Search

We used matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) fingerprinting to identify 95 strains of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Talaromyces isolated from soil, marine sediment, and plants in Brazil. Samples for mass spectrometry were composed of conidia and conidiophores directly applied to the target plate and co-crystallized with the matrix solution. Cluster analyses of MS data and phylogenetic analyses based on the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene sequence (RPB2) supported the identification of 42 species in Aspergillus (n = 17), Penicillium (n = 16), and Talaromyces (n = 9). In few cases, MALDI-TOF dendrograms split strains from one species into two neighboring clusters, but strains from different species were never grouped together. Three Penicillium species delimited by MALDI-TOF MS did not correspond to known species present in the large RPB2 dataset available for this group and may represent new taxa. These results expand the scope of applications of MALDI-TOF MS to the task of screening phylogenetically diverse assemblages of morphologically similar strains derived from field collections, allowing for fast discrimination of common and rare species, and detection of possible new taxa.

International audience; Scientific communication is facilitated by a data-driven, scientifically sound taxonomy that considers the end-user's needs and established successful practice. Previously (Geiser et al. 2013; Phytopathology 103:400-408. 2013), the Fusarium community voiced near unanimous support for a concept of Fusarium that represented a clade comprising all agriculturally and clinically important Fusarium species, including the F. solani Species Complex (FSSC). Subsequently, this concept was challenged by one research group (Lombard et al. 2015 Studies in Mycology 80: 189-245) who proposed dividing Fusarium into seven genera, including the FSSC as the genus Neocosmospora, with subsequent justification based on claims that the Geiser et al. (2013) concept of Fusarium is polyphyletic (Sandoval-Denis et al. 2018; Persoonia 41:109-129). Here we test this claim, and provide a phylogeny based on exonic nucleotide sequences of 19 orthologous protein-coding genes that strongly support the monophyly of Fusarium including the FSSC. We reassert the practical and scientific argument in support of a Fusarium that includes the FSSC and several other basal lineages, consistent with the longstanding use of this name among plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, students and researchers with a stake in its taxonomy. In recognition of this monophyly, 40 species recently described as Neocosmospora were recombined in Fusarium, and nine others were renamed Fusarium. Here the global Fusarium community voices strong support for the inclusion of the FSSC in Fusarium, as it remains the best scientific, nomenclatural and practical taxonomic option available.

Fusarium isolates were obtained from asymptomatic seeds of wild grasses collected in six regions of Brazil. Eleven phylogenetic species were identified among 41 isolates based on sequences of EF-1α. These are members of the F. fujikuroi (FFSC, n = 24), F. incarnatum-equiseti (FIESC, n = 13), and F. chlamydosporum (FCSC, n = 5) species complexes that encompass known plant pathogens, mycotoxigenic species, and endophytes. Phylogenetic analyses based on EF-1α, RPB2, and TUB revealed two new species, F. caapi and F. brachiariae, that belong to the African clade of the FFSC and share main morphological features of F. mundagurra and F. nygamai. Another encountered isolate formed a singleton phylogenetic lineage within the FIESC. This survey shows that naturally occurring and cultivated grasses not only harbor a high diversity of known species, which are pathogens of maize, sorghum, rice, and sugarcane, but also novel Fusarium species.

Cercospora coffeicola is the causal agent of brown eye spot, an important disease of coffee (Coffea arabica) in Brazil. However, atypical symptom as darker and larger lesions, named black spot, has been reported in field. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the causal agent of black spot belongs to the same species pathogenic to brown eye spot. Nineteen strains obtained from diseased coffee found in the five largest coffee-producing states of Brazil were characterized by a combination of molecular phylogenic methods, using a multi-locus approach (internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening 5.8S nrRNAs, actin, calmodulin, histone H3, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha), analyses of morphological markers and pathogenicity. Strains from brown eye spot and black spot disease on coffee leaves formed a clade with C. coffeicola strain from Japan. All strains showed same morphological characteristics and caused brown eye spot symptoms in greenhouse. These results confirm that the species associated with brown eye spot and black spot disease on coffee leaves is C. coffeicola. Additionally, an epitype is proposed for C. coffeicola.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-04-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Two new polyketides, named koninginin T (1) and U (2), were isolated from Phomopsis stipata - an endophytic fungus isolated from Styrax camporum Pohl. The structures of polyketides 1 and 2 were defined through the analysis of spectroscopic data. Antifungal and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of these compounds were evaluated using TLC bioautographic assays. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed moderate antifungal activity and compound 1 showed acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Organic Chemistry Department São Paulo State University UNESP Chemistry Institute Environmental Chemistry Federal University of Tocantins UFT Department of Phytochemistry Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University, Evin Institute of Technological and Exact Sciences Federal University of Viçosa Federal University of Mato Grosso Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Botany of São Paulo Phytopathology Department Federal University of Lavras Organic Chemistry Department São Paulo State University UNESP Chemistry Institute FAPESP: 03/02176-7

Brazil is the world’s biggest producer of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Pokkah boeng is an important fungal disease in this crop caused by members of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and characterized by deformation of the aerial part of the plant and stem rot. While the occurrence of symptoms has been reported in plantations in Brazil, no official reports of the disease exist. In this study, species of the FFSC were identified that are associated with sugarcane plants with symptoms of pokkah boeng in Brazil. This was achieved using two‐loci molecular phylogeny, sexual compatibility and analysis of morphological markers. The ability of strains to cause disease in plants of sugarcane, maize, sorghum and millet was also evaluated. The 39 isolates studied were identified as F. sacchari, F. proliferatum and another, still unknown, phylogenetic lineage that is sister to F. andiyazi. Crossing field isolates of F. sacchari and F. proliferatum with their respective tester strains produced fertile perithecia and viable ascospores. All three species induced symptoms of pokkah boeng on inoculated sugarcane plants and caused stem rot in maize, sorghum and millet. Symptoms on sugarcane are chlorosis and necrosis of leaves, punctured lesions, twisted leaves, reduction of the total leaf area, death of the top of the plant and stalk rot. The findings confirmed the aetiology of the disease in Brazil, generated basic knowledge for the development of strategies for diagnosis and monitoring of the disease and support breeding programmes for selecting resistant germplasm.

These Clinical Practice Guidelines are endorsed by the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO) incidence and epidemiology Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for 1% of all cancers and ∼10% of all haematological malignancies. The incidence in Europe is 4.5–6.0/100 000/year with a median age at diagnosis of between 65 and 70 years; the mortality is 4.1/100 000/year. Almost all patients with MM evolve from an asymptomatic pre-malignant stage termed monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). MGUS progresses to MM at a rate of 1% per year. In some patients, an intermediate asymptomatic but more advanced pre-malignant stage termed smouldering (or indolent) multiple myeloma (SMM) can be recognised. SMM progresses to myeloma at a rate of 10% per year over the first 5 years following diagnosis, 3% per year over the following 5 years and 1.5% per year thereafter [1]. diagnosis Diagnosis of MM should be based on the following tests: [1] -Detection and evaluation of the monoclonal (M-) component by serum and/or urine protein electrophoresis (concentrate of 24 h urine collection); nephelometric quantification of IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins; characterisation of the heavy and light chains by immunofixation; and serum-free light-chain (FLC) measurement; -Evaluation of bone marrow (BM) plasma cell infiltration: BM aspiration and/or biopsies are the standard options to evaluate the number and characteristics. Moreover, the BM sample should be used for cytogenetic/fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies and also has the potential for immunophenotypic and molecular investigations; -Evaluation of lytic bone lesions: a radiological skeletal bone survey, including spine, pelvis, skull, humeri and femurs is necessary. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan may be needed to evaluate symptomatic bony sites, even if the skeletal survey is negative and the patient has symptoms suggesting bone lesions. Moreover, MRI provides greater detail and is recommended whenever spinal cord compression is suspected. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is currently under evaluation but should not be systematically used; -Complete blood cell count, with differential serum creatinine and calcium level.

Species of Didymellaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution and are geographically widespread, occurring in diverse ecosystems. The family includes several important plant pathogenic fungi associated with fruit, leaf, stem and root diseases on a wide variety of hosts, as well as endophytic, saprobic and clinically relevant species. The Didymellaceae was recently revised based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of ex-type strains subjected to DNA sequencing of partial gene data of the LSU, ITS, rpb2 and tub2 loci. Several poly- and paraphyletic genera, including Ascochyta, Didymella and Phoma were redefined, along with the introduction of new genera. In the present study, a global collection of 1 124 Didymellaceae strains from 92 countries, 121 plant families and 55 other substrates, including air, coral, human tissues, house dust, fungi, insects, soil, and water were examined via multi-locus phylogenetic analyses and detailed morphological comparisons, representing the broadest sampling of Didymellaceae to date. Among these, 97 isolates representing seven new genera, 40 new species and 21 new combinations were newly introduced in Didymellaceae. In addition, six epitypes and six neotypes were designated to stabilise the taxonomy and use of older names. A robust, multi-locus reference phylogenetic tree of Didymellaceae was generated. In addition, rpb2 was revealed as the most effective locus for the identification of Didymellaceae at species level, and is proposed as a secondary DNA marker for the family.

Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) species are commonly encountered infecting rice, but knowledge of the diversity and toxigenic potential of the species is lacking in Brazil, the largest rice-producing country outside Asia. One hundred FFSC isolates obtained from national rice were identified using morphology and phylogeny of TEF, CAL and TUB genes. Eight previously known and one novel Fusarium species were identified. Three species accounted for around 60% of the strains: F. fujikuroi (n = 23), F. proliferatum (n = 22) and F. verticillioides (n = 16). The less frequent species were F. volatile (n = 8), F. anthophilum (n = 6), F. pseudocircinatum (n = 4), F. sterilihyphosum (n = 2) and F. begoniae (n = 1). The novel Fusarium species was represented by 18 isolates. All species produced at least one of the analyzed mycotoxins [beauvericin (BEA), fumonisins (FBs), moniliformin (MON) and enniatins (ENNs)]. BEA was produced by all species but F. verticillioides. The FBs (mainly FB1) were produced mostly by F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. F. begoniae and F. verticillioides did not produce ENNs and F. sterilihyphosum and F. begoniae did not produce MON, while the other species produced MON and ENNs. Our results add new knowledge of the diversity, geographical distribution and host range of FFSC species.

Ninety three samples of rice were obtained from research and commercial plots at eight rice-producing regions of Brazil and analyzed for the presence of Fusarium species and 14 mycotoxins. A total of 352 isolates belonging to Fusarium genus were obtained from 85 % of the samples. These were assigned to four species complexes (SC) based on morphological identification. The most frequent SC detected was F. incarnatum-equiseti (FIESC, 32.4 %) followed by F. fujikuroi (FFSC, 26.1 %), F. graminearum (FGSC, 24.7 %) and F. chlamydosporum (FCSC, 16.8 %). FGSC was limited geographically and dominant in the southern subtropical production regions while the others occurred in all regions, particularly FIESC, the most widespread among them. The samples were individually contaminated with three to eight mycotoxins. The most common mycotoxins detected were zearalenone (ZEA), beauvericin, and acetylated forms of deoxynivalenol (AcDON). Other toxins included enniatins, T-2, HT-2, DON, neosolaniol and moniliformin. The concentration levels were all below the Brazilian promulgated limits established only for DON (< 750 ppb), and ZEA (< 100 ppb) with one exception for the latter. Most toxins were found in both the husk and flour fractions, but AcDON tended to concentrate more in the husk. Our survey extends considerable our knowledge of the Fusarium complexes infecting rice and provides an update on the status of rice mycotoxin contamination at the country level, which can be considered generally safe. However, attention should be paid to the widespread contamination of beauvericin.

Sustainable crop protection (SCP) has many facets. Farmers may therefore perceive transition to SCP as very complex. The Dual Indicator Set for Crop Protection Sustainability (DISCUSS) can handle this complexity. To provide targeted support throughout the transition to SCP, complexity capture must be synchronised with the time course of on-farm decision-making. Tool use must be tuned to farmer awareness and appropriate level of data in consecutive stages. This paper thus explores the potential functionalities of DISCUSS in relation to both complexity and time. Results from apple and potato crop protection show three potential functions: DISCUSS can be used as (1) a simulation tool for communication and decision support, (2) an assessment and monitoring tool, and (3) a discussion support tool for farmer groups. Analysis of these functionalities using a framework for guiding on-farm sustainability assessment and strategic decision-making shows how each functionality can support the consecutive steps of transition to SCP, i.e. using the right tool functionality at the right time. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sustainable farming initiatives (SFIs), which aim to support farmers’ adoption of sustainable practices vary in the degree of farmer participation. In this study, we explored the influence of SFI design characteristics on farmer motivation to participate. Based on self-determination theory (SDT), we framed farmer participation by linking participants’ motives and motivational processes, participation context and participants’ perception of that context. Using a mixed-method investigation, we analysed Veldleeuwerik, a Dutch SFI with about 400 members. We observed four motive types, in order of importance: knowledge exchange, business opportunities, sustainability and social contact. By combining them with five types of motivational regulation, our research revealed that motives are directed by a diversity of underlying motivational processes, and that both are influenced by the participation context, or SFI design. Based on these results, we suggest that SFIs who wish to attract farmers who are not autonomously motivated for sustainability, need to rely on characteristics that meet either other motives than sustainability or other motivational processes than autonomous ones. To maintain participation, SFI characteristics should support autonomous motivational processes, by supporting the psychological basic needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness. The study illustrates how a socio-psychological perspective adds value to investigating SFI design characteristics for successful farmer participation. ispartof: International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability vol:16 issue:1 pages:106-123 status: published

Three new isoaigialones, A, B, and C (1–3), along with aigialone (4), were isolated from the crude EtOAc extract of a Phaeoacremonium sp., an endophytic fungus obtained from the leaves of Senna spectabilis. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 2 and 4 were active against the phytopathogenic fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum. This is the first report of metabolites produced by an Phaeoacremonium sp., associated with S. spectabilis.

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) Matuo & K. Sato has become the main limiting factor for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production around the world. Although the cultivation of this legume is recent in Brazil, there are reports on Fusarium spp. occurrence causing crop losses. Fourteen isolates obtained from roots of chickpea plants showing wilt and yellowing symptoms in Brazil were evaluated through phylogenetic analysis of the EF-1α region, morphological markers and pathogenicity tests. Three isolates were clustered within a distinct lineage from those already described for the FSSC. The remaining 11 isolates were clustered within the FOSC, in a different clade from F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. All isolates were pathogenic but showed differences in aggressiveness. Isolates of the different complexes elicited the same symptoms: yellowing, wilt and root rot of chickpea plants. Morphological markers allowed differentiating isolates from distinct complexes but not differentiating between lineages.

The main disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Brazil is caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis. The disease diagnosis is problematic because, besides this pathogen, there are other different phylogenetic lineages within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) associated with black pepper that can not be reliably identified based solely on morphological characteristics. Based on differences in the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene sequences of species of the FSSC, one pair of species-specific primers, Fpiper1F/Fpiper1R, was synthesized to accurately detect and identify F. solani f. sp. piperis. Primer specificity was tested with DNA from 18 isolates of F. solani f. sp. piperis, 24 representative isolates of other lineages of the FSSC associated with P. nigrum, and isolates representing eight strains of other species. The primers amplified only a single PCR band of 230 bp from F. solani f. sp. piperis. Nested PCR was more sensitive than conventional PCR, using the primer pair EF1/EF2 for the first round and specific primers Fpiper1F/Fpiper1R for the second round. Detection sensitivity was 1 fg of purified F. solani f. sp. piperis DNA template and 101 macroconidia/g soil infected. The specific primers will greatly facilitate the detection and identification of F. solani f. sp. piperis, and have potential as a diagnostic tool for detecting this pathogen in field-grown black pepper soil.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:39:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-05-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:34:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-40422019004500485.pdf: 213458 bytes, checksum: 4337dcb48da0a798dc1ba1932d8e806c (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The upscaling of Xylaria cubensis, an endophyte of Eugenia brasiliensis (Myrtaceae), in PDB medium led to the isolation of known compounds including cytochalasin D (7) and cytochalasin C (8), which exhibited relatively higher phytotoxic activity in all the concentrations tested compared to the commercial herbicide GOAL (R). Besides the aforementioned metabolites, one dikctopiperazinc (DKP) and two isocoumarins were isolated and two DKPs were also identified in the mixture. The structures were determined by 1D and 2D H-1 NMR, MS analyses and were compared with the literature. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Quim, Dept Quim Organ, BR-14800900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Bot, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Fitopatol, BR-36570000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Lavras, Dept Fitopatol, BR-37200000 Lavras, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Quim, Dept Quim Organ, BR-14800900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil CNPq: 140980/2012-1 FAPESP: 2013/07600-3

Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) is commonly detected in Brazilian rice, but knowledge of the species limits and their toxigenic potential is lacking. Seventy strains morphologically identified as FIESC-like, isolated from the major rice-growing regions of Brazil, were subjected to sequencing of EF-1? gene. Among them, 18 strains were selected and analyzed for their RPB2 gene sequences. Nine phylogenetic species were identified, among which eight matched the previously reported FIESC 4 (F. lacertarum), 6, 16, 17 (F. pernambucanum), 20 (F. caatingaense), 24, 26 and 29. One new phylogenetic species was identified, and named FIESC 38. Five strains formed new singleton lineages. The most dominant species were FIESC 26 (22/70 strains) and FIESC 38 (21/70), the newly identified species. The incarnatum morphotype was dominant (10 phylogenetic species) over the equiseti (4 species). Among 46 strains selected to represent all species, only 16 strains produced detectable levels of mycotoxins in vitro. FIESC 26 produced ZEA and FIESC 38 produced both ZEA and DON. ZEA was produced by nine isolates of three other species, among which few isolates produced trichothecenes: DON (5/46), NIV (3/46), 4-ANIV (2/46), 15-ADON (1/46) and 3-ADON (1/46). The T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxins were not detected. Our results contribute novel information on species limits and mycotoxin production within cereal-infecting FIESC in the southern hemisphere and provide baseline data for further exploring morphological differences among the species.

Fusarium udum is the causal agent of a wilt disease on pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in tropical regions. This species shares morphological characteristics with F. oxysporum, leading to misidentification when the diagnosis is solely based on morphological markers. The sexual stage of this fungus was observed on stems of Cajanus in India and was formally described as Gibberella indica. In Brazil, a wilt disease is reported on Crotalaria, but the etiological agent has not been identified correctly so far. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the causal agent of a wilt on Crotalaria belongs to the same species pathogenic to C. cajan. Strains obtained from diseased Crotalaria spp. were characterized through molecular phylogeny of TEF, TUB and RPB2, laboratory crosses, morphological markers, and pathogenicity tests. Strains from Crotalaria from Brazil formed a well-supported clade with F. udum strains from Crotalaria and Cajanus from other countries. Strains from Brazil intercrossed among themselves and also with others from all geographic regions, and formed fertile perithecia, defining a distinct mating population inside the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. One strain obtained from Cajanus cajan in India is indicated as epitype, and female-fertile tester strains of both mating types were selected for the identification of field isolates through sexual crosses. These results confirm that the species associated with wilt disease on Crotalaria and Cajanus is F. udum. Wilt symptoms caused by F. udum in Cr. ochroleuca are described and illustrated.

Actors in the agri-food system are increasingly urged to more sustainability, but actions to organize the system's sustainable development encounter difficulties, such as overcoming trust between actors, aligning different views on sustainability or finding the right tools to monitor sustainable development. This suggests that more guidance is needed. Initiated by an open demand from leading actors of the Flemish agri-food system, the objective of this research is to understand the myriad of sustainability assessments in the agri-food system at different levels. First, we start from the actors in our case through elucidating their expressed needs regarding sustainability assessment and through noting which approaches they actually use to pursue sustainable development. We define two building blocks for sustainable development and use them to structure the various approaches actors follow to achieve sustainable development. For our case, we obtained five models to structure current, potential or desired sustainability assessment approaches. This structuring allows reflections at the macro (food system) and micro (industry or firm) level, which facilitates understanding the long term as well as short-term sustainability goals in the complex context of an agri-food system. We conclude that sustainability assessment and interaction between chain actors as equally important main drivers for the sustainable development of the agri-food system, and understanding how they interfere helps guiding and steering complex sustainable development processes. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Phylogenetic analyses based on protein-encoding gene exons and introns of ATP citrate lyase (ACL1), beta tubulin (TUB), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) are used for inferring the existence of a new Clonostachys species from the Cerrado biome in Brazil, described here as C. chloroleuca. The species produces dimorphic, primary, and secondary conidiophores that form consistently greenish conidial masses on artificial media. It resembles therefore C. rosea f. catenulata although it differs from this species by less adpressed branches in the secondary conidiophores. The new species is also phylogenetically related to C. byssicola and C. rhizophaga. Our inventory suggests that C. byssicola, C. chloroleuca, C. pseudochroleuca, C. rhizophaga, C. rogersoniana, and C. rosea commonly occur in native and agriculturally used soils of the Cerrado and Amazon Forest. Using sequences available from two genome-sequenced strains employed as biological control agents, we confirm the identity of the European strain IK726 as C. rosea and identify strain 67-1 from China as C. chloroleuca.

This paper aimed to evaluate the transmission of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) and the effects of this pathogen on the initial development of cotton plants following inoculation of seeds. Two cultivars (susceptible and resistant) and two strains (most and least aggressive) of the pathogen were used in this study. The inoculation method was based on the contact between seeds and fungal colonies on substrates containing mannitol. Percentage of FOV in seeds and the percentage of seed germination were evaluated by blother test and germination test, after inoculation. Emergence of seedlings and speed index, initial and final stands, size and dry weight of the plants were verified in trays containing soil substrate. Disease severity, pathogen transmission and plant infection, from seed to plant, were determined in separate trial on plants. Occurrence of the pathogen was higher when inoculum potential was increased for all variables analyzed. The number of normal seedlings, determined by seed germination test, decreased when the incidence of the pathogen in the seed was increased. The same occurred to other variables, in which there was difference between cultivars where IAC 20-233 presented the best performance. No significant differences were found between strains for emergence speed index, initial and final stands variables. Transmission and infection rates were increased according to the inoculum potentials increasing and the maximum pathogen transmission rate, from seed to plant was around 50%. Key words: Transmissibility, pathogenicity, fusarium wilt disease, cotton.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:37:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-08-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:33:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-50532018000801707.pdf: 605856 bytes, checksum: d0e7f35c91ac7a98ee81f395b5893fb3 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) One new natural product, 1-phenylethyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, together with eight known diketopiperazines and two benzene derivatives were isolated from the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum crassipes, whereas six known compounds including two griseofulvins, three cytochalasins and one dihydroisocoumarin were produced from the endophyte Xylaria sp., both endophytic fungi are associated with leaves of Casearia sylvestris. Cyclo(D)-Pro-(D)-Phe, N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide and 5-carboxy-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin exhibited potent antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum. The compounds cyclo(D)-Pro-(D)-Phe, griseofulvin, cytochalasin B and cytochalasin D exhibited antioxidant activity, and the compounds cyclo(D)-Pro-(D)-Phe, cytochalasin B and cytochalasin C showed potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. In addition, this is the first report on the isolation of secondary metabolites from two endophytic fungal strains, associated with Casearia sylvestris. Printed in Brazil- Núcleo de Bioensaios Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE) Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Curso de Química Ambiental Universidade Federal Do Tocantins (UFT) Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Biomoléculas (LabFitoBio) Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Universidade Federal de Viçosa Seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas Instituto de Botânica Departamento de Fitopatologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Núcleo de Bioensaios Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE) Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) FAPESP: 2011/03017-6

The plant diastereoisomeric diterpenes ent-pimara-8(14)-15-dien-19-oic acid, obtained from Viguiera arenaria, and isopimara-8(14)-15-dien-18-oic acid, isolated from Cupressus lusitanica, were distinctly functionalized by the enzymes produced in whole cell cultures of the fungus Preussia minima, isolated from surface sterilized stems of C. lusitanica. The ent-pimaradienoic acid was transformed into the known 7β-hydroxy-ent-pimara-8(14)-15-dien-19-oic acid, and into the novel diterpenes 7-oxo-8 β-hydroxy-ent-pimara-8(14)-15-dien-19-oic and 7-oxo-9β-hydroxy-ent-pimara-8(14)-15-dien-19-oic acids. Isopimara-8(14)-15-dien-18-oic acid was converted into novel diterpenes 11α-hydroxyisopimara-8(14)-15-dien-18-oic acid, 7β,11α-dihydroxyisopimara-8(14)-15-dien-18-oic acid, and 1β,11α-dihydroxyisopimara-8(14)-15-dien-18-oic acid, along with the known 7β-hydroxyisopimara-8(14)-15-dien-18-oic acid. All compounds were isolated and fully characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, especially 13C NMR. The diterpene bioproduct 7-oxo-9β-hydroxy-ent-pimara-8(14)-15-dien-19-oic acid is an isomer of sphaeropsidin C, a phytotoxin that affects cypress trees produced by Shaeropsis sapinea, one of the main phytopathogen of Cupressus. The differential metabolism of the diterpene isomers used as substrates for biotransformation was interpreted with the help of computational molecular docking calculations, considering as target enzymes those of cytochrome P450 group.

While second-generation biomass resources, such as agricultural residues, are crucial for the development of the bioeconomy, value chains and markets of locally available agricultural residues remain uncommon. Current research predominantly provides useful insights into technological or techno-economic aspects of agricultural residue harvesting and processing, but, for investors in bio-refineries, one of the main challenges remains ensuring a continuous feedstock supply to the plant. In this article, we present the results of a mixed-method approach, combining insights from semi-structured interviews with simulation results of an agent-based model. This model simulates the decisions of individual economic actors in the value chain – including farmers, custom harvesters and one processor – under four coordination scenarios (direct sale, a custom harvester, mediated contract and two cooperative structures). Our results provide useful insights in the way different factors influence the ability to ensure a continuous feedstock supply. We find that besides actors' willingness, actors' coordination and supply reliability, also actors' actual participation and economic context play a crucial role. Furthermore, we are able to demonstrate the complex interplay between these factors. Our findings are relevant to guide successful future development of agricultural residue value chains for the bioeconomy.

Many tools to analyse and support sustainable development exist, but their use in the agricultural sector remains obstructed by the sector's complexity and diversity. The objective of this research was to analyse, with a participatory action-research approach, various aspects of the design and use of sustainability assessment tools. The research originated from a Flemish farmers' union request to develop a sector-specific sustainability assessment tool (SAT). This request allowed action research by combining: (i) stakeholder involvement to clarify needs regarding sustainability assessment; (ii) the link between SAT and strategic decision-making and (iii) a supra-farm coordination or governance. The research, applied to four Flemish agricultural sub-sectors resulted in a context-specific SAT for each sector. They differed in complexity; procedural differences are described for two sub-sectors, in particular the links of SATs with strategic decision-making and the importance of supra-farm governance. We concluded with key attention points for future SAT development: (i) tuning sustainability assessment to stakeholders' needs, in particular with respect to strategic decision-making, (ii) the development context of a SAT, in particular with respect to governance and continuity in the envisioning process. ispartof: Environmental Impact Assessment Review vol:69 pages:70-81 status: published

UHPLC-DAD-HRMS based dereplication guided the detection of new halogenated alkaloids co-produced by Talaromyces wortmannii. From the fungal growth in large scale, the epimers 2,8-dichlororugulovasines A and B were purified and further identified by means of a HPLC-SPE/NMR hyphenated system. Brominated rugulovasines were also detected when the microbial incubation medium was supplemented with bromine sources. Studies from 1D/2D NMR and HRMS spectroscopy data allowed the structural elucidation of the dichlorinated compounds, while tandem MS/HRMS data analysis supported the rationalization of brominated congeners. Preliminary genetic studies revealed evidence that FADH2 dependent halogenase can be involved in the biosynthesis of the produced halocompounds.

Egg masses ofMeloidogyne exiguafrom coffee plants are subjected to a range of microbial populations and these resident soil organisms in the egg masses may affect nematode communities. The incidence of fungi and bacteria inM. exiguaegg masses was investigated and the toxic effect of their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was tested on second-stage juveniles (J2). Bacteria and fungi were isolated from egg masses on coffee root and identified to species. The nematicidal activity of VOCs from bacterial and fungal strains was tested againstM. exiguainin vitroexperiments. Several bacterial and fungal strains were found inM. exiguaegg masses and produced VOCs that were toxic toM. exiguaJ2. Bacterial strains induced more nematode mortality compared with fungal strains. The continued colonisation of fungi and bacteria inM. exiguaegg masses occurred during the year and their VOCs reduced the viable inocula ofM. exiguaand should be explored as biocontrol agents.

A fungal strain of Aspergillus niger was recovered from sediments collected in the Northeast coast of Brazil (Pecém’s offshore port terminal). Cultivation in different growth media yielded a new ester furan derivative, 1, along with malformin A1, malformin C, cyclo (trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro-L-Leu), cyclo (trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro-L-Phe), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Leu), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Phe), pseurotin D, pseurotin A, chlovalicin, cyclo (L-Pro-L-Tyr) and cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val). Compound 1 was cytotoxic against HCT-116 cell line, showing IC50 = 2.9 μg/mL (CI 95% from 1.8 to 4.7 μg/mL).

Grazing management (GM) interventions, such as reducing the grazing time or mowing pasture before grazing, have been proposed to limit the exposure to gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections in grazed livestock. However, the farm-level economic effects of these interventions have not yet been assessed so far. In this paper, the economic effects of three GM interventions in adult dairy cattle were modelled for a set of Flemish farms for which data were available: later turnout on pasture (GM1), earlier housing near the end of the grazing season (GM2), and reducing the daily grazing time (GM3). Farm accountancy data were linked to Ostertagia ostertagi bulk tank milk ELISA results and GM data for 137 farms. The economic effects of the GM interventions were investigated through a combination of efficiency analysis and a whole-farm simulation model. Modelling of GM1, GM2 and GM3 resulted in a marginal economic effect [5th; 95th percentiles] of € 8.36 [−222; 88], € −9.05 [−143; 38] and € −53.37 [−301; 87] per cow per year, respectively. The results suggest that the dairy farms modelled can improve their economic performance by postponing the turnout date, but that advancing the housing date or reducing daily grazing time mostly leads to a lower net economic farm performance. Overall, the GM interventions resulted in a higher technical efficiency and milk production but these benefits were offset by increased feed costs as a result of higher maintenance and cultivation costs. However, results highly differ between farms, indicating the need to evaluate GM interventions at the individual farm level for appropriate decision support.

The aim of this study was to test the ability of several strains of fungi, which were isolated from the Brazilian Amazon, to solubilize calcium phosphate in vitro and to promote corn and cowpea growth under axenic conditions. Each plant species received six treatments: inoculation with strains with high solubilization index (SI) (Haematonectria ipomoeae CML 3249 and Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulate CML 3250) and control treatments: inoculation with strain that does not solubilize phosphate on Pikovskaya agar (PVK) (Acremonium polychromum FSA115), and non-inoculated treatments with high concentration of insoluble phosphate (HPins), high concentration of soluble phosphate (HPs) or low concentration of soluble phosphate (LPs). The fungi strains had SI between 1.07 cm and 2.03 cm including species without previous report in the literature of their capacity to solubilize calcium phosphate. The two phosphate-solubilizing strains promoted greater corn and cowpea root growth than the controls FSA115, HPins...

Pitch canker is one of the most important diseases of pine trees worldwide, including South America. The causal agent of this disease is Fusarium circinatum, a member of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex (GFC). In South America, the species is reported from Colombia, Uruguay and Chile, but is considered a quarantine organism in Brazil. In this study we characterized isolates obtained from symptomatic pine seedlings intercepted in a nursery in Santa Catarina State using phylogenetic analyses, crossings and morphological markers. The Brazilian isolates grouped with reference material in an unique clade and formed fertile perithecia when crossed with reference tester strains. The detailed characterization given here and the availability of tester strains will allow for reliable identification and support monitoring of this important plant pathogen.

Considered as one of the most biodiverse biomes, the Amazon has a featured role in the discovery of new species of plants, animals and microorganisms, which may be important for the functionality of different ecosystems. However, studies on the impacts resulted from changes in the Amazon land use on microbial communities and their functions are still limited. In this context, the soil fungal diversity can act as an important indicator of environmental stress caused by land use of the Amazon. This study describes changes in soil fungal communities caused by different systems of land use (primary forest, secondary forest, agroforestry, agriculture and pasture). Communities were observed in each of the areas using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 18S rRNA gene combined with the non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Unique bands indicated the dominance of particular fungal groups in each of the specific treatments, mainly in areas converted to pasture, which differed greatly from samples of other systems of land use (SLU). The analysis of partial sequence of the 18S rRNA gene of fungi in soils under primary forest, agriculture and pasture showed differences (p = 0.001), evidencing the fungal community response to such changes. Most abundant phyla were the Zygomycota in the soil under primary forest and agricultural land, and Basidiomycota in the soil under pasture. The results show that the Amazon soil is an ecosystem susceptible to environmental changes in regarding the fungi community inhabiting this niche.

In this letter, we advocate recognizing the genus Fusarium as the sole name for a group that includes virtually all Fusarium species of importance in plant pathology, mycotoxicology, medicine, and basic research. This phylogenetically guided circumscription will free scientists from any obligation to use other genus names, including teleomorphs, for species nested within this clade, and preserve the application of the name Fusarium in the way it has been used for almost a century. Due to recent changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, this is an urgent matter that requires community attention. The alternative is to break the longstanding concept of Fusarium into nine or more genera, and remove important taxa such as those in the F. solani species complex from the genus, a move we believe is unnecessary. Here we present taxonomic and nomenclatural proposals that will preserve established research connections and facilitate communication within and between research communities, and at the same time support strong scientific principles and good taxonomic practice Fil: Geiser, David M.. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos Fil: Aoki, Takayuki. National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Japón Fil: Bacon, Charles W.. Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research; Grecia Fil: Baker, Scott E.. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Estados Unidos Fil: Bhattacharyya, Madan K.. University of Iowa; Estados Unidos Fil: Chulze, Sofia Noemi. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Scandiani, María Mercedes. Laboratorio Agrícola Río Paraná. San Pedro; Argentina Fil: Ploetz, Randy C.. University of Florida; Estados Unidos Fil: Proctor, Robert H.. NCAUR-ARS-USDA; Estados Unidos Fil: Rehner, Stephen A.. United States Department of Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Robert, Vincent A. R. G.. Fungal Biodiversity Center; Países Bajos Fil: Rooney, Alejandro P.. NCAUR-ARS-USDA; Estados Unidos Fil: Salleh, Baharuddin bin. University of Malaysia; Malasia Fil: Scauflaire, Jonathan. Université Catholique de Louvain; Bélgica Fil: Short, Dylan P. G.. University of California; Estados Unidos Fil: Steenkamp, Emma. University of Pretoria; Sudáfrica Fil: Suga, Haruhisa. Gifu University; Japón Fil: Summerell, Brett A.. The Royal Botanic Garden Sydney; Australia Fil: Sutton, Deanna A.. University of Texas; Estados Unidos Fil: Thrane, Ulf. Technical University of Denmark; Dinamarca Fil: Trail, Francis. Michigan State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Van Diepeningen, Anne. Fungal Biodiversity Center; Países Bajos Fil: VanEtten, Hans D.. University of Arizona; Estados Unidos Fil: Viljoen, Altus. University of Stellenbosch; Sudáfrica Fil: Waalwijk, Cees. Wageningen University; Países Bajos Fil: Ward, Todd J.. NCAUR-ARS-USDA. Pretoria; Sudáfrica Fil: Wingfield, Michael J.. University of Pretoria; Sudáfrica Fil: Xu, Jin-Rong. Purdue University; Estados Unidos Fil: Yang, Xiao-Bing. University of Iowa; Estados Unidos Fil: Yli-Mattila, Tapani. University of Turku; Finlandia Fil: Zhang, Ning. Rutgers University; Estados Unidos

Responding to future challenges and societal needs, various actions are taken in agriculture to evolve towards more sustainable farming practices. These actions imply strategic choices and suppose adequate sustainability assessments to identify, measure, evaluate and communicate sustainable development. However, literature is scarce on the link between strategic decision making and sustainability assessment. As questions emerge on how, what and when to measure, the objective of this paper is to construct a framework for guiding sustainability assessment and on-farm strategic decision making. Qualitative research on own experiences from the past and a recent project revealed four categories of actual needs farmers, advisors and experts have regarding sustainability assessment: context, flexibility, focus on farm and farmer and communication. These stakeholders' needs are then incorporated into a two-dimensional framework that marries the intrinsic complexity of sustainability assessment tools and the time frame of strategic decision making. The framework allows a farm-specific and flexible approach leading to harmonized actions towards sustainable farming. As this framework is mainly a procedural instrument to guide the use of sustainability assessment tools within strategic decision making, it fits to incorporate, even guide, future research on sustainability assessment tools themselves and on their adoption on farms. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: A framework for guiding sustainability assessment and on-farm strategic decision making journaltitle: Environmental Impact Assessment Review articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2016.04.003 content_type: article copyright: © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ispartof: Environmental Impact Assessment Review vol:60 pages:16-23 status: published

Fusarium tupiense, the main causal agent of mango malformation in Brazil, is described through a combination of morphological, biological and molecular markers. This new species belongs to the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFSC) and has an anamorph morphologically similar to Fusarium mangiferae and F. sterilihyphosum. F. tupiense can be differentiated from other species in the G. fujikuroi species complex on the basis of sexual crosses, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and partial sequences of the tef1 and tub2 genes. Female fertility for field isolates of F. tupiense appears to be low. PCR with primers specific for the mating type (MAT) alleles and sexual crosses identified this species as heterothallic with two idiomorphs. Female-fertile tester strains were developed for the identification of field strains of this species through sexual crosses.

The dihydroisocoumarin (3R,4R)-3,4-dihydro-4,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-1H-isochromene-5-carboxylic acid (1) was isolated from Xylaria sp., a fungus associated with Piper aduncum (Piperaceae). Additionally, two known compounds, (R)-7-hydroxymellein (2) and (3R,4R)-4,7-dihydroxymellein (3), were isolated from Penicillium sp. associated to Alibertia macrophylla (Rubiaceae). The structures of all compounds were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. The dihydrocoumarin derivatives 1–3 showed antifungal and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities in vitro.

Two new presilphiperfolane sesquiterpenes, 1 and 2, were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Xylaria sp., obtained from the leaves of Piper aduncum, along with two known eremophilane sesquiterpenes, phaseolinone (3) and phomenone (4). Chemical structures of 1 and 2 were established by analysis of spectroscopic data. The four compounds were tested in vitro for antifungal and cytotoxicity activities using CHO (Chinese hamster ovary). Compounds 1 and 2 did not show any antifungal and cytotoxic activity. Compounds 3 and 4 displayed moderate cytotoxic activities, as well as 4 antifungal activity.

The endophytic mycobiota of leaves and stems of the mistletoe Phoradendron perrottettii and its host tree Tapirira guianensis, two physiologically connected plant species of the Brazilian savannah in southeastern Brazil, were investigated to evaluate host and organ recurrence among endophytes. Leaves and stems of P. perrottettii and leaves of T. guianensis were sampled in the dry and wet season. Stems of T. guianensis were also sampled in the wet season. Endophytes were isolated by an adapted trituration and particle filtration protocol. A total of 1,615 isolates representing 99 species and 20 sterile morphotypes were recovered; 64 morphospecies occurred as singletons. The number of isolates and species was higher in the wet season. Leaves of P. perrottettii were less densely colonized than other organs studied, but were the most species-rich. Conversely, stems of T. guianensis yielded more isolates but were less species-rich. Both plants were found to harbor similar but distinguishable endophytic assemblages. The Jaccard’s index of similarity between the fungal assemblages of both plants was 0.82, higher than found for other plants in similar habitats. The fungal species composition seemed to be influenced by the collection season and organ type, as demonstrated by multivariate correspondence analysis. Paraconiothyrium brasiliense, P. sporulosum and Verticillium leptobactrum were the dominant species in P. perrottettii. In leaves of T. guianensis, Pseudocercospora sp., Phomopsis sp. 1 and Lecanicillium psalliotae were the most frequent, while Stagonospora sp. 1 and Phomopsis sp. 1 were the dominant endophytes in its stems. The results indicated that some of the dominant endophytic taxa isolated in this study colonize different hosts and plant organs while others seem to exhibit a high degree of host or organ recurrence. This study represents the first evaluation of diversity of fungal endophytes in natural vegetation of the Brazilian savannah and contributes information about the distribution and possible specificity of endophytes in tropical dicotyledoneous plants.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:48:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-40422010001000006.pdf: 198980 bytes, checksum: ccb17061fce944dc07fdce80ef8dd58c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:48:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-40422010001000006.pdf: 198980 bytes, checksum: ccb17061fce944dc07fdce80ef8dd58c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:38:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40422010001000006.pdf: 198980 bytes, checksum: ccb17061fce944dc07fdce80ef8dd58c (MD5) S0100-40422010001000006.pdf.txt: 18039 bytes, checksum: 9f9e442c841c1dd5b0e11a443d57636e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:20:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40422010001000006.pdf: 198980 bytes, checksum: ccb17061fce944dc07fdce80ef8dd58c (MD5) S0100-40422010001000006.pdf.txt: 18039 bytes, checksum: 9f9e442c841c1dd5b0e11a443d57636e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40422010001000006.pdf: 198980 bytes, checksum: ccb17061fce944dc07fdce80ef8dd58c (MD5) S0100-40422010001000006.pdf.txt: 18039 bytes, checksum: 9f9e442c841c1dd5b0e11a443d57636e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A chemical study on the EtOAc extract produced by Xylaria sp., an endophytic fungus from Piper aduncum, resulted in the isolation of a new cytochalasin 1, along with five known 19,20-epoxycytochalasin D (2), C (3), N (4), Q (5), and R (6). The 1-6 were evaluated against the fungi C. cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum and only 5 showed weak activity. The cytotoxicity in vitro against HeLA and CHO cells lines were investigated and the cytochalasins 2-4, and 6 showed a strong activity against HeLA. The DNAdamaging activity of 1-6 were also investigated against mutant strains of S. cerevisiae. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) Departamento de Fitopatologia Instituto de Botânica Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Química

Mango malformation is a serious disease in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and has been attributed to various Fusarium spp., including F. mangiferae, F. proliferatum, F. sacchari, F. sterilihyphosum and F. subglutinans. Isolates of Fusarium associated with mango malformation from Brazil, Egypt, India, South Africa and the United States were evaluated through amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and partial DNA sequences of the genes encoding β-tubulin (tub2) and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1). These techniques were used to delimit species and to estimate the genetic and phylogenetic relatedness of the isolates. In the AFLP analysis, most of the Brazilian isolates formed a unique cluster. Additionally, one small cluster was formed by isolates of F. sterilihyphosum from Brazil and South Africa, and another by isolates of F. mangiferae from Egypt, India, South Africa and the United States. In the phylogenetic analysis, most of the Brazilian isolates represented a new phylogenetic lineage in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, where they formed a sister clade to F. sterilihyphosum. Representatives of both clades were pathogenic to mango (cv. Tommy Atkins) and Koch's postulates were completed for isolates belonging to the new lineage and to F. sterilihyphosum. Thus, most of the mango malformation disease in Brazil is due to a distinct phylogenetic lineage of Fusarium, and to a lesser extent by F. sterilihyphosum. The new phylogenetic lineage identified in this study, together with F. mangiferae and F. sterilihyphosum, are the only known taxa of Fusarium proven to be capable of causing mango malformation.

The fungal species Curvularia senegalensis was isolated from a soil sample collected at a Brazilian region of cerrado transition. This microorganism was grown in vitro and the extract of the culture medium was fractionated by chromatographic methods yielding an oil rich in phthalates, from which seven derivatives were identified by infrared, 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry as 1-hexyl-2-propylphthalate, 1-ethyl-2-heptylphthalate, 1-hexyl-2-butylphthalate, 1-heptyl-2-proylphthalate, 1-propyl-2-nonylphthalate and two positional isomers of 1-decyl-2-butane phthalate. This is the first report on the phthalates production by Curvularia senegalensis revealing a scientific basis for the use of this species on biodegradation experiments. Since C. senegalensis is a very common pathogen in some commercial crops, presence of highly toxic phthalates on the final feed products should be investigated.

The causal agents of mango malformation disease in Brazil are a new Fusarium lineage in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex and Fusarium sterilihyphosum; however information on the genetic and geographical diversity of these pathogens in Brazil is missing. Vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses were used to measure the genetic diversity within these populations. Both techniques identified the same genetic groups. Six VCG and AFLP groups were identified amongst isolates of the new lineage from Brazil. FB-VCG 1/AFLP I was the most widespread group, found in seven of the 13 sites sampled. The second most frequent group was recovered from three sites. The remaining four groups were recovered from single-sites. We think that this lineage represents a genetically and geographically diverse indigenous population that reproduces clonally. In F. sterilihyphosum, group FS-VCG 1/AFLP VII was found at three sites in the southeast region of Brazil. FS-VCG 2/AFLP VIII contained isolates from South Africa but not from Brazil. Fusarium mangiferae isolates from India and South Africa formed one group, while isolates from Egypt and the USA formed a second group. F. sterilihyphosum at present is represented by a small population that might have been introduced only once into a restricted area. The clonal nature of the observed populations suggests that these fungi either occur naturally on indigenous hosts and have jumped to the introduced mango host (introduced in Brazil) or that they originated with mango and went through a severe population bottleneck when they were introduced to Brazil from India or Southeast Asia.

Isolates of Fusarium obtained from soybean plants showing symptoms of root rot collected in subtropical southern and tropical central Brazil were characterized based on phylogenetic analyses, sexual crossing, morphology, and pathogenicity tests. A novel species within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) causing soybean root rot is formally described herein as Fusarium paranaense. This species can be distinguished from the other soybean root rot pathogens in the FSSC, which are commonly associated with soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) based on analyses of the combined DNA sequences of translation elongation factor 1-α and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and on interspecies mating compatibility. Bayesian and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses showed that isolates of F. paranaense formed a distinct group in clade 3 of the FSSC in contrast to the pathogens currently known to cause SDS, which are in clade 2. Female fertile tester strains were developed that can be used for the identification of this new species in the FSSC based on sexual crosses. All isolates were heterothallic and belonged to a distinct mating population. Fusarium tucumaniae, a known SDS pathogen, was found in the subtropical southern region of the country.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:28:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-11-12T17:37:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S2175-78602015000401033.pdf: 947946 bytes, checksum: a99ef4ce93dda8cd40df3283b1018ed4 (MD5) Resumo Até 2010, o conhecimento sobre a diversidade de fungos do Brasil estava registrado em publicações esparsas de taxonomia e ecologia e em algumas poucas listas de espécies. Com a publicação do Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil, e a disponibilização da lista online, tem sido possível agregar o conhecimento disperso. A versão ora apresentada acrescenta 2.111 nomes de espécies aos 3.608 listados em 2010. São citadas 5.719 espécies de fungos distribuídas em 1.246 gêneros, 102 ordens e 13 divisões, consistindo em considerável aumento em relação a 2010, quando estavam registrados 924 gêneros e 78 ordens. Predominam os Basidiomycota (2.741 espécies, em 22 ordens) e Ascomycota (1.881 espécies, em 41 ordens). A Mata Atlântica possui a maior quantidade de registros, com 3.017 espécies, seguido pela Amazonia (1.050), Caatinga (999), Cerrado (638) e Pampa e Pantanal com 84 e 35 espécies, respectivamente. A região Nordeste tem a maior riqueza (2.617 especies), seguida pelo Sudeste (2.252), Sul (1.995), Norte (1.301) e Centro Oeste (488 espécies). Em relação aos Estados da Federação, São Paulo (1.846 espécies), Pernambuco (1.611) e Rio Grande do Sul (1.377) são os mais diversos. Abstract Knowledge about the Brazilian fungal diversity was, until 2010, recorded in few taxonomy and ecology publications, as well as in a handful of species lists. With the publication of the Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil and the continued availability of an online list, it has been possible to aggregate this dispersed knowledge. The version presented here adds 2,111 species names to the 3,608 listed in 2010. A total of 5,719 species of fungi distributed in 1,246 genera, 102 orders and 13 phyla represents a considerable increase over the last five years, when only 924 genera and 78 orders were registered. Basidiomycota (2,741 species in 22 orders) and Ascomycota (1,881 species in 41 orders) predominate over other groups. The Atlantic Rainforest has the largest number of records, with 3,017 species, followed by Amazon Rainforest (1,050), Caatinga (999), Cerrado (638) and Pampa and Pantanal with 84 and 35 species, respectively. The Northeast region has the greatest richness (2,617 species), followed by Southeast (2,252), South (1,995), North (1,301) and Central-West (488 species). Regarding the States of the Federation, São Paulo with 1,846 species, Pernambuco with 1,611 and Rio Grande do Sul with 1,377 species are the most diverse. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo Instituto de Botânica Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Depto. Botânica Lab. Micologia Universidade Federal de Sergipe Depto. Biociências ABL Herbarium Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Depto. Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia Faculdade São Lucas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Biociências Depto. Botânica Ecologia e Zoologia Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco Centro de Ciências Agrárias Empresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Depto. Ciências Biológicas Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Inst. Biociências Depto. Botânica Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Coordenação de Botânica Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Depto. Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas Universidade Federal de Lavras Depto. Fitopatologia Lab. Sistemática e Ecologia de Fungos Instituto Federal de São Paulo Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Inst. Biociências de Rio Claro Depto. Bioquímica e Microbiologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Inst. Biociências de Rio Claro Depto. Bioquímica e Microbiologia

Organic farmers inherently have to cope with complex agricultural production system processes. Next to pursuing economic performance, farm management also encompasses optimization of the farm's ecological and social performance. The question arises how to maintain a certain balance between the multiple purposes. For this consideration, farmers as well as researchers need to have a good understanding of the whole farm functioning. Therefore this study aims to model the factors and their inter-relations influencing an organic farmers' decision-making process. These factors and inter-relations were modelled by using the qualitative cognitive mapping technique. Cognitive mapping can be used to develop maps of socio-ecological systems based on people's knowledge of ecosystems. Different stakeholders (farmers and experts) were interviewed in order to represent and visualize their tacit knowledge. Through in-depth interviews, stakeholders were questioned on the critical success factors of organic farm management and how these factors relate to each other. Based on these interviews, individual cognitive maps were constructed which were subsequently merged to build a social cognitive map. The social cognitive map represents the stakeholders' perception of the agricultural production system. It covers a broad range of factors (economic, agro-technical and biophysical factors, next to a few social factors), of which the most central ones are crop choice, crop rotation, marketing and technology and mechanization.

A fungal strain of Aspergillus sp. (BRF 030) was isolated from the sediments collected in the northeast coast of Brazil, and the cytotoxic activity of its secondary metabolites was investigated against HCT-116 tumour cell line. The cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of the extracts from this fungus cultured in potato-dextrose-sea water for 14 days at room temperature yielded the hetero-spirocyclic γ-lactams pseurotin A (1), pseurotin D (2) and pseurotin FD-838 (7), the alkaloids fumitremorgin C (5), 12,13-dihydroxy fumitremorgin C (6), methylsulochrin (4) and bis(dethio)bis(methylthio)gliotoxin (3). Among them, fumitremorgin C (5) and 12,13-dihydroxy fumitremorgin C (6) were the most active. The cytotoxic activities of the extracts from Aspergillus sp. grown from 7 to 28 days were investigated, and they were associated with the kinetic production of the compounds. The most active extracts (14 and 21 days) were those with the highest relative concentrations of the compounds fumitremorgin C (5) and 12,13-dihydroxy fumitremorgin C (6).

Situada no sul de Minas Gerais, principal região cafeeira do país, a Clínica Fitossanitária da Universidade Federal de Lavras tem auxiliado os produtores, dando suporte na diagnose de doenças de origem biótica e abiótica, de modo a gerar subsídios para minimizar as perdas na produção. Nos últimos doze anos, foram analisadas 378 amostras de café. Em 78,6% das amostras, foram detectados fungos, destacando-se Colletotrichum sp. (29%), Rhizoctonia solani (18%), Cercospora coffeicola (13%), Phoma sp. (13%) e Fusarium sp (11%). Ocorreram ainda em números representativos casos de fitotoxidez, deficiência de nutrientes e problemas no sistema radicular. Devido à localização da Clínica, a maior parte das amostras foi proveniente de localidades na região sul do Estado (63%), seguido do Triângulo Mineiro (12%) e Zona da Mata (10%). The Phytossanitary Clinic of the Federal University of Lavras, situated in the south of the State of Minas Gerais has given support to coffee producers providing diagnoses of biotic and abiotic diseases, to generate subsidies to minimize losses in production of this crop. During the last twelve years, 378 samples have been analyzed. Fungi were detected in 78,6% of the samples. The major fungi found were Colletotrichum sp. (29%), Rhizoctonia solani (18%), Cercospora coffeicola (13%), Phoma sp. (13%), e Fusarium sp (11%). Other incidences were caused by phytotoxity, mineral deficiency and bad formation of the roots. Due to the location of the Phytossanitary Clinic, most of the samples came from locations of South of Minas Gerais (63%), followed by Triângulo Mineiro (12%) and Zona da Mata (10%).

The serum immunoglobulin-free light chain (FLC) assay measures levels of free kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chains. There are three major indications for the FLC assay in the evaluation and management of multiple myeloma and related plasma cell disorders (PCD). In the context of screening, the serum FLC assay in combination with serum protein electrophoresis (PEL) and immunofixation yields high sensitivity, and negates the need for 24-h urine studies for diagnoses other than light chain amyloidosis (AL). Second, the baseline FLC measurement is of major prognostic value in virtually every PCD. Third, the FLC assay allows for quantitative monitoring of patients with oligosecretory PCD, including AL, oligosecretory myeloma and nearly two-thirds of patients who had previously been deemed to have non-secretory myeloma. In AL patients, serial FLC measurements outperform PEL and immunofixation. In oligosecretory myeloma patients, although not formally validated, serial FLC measurements reduce the need for frequent bone marrow biopsies. In contrast, there are no data to support using FLC assay in place of 24-h urine PEL for monitoring or for serial measurements in PCD with measurable disease by serum or urine PEL. This paper provides consensus guidelines for the use of this important assay, in the diagnosis and management of clonal PCD.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-18T15:56:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-11-01Bitstream added on 2015-03-18T16:28:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000345564300128.pdf: 361558 bytes, checksum: 8383f9fd24a2de6affe4252cb7c709af (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) In this study, eight endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves, stems and roots of Michelia champaca. The isolates were screened and evaluated for their antifungal, anticancer and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. All of the extracts exhibited potent activity against two evaluated phytopathogenic fungi. Chemical investigation of EtOAc extracts of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides resulted in the isolation of one new compound, 2-phenylethyl 1H-indol-3-yl-acetate (1), and seven known compounds: uracil (2), cyclo-(S*-Pro-S*-Tyr) (3), cyclo-(S*-Pro-S*-Val) (4), 2(2-aminophenyl)acetic acid (5), 2(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid (6), 4-hydroxy-benzamide (7) and 2(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid (8). All of the compound structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR and MS analyses. The antifungal and AChE inhibitory activities of compounds 1-8 were evaluated in vitro. Compound 1 exhibited promising activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum that was comparable to that of the positive control nystatin. Univ Estadual Paulista, NuBBE Nucleo Bioensaios Biossintese & Ecofisiol P, Dept Quim Organ, Inst Quim,UNESP, BR-14800900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Vicosa, Inst Ciencias Exatas, BR-38810000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil Nucleo Pesquisa Fisiol & Bioquim, Inst Bot, BR-04301902 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Lavras, Dept Fitopatol, BR-37200000 Lavras, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, NuBBE Nucleo Bioensaios Biossintese & Ecofisiol P, Dept Quim Organ, Inst Quim,UNESP, BR-14800900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 03/02176-7 FAPESP: 10/52327-5 FAPESP: 13/07600-3 FAPESP: 11/03017-6