmente oscuro por la oxidación de los polifenoles. Las cepas microbianas al hidrolizar los polifenoles decoloraron completamente estos efluentes y un líquido claro fue obtenido tras 12-15 días de tratamiento bajo agitación aerobia en laboratorio. Los polifenoles pueden tener algún efecto inhibidor que podría causar problemas en el tratamiento biológico de estos efluentes. Su eliminación facilitaría el tratamiento del residuo.

Thick snow covering on warm and unfrozen soil in late autumn is believed to promote mould growth on the winter pastures of reindeer. Natural feed containing potential mycotoxins is suggested to affect the condition and health of the reindeer. During this kind of winter and spring 1996-97 we collected 30 samples from winter forage plants on three winter ranges in nothern Finland. We identified altogethet 12 different species or species groups of fungi in plant samples. Most microfungi were found when the soil temperatute under the snow in winter was above 0 °C and when the snow was just melted in spring. Abundant fungi wete Mortierella spp., Pénicillium spp. and Trichoderma viride. Without exception T. viride was, the most abundant when the temperature under the snow was above 0 °C and the soil was unfrozen, and Pénicillium spp. when temperature was below zero and the soil was frozen. Mortierella spp. was abundant in both circumstances. These three fungi or genera were also abundant in samples just after snow melting in spring. Reindeer seemed to avoid digging in the places where fungi were the most abundant. Several Pénicillium species and T. viride are known to be able to produce mycotoxins. Many symptoms observed among reindeer grazing on natural pastures were quite similar to those caused by mycotoxins. Potential mycotoxins on reindeer pastures and their effects on teindeer, should be studied in mote detail.

Ill ÖZET İZMİR İLİ VE ÇEVRESİNDE SATIŞA SUNULAN, MISIR GEVREĞİNİN KÜF İZOLASYONU VE İDENTİFİKASYONU KARABULUT, Yasemin Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Biyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Alev HALİKI Aralık 2000, 104sf. Bu çalışmada, çeşitli zamanlarda İzmir ili çevresindeki hipermarketlerde satışa sunulan 51 adet mısır gevreği örnekleri incelenmiştir. Bu örneklerde bulunan funguslann izolasyon ve identifikasyonu amaçlanmıştır. Toplam 76 küf izole edilmiş ve farklı 21 küf türü tammlanmıştır; 4 Aspergillus genusunda; 6 Penicillum genusunda ve 11 tanesi Fungi Imperfecti sınırındadır. Çalışmalar sonucunda toplam 76 küf türü izole edilmiş olup bu küflerin bir kısmının toksik etki yapabilecek küf türleri arasında olduğu saptanmıştır. Anahatar sözcükler = Küf, mısır, mısır gevreği. ABSTRACT THE IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF FUNGI IN CORNFLAKES ON SALE IN AND AROUND IZMIR KARABULUT, Yasemin MSc in Biology Department SupervisonAssoc.Prof.Dr. Alev HALİKI December 2000, 104p. In this study, cornflakes samples on sale in hypermarkets in and around Izmir were taken periodically and their mycoflora were examined. The aim of the study was to identify and isolate the mould found in the 51 samples. A total of 76 mould were isolated and 21 different types of mould were identified; momely, 4 Aspergillus sp., 6 Penicillium sp. and 1 1 Fungi Imperfect class. As a result of our investigations a total of 76 mould species were isolated and some of these mould were determined as being among the species of mould which have toxic effects. Keywords:Mycoflora, maize, cornflakes 104

ÖZET İZMİR İLİ VE CİVARINDAN LİPOLİTİK KÜF İZOLASYONU VE İDENTİFİKASYONU DÖNMEZ, Seyran Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Biyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Sanver EKMEKÇİ 18 Eylül 2000, 72 sayfa Bu çalışmada, Nisan ve Mayıs 1999 tarihlerinde Izmir ili ve civarında bulunan yağ fabrikalarından alınan çeşitli yağ örnekleri ve yağ içeren diğer örnekler incelenmiştir. Bu örneklerdeki lipaz üreten küflerin izolasyonu ve kientifikasyonu amaçlanmıştır. Tribütirin Agar DifÜzyon Yöntemi kullanılarak, 38 küf izole edilmiş ve farklı 15 küf türü tanımlanmıştır; 8 Aspergillus sp., 6 Penicillium sp., ve 1 Alternaria sp.. izole edilen türlerin lipaz aktiviteleri ölçülmüştür ve en yüksek lipaz aktivitesine sahip olan küf türleri saptanmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: Lipaz, küf, lİpolitik küfler VII ABSTRACT ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LIPOLYTIC FUNGI FROM IZMIR AND AROUND DÖNMEZ, Seyran MSc in Biology Department Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sanver EKMEKÇÎ September 2000, 72 pages In this study, between April and May 1999, oil taken from some factories, located in Izmir and around, and some fatty samples have been investigated. In these samples isolation and identification of moulds producing lipases have been purposed. By using Tributyrin Agar Difussion Method, 38 moulds were isolated and 15 different moulds species were identificated; 8 Aspergillus sp., 6 Penicillium sp., 1 Alternaria sp.,. The lipase activity of species isolated, has been measured and the species which have the highest lipase activity, have been determined. Keywords: Lipase, mould, lipolytic moulds 70