Search

Background. The chronic hyperglycemia and intensified metabolic pathways of glucose conversion lead to the formation of excessive amounts of the reactive oxygen species and the development of oxidative stress under the condition of diabetes mellitus. In the recent decades, scientists have been searching for new drugs based on plant materials to prevent metabolic, structural and functional disorders in the body under diabetes. It has long been known that fruits and vegetables are sources of biologically active substances that have a beneficial effect on human health. The yellow fruits of the cornelian cherry ( Cornus mas L.) contain a significant amount of substances (iridoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids), whose properties, biological effects and mechanism of action are not fully understood. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the extract of yellow fruits of the cornelian cherry on the reactive oxygen species content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rats’ leukocytes with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods. Experimental diabetes mellitus in rats was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin. The development of diabetes mellitus was monitored by blood glucose level. From the 10 th day after the induction of diabetes, the animals were orally administered the extract of yellow fruits of the cornelian cherry at a dose of 20 mg/kg of the body weight for 14 days. On the last day of the experiment, we collected the blood into vials with heparin and isolated leukocytes to further determine the content of reactive oxygen species and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using MS Excel-2013. Results. The content of the reactive oxygen species is increased and the activity of antioxidant enzymes is reduced in the rats’ leukocytes during streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of the extract of yellow fruits of the cornelian cherry to diabetic animals improves the antioxidant status of leukocytes, which is manifested in an increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase along with a decrease in the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Conclusions. The extract of yellow fruits of the cornelian cherry ( Cornus mas L.) restores the balance between prooxidants and antioxidant defense system in leukocytes of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Such results suggest that the extract of yellow fruits of the cornelian cherry might be one of the plant components in the development of new drugs that will correct metabolic and functional disorders in leukocytes under diabetes. Keywords: extract of yellow fruits, cornelian cherry, diabetes mellitus, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes, leukocytes Received 06 February, 2021 ● Revision 16 February, 2021 ● Accepted 17 March, 2021 ● Published 31 March, 2021

We determined the effect of onion skin extract (OE) on the quality of wheat bread: contents of total polyphenols and flavonols, antioxidative activity and their changes during storage. With increasing doses of OE to bread, contents of total polyphenols and flavonols and the antioxidative activity were observed to increase. A higher total flavonol content was found in bread with 1% OE stored at 24 °C than in bread stored at 4 °C. There was no such relationship in the bread with 0.5% OE. Changes in flavonols content during storage for 72 h were insignificant. No clear trends of change in the antioxidant activity could be found at storage of breads. The addition of OE caused no changes in the yield and volume of bread and contributed to a decreasing value of L* parameter and to increasing values of ΔE, a* and b* parameters of bread crumb colour. Consumers accepted the smell and taste of bread with the addition of OE to a lesser extent than the control bread. Bread with 1% OE the taste was rated very low. Consumers rated the taste of bread with 1% OE low because it was bitter. Breads enriched with OE had a proper external appearance as well as crumb and crust features. Roasted onion aroma and taste were perceptible in the obtained breads. A bitterness was perceptible in breads baked with the addition of 1% of OE.

Background Extracts from the Rosaceae family fruits are rich in natural, biologically active polyphenols, but their antibacterial properties are still poorly understood. Therefore, we focused our research on their activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. This research also concerned the proof of their ability to reduce oxidative stress and modulate the activity of lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1). It is well-known that plants represent a source of bioactive compounds whose antioxidant activity may be useful in protecting against oxidative damage in cells, which have been linked to the pathogenesis of many oxidative diseases. Objectives The study determined the biological activity of methanol (ME) and water (WE) extracts rich in polyphenols from the hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.), dog rose (Rosa canina L.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), and Japanese quince (Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai). Material and methods The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH▪) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+▪) radical scavenging methods. The inhibition of liposome membrane oxidation was studied using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. Lipoxygenase-1 inhibitory activity was measured using the spectrophotometric method. Bacterial growth was determined by evaluating the number of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Hydrophobicity was established with salt aggregation hydrophobicity test (SAT). Swimming and swarming motilities were evaluated using soft-agar plates. Production of curli fimbriae was estimated on CFA agar. The P fimbriae were detected using the hemagglutination of erythrocytes. Adhesion of bacteria to human uroepithelial cells was assessed. The amount of biofilm was determined spectrophotometrically. Results We showed that most of these extracts are effective antioxidants and free radical scavengers, possess reasonable potential anti-inflammatory activity, reduce the adhesion of E. coli to uroepithelial cells, and reduce the ability of these bacteria to form biofilm. Conclusions The extracts examined, showing very promising biological properties, seem to be able to join the list of substances that can be used as dietary supplements aimed at preventing, for example, urinary tract infections, or as support of drug treatment in many diseases.

Hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties of extracts of medicinal plants Galega officinalis L. (aboveground part) and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. &amp, Endl.) (leaves) as potential sources of biologically active substances with antidiabetic action have been studied. The pronounced hypoglycemic effect of Galega officinalis extract, devoid of alkaloids, at a dose of 600 mg/kg in experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) has been proven. The established effect is evidenced by a decrease in the concentration of glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in the blood, increase glucose tolerance of cells, increase C-peptide and insulin content in the plasma of rats’ blood. The effective hypoglycemic effect of the extract in the studied pathology was confirmed by histological examination of the pancreas. The cytoprotective effect of the studied extract on pancreatic cells at a dose of 1200 mg/kg was experimentally confirmed. In the standard cut area, an increase was found in the number of Langerhans islets, their average area, diameter, volume, and a number of β-cells relative to these indicators in animals with diabetes. Comparative screening of the antioxidant properties of 30, 50, 70, and 96% water–ethanol extracts of yacon indicates the highest potential of 50% water-ethanol extract to block free radicals in in vitro model experiments. The non-alkaloid fraction of Galega officinalis extract showed moderate antioxidant activity and was inferior to yacon extract in its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bind metal ions of variable valence. The level of antioxidant potential of the studied extracts is due to differences in the quantitative content of compounds of phenolic nature in their compositions. The obtained data on the biological effects of Galega officinalis extract on the structural and functional state of β-cells of the pancreas and antioxidant properties of Galega officinalis and yacon extracts substantiate the prospects of using these plants to create antidiabetic medicines and functional foods based on them.

The aim of the research was the analysis of yoghurts enriched with blue honeysuckle berries dry polyphenolic extract and new preparation of resistant starch. The additives were introduced individually at concentration 0.1% (w/v) and in mixture at final concentration of 0.1 and 0.2% of both components. Yogurt microflora, pH, and its physicochemical and antioxidant properties were examined over 14 days of storage under refrigerated conditions. Studies showed that both substances can be successfully used in yoghurt production. Yoghurt microflora es. S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus counts appeared to be higher in samples supplemented with these additives comparing to control yoghurt by 3–8%. More stimulating effect on their growth, especially on S. thermophilus, revealed resistant starch. Addition of this polysaccharide improved also the rheological properties of yogurts, which showed higher viscosity than samples produced without it. Addition of honeysuckle berries preparation significantly influenced the yogurts’ color, giving them deep purple color, and their antioxidant potential. During storage, contents of anthocyanin and iridoid compounds were decreasing, but antioxidant activity in the products remained stable.

The fruits of Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis have been known and appreciated in folk medicine for years and have a high biological value, which is mainly connected with their polyphenols and iridoids content. However, hybrids of C. mas × C. officinalis have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iridoids, anthocyanins, and flavonols content, and antioxidant capacity of Cornus mas, Cornus officinalis, and C. mas × C. officinalis. Iridoids and flavonoids were quantified by the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Antioxidant capacity (AC) was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. Total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Among the C. mas cultivars and C. officinalis genotypes, there was considerable variation in the content of iridoids, flavonoids, and AC. Interspecific hybrids C. mas × C. officinalis contained more iridoids than C. mas and more anthocyanins than C. officinalis and additionally had higher AC and TPC than C. officinalis and most C. mas. AC, TPC, and the presence of iridoids, anthocyanins, and flavonols in hybrids C. mas × C. officinalis are reported for the first time. The Cornus species deserve special attention due to their highly biologically active substances, as well as useful medicinal properties.

In this study, we produced novel, natural and fermented apple-Cornelian cherry beverages rich in natural antioxidants. These products were examined for their physicochemical parameters, and antioxidative properties as well as subjected to the quantitative and qualitative identification of iridoids and phenolics. The highest concentration of total phenolics determined with the Folin-Ciocialteu method (964.28 mg GAE/L) and the strongest antioxidative properties measured with the DPPH • , ABTS •+ , and FRAP tests (7.90, 11.04, and 12.86 mmol TE/L) were determined in the beverages with the addition of juice from red-fruit Cornelian cherry. The most numerous group of compounds in the analyzed beverages were iridoids, with loganic acid (LA) found to predominate (424 mg/L). Results obtained demonstrate that the addition of juice from Cornelian cherry fruits during the production of fermented apple beverages causes a significant increase in their antioxidative properties, modifies their phenolics profile, and allows enriching them with iridoids.

Strawberry fruit is a valuable resource, rich in vitamins and polyphenolic compounds. These compounds have a broad spectrum of biological activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenols in strawberry fruit from 90 cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa Duch. from two growing seasons. Eighty of them were analyzed for the first time (to the best of our knowledge). The identification of polyphenolics and other compounds was performed using UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS. Nine compounds were recorded for the first time in mature strawberry fruit. Antioxidant properties were also determined using DPPH and ABTS methods. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using principal component analysis. Tannins, especially ellagitannins with agrimoniin, as well as the total polyphenols, had the greatest influence on antioxidant activity in the ABTS test. Cultivars characterized by a high content of tannins and high antioxidant capacity were selected.

Background Although fruit and vegetable-rich diets have beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, we have little knowledge of the impact of fruits and their constituents, iridoids and anthocyanins, on the l -arginine-ADMA-DDAH pathway. Our previous study demonstrated the modulation of those factors by the oral administration of the cornelian cherry fruit. Hypothesis/purpose We have assessed the effects of the oral administration of two main constituents isolated from the cornelian cherry fruit, iridoid loganic acid and anthocyanins, on l -arginine, its derivatives (ADMA, SDMA), metabolites (DMA, l -citrulline), and the hepatic DDAH activity and its isoform expression in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. We have also analyzed eNOS expression in the thoracic aorta as well as the redox status in blood. Study Design In the present study, we used an animal model of diet induced atherosclerosis. For 60 days, white New Zealand rabbits were fed a standard diet, a 1% cholesterol enriched diet, or concomitantly with the investigated substances. l -arginine, ADMA, SDMA, DMA, and l -citrulline were assessed using the LC-MS/MS method. DDAH activity and redox parameters were analyzed spectrophotometrically. DDAH1 and DDAH2 isoform expressions were assessed by western blotting, mRNA expression of eNOS was quantified by real-time PCR. Results We demonstrated that the administration of loganic acid (20 mg/kg b.w.), and to a lesser extent of anthocyanins (10 mg/kg b.w.), caused an increase in the l -arginine level and the l -arginine/ADMA ratio. Also, both substances decreased ADMA, DMA, and l -citrulline, but not SDMA levels. Anthocyanins, but not loganic acid, enhanced the activity of DDAH in the liver. Anthocyanins also significantly enhanced both DDAH1 and DDAH2 expression, while loganic acid to a lesser extent enhanced DDAH1 but not DDAH2 expression. Both loganic acid and anthocyanins pronouncedly increased mRNA expression of eNOS in thoracic aortas. Both loganic acid and anthocyanins reversed the blood glutathione level depleted by dietary cholesterol. Cholesterol feeding decreased the blood GPx level, and the change was not reversed by anthocyanins or loganic acid. We did not observe any significant differences in the blood levels of MDA or SOD among the groups. Conclusion Iridoids and anthocyanins may modulate the l -arginine-ADMA pathway in subjects fed a high-cholesterol diet.

Background Results of animal studies show that a high-cholesterol diet increases bone resorption and decreases bone formation, thus leading to osteoporosis. Previously, we reported on the beneficial influence of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruit on lipid profile in an animal model of diet-induced hipercholesterolemia. Objectives To investigate the influence of Cornus mas L. extract and loganic acid (LA) on cholesterol-induced bone changes. Material and methods The study was conducted on 50 New Zealand rabbits. The animals were given either standard chow (group P) or the same standard chow enriched with 1% cholesterol (other groups). Additionally, the group CHOL+EX received Cornus mas L. extract, group CHOL+LA - loganic acid, and group CHOL+SIM - simvastatin. Serum concentration of bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone micro-computed tomography (microCT) were assessed. Results In the CHOL group, a decrease in osteocalcin (OC) and an increase in C-terminated telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) levels were detected (CHOL vs P 0.674 ±0.159 ng/mL vs 1.003 ±0.297 ng/mL and 10.049 ±1.276 ng/mL vs 7.721 ±1.187 ng/mL, respectively). The EX and LA ameliorated cholesterol-induced changes in serum OC (0.857 ±0.160 ng/mL and 1.103 ±0.356 ng/mL, respectively) and CTX (7.735 ±1.045 ng/mL and 8.128 ±1.106 ng/mL, respectively). There was a significant decrease in femoral BMD in CHOL group (0.429 ±0.11 g/cm² vs 0.449 ±0.020 g/cm²). The EX and LA ameliorated those changes (0.458 ±0.016 g/cm² and 0.449 ±0.021 g/cm², respectively). The microCT revealed increased bone volume ratio (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.) in the CHOL+EX group. Conclusions Cornus mas L. inhibited bone resorption and stimulated bone formation, thereby preventing the development of cholesterol-induced osteoporosis.

The various complications related to diabetes are due to the alteration in plasma components and functional activity of blood cells, hence the search for preventive remedies that would ameliorate the clinical condition of patients is a relevant problem today. The main aim of the present study was to examine the antidiabetic potency and antioxidant effects of loganic acid (LA) in blood of diabetic rats. LA showed a restoration of balance between functioning of antioxidant defense system and oxidative stress in leukocytes without notable effects on blood glucose levels when administered orally to rats (20 mg/kg b.w./day) for 14 days. LA ameliorated antioxidant status in leukocytes, as indicated by increasing the content of reduced glutathione and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase along with decreasing levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species. In addition, we observed the ability of LA to protect against formation and accumulation of glycation and oxidation protein products and malondialdehyde derivates in plasma. Therefore, LA showed antioxidant properties that may have beneficial effects under diabetes. Such results may represent LA as one of the plant components in the development of new drugs that will correct metabolic and functional disorders in leukocytes under diabetes.

Prunus fruits are recognized to be rich sources of polyphenols with health promoting effect. In this work we evaluated the phenolic profile and bioactivity, namely antioxidant capacity, antiproliferative effect in HT29, and inhibition capacity of α-glucosidase (α-Gls), α-amylase (α-Amy) and human dipeptidyl peptidase III (hDPP III) activities, of traditional Prunus fruits grown in Serbia. Fifteen Prunus samples were investigated and compared: common European plum and three old plum subspecies (‘vlaskaca’, damson plum and white damson), purple-leaf cherry plum, red and white cherry plum, sweet cherry, sweet cherry-wild type, sour cherry, steppe cherry, mahaleb cherry, blackthorn, peach, and apricot. Principal Component Analysis highlighted steppe cherry and blackthorn as Prunus species with the highest bioactive potential. In silico analysis pointed out rutinoside derivatives of cyanidin and quercetin as the most potent inhibitors of α-Gls, α-Amy and hDPP III enzymes. Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside showed the highest binding energy to α-Gls (−10.6 kcal/mol).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition of leaf extracts from Aronia melanocarpa, Chaenomeles superba, and Cornus mas, and their antimicrobial activity against typical spoilage-causing and pathogenic bacteria found in meat and meat products. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) was detected in C. superba extract, followed by C. mas and A. melanocarpa extracts. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was measured by DPPH and ABTS assays. The lowest IC50 values were found for C. superba extract, followed by C. mas and A. melanocarpa extracts. LC-MS and HPLC analysis revealed that A. melanocarpa and C. superba extracts contained hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids (mainly flavonols). Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were detected in the C. mas extract, as well as flavonols, ellagitannins, and iridoids. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Moraxella osloensis, Pseudomonas fragi, Acinetobacter baumanii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella enterica) and Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Lactobacillus sakei, Listeria monocytogenes) using the microculture method. The extracts acted as bacteriostatic agents, decreasing the growth rate (&micro, max) and extending the lag phase (tlag). C. mas showed most potent antibacterial activity, as confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA).

Background and Aims. Inflammatory bowel disease pharmacotherapy, despite substantial progress, is still not satisfactory for both patients and clinicians. In view of the chronic and relapsing disease course and not always effective treatment with adverse effects, attempts to search for new, more efficient, and safer substances are essential and reasonable. This study was designed to elucidate the impact of cornelian cherry iridoid-polyphenolic extract (CE) and loganic acid (LA) on adherent-invasive E. coli growth and adhesion in vitro and to assess the effect of pretreatment with CE or LA on the course of intestinal inflammation in rat experimental colitis compared with sulfasalazine. Methods. Antibacterial and antiadhesive activities of CE and LA were assessed using microdilution, Int407 cell adherence, and yeast agglutination assays. The colitis model was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. Studied substances were administered intragastrically for 16 days prior to colitis induction. Body weight loss; colon index; histological injuries; IL-23, IL-17, TNF-α, and chemerin levels; and STAT3, Muc2, and TFF3 mRNA expression were evaluated. Results. Only CE exerted antimicrobial and antiadhesive activities in vitro and alleviated colonic symptoms. CE coadministrated with sulfasalazine was more effective than single compounds in reversing increased concentrations of TNF-α, IL-17, and chemerin and decreased Muc2 mRNA expression. Conclusions. CE exerted a protective effect against experimental colitis via impaired mucosal epithelial barrier restoration and intestinal inflammatory response attenuation and given concomitantly with sulfasalazine counteracted colitis in a more effective way than sulfasalazine alone, which indicates their synergistic interaction. The beneficial effect of CE may also be due to its bacteriostatic and antiadhesive activities.

In this study, the effects of a chokeberry fruit crude extract (CE), its ethyl acetate fractions (EAF7 & EAF2) and a polyphenol-rich fraction (PRF) on esterase and lipolytic activities of pancreatic lipase (PL) were investigated. Ethyl acetate fractions, rich in flavonols, phenolic acids and low molecular procyanidins, showed a week inhibitory activity against PL while the CE and PRF, which contained the highly polymerized procyanidins exhibited the highest anti-lipase activity. The kinetic study showed that the inhibitory mode of CE was noncompetitive while PRF behaved like the mixed type inhibitor. Cumulative effects were observed when orlistat was used with either CE or PRF. These results indicate that black chokeberry fruits are a source of PL inhibitors with proanthocyanidins as the most active compounds.

This study investigated the effect of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) phenolic extract on lymphocyte subsets in the lymphoid organs in nonimmunized mice and on humoral immune response in sheep red blood cell-immunized mice. Hawthorn phenolic extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) was administered orally five or ten times. Sheep red blood cells were injected 24 h after administration of the last extract dose. The lymphocyte subsets were assessed 24 and 72 h after the last dose. Humoral immune response was determined 4 and 7 days after immunization. Five doses of the extract decreased the percentage of CD4−CD8− and CD4+ thymocytes but elevated the percentage of CD4+CD8+ and CD8+ thymic cells. The extract increased the total number, percentage, and absolute count of T and B splenocytes. When administered five times, it lowered the percentage of T lymphocytes, but boosted the population of B lymphocytes of mesenteric lymph nodes (after 24 h). However, a rise in the population of T lymphocytes was observed 72 h after five and ten doses. The extract administered ten times elevated the number of plaque-forming cells and total anti-sheep red blood cell hemagglutinin titer but reduced the 2-ME-resistant antibody titer (day 7). At the same time, five doses of the extract increased antibody titers. Considering its impact on lymphocyte subsets and humoral immune response, hawthorn extract may be used as an immunomodulator.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the different methods of preparation of the blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L. var. Kamtschatica) cv. 'Wojtek' and their influence on the iridoid content of fruit juices and fresh and freeze-dried pomaces. Compounds were identified by UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS in negative ion mode. Five iridoids - loganic acid, 7-epi-loganic acid 7-O-pentoside, loganin, sweroside, and secologanin - were determined in blue honeysuckle fruits and products. The results revealed no differences in iridoid content between the fresh pomace from skin and flesh, or between the juice from skin and flesh. A higher content of iridoids was obtained in juice from crushed than from whole berries, and in freeze-dried pomace from whole than from crushed berries. Freeze-dried pomace from blue honeysuckle can be an excellent source of bioactive iridoids.

Assays of the inhibitory potential against enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid digestion (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase) as well as the total contents of phenolics and anthocyanins, anthocyanin profile, and antioxidant capacity revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between five varieties of red cabbage. Among the varieties, the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 3.87 ± 0.12 mg dry weight (DW) of cabbage/mL) and lipase (IC50 = 1.57 ± 0.06 mg DW/mL) was exhibited by the Koda variety, which showed the highest antioxidant capacity in ABTS (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) = 141 ± 4.71 μmol/g DW) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (TEAC = 125 ± 1.94 μmol/g DW) assays and had the highest total phenolics level (19.6 ± 0.48 mg/g DW). The highest total anthocyanin content (12.0 ± 0.16 mg/g DW) and inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC50 = 69.0 ± 3.65 mg DW of cabbage/mL) was shown by the Kissendrup variety. The anthocyanin profiles of these two varieti...

In our previous publication we showed that the oral administration of cornelian cherry fruits prevented feed-induced atherosclerosis. In this study we have examined the effect of cornelian cherry lyophilisate on proteins responsible for regulation of NO synthesis: asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, SDMA) and l -arginine in plasma, and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) in the liver. We have also assessed the systemic and local redox status in the blood and the aorta, and the thickness of the thoracic aorta. We have shown that 60-days of administering lyophilisate to rabbits fed 1% cholesterol increased the l -arginine and l -arginine/ADMA ratio, decreased ADMA and SDMA, increased DDAH activity, and had a positive impact on the redox state in the aorta but not in the blood, measured as decreased MDA, and increased glutathione, GPx, and SOD. Moreover, lyophilisate significantly decreased intima thickness and the intima/media ratio in the thoracic aorta. Concluding, the l -arginine-ADMA-DDAH pathway may contribute to the beneficial effects of the cornelian cherry in feed-induced atherosclerosis.

Recipes for traditional and sour non-alcoholic beers were developed in this study employing a special yeast species Saccharomycodes ludwigii. They were characterized for their basic physicochemical properties, antioxidative activity as well as subjected to the quantitative and qualitative analysis of their biologically-active compounds, and to the sensory assessment. Sour non-alcoholic beers were brewed with the addition of juice from fruits of red-colored Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) variety, which are characterized by naturally sour taste and aroma. Ethyl alcohol content in the beers manufactured ranged from 0.41%v/v in traditional non-alcoholic beers to 0.43%v/v in sour non-alcoholic beers. The final products had a low energy value, ranging from 116 to 148 kcal/500 mL of beer. The sour beers had several times higher antioxidative potential and significantly higher polyphenols concentration compared to the control ones. In addition, they were rich in anthocyanins and iridoids, and presented novel sensory attributes.

Procyanidins from the bark of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) were isolated and purified. Qualitative and quantitative composition was compared with that of the extract of hawthorn fruit (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.). Stability and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of procyanidins before and after micro-encapsulation were estimated. The effects of the carrier type (inulin and maltodextrin) and procyanidins:carrier ratio (1:1, 1:3) and the influence of storage temperature (20 °C, -20 °C, -80 °C) on the content of procyanidins were evaluated.; Results: Samples before and after micro-encapsulation contained from 651 to 751 mg of procyanidins in 1 g. Among the procyanidins, (-)-epicatechin, dimer B2, and trimer C1 dominated. The use of inulin during spray drying resulted in greater efficiency of micro-encapsulation than the use of maltodextrin. During storage of the samples at 20 °C degradation of procyanidins was observed, whereas at -20 °C and -80 °C concentrations of them increased.; Conclusion: The microcapsules with procyanidins from the bark of hawthorn, as well as the extract of procyanidins, have valuable biological activity, and strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is better to prepare microcapsules with a greater amount of carrier, with the procyanidin/carrier ratio 1:3. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is a very important fruit crop for producers as well as consumers. To obtain information on sour cherry fruit, we determined the sugar and organic acid composition and phenolic compound contents of twenty-one cultivars and genotypes of Prunus cerasus L. by HPLC quantification. Antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power (FRAP) and determination of substances reacting with Folin&ndash, Ciocalteu reagent (FCRS). The main organic acids in sour cherries were malic and malonic acids, and the main sugars were glucose and fructose. The highest sugar content was found in the &ldquo, Lucyna&rdquo, cultivar and the highest organic acids in &ldquo, Paraszt Meggy&rdquo, and &ldquo, Suda Hardy&rdquo, The richest in phenolic compounds were &ldquo, Wieluń 17&rdquo, &ldquo, Sok&oacute, wka Nowotomyska&rdquo, Grosenkirch&rdquo, (anthocyanins, flavanols and total phenolics), and &ldquo, Meteor&rdquo, (phenolic acids). Flavan 3-ols were not quantified in every cultivar. &ldquo, Dradem, &ldquo, Turgieniewka&rdquo, Wr&oacute, ble&rdquo, Nana&rdquo, contained the smallest amounts of phenolic compounds. Antioxidant capacity was highly correlated with phenolic compound composition. According to principal component analysis (PCA), it was concluded that cultivars whose harvest maturity was medium to late contained more flavonols and anthocyanins and were characterized by higher antioxidant capacity than those whose harvest maturity was classified as early or early to medium.

Lonicera caerulea L., also known as haskap or honeysuckle berry, is a fruit commonly planted in eastern Europe, Canada and Asia. The fruit was registered as a traditional food from a third country under European Union regulations only on December 2018. It is resistant to cold, pests, various soil acidities and diseases. However, its attractiveness is associated mostly with its health properties. The fruit shows anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity—important factors in improving health. These features result from the diverse content of phytochemicals in honeysuckle berries with high concentrations of phytocompounds, mainly hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavanols, flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanones and anthocyanins but also iridoids, present in the fruit in exceptional amounts. The content and health properties of the fruit were identified to be dependent on cultivar, genotype and the place of harvesting. Great potential benefits of this nutritious food are its ability to minimize the negative effects of UV radiation, diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases, and to exert hepato- and cardioprotective activity.

Background American persimmons (Diospyros virginiana L.) are known as a widespread cultivar which were traditionally used by Native Americans as a food source, and since ancient times have been used in folk medicine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Diospyros virginiana genotypes. Methods The content of the total antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds from the fruits of the American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.) of six genotypes were compared. Antioxidant activity (AOA) was measured using three different photometric methods n DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power). Total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay. Results The results for AOA (mMol Trolox/g) determined by the DPPH method varied from 51.68 (DV-05) to 100.87 (DV-03), those obtained by the ABTS method varied from 65.40 (DV-05) to 142.26 (DV-03), and those obtained by the FRAP method varied from 45.06 (DV-05) to 109.30 (DV-03). The results for TPC varied from 590.75 p27.98 mg/100 g (DV-05) to 1325.12 p77.30 mg/100 g (DV-03). The highest results for AOA and TPC were achieved for the fruits of genotypes DV-03 and DV-05. A positive linear correlation was found between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in the examined plant material. Conclusions The results showed that all fruit extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activities, which generally correlated positively with the total phenolic content. This study demonstrates the potential of the fruits of Diospyros virginiana grown in Ukraine as a possible source of valuable polyphenol content, with high anti- oxidant activities and health-promoting properties. The high contents of phenolic compounds and significant linear correlation between the values of the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity indicated that these compounds contributed to the strong antioxidant activity.

Background Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a plant growing in southeast Europe, in the past used in folk medicine. There are many previous publications showing the preventive effects of (poly)phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, on cardiovascular diseases, but there is a lack of studies comparing the effects of (poly)phenolics and other constituents of fruits. Objectives We have attempted to determine if iridoids and anthocyanins from cornelian cherry fruits may affect the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta as well as lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the livers of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Material and methods Fractions of iridoids and anthocyanins were analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods. Loganic acid (20 mg/kg b.w.) and a mixture of anthocyanins (10 mg/kg b.w.) were administered orally for 60 days to rabbits fed with 1% cholesterol. Histopathological samples of the aortas and the livers were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde - MDA) and redox status (glutathione - GSH, glutathione peroxidase - Gpx and superoxide dismutase - SOD) were analyzed using spectrophotometrical methods. Results Both loganic acid (an iridoid) and a mixture of anthocyanins diminished the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. Both substances also diminished lipid peroxidation, measured as a decrease of MDA, and attenuated oxidative stress, measured as an increase of GSH in the livers depleted by cholesterol feeding. Unexpectedly, cholesterol feeding decreased the Gpx activity in the liver, which was reversed by both investigated substances. Conclusions We have shown that both iridoids and anthocyanins help prevent fed-induced atherosclerosis, and the consumption of fruits rich in these substances may elicit beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.

Inhibition of digestive lipases refers to the suppression of dietary fat absorption and, to some extent, to a strategy against overweight and obesity. In this study, the effect of five commercial black chokeberry juices on pancreatic lipase as a key enzyme relevant to obesity was investigated using as substrates triolein, sunflower oil, and rapeseed oil emulsions as well as 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate. The juices were also analyzed for antioxidant capacity (ABTS·+, DPPH·, FRAP methods), qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds and nutrients. Significant differences were observed among their chemical compositions and biological activities. Chokeberry juices were rich in proanthocyanidins, followed by the hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonols. Their inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase was related to polyphenol content, that of proanthocyanidins. The results reported herein have shown the influence of proanthocyanidin degree of polymerization on the inhibitory activity, especially in lipid emulsions. In conclusion, this work suggests that chokeberry juice may be a potential source of dietary fat absorption inhibitors, especially if it contains high molecular phenolic compounds.

The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of iridoids and anthocyanins of cornelian cherry ( Cornus mas L.) ripe fruits were investigated. The characteristics of these compounds were determined using HPLC-DAD, LC–ESI-MS, and NMR methods. Two iridoids (loganic acid and cornuside) and five anthocyanins (delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin glycosides) were identified in cornelian cherry fruits. The MS fragmentation pathways of the two iridoids were studied. A total of 26 different cultivars and 2 ecotypes, harvested from five locations in the years 2007–2011 were analyzed. The content of total iridoids in cornelian cherry fruits covered a wide range, i.e. from 86.91 to 493.69 mg/100 g fw. Loganic acid was the most dominant iridoid compound identified in cornelian cherry fruits and amounted to 88–96% of total iridoids. The total content of anthocyanins in red cultivars of cornelian cherry fruits was in a wide range from 5.59 to 134.57 and 341.18 mg/100 g fw. In most cornelian cherry fruits, pelargonidin 3-galactopyranoside was dominant.

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits have been used in traditional cuisine and in folk medicine in various countries. This study was conducted to evaluate the constituents and impact of cornelian cherry (C. mas L.) fruits lyophilisate on lipid levels, PPARα protein expression, atheromatous changes in the aorta, oxido-redox state, and proinflammatory cytokines in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The HPLC-MS method was used for determining active constituents in cornelian cherry. In a subsequent in vivo study the protective effect of the cornelian cherry on diet-induced hyperlipidemia was studied using a rabbit model fed 1% cholesterol. Cornelian cherry (100mg/kg b.w.) or simvastatin (5mg/kg b.w.) were administered orally for 60 days. Two iridoids - loganic acid and cornuside - and five anthocyanins were identified as the main constituents of the cornelian cherry. The administering of the cornelian cherry led to a 44% significant decrease in serum triglyceride levels, as well as prevented development of atheromatous changes in the thoracic aorta. Cornelian cherry significantly increased PPARα protein expression in the liver, indicating that its hypolipidemic effect may stem from enhanced fatty acid catabolism. Simvastatin treatment did not affect PPAR-α expression. Moreover, the cornelian cherry had a significant protective effect on diet-induced oxidative stress in the liver, as well as restored upregulated proinflammatory cytokines serum levels. In conclusion, we have shown loganic acid to be the main iridoid constituent in the European cultivar of the cornelian cherry, and proven that the cornelian cherry could have protective effects on diet-induced hypertriglicerydemia and atherosclerosis through enhanced PPARα protein expression and via regulating oxidative stress and inflammation.

The influence of iridoid-anthocyanin aqueous extract of cornelian cherry fruits (CM) on hematological parameters, lymphocyte subsets and proliferation during Trichinella spiralis infection in mice was investigated. CM (100 mg/kg) was administered orally to T. spiralis-infected mice six times within a period encompassing three days prior to the infection and three days after the infection (dai). CM increased the percentage of CD3+, CD4+ cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio and decreased total count of CD8+ and CD19+ splenocytes (5th dai). An increase in total count of CD4+, CD3+, CD19+ splenocytes was observed (21st dai). CM elevated the percentage of CD4+ cells (7th dai) and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (21st dai) in MLN. CM increased (14th dai) and then reduced (21st dai) the percentage of CD8+ MLN lymphocytes and decreased total count of MLN CD8+ cells (21st dai) and B cells (14th dai). An activation of lymphocyte proliferation in spleen and simultaneous decrease in MLN on 5th dai was observed. An increase in red blood cells parameters (5th dai) and in leukocyte count (7th dai) was found. A rise in platelet count was noticed both on 5th and 7th dai. Moreover, the number of adult T. spiralis on 5th dai in mice receiving CM extract was lower than in the control mice. These results suggested that iridoid-anthocyanin aqueous extract of CM stimulated murine immune response during T. spiralis infection.

This study examines the influence of lactic acid fermentation on iridoid and polyphenolic compounds in unripe Cornus mas L. fruits. Fermentation was carried out at room temperature over 6 weeks. Eight versions of the fermentation process were conducted: with inoculation by microflora isolated from black olives, Lb. brevis 18 M, Lb. casei 0919, Lb. paracasei 920, Lb. rhamnosus 0900, Lb. rhamnosus 0908, and spontaneous fermentation with and without summer savory (Satureja hortensis). The polyphenolic compounds, iridoids and antioxidant activities were examined in the products obtained. After fermentation, the polyphenols detected were: gallic acid and one of its derivatives, protocatechuic and ellagic acids, neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids, and a chlorogenic acid derivative. Loganic acid and cornuside were found to be present in both the fermented fruits and the brines. The tested microorganisms produced varying amounts of lactic acid and had varying degrees of impact on the content of biologically active compounds. Lb. rhamnosus 908 proved to be the most effective strain. Unripe cornelian cherries fermented with probiotic strains could be used as an innovative pro-health product.

Iridoid and polyphenol profiles of 30 different honeysuckle berry cultivars and genotypes were studied. Compounds were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS) in positive and negative ion modes and quantified by HPLC-PDA. The 50 identified compounds included 15 iridoids, 6 anthocyanins, 9 flavonols, 2 flavanonols (dihydroflavonols), 5 flavones, 6 flavan-3-ols, and 7 phenolic acids. 8-epi-Loganic acid, pentosyl-loganic acid, taxifolin 7-O-dihexoside, and taxifolin 7-O-hexoside were identified in honeysuckle berries for the first time. Iridoids and anthocyanins were the major groups of bioactive compounds of honeysuckle constituents. The total content of quantified iridoids and anthocyanins was between 128.42 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) (‘Dlinnoplodnaya’) and 372 mg/100 g fw (‘Kuvshinovidnaya’) and between 150.04 mg/100 g fw (‘Karina’) and 653.95 mg/100 g fw (‘Amur’), respectively. Among iridoids, loganic acid was the dominant compound, and it represented between 22% and 73% of the total amount of quantified iridoids in honeysuckle berry. A very strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant potential and the quantity of anthocyanins. High content of iridoids in honeysuckle berries can complement antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds.

Fruits traditionally used for liqueurs are a good source of phenolic compounds endowed with antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to compare the content of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins and the antioxidant capacity of liqueurs made from red fruits. The liqueurs were made from fruits of 10 species: chokeberry, cornelian cherry, black rose, blackcurrant, blackberry, raspberry, mahonia, sloe, strawberry, and sour cherry. The liqueurs from black rose, chokeberry, sloe and mahonia fruits contained the most of substances which react with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (671, 329, 271 and 218 mg GAE/100 mL, respectively) and had the highest antioxidant activity. The samples stored at a temperature of 30 °C had antioxidant activity from 3% to 11% lower than the fresh samples. After 6 months, anthocyanins degraded almost completely in the samples stored at 30 °C and at 15 °C there was from 0% (blackcurrant liqueurs) to 47% (sloe liqueurs) of their initial content and slightly more in sweet liqueurs.

The antioxidant capacity of methanolic crude extracts of Berberis vulgaris L., Conzus mas L. and Mahonia aquifolium Nutt. was tested with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances formation assay, the ferric reducing power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical scavenging assay. The content of antioxidant components in the extracts, their partition coefficient on 1-octanol:water and affinity to liposome membranes were determined as well. The results show that the IC50 parameter connected with the antioxidant activity on phosphatidylcholine liposome membrane decreased as follows: B. vulgaris (0.14 +/- 0.01 mg/mL) > M. aquifolitun (0.34 +/- 0.03 mg/mL) > C. mas (1.13 +/- 0.01 mg/mL) for AAPH-induced oxidation and M. aquifoliunz (0.29 +/- 0.03 mg/mL) > C. Inas (1.24 +/- 0.07 mg/mL) > B. vulgaris (1.50 +/- 0.05 mg/mL) for Fe(II)/ascorbic acid-induced oxidation, and M. aquifolium (2.35 +/- 0.10 mg/mL) > B. vulgaris (2.69 +/- 0.04 mg/mL) > C. rims (6.17 +/- 0.06 mg/mL) for UVC irradiation. All the extracts exhibited the ability to quench DPPH and to reduce Fe(III) ions to Fe(II) via redox reaction. The content of active components in the extracts, the partition coefficient and extracts affinity to membranes correlated well with their antioxidant activities. This study has shown that fruits of B. vulgaris, M. aquifolium and C. Inas, from which the extracts were obtained, are attractive for consumption and can potentially be used in production of new processed fruit.

The aim of the research was to determine the composition of organic acids in fruit of different cultivars of three pumpkin species. The amount of acids immediately after fruit harvest and after 3 months of storage was compared. The content of organic acids in the examined pumpkin cultivars was assayed using the method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three organic acids (citric acid, malic acid, and fumaric acid) were identified in the cultivars, whose content considerably varied depending on a cultivar. Three-month storage resulted in decreased content of the acids in the case of cultivars belonging to Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita pepo species, while a slight increase was recorded for Cucurbita moschata species.

The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties, and provide characteristics, of the oil obtained from the seeds of 12 pumpkin varieties belonging to the species Cucurbita maxima Duch. and Cucurbita pepo L. Another objective was to establish which of the two extracting agents, ethanol or methanol, is more effective. The seeds of the pumpkin varieties examined differ in chemical composition and antioxidant activity. The seeds of the cultivars belonging to the species C. maxima are characterised by a higher content of fatty acids than are the cultivars of the species C. pepo. In the seed oil, unsaturated acids are dominant (oleic and linoleic), and their proportion depends on the pumpkin variety. The highest content of unsaturated acids has been measured in the oil extracted from the seeds of the cultivar, Jet F1 (C. pepo). Antioxidant activity analysis has produced the following findings. The seeds of the pumpkin varieties that belong to the species C. pepo exhibit better antioxidant properties, regardless of the extraction solvent used. 50% ethanol is more efficient than 80% methanol when used as an extracting agent. The antioxidant activity values obtained with 50% ethanol are higher than those achieved with 80% methanol. Owing to the considerable differences in composition among the fatty acids examined, it is possible to choose the desired pumpkin variety for the intended use.

Biflavonoids from the leaves of Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) have been investigated and compared with data on other members of the family Araucariaceae. Based on 1 H and 13 C NMR as well as High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) the structures of seven isolated biflavonoids were fully determined. Although all of them were previously characterised especially at Agathis and in lesser degree at Araucaria genera this is the first report on their occurrence at Wollemi Pine, one of the world's oldest and rarest plants.

When evaluated in terms of taste, smell or active ingredients, pumpkin in itself is not very attractive as a raw material. Hence it seems recommendable to blend pumpkin with other fruits. The pumpkin chosen for the experiments was of the variety ‘Karowita’. The aim of the study was to compare the physical and chemical properties of pumpkin samples based on different storage conditions. Pumpkin puree, puree juice and cloudy juices containing Japanese quince and strawberries were evaluated for their physical and chemical properties initially and after three months storage at temperatures of 4 °C and 30 °C. Cloudy juices were prepared with pectolytic preparation. The extract dry matter in all the samples was at a similar level. Puree and puree juice had considerably higher viscosity than cloudy juices. The highest quantities of bioactive compounds were detected in slightly processed samples (puree, puree juice and cloudy juices) stored at 4 °C . Increased content of polyphenols was observed in puree and puree juice after storage. However, in the remaining samples, there was observed a decrease in the content of the compounds. A considerable decrease in carotenoids took place in samples subjected to pressing, where the amount of assayed carotenoids in puree was 5.24 mg/100 g fresh matter (FM), 4.15 mg/100 g FM in puree juice, and 0.18-0.47 mg/100 g FM in cloudy juices. The pressing also caused a significant decrease in colour parameters. Three months of storage showed markedly decreased contents of carotenoids and vitamin C.

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes of phenolic and anthocyanin contents, antioxidant activity, aroma compounds and color of sour cherry liqueurs with and without sugar during 6 months of storage at temperatures of 15 &deg, C and 30 &deg, C. Contents of phenolic compounds (HPLC, UPLC-MS) and antiradical activity (ABTS) changes were measured. Color changes were measured by an objective method (ColorQuest XE). During storage fluctuations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity content were observed. The content of substances which react with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was comparable before and after 24 weeks. During the 24 weeks of storage, the highest average antioxidant activity against ABTS radicals was shown by sour cherry liqueurs without sugar, stored at 15 &deg, C. Quicker degradation of anthocyanins was observed in liqueurs without sugar, stored at 30 &deg, C (t1/2&mdash, 5.9 weeks in liqueurs with sugar and 6.6 weeks in liqueurs without sugar). Better stability of red color was observed in liqueurs with sugar, stored at 15 &deg, C. The content of the dominant aroma compound, benzaldehyde, increased during storage. Long-term storage and sugar addition decreases color attributes but increases organoleptic value without of great influence on antioxidant activity. Studies on a half-year period of liqueur storage showed that their characteristic features are almost unchanged if stored at 15 &deg, C and without sugar added, but organoleptic properties were better in samples stored at 30 &deg, C.

Drying of pumpkin slices was carried out using convective, vacuum-microwave, vacuum and freeze drying methods. The aim of our study was to determine the drying shrinkage and bulk density, as well as to measure the colour and carotenoid content for the slices of 12 pumpkin cultivars. Another major objective was to establish the moisture content, specific density and cutting strength of the slices before dried, as well as the kinetics of their dehydration by the convective and vacuum-microwave methods. The application of the vacuum-microwave method has approximately tenfold shortened the time of pumpkin slice drying as compared to the convective method. In the hot air stream, the slices of the species Cucurbita pepo were dehydrated faster than those of the species Cucurbita maxima . When use was made of the vacuum-microwave process, the slices of C. maxima dried at a faster rate. Each of the drying methods used was more effective than the convective method.

The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization Methods on Yield and Chemical Composition of Pumpkin (Cucurbita Maxima) Fruits Before and After Storage In field experiment pumpkin of Amazonka and Karowita cvs (Cucurbita maxima) were fertilized at the rate of 200 kg N·ha-1 in the following methods: 1-100 kg N·ha-1 preplant broadcasting + 100 kg N·ha-1 as top dressing in form of 4 foliar sprays, 2-100 kg N·ha-1 preplant band placement on strips of 50 cm wide + 100 kg N·ha-1 as top dressing broadcasted on total area of field, 3- placement of N in rate of 200 kg N·ha-1 as a nests placement 25 cm apart from plant, 4-organic fertilization with composted cattle manure at the rate of 40 t·ha-1 applied in 50 cm wide strips. There were estimated total and marketable yield and chemical composition of fruits before and after 90 days of storage. Broadcasting of nitrogen gave the higher yield of fruit than banded or nested placement of this nutrient. Banded placement of nitrogen affected in the highest vitamin C content as well as higher levels of total and reducing sugars and carotenoids than in other methods of nitrogen placement. Before storage the fruits had higher amounts of soluble solids, dry matter, carotenoids, vitamin C as well as total and reducing sugars than after 90 days of storage.

In this study we focused on the chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of methanol and water extracts of fruits of six species grown in south-west Poland: blackberry, blackcurrant, chokeberry, cherry, gooseberry and raspberry. No general correlation could be drawn between extract chemical properties (i.e. antioxidant and free radical scavenging) and observed biological effects. However, blackcurrant and blackberry extracts (both methanol and water) appeared to be good antioxidants and free radical scavengers, as well as effective inhibitors of E. coli adhesion to the uroepithelial cells. On the other hand, the poorest antioxidants and free radical scavengers, cherry and gooseberry extracts, also poorly affected bacterial growth, swimming ability and adhesion to epithelial cells. Surprisingly, gooseberry extracts, which showed generally weak effects, appeared to be the most effective inhibitor of bacterial biofilm formation. Additionally, most of the studied extracts showed reasonably strong anti-inflammatory properties.

The influences of temperature, UV irradiation, and 3 months of storage (in the presence and absence of light) on the stability of a copigmentation complex were investigated. The copigments selected for the study included: quercetin-5′-sulphonic acid (QSA), sodium salt of morin-5′-sulphonic acid (NaMSA), rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, tannic acid, and unknown flavones from roots of the Chinese origin herb Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The copigmentation effect increased with the copigment content. UV irradiation had a stronger degradation effect on the copigmentation complex than heating at 80 °C. Direct sunlight was found to be a significant factor, determining instability of the anthocyanin–copigment complex during storage. The Scutellaria flavones predominated over other copigments.

Bird cherry (Prunus padus) anthocyanins were extracted with acidified methanol, fractionated by column chromatography on Toyopearl HW40(S) and purified in a C-18 Sep-Pak cartridge. The pigment composition was very simple, as there were only two compounds. The anthocyanins cyanidin-3-rutinoside (60%) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (40%) were determined using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry

Iridoid profiles of honeysuckle berry were studied. Compounds were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS in positive and negative ions mode. The MS fragmentation pathways of detected iridoid glycosides were also studied in both modes. In the negative ESI mass spectra, iridoids with a methyl ester or lactone structure have preferentially produced adduct [M + HCOOH - H](-) ions. However, protonated ions of molecular fragments, which were released by glycosidic bond cleavage and following fragmentation of aglycone rings, were more usable for iridoid structure analysis. In addition, the neutral losses of H₂O, CO, CO₂, CH₃OH, acetylene, ethenone and cyclopropynone have provided data confirming the presence of functional substituents in the aglycone. Among the 13 iridoids, 11 were identified in honeysuckle berries for the first time: pentosides of loganic acid (two isomers), pentosides of loganin (three isomers), pentosyl sweroside, and additionally 7-epi-loganic acid, 7-epi-loganin, sweroside, secologanin, and secoxyloganin. The five pentoside derivatives of loganic acid and loganin have not been previously detected in the analyzed species. Honeysuckle berries are a source of iridoids with different structures, compounds that are rarely present in fruits.

The aim of the study was to determine in vitro biological activity of fruit ethanol extract from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (Japanese quince, JQ) and its important constituents (-)-epicatechin (EC) and chlorogenic acid (CA). The study also investigated the structural changes in phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes, and erythrocyte membranes (RBC) induced by the extract. It was found that the extract effectively inhibits oxidation of RBC, induced by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), and PC liposomes, induced by UVB radiation and AAPH. Furthermore, JQ extract to a significant degree inhibited the activity of the enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, involved in inflammatory reactions. The extract has more than 2 times greater activity in relation to COX-2 than COX-1 (selectivity ratio 0.48). JQ extract stimulated growth of the beneficial intestinal bacteria Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum. In the fluorimetric method by means of the probes Laurdan, DPH and TMA-DPH, and (1)H-NMR, we examined the structural changes induced by JQ and its EC and CA components. The results show that JQ and its components induce a considerable increase of the packing order of the polar heads of lipids with a slight decrease in mobility of the acyl chains. Lipid membrane rigidification could hinder the diffusion of free radicals, resulting in inhibition of oxidative damage induced by physicochemical agents. JQ extract has the ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of human serum albumin through static quenching. This report thus could be of huge significance in the food industry, pharmacology, and clinical medicine.