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The increasing need for sustainable food choices places a demand on developing palatable foods from lower impact production and with a suitable shelf-life. In this context, knowledge of the sensory properties of whole sterilised chickpeas is required to be able to make them more attractive to the consumers. The sensory quality of chickpeas is largely dependent on the aroma and flavour, which can be influenced by storage conditions. In this study, sterilised chickpeas in two different packaging materials with different oxygen permeabilities, stored up to 52 weeks at ambient temperature (20 °C) were investigated using both descriptive sensory profiling and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry – olfactometry analysis (GC-MS-O). During storage, intense, sulphury and meat-like aromas decreased in intensity, while with longer storage time hay-like, green-like and potato-like flavours and aromas became more apparent. A total of 40 odour-active volatiles were detected, of which some had properties reminiscent of the chickpea flavour profiles. However, no clear relationships could be established between these odorants and the sensory changes observed during storage by descriptive sensory analysis. It was concluded that, significant changes in the sensory attributes of sterilised chickpeas occurred during 52 weeks of storage, but that packaging material does not seem to largely influence the sensory attributes during storage., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Significant sensory changes occur in sterilised chickpeas during 52 weeks storage. • 40 odour-active volatiles are detected in the sterilised chickpeas. • Sulphur compounds formed during sterilisation change during storage. • Hay and green attributes are perceived more intense with increased storage time. • Oxygen permeability of packaging does not impact the sensory quality during storage.

Summary Cytokinin group of phytohormones regulate root elongation and branching during post‐embryonic development. Cytokinin‐degrading enzymes cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases (CKXs) have been deployed to investigate biological activities of cytokinin and to engineer root growth. We expressed chickpea cytokinin oxidase 6 (CaCKX6) under the control of a chickpea root‐specific promoter of CaWRKY31 in Arabidopsis thaliana and chickpea having determinate and indeterminate growth patterns, respectively, to study the effect of cytokinin depletion on root growth and drought tolerance. Root‐specific expression of CaCKX6 led to a significant increase in lateral root number and root biomass in Arabidopsis and chickpea without any penalty to vegetative and reproductive growth of shoot. Transgenic chickpea lines showed increased CKX activity in root. Soil‐grown advanced chickpea transgenic lines exhibited higher root‐to‐shoot biomass ratio and enhanced long‐term drought tolerance. These chickpea lines were not compromised in root nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The seed yield in some lines was up to 25% higher with no penalty in protein content. Transgenic chickpea seeds possessed higher levels of zinc, iron, potassium and copper. Our results demonstrated the potential of cytokinin level manipulation in increasing lateral root number and root biomass for agronomic trait improvement in an edible legume crop with indeterminate growth habit.

Nohut, Batı Akdeniz bölgesinde düşük kaliteli ve kuraklığa maruz kalan arazilerde yaygın olarak yetiştirilmektedir. Bu çalışma Batı Akdeniz’de 18 tescilli ve 3 yerel nohut genotipinin adaptasyonlarını, verim potansiyelleri ile bazı bitkisel özelliklerini belirlemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemeler, Antalya ili Korkuteli-Ulucak ve Aksu’da olmak üzere iki farklı lokasyonda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tarla denemeleri 2017 ve 2018 yetiştirme sezonunda Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak tesis edilmiştir. Denemede, çıkış gün sayısı, çiçeklenme gün sayısı, fizyolojik olum gün sayısı, bitki boyu, ilk bakla yüksekliği, bitkide dal sayısı, bitkide bakla sayısı, baklada tane sayısı, 100 tane ağırlığı ve tane verimi özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Dekara tane verimi bakımından genotip x çevre etkileşimleri %1 önemlilik seviyesinde farklı bulunmuştur. Çalışmada tane verimi bakımından Çağatay, Sezenbey ve Çakır çeşitlerinin daha stabil olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Homologs of qseG gene (coding for the membrane protein QseG), along with the qseEF genes, are present in many Enterobacteriaceae; however, its role in non-pathogenic strains is still unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the role of QseG protein of a plant-associated enterobacterium in the interactions with its legume host and in the benefits induced by this enterobacterium in the Mesorhizobium–chickpea symbiosis. Here, we showed that QseG of Kosakonia sp. MH5 is involved in the following processes: (i) the evasion of the plant immune system and (ii) the efficient colonization of chickpea root cells. Furthermore, these features are essential for the beneficial effects of this strain on the Mesorhizobium–chickpea symbiosis. This study demonstrates that the role of QseG is transversal to pathogenic and non-pathogenic enterobacteria and is a step forward to better understanding the molecular bases of plant–bacteria interactions established between legume and beneficial endophytic enterobacteria.

Chickpea growth and yield are related to the balanced supply of N. In weathered soils, this factor depends on the biological activity of growth-promoting bacteria, the presence of diazotrophic bacteria, and the management of nitrogen fertilization. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of inoculation with a mix of Bacillus spp. and N levels on chickpea cultivation. Two experiments were carried out: area 01, characterized by shortest cultivation time and area 02, with the longest cultivation time. For both studies, the experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications arranged in a 2 x 6 factorial consisting of the absence or presence of the mix of Bacillus spp. (1 x 107 CFU per mL) from root isolates and six N levels: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1. The chickpea production and yield characteristics were evaluated. In the area 01, inoculation with the mix of Bacillus spp. did not interfere with grain yield, whereas the application of lower N levels (25 kg ha-1) increased the dry mass of branches, grains, total dry mass, and yield (4.17 t ha-1). In contrast, in the area 02, nitrogen fertilization increased the chlorophyll index but did not interfere with the remaining production variables, whereas inoculation with Bacillus spp. increased chickpea yield by 4%, resulting in a grain harvest of 4.16 t ha-1. Therefore, inoculation of chickpea seeds with the mix of Bacillus spp. is recommended in soils with long-time cultivation of agricultural species.

In the present study, we investigated the biological activity of four extracts obtained from Cicer arietinum L. sprouts. The fermentation of the sprouts with Lactobacillus casei and their incubation with &beta, glucosidase elevated the concentrations of isoflavonoids, especially coumestrol, formononetin and biochanin A. To study the biological activity of C. arietinum, the human osteosarcoma Saos-2 and human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines were used. The extracts obtained from fermented sprouts exhibited the strongest ability to decrease intracellular oxidative stress in both types of cells. They augmented mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activity in Saos-2 cells, as well as diminished the secretion of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor &alpha, Simultaneously, the extracts, at the same doses, inhibited the migration of MCF-7 cells. On the other hand, elevated concentrations of C. arietinum induced apoptosis in estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells, while lower doses stimulated cell proliferation. These results are important for carefully considering the use of fermented C. arietinum sprouts as a dietary supplement component for the prevention of osteoporosis.

Chickpea has an increasing importance due to potential as a functional food. This study aimed to compare three kabuli genotypes (Gülümser, Sarı and Arda) with three desi genotypes (ICC 3996, Gaffa and ICC 12004) considering nutrients and antioxidant capacity. Therefore, nutritional values of seeds were analyzed in terms of tota l protein, carbohydrate and mineral element contents, while total phenolic and total flavonoid contents besides ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capacities were tested to investigate antioxidant capacities. Kabuli genotypes were superior to desi genotypes considering seed weight, seed volume and hydration capacity. All genotypes except ICC 3996 were rich in protein. Despite its small seeds, ICC 3996 genotype was identified as the richest genotype according to carbohydrate content. ICC 3996 and Arda had superiority over other genotypes according to ABTS and DPPH antioxidant capacities. Sarı and Gülümser were determined to be superior to other genotypes according to phenolic and flavonoid contents. Desi genotypes were superior to kabuli genotypes considering Ca, Na, Mg, Fe and Cu contents, while Mn and Ni contents were significantly higher in kabuli seeds. The results of the study showed that all genotypes can be accepted as functional food, supported by rich nutritional values and mineral contents.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Outra Agência Chickpea cultivation in Brazil has not yet been consolidated, and studies aiming at the adequate nutritional management for this crop are necessary. This work aimed to evaluate the production of chickpea plants (cultivar BRS Aleppo) subjected to fertilization with zinc and P doses. The experimental was completely randomized, with four replications, in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to three fertilization treatments with Zn (without Zn addition; 50% of Zn applied at sowing, via soil + 50% applied at flowering, via leaves; and 100% applied at sowing, via soil) and five doses of phosphorus (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1 of P2O5). The 100-grain mass (M100), pod mass (MV), number of pods (NV), number of grains (NG), total grain mass (MGT), yield (PROD), dry matter of the shoot part (MSPA) and plant residues (MSRV), and agronomic efficiency (EA) were characterized. There was an isolated effect of the P doses on the M100, MGT, PROD, MSPA, and MSRV characteristics. The application of 240 kg ha-1 resulted in an increase in the production components and a maximum yield of 3,018 kg ha-1, indicating the need to adopt higher doses of P2O5 to increase chickpea production in tropical soils. However, the highest agronomic efficiency was obtained after the application of 60 kg ha-1 of P2O5, along with Zn at sowing.

International audience; Diversity and taxonomic affiliation of chickpea rhizobia were investigated from Ningxia in north central China and their genomic relationships were compared with those from northwestern adjacent regions (Gansu and Xinjiang). Rhizobia were isolated from root-nodules after trapping by chickpea grown in soils from a single site of Ningxia and typed by IGS PCR-RFLP. Representative strains were phylogenetically analyzed on the basis of the 16S rRNA, housekeeping (atpD, recA and gln11) and symbiosis (nodC and nifH) genes. Genetic differentiation and gene flow were estimated among the chickpea microsymbionts from Ningxia, Gansu and Xinjiang. Fifty chickpea rhizobial isolates were obtained and identified as Mesorhizobium muleiense. Their symbiosis genes nodC and nifH were highly similar (98.4 to 100%) to those of other chickpea microsymbionts, except for one representative strain (NG24) that showed low nifH similarities with all the defined Mesorhizobium species. The rhizobial population from Ningxia was genetically similar to that from Gansu, but different from that in Xinjiang as shown by high chromosomal gene flow/low differentiation with the Gansu population but the reverse with the Xinjiang population. This reveals a biogeographic pattern with two main populations in M. muleiense, the Xinjiang population being chromosomally differentiated from Ningxia-Gansu one. M. muleiense was found as the sole main chickpea-nodulating rhizobial symbiont of Ningxia and it was also found in Gansu sharing alkaline-saline soils with Ningxia. Introduction of chickpea in recently cultivated areas in China seems to select from alkaline-saline soils of M. muleiense that acquired symbiotic genes from symbiovar ciceri.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência Studies related to nitrogen fertilization and biological nitrogen fixation in the increase of chickpea production are considered scarce in tropical regions. This work aimed to evaluate the inoculation with Rhizobium tropici, and nitrogen fertilization, under irrigated tropical conditions, on the development of chickpea in low and high content of soil organic matter (SOM). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replications, in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme. Treatments, consisted of the presence and absence of inoculation with R. tropici, and six N doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1) in the form of urea. The study was divided into two areas with distinct contents of SOM. In the area with the lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici or the fertilization with 125 kg ha-1 N increased the leaf content of nutrients (N, K, Mg, and P) and grain mass per plant, 100-grain mass, number of pods with two grains, dry mass of leaves, branches, chlorophyll index, and relative agronomic efficiency. Thus, the yield was increased in 65%, compared to the control treatment, recommending the application of 100 to 125 kg ha-1 of N with or without R. tropici. In the area with the highest content of SOM (7.37 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici provided a higher grain mass per plants, number of pods with one gain, dry mass of leaves, total dry mass, and chlorophyll index; nitrogen fertilization increased the leaf content of N and the chlorophyll index, although neither factor interfered with the yield, and are not recommended. Such results indicate the dependence of the nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with Rhizobium on the natural availability of N in the SOM. Estudos relacionados à adubação nitrogenada e fixação biológica de nitrogênio no aumento da produção de grão-de-bico são considerados escassos em regiões tropicais. Objetivou-se avaliar a inoculação do Rhizobium tropici e doses de N sob condições irrigadas em região tropical nos componentes de produção e desenvolvimento do grão-de-bico, em solos com maior e menor teor de matéria orgânica (MOS). O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, esquema fatorial 2 x 6, consistindo da presença e ausência da inoculação do R. tropici e seis doses de 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 kg ha-1 de N na forma de ureia. O estudo foi dividido em duas áreas com distintos teores de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Na área com menor teor de MOS (3.55 dag kg-1), a inoculação com R. tropici ou a adubação com 125 kg ha-1 de N aumentaram os teores foliares de nutrientes (N, K, Mg e P) e a massa de grãos por planta, massa de 100 grãos, número de vagens com dois grãos, massa seca de folhas, ramos,índice de clorofila e eficiência agronômica relativa. Com isso, a produtividade foi incrementada em 65%, em comparação ao tratamento testemunha, recomendando-se a aplicação de 100 a 125 kg ha-1 de N com ou sem R. tropici. Na área com maior teor de MOS, a inoculação com R. tropici propiciou maior massa de grãos por plantas, número de vagens com um grão, massa seca de folhas, total e índice de clorofila; a adubação nitrogenada aumentou o teor foliar de N e o índice de clorofila, mas ambos não interferiram na produtividade, não sendo recomendadas. Tais resultados indicam a dependência do manejo da adubação nitrogenada e inoculação com Rhizobium à disponibilidade natural de N na MOS.

Salt stress is a condition that causes physiological changes in several species, the identifying cultivars tolerant to such conditions is essential to high salinity environments. The objective was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of chickpea cultivars to salt stress during germination and seedling growth. Two cultivars (‘BRS Cícero’ and ‘BRS Aleppo’) and five osmotic potentials simulated with sodium chloride solutions (0.0; -0.2; -0.4; -0.6 and -0.8 MPa), were evaluated by the test of germination speed index, mean germination time, epicotyl and primary root length, epicotyl and primary root fresh mass, epicotyl and the primary root dry mass of the seeds were evaluated. Significant interactions were found for all variables, indicating that there are cultivars with specific performance for a particular salt condition, and the simulated salt stress conditions negatively affected germination and seedling growth. Osmotic potentials of less than -0.4 MPa are harmful to the germination and growth of chickpea seedlings. The ‘BRS Cícero’ seeds showed a higher salt tolerance than ‘BRS Aleppo’. The cultivar BRS Aleppo has a longer epicotyl length compared to 'BRS Cícero' when subjected to the same conditions of salt stress. El estrés salino es una condición que ocasiona cambios fisiológicos en varias especies, la identificación de cultivares tolerantes a tales condiciones es fundamental para ambientes de alta salinidad. El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad fisiológica de semillas de cultivares de garbanzo al estrés salino durante la germinación y crecimiento de la plántula. Dos cultivares ('BRS Cícero' y 'BRS Aleppo') y cinco potenciales osmóticos simulados con soluciones de cloruro de sodio (0.0; -0.2; -0.4; -0.6 y -0.8 MPa), fueron evaluados mediante la prueba de índice de velocidad de germinación, media Se evaluó el tiempo de germinación, epicotilo y longitud de raíz primaria, epicotilo y masa fresca de raíz primaria, epicotilo y masa seca de raíz primaria de las semillas. Se encontraron interacciones significativas para todas las variables, lo que indica que hay cultivares con desempeño específico para una condición de sal particular, y las condiciones de estrés salino simuladas afectaron negativamente la germinación y el crecimiento de las plántulas. Los potenciales osmóticos de menos de -0,4 MPa son perjudiciales para la germinación y el crecimiento de las plántulas de garbanzo. Las semillas 'BRS Cicero' mostraron una mayor tolerancia a la sal que 'BRS Aleppo'. El cultivar BRS Aleppo tiene una longitud de epicotilo más larga en comparación con 'BRS Cicero' cuando se somete a las mismas condiciones de estrés salino. O estresse salino é uma condição que causa alterações fisiológicas em várias espécies, a identificação de cultivares tolerantes a tais condições é fundamental para ambientes de alta salinidade. O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cultivares de grão-de-bico ao estresse salino durante a germinação e crescimento de plântulas. Duas cultivares ('BRS Cícero' e 'BRS Aleppo') e cinco potenciais osmóticos simulados com soluções de cloreto de sódio (0,0; -0,2; -0,4; -0,6 e -0,8 MPa), foram avaliados pelo teste de índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, comprimento do epicótilo e da raiz primária, epicótilo e massa fresca da raiz primária, epicótilo e massa seca da raiz primária das sementes. Foram encontradas interações significativas para todas as variáveis, indicando que existem cultivares com desempenho específico para uma determinada condição de sal, e as condições simuladas de estresse salino afetaram negativamente a germinação e o crescimento das mudas. Potenciais osmóticos de menos de -0,4 MPa são prejudiciais à germinação e ao crescimento de mudas de grão-de-bico. As sementes ‘BRS Cícero’ apresentaram maior tolerância ao sal do que ‘BRS Aleppo’. A cultivar BRS Aleppo apresenta maior comprimento do epicótilo em relação à 'BRS Cícero' quando submetida às mesmas condições de estresse salino.

Although arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to promote growth and yield of agricultural crops, inoculation methods for effective scaling up from greenhouse to the field are still underexplored. The application of single or mixed beneficial AM fungal isolates is hindered by the lack of experimental reproducibility of findings at different scales and the cost-effectivity of inoculation methods. Seed coating has been considered a feasible delivery system of AM fungal inocula for agricultural crops. In this study, the impact of single and multiple AM fungal isolates applied via seed coating on chickpea productivity was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Overall, plants inoculated with multiple AM fungal isolates had better performance than those inoculated with single AM isolate under greenhouse and field conditions. While plants in greenhouse displayed higher shoot dry weight (14%) and seed individual weight (21%), in field, inoculation with multiple AM isolates increased pod (160%), and seed (148%) numbers, and grain yield (140%). Under field conditions, mycorrhizal root colonization was significantly higher in chickpea plants inoculated with multiple AM fungal isolates compared to other treatments. These findings highlight the potential of field-inoculation with multiple AM fungal isolates via seed coating as a sustainable agricultural practice for chickpea production.

13 pags., 5 figs., 4 tabs. -- Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 4.0, Two liquid protein hydrolysates obtained from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (CA) and Spirulina platensis (SP) were analyzed via FT-IR and SERS spectroscopy. Their hormone-like activities and contents in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), isopentenyladenosine (IPA), nitrogen (N), carbon (C), sulfur (S), phenols, amino acids, and reducing sugars were determined. CA and SP showed different chemical compositions in N, C, sugars, amino acid, and TP contents, which were generally higher in CA. The two products exhibited (IAA)-like and gibberellin (GA)-like activities and contained the hormones IAA and IPA. Specifically, CA held higher (∼3.6 fold) IAA-like activity than SP, while its GA-like activity was comparable to SP. The content in IAA was similar between hydrolysates, but CA contained ∼6 fold more IPA. CA and SP were further supplied at two different dosages (0.1 and 1 mL L) for 2 days to maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown in hydroponics. They positively influenced plant growth and accumulation of N-compounds (proteins, chlorophylls and phenols), with a more pronounced effect observed in plants treated with CA. Furthermore, they increased the activity of two enzymes, i.e., peroxidase and esterase, which are established markers for plant growth, differentiation and organogenesis-related processes. Peroxidase activity in particular, was enhanced by ~1.6 and ~2.3 fold in leaves and roots of CA-treated plants, respectively. Greater accumulation of macro (Ca, Mg, and K) and micro (Cu, Zn) elements was also evident in plants supplied with these products. In conclusion, our data indicate that both CA and SP exert positive effects in maize plants. However, CA appeared to be more efficient than SP to improve plant nutrition and growth parameters in some respects, likely by virtue of its higher content in phytochemicals (hormones, phenols, amino acids, reducing sugars) that may act as signaling molecules, and more pronounced IAA-like activity.

WOS: 000490563900021 This experiment was conducted in 7 different locations of Turkey (Diyarbakir/Dicle, Malatya, Mardin, Elazig, Elazig/Gezin, Igdir and Hatay) and it was conducted on the black chickpea genotypes. The aim of this experiment is to determine the hydration capacity of black chickpea genotypes, seed ratio with hard seed coat, the weight of one hundred seed, the protein content in the grain, the fat content in the grain and the P, K, Ca, Mo, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn (mg / kg) contents. In line with this aim, in 2015, it was carried out with three repetitions according to the Trial Plan of Random Parcels. At the end of the experiment, the obtained values were subjected to variance analysis and the differences among the means were tested according to the Duncan multiple comparison method. The difference among the genotypes in terms of hydration capacity was found to be statistically significant at 1%. The hydration capacities of genotypes varied between 0.9826-1.0856. While the genotype of Hatay has the highest hydration capacity, Gezin genotype was determined to have the lowest hydration capacity. In the study, no genotype was found to have seeds with hard seed coat (seed without water). All seeds are swollen as a result of taking water. The highest values were determined as follows: Igdir genotype with a weight of 12.40 g for the hundred seed, Gezin genotype for the fat ratio in the grain and the ratio of protein in the grain is Elazig genotype. The Elazig genotype is prominent in terms of phosphorus, potassium, molybdenum, zinc and copper content in grain.

Genetic engineering for improvement of the recalcitrant crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was largely restricted by the lack of an efficient regeneration system. In vitro regeneration in two Egyptian chickpea varieties, Giza 531 and Giza 4 was achieved by direct organogenesis. A variety of embryo explants and different types and concentrations of growth regulators were investigated for maximum efficiency of shoot and root regeneration. Embryo axes with the adjacent part of cotyledon proved to be the most promising type of explant for shooting and rooting responses. 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were found to induce the highest percentages of shoot initiation and root formation, respectively. Although the Giza 531 variety produced a better response than the Giza 4 for shoot formation, it displayed lower performance for root induction. It would be rewarding if this optimized regeneration protocol paved the way toward the genetic improvement of the Egyptian chickpea.

Quick tests are essential tools to evaluate seed quality. The objective of this study was to adapt the methodology of tetrazolium test, by identifying the most suitable pre-conditioning parameters of imbibition temperature and duration, and tetrazolium solution concentrations, in order to assess the physiological quality of chickpea seeds. Also, this work proposed the separation of lots in classes, according to the viability and vigor of the seeds. Three lots of chickpeas (lot 1 - BRS Aleppo C1, lot 2 - BRS Aleppo basic, and lot 3 - Cicero) were evaluated. They were analyzed according to three combinations of imbibition temperature and duration (41 °C for 4 hours, 41 ºC for 6 hours, and 30 ºC for 18 hours) and two tetrazolium concentrations (0.1% and 0.5%). The imbibition at 41 °C for 4 or 6 hours, and at 30 ºC for 18 hours allowed clear visualization of injuries in the seeds after immersion in 0.1% tetrazolium solution. The intense coloration formed by the 0.5% solution of this salt prevented the differentiation of the types of damage. In addition, it was possible to separate the seeds into four classes: class I (viable and vigorous, without damages), class II (viable and vigorous, with superficial injuries), class III (viable and non-vigorous), and class IV (non-viable). Resumo: Testes rápidos são ferramentas imprescindíveis na avaliação da qualidade de sementes. O objetivo deste estudo foi adequar a metodologia do teste de tetrazólio para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de grão-de-bico, visando a identificação dos melhores tempos e temperaturas de pré-condicionamento, e concentrações das soluções de tetrazólio. Além disso, foi proposta uma separação em classes quanto à viabilidade e vigor das sementes. Foram avaliados três lotes de sementes de grão-de-bico (lote 1 - ‘BRS Aleppo’ C1, lote 2 - ‘BRS Aleppo’ básico e lote 3 - ‘Cícero’ básico), três binômios tempo-temperatura de embebição (41 °C por 4 horas, 41 °C por 6 horas e 30 °C por 18 horas) e duas concentrações de tetrazólio (0,1% e 0,5%). As condições de embebição de 41 °C por 4 ou 6 horas e de 30 °C por 18 horas permitiram visualizar de forma clara os danos ocorridos nas sementes quando imersas em solução 0,1% de tetrazólio. A coloração intensa formada nas sementes submetidas à concentração de 0,5% do sal impediu a diferenciação dos tipos de danos. Além disso, foi possível realizar a separação em quatro classes, sendo viáveis as sementes das classes I, II e III, vigorosas as das classes I e II e não viáveis as da classe IV.

The essentiality of selenium (Se) and iodine (I) for the human organism and the relationship between these two trace elements in mammal metabolism highlight the importance of the joint Se&ndash, I biofortification to vegetable crops in the frame of sustainable farming management. A research study was carried out in southern Italy to determine the effects of the combined inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biofortification with Se and I on plant growth, seed yield, quality, and antioxidant and elemental status, as well as residual biomass chemical composition of chickpea grown in two different planting times (14 January and 28 February). The AMF application improved the intensity of I and Se accumulation both in single and joint supply of these elements, resulting in higher seed yield and number as well as dry weight, and was also beneficial for increasing the content of antioxidants, protein, and macro- and microelements. Earlier planting time resulted in higher values of seed yield, as well as Se, I, N, P, Ca, protein, and antioxidant levels. Se and I showed a synergistic effect, stimulating the accumulation of each other in chickpea seeds. The AMF inoculation elicited a higher protein and cellulose synthesis, as well as glucose production in the residual biomass, compared to the single iodine application and the untreated control. From the present research, it can be inferred that the plant biostimulation through the soil inoculation with AMF and the biofortification with Se and I, applied singly or jointly, proved to be effective sustainable farming tools for improving the chickpea seed yield and/or quality, as well as the residual biomass chemical composition for energy production or beneficial metabolite extraction.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais The objective of this study was to evaluate the production, and the physical and physiological quality of ‘BRS Aleppo’ chickpea seeds in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, and their ideal harvest point. A randomized complete block design was used, in a 3x5 factorial arrangement, with three sowing periods (May 12th, June 23rd and July 22nd 2015) and five harvest seasons (100, 107, 114, 121 and 128 days after sowing) with seven replications. The following productive parameters were determined: number of seeds, number of empty pods, production and yield. For seed quality evaluations, the completely randomized design was used. The following evaluations were done: seed moisture content, dry matter, biometry, 1,000-seed weight and germination. For the harvest season factor, data were submitted to analysis of variance and comparisons average by Tukey’s test (p

Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea) is the world's fourth most widely grown pulse. Chickpea seeds are a primary source of dietary protein for humans, and chickpea cultivation contributes to biological nitrogen fixation in the soil, given its symbiotic relationship with rhizobia. Therefore, chickpea cultivation plays a pivotal role in innovative sustainable models of agro-ecosystems inserted in crop rotation in arid and semi-arid environments for soil improvement and the reduction of chemical inputs. Indeed, the arid and semi-arid tropical zones of Africa and Asia have been primary areas of cultivation and diversification. Yet, nowadays, chickpea is gaining prominence in Canada, Australia, and South America where it constitutes a main ingredient in vegetarian and vegan diets. Viruses and plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) have been considered to be of minor and local impact in primary areas of cultivation. However, the introduction of chickpea in new environments exposes the crop to these biotic stresses, compromising its yields. The adoption of high-throughput genomic technologies, including genome and transcriptome sequencing projects by the chickpea research community, has provided major insights into genome evolution as well as genomic architecture and domestication. This review summarizes the major viruses and PPNs that affect chickpea cultivation worldwide. We also present an overview of the current state of chickpea genomics. Accordingly, we explore the opportunities that genomics, post-genomics and novel editing biotechnologies are offering in order to understand chickpea diseases and stress tolerance and to design innovative control strategies.

Weed interference can reduce chickpea growth and, therefore, productivity depending on the period of coexistence and the nutritional status of the crop, among other factors. A study was performed over two crop years to estimate the critical period of weed interference (CPWI) during chickpea production under three doses of nitrogen (N) fertilizer topdressing (0, 50, and 75 kg N ha-1). The experiments were conducted at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 63, and 140 days after emergence (DAE) of chickpea/weed coexistence under two conditions: initially weed-free and initially weed-infested. The presence of weeds negatively affected chickpea production and reduced yields by 70% on average regardless of N rate, rendering the crop economically unfeasible. The CPWI ranged from 5 to 76 DAE and was not affected by N topdressing up to 75 kg N ha-1 in both crop years, assuming an acceptable production loss of 5%. Although the CPWI without fertilization (0 kg N ha-1) was similar to that when fertilized with 50 and 75 kg N ha-1, the two topdressing doses increased chickpea productivity by 37% and 51%, on average, respectively. RESUMO. A interferência de plantas daninhas pode reduzir o crescimento e, portanto, a produtividade das plantas de grão-de-bico, dependendo do período de coexistência e do estado nutricional da planta, entre outros fatores. Para estimar o período crítico de interferência de plantas daninhas (PCPI) durante a produção de grão-de-bico cultivado sob três doses de cobertura de adubação nitrogenada (0, 50 e 75 kg N ha-1), foi realizado um estudo em dois anos agrícolas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos os vários períodos de 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 63 e 140 dias após a emergência - DAE da coexistência de grão-de-bico/plantas daninhas em duas situações: inicialmente livre das plantas daninhas e inicialmente infestado por plantas daninhas. A presença de plantas daninhas afetou negativamente a produção de grão-de-bico e reduziu os rendimentos em 70%, em média, independentemente da taxa de N, tornando a cultura economicamente inviável. O PCPI não foi afetado pela adubação nitrogenada em cobertura até 75 kg N ha-1 em ambos os anos de cultivo, permanecendo de 5 a 76 DAE, considerando uma perda de produção de 5% como aceitável. Embora os PCPIs quando fertilizado com 50 e 75 kg N ha-1 permaneceram semelhantes ao período de interferência sem adubação (0 kg N ha-1), a adubação nitrogenada aumentou a produtividade do grão-de-bico em 37% e 51%, em média, respectivamente.

Grain legume crops play a strategic role in cropping systems around the world, but their acceptance in European agriculture is rather low, because of low yield stability. We used a dataset comprising five to eleven genotypes for each of four legume crops (field pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea) in four dry environments (two locations by two years). We focused on ‘genotype by environment’ interactions, by using several statistical techniques, such as random models, BLUPs and redundancy analysis. The main aim was to show how these techniques and the concomitant use of yield and other phenological/morphological traits as well as environmental data can help understand which species/genotypes are most adapted to dry environments and address the possible reasons for yield instability. Our results confirmed large environmental effects on the expression of phenology and productive traits, even though a shorter duration of the vegetative phase was associated to higher yields in most species and genotypes. The use of BLUPs gave information on the most suitable genotypes for each of the studied species, targeting the traits and environmental variables which are mostly related to yield level and stability. Baccara in field pea, Pantelleria in lentil, Gemini in faba bean and PA34 in chickpea showed high correlation between yield and precocity of the flowering stage. BLUPs for genotype means across environments emphasize that the reported genotypes where characterized by a low value of stability variance that implies the ability to keep an additive relationship between genotypic and environmental effects. This could represent a strategic issue for genotype selection.

Chickpea is the third most important crop of rainfed areas of Pakistan, and it is severely affected by noxious weed Asphodelus tenuifolius. Therefore, a field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different allelopathic weed extracts, herbicides and mulches in controlling A. tenuifolius and other associated weeds in chickpea at “District Karak” Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated thrice using a chickpea cultivar (Chattan) which was grown for the experimental trial. There were 9 treatments along with control for comparison. The treatments Stomp 330 EC (Pre-emergence) at 2.5 L ha-1, Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, Bromoxanil+MCPA (Tank mix), Starane-M, mulching (Eucalyptus leaves), mulching (Wheat straw mulch), allelopathic weed extract (A. tenuifolius) + Stomp, allelopathic weed extract (Cyperus rotundus), allelopathic weed extract (Sorghum halepense) and control treatment were used in this trial. Data were recorded on A. tenuifolius density m-2 before and after application of weed management practices (m-2), A.tenuifolius fresh weight (m-2), seed yield (kg.ha-1), biological yield (kg ha-1) and cost-benefit ratio. Weed density before weed management was found to be non-significant. The data showed that minimum A. tenuifolius density after weed management and fresh weight (m-2) were found for Stomp 330 EC (6.33 m-2 and 1.98 kg m-2), which is statistically similar to Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 6.9 EC (10.33 m-2 and 3.03 kg m-2) while maximum A. tenuifolius density and fresh weight (m-2) were recorded for control plots (74.33 m-2 and 287.46 kg m-2). Maximum seed yield (1,781.7 kg ha-1), biological yield (3,823 kg ha-1) and cost-benefit ratio (3.47) were recorded for plots treated with Stomp 330 EC, while the lowest seed yield (851.7 kg ha-1), biological yield (3,126.3 kg ha-1) and cost-benefit ratio (1.53) were observed for the control plot. Among the nutritive parameters in chickpea, maximum crude protein (17.40%), crude fat content (4.90%) and oil content (5.98%) were recorded for plots treated with Stomp 330 EC, while minimum crude protein (16.18%), crude fat content (4.12%) and oil content (5.01%) were found in the control plots. Thus, it is recommended that herbicides Stomp 330 EC and Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl should be used at pre-emergence at their recommended doses for control of A.tenuifolius and other associated weeds in chickpea crops. RESUMO: O grão-de-bico é a terceira cultura mais importante das áreas de sequeiro do Paquistão, mas é gravemente afetado pela planta daninha nociva Asphodelus tenuifolius. Por esse motivo, foi realizado um experimento de campo para avaliar o efeito de diferentes extratos alelopáticos de plantas daninhas, herbicidas e coberturas vegetais no controle de A. tenuifolius e outras plantas daninhas associadas ao grão-de-bico no distrito de Karak, na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados (DBC) com três repetições, usando o cultivar de grão-de-bico Chattan, cultivado para o experimento. Foram utilizados neste estudo nove tratamentos, juntamente com o controle, para fins de comparação: Stomp 330 CE (pré-emergência) a 2,5 L ha-1 , fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, bromoxanil + MCPA (mistura em tanque), Starane-M, cobertura vegetal (folhas de eucalipto), cobertura vegetal (palha de trigo), extrato alelopático de planta daninha (A. tenuifolius) + Stomp, extrato alelopático de planta daninha (Cyperus rotundus) e extrato alelopático de planta daninha (Sorghum halepense), e o tratamento controle. Foram registrados dados sobre a densidade m-2 de A. tenuifolius antes e depois da aplicação das práticas de manejo de plantas daninhas (m-2), peso fresco de A. tenuifolius (m-2), rendimento de sementes (kg ha-1), rendimento biológico (kg ha-1) e relação custo-benefício. A densidade de plantas daninhas antes do manejo foi considerada não significativa. Os dados mostraram que a densidade mínima deA. tenuifolius após o manejo de plantas daninhas e o peso fresco (m-2) foram observados com Stomp 330 EC (6,33 m-2 e 1,98 kg m-2), que é estatisticamente semelhante ao fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 6,9 EC (10,33 m-2 e 3,03 kg m-2), enquanto a densidade máxima de A. tenuifolius e o peso fresco (m-2) foram registrados para as parcelas de controle (74,33 m-2 e 287,46 kg m-2). Os maiores rendimento máximo de sementes (1.781,7 kg ha-1), rendimento biológico (3.823 kg ha-1) e relação custo-benefício (3,47) foram registrados para as parcelas tratadas com Stomp 330 EC, ao passo que os menores rendimento de sementes (851,7 kg ha-1), rendimento biológico (3.126,3 kg ha-1) e relação custo-benefício (1,53) foram observados para a parcela de controle. Entre os parâmetros nutritivos do grão-de-bico, os teores máximos de proteína bruta (17,40%), gordura bruta (4,90%) e óleo (5,98%) foram registrados para parcelas tratadas com Stomp 330 EC, enquanto os menores teores de proteína bruta (16,18%), gordura bruta (4,12%) e óleo (5,01%) foram encontrados nas parcelas de controle. Assim, recomenda-se que os herbicidas Stomp 330 EC e fenoxaprop-p-ethyl sejam utilizados em pré-emergência nas doses recomendadas para o controle de A. tenuifolius e outras plantas daninhas associadas em culturas de grão-de-bico.

Domain swapping and generation of chimeric insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) is an emerging area of insect pest management. The lepidopteran insect pest, gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera H.) wreaks havoc to chickpea crop affecting production. Lepidopteran insects were reported to be controlled by Bt (cryI) genes. We designed a plant codon optimized chimeric Bt gene (cry1Aabc) using three domains from three different cry1A genes (Domain I, II and III from cry1Aa, cry1Ab and cry1Ac, respectively) and expressed it under the control of a constitutive promoter in chickpea (cv. DCP92-3) to assess its effect on gram pod borer. A total of six transgenic chickpea shoots were established by grafting into mature fertile plants. The in vitro regenerated organogenetic shoots were selected based on antibiotic kanamycin monosulphate (100 mg/L) with transformation efficiency of 0.076%. Three transgenic events were extensively studied based on gene expression pattern and insect mortality across generations. Protein expression in pod walls, immature seeds and leaves (pre and post flowering) were estimated and expression in pre-flowering stage was found higher than that of post flowering. Analysis for the stable integration, expression and insect mortality (detached leaf and whole plant bioassay) led to identification of efficacious transgenic chickpea lines. The chimeric cry1Aabc expressed in chickpea is effective against gram pod borer and generated events can be utilized in transgenic breeding programme.

Retrotransposons (RTN) make a significant contribution to the size, organization and genetic diversity of their host genomes. Several RTN families have been identified in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and other closely related species. In the current research, integration activity and insertional polymorphism of the RTNs CARE1, Tms1Ret1, TPS and LORE were studied in 64 chickpea accessions collected in Iran using inter retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) and retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) techniques. Results indicated that all RTNs studied, are transpositionally active in chickpea genome and amplified scorable and polymorphic banding pattern. Among the RTN families used, the highest percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) was produced by TPS family (81.82%). Totally, 129 loci were amplified using 18 IRAP and REMAP primers which 83 (64.34%) were polymorphic. The Dice genetic similarity coefficients among accessions ranged from 0.84 (accessions Tj48 and Ba4) to 0.98 (accessions Ka30 and Urm61), averaging 0.93. The parameters of expected heterozygosity (He), Shannon’s information index (I) and number of effective alleles (Ne) were the highest for Urmia accessions. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA algorithm and Dice similarity coefficient categorized the 64 accessions in 7 main groups. The mean Fst values of all groups except for groups IV and VII, were lower than 0.20, demonstrating no clear differentiation among the groups, no genetic structure of the studied chickpea collection and probably occurrences of gene flow among the origins. In conclusion, although RTN-based markers were able to differentiate the chickpea accessions but the measured relative genetic similarity among accessions were not correlated with geographical distances between places of their origins.

Thermal disinfestation treatments are relatively easy to apply, leave no chemical residues and may have some fungicidal activity. However, temperature and time combinations required to kill insect pests may meet or exceed those that reduce the viability of seeds, nutrients content, shelf life or technological characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thermal treatments (different temperature and time combinations) on physical and biological characteristics of bean, chickpea and lentil. Seed samples of common bean, chickpea and lentil were treated at low (12, 24 or 48 h at −18 °C) or high (30, 60 or 90 min at 60 °C) temperature. Seed germination, mean germination time, physical characteristics: solids loss, electrolytes leached and firmness after cooking, were determined. The use of thermal treatments for disinfesting seeds of bean, chickpea and lentil represent a physical technique of pest control that can be harmless for seeds destined for crop production (especially for organic farming) or to be stored in germplasm banks. Moreover, thermal treatments can be applied also to grain legumes used as food by humans, with no significant effect on lentils and with a reduction of cooking time for chickpeas. Beans should be treated only with cold treatments and for no more than 24 h.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an important food legume grown in the semi-arid tropical and Mediterranean regions, suffers substantial yield loss due to drought at the end of the growing season (terminal drought), as the crop is largely grown rainfed in post-rainy season on progressively receding soil moisture conditions. Root traits have been identified to postpone dehydration (drought avoidance hereafter) under moisture stress. The root length density (RLD) in the relatively shallow soil layers and the maximum root depth (RDp) were found to positively influence the seed yield under terminal drought environments. Considerable progress has been made to improve the methodology for sampling and analysis of roots. Using a PVC cylinder technique, the mini-core collection (n=211) of chickpea germplasm was evaluated for a number of root traits, including root biomass, RLD and RDp. A few germplasm accessions were identified to have a more prolific root system than the previously identified germplasm line ICC 4958, the best-known source of high root biomass. The germplasm accession ICC 8261 was identified to have the best combination of both RLD and RDp. Molecular markers have been identified for one major quantitative trait locus (QTL) that accounts for about one-third of the variation in root biomass (as measured by total root dry matter) and RDp from study of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between ICC 4958 and Annigeri. New RIL populations, developed from two other crosses (ICC 8261 × ICC 283 and ICC 4958 × ICC 1882) involving parents having larger variation for root traits than between Annigeri and ICC 4958, are being studied to identify additional QTLs for root traits. Marker-assisted breeding for improvement of root traits in chickpea is expected to promote the development of varieties with greater drought avoidance.

Broad-leaved weeds constitute a serious problem in the production of winter legumes, but few selective herbicides controlling these weeds have been registered in Europe. Four field experiments were conducted in 2009/10 and repeated in 2010/11 in Greece to study the response of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and red pea (Lathyrus cicera L.) to several rates of the herbicides pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, S-metolachlor plus terbuthylazine and flumioxazin applied pre-emergence, as well as imazamox applied post-emergence. Phytotoxicity, crop height, total weight and seed yield were evaluated during the experiments. The results of this study suggest that common vetch, lentil, chickpea and red pea differed in their responses to the herbicides tested. Pendimethalin at 1.30 kg ha-1, S-metolachlor at 0.96 kg ha-1 and flumioxazine at 0.11 kg ha-1 used as pre-emergence applied herbicides provided the least phytotoxicity to legumes. Pendimethalin at 1.98 kg ha-1 and both rates of S-metolachlor plus terbuthylazine provided the greatest common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) control. Imazamox at 0.03 to 0.04 kg ha-1 could also be used as early post-emergence applied herbicide in common vetch and red pea without any significant detrimental effect.

International audience; Grain legumes contribute significantly to total world food production. Legumes are the primary source of dietary proteins in many developing countries, where protein hunger and malnutrition are widespread. Grain legumes germplasm constitute similar to 15% of the 7.4 M accessions preserved globally. Nearly, 78% of the CGIAR's, 0.217 M accessions, have been characterized, compared to 34% of national genebank collections. Interestingly, limited data on grain quality are available as the primary focus has been on morpho-agronomic traits. Clearly, more resources should be targeted on biochemical evaluation to identify nutritionally rich and genetically diverse germplasm. The formation of core and mini core collections has provided crop breeders with a systematic yet manageable entry point into global germplasm resources. These subsets have been reported for most legumes and have proved useful in identifying new sources of variation. They may however not eliminate the need to evaluate entire collections, particularly for very rare traits. Molecular characterization and association mapping will further aid to insights into the structure of legume diversity and facilitate greater use of collections. The use of high resolution elevational climate models has greatly improved our capacity to characterize plant habitats and species' adaptive responses to stresses. Evidence suggests that there has been increased use of wild relatives as well as new resources resulting from mutagenesis to enhance the genetic base of legume cultigens.

A expansão das áreas para o cultivo de grão-de-bico depende da produção de sementes detentoras de qualidade superior. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as principais características físicas, fisiológicas e sanitárias em sementes de seis genótipos de grão-de-bico produzidas em Montes Claros, Norte de Minas Gerias. As variáveis analisadas foram o grau de umidade, a pureza física, a massa de mil sementes, a uniformidade, a porcentagem de germinação, a primeira contagem do teste de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação e de emergência, a massa seca da parte aérea das plântulas e a ocorrência de microrganismos e de pragas de armazenamento nas sementes. A qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária das sementes foi afetada pelos diferentes genótipos de grão-de-bico analisados. As variações quanto à qualidade física das sementes entre os genótipos de grão-de-bico não estão relacionadas à qualidade fisiológica e sanitária destas. De maneira geral, as sementes do genótipo CNPH 08-04 apresentaram qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária superior à qualidade das sementes dos demais genótipos.

There has been increasing interest in sustainable weed management in low-input farming systems. In an integrated approach, the development of cropping systems such as appropriate spatial arrangement and efficient tillage will help crops themselves to compete with weeds. With this aim, we investigated the strategic use of plant lodging combined with mechanical weed treatment to improve crop competitiveness and reduce the use of herbicides. We studied weed infestation and grain yield of three grain legumes, field bean, chickpea and field pea, grown according to different plant lodgings (narrow, wide and twin rows) and weed suppression methods: untreated, chemical and mechanical control. In the two years of the trial, two different weed infestation levels were observed due to different meteorological conditions. Our results show that the different crops showed different competitive behaviours, especially in weedy conditions. Indeed, in the bean plots, weed infestation was decreased from 70% in wide rows to 30% in narrow rows. Mechanical treatment produced weed levels similar to those in narrow rows (27%). Mechanical treatment gave grain yields of 2.3 t ha −1 , that are comparable with chemically treated plots (2.7 t ha −1 ). For chickpea, mechanical treatment combined with wide rows proved effective in fighting weeds at a similar level to chemical treatment. Moreover, the yield using mechanical treatment, of 1.6 t ha −1 , was only slightly lower than the yield using chemical treatment (2.3 t ha −1 ). For field peas, mechanical and cropping weed control can limit herbicides, but they are unable to control weed infestation on their own. Vicia faba L. / Cicer arietinum L. / Pisum sativum L. / weed control / plant lodging / integrated weed management

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:53:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:53:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:07:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) S0101-20612004000100025.pdf.txt: 32401 bytes, checksum: 0937fdd7d88cbd4a0bc2cbd2568686f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:25:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) S0101-20612004000100025.pdf.txt: 32401 bytes, checksum: 0937fdd7d88cbd4a0bc2cbd2568686f9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612004000100025.pdf: 921459 bytes, checksum: 726a681624ee26c849db725b105ebcc2 (MD5) S0101-20612004000100025.pdf.txt: 32401 bytes, checksum: 0937fdd7d88cbd4a0bc2cbd2568686f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-01 No presente estudo procedeu-se ao isolamento e caracterização da fração globulina majoritária (11 S) de grão-de-bico, var. IAC-Marrocos. A globulina majoritária extraída foi isolada por cromatografia de filtração em gel e de troca-iônica mostrando apenas uma banda de proteína na eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. A globulina majoritária, após passagem em coluna de Sephadex, revelou duas bandas protéicas de 55 e 52,5kDa e três bandas menores em gel de poliacrilamida dodecilsulfato de sódio. Na presença de 2-mercaptoetanol 6 polipeptídios na faixa de 18 a 42kDa foram revelados na eletroforese. A globulina isolada foi submetida à ação da tripsina e quimotripsina onde a forma nativa mostrou-se resistente à ação enzimática enquanto o aquecimento (96 e 121°C/15min) não foi suficiente para aumentar a susceptibilidade à hidrólise, significativamente. Adição de NaCl 0,3M levou a um aumento da estabilidade estrutural com menor susceptibilidade à digestão proteolítica, fato em parte perdido com o aquecimento. As hidrólises foram acompanhadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida dodecilsulfato de sódio. The isolation and characterization of the major globulin fraction (11 S) from Chickpea, vc IAC-Marrocos, were evaluated. The major globulin was extracted, isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography showing only one protein band on PAGE. The globulin, after Sephadex elution, revealed two protein bands of 55 and 52.5kDa and three minor bands on SDS-PAGE. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol six polypeptides were revealed on SDS-PAGE in the range of 18 to 42kDa. The isolated native globulin shown to be resistant to trypsin and chymotrypsin however heating at 96 and 121ºC/15min was not sufficient to increase the hydrolysis significantly. The proteolytic susceptibility of the enzymes was reduced by 0.3M NaCl addition at the assay. The salt concentration was sufficient to stabilize the native protein structure that was lost after heating as demonstrated on SDS-PAGE. UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Fundação Educacional de Barretos Faculdade de Ciências UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição

The chick pea germplasm collection maintained at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, is the largest collection of this crop available in one place. This collection was grown in instalments and described for qualitative and agronomical traits. The importance and distribution of six qualitative traits, namely flower colour, plant colour, growth habit, seed shape, seed surface and seed colour have been discussed.