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Owing to growing uncontrolled land-use change and urban expansion, farmers in urban fringes are struggling to sustain their livelihood. Farmers have been expressing their dissatisfaction at different times. This study analyzes the stakeholders' perspectives on the causes and outcomes of farmers' resistance to land-use change and urban expansion processes by zooming in on Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. The paper is based on focus group discussions with farmers in the neighboring villages, local agricultural extension experts, and, subsequently, key informant interviews of local government officials. Juxtaposing farmers' and local experts' positions reveals that inadequate compensations during land expropriation, lack of good governance in the urban expansion process, and inaccessibility of infrastructures are primary reasons for the farmers' struggle against urban expansion in the urban fringes. This study provides insights into the consequences of unplanned urban development challenges and may inform research and policymaking on sustainable urban development in the area and beyond.

Current achievements on genome sequencing and bioinformatics revealed that horizontal gene transformation (HGT) is not limited to single cellular organisms and is very common in several developed organisms as well, including plants which brought a new perspective on debate about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). There is a big curiosity whether or not agricultural products of new methodological approaches such as genome editing and nanobiotechnology will be classified as natural products or as GMOs. Transduction of genetic materials such as DNA, RNA or organelle genomes among various organisms brings its own potential to develop resistant/tolerant mechanisms under the light of new knowledges when it is considered with plant breeding perspectives. However, including products of new methodological approaches into GMO discussions will limit both development of related technologies and the potential use of their products. Therefore, concepts of genetic modifications and GMOs need to be reevaluated with a new perspective. The aims of this study are to evaluate the concepts of HGT and GMOs with plant perspective and to provide a more descriptive terminology for GMOs which are currently insufficient to reveal all type of genetic modifications. To be parser and more descriptive GMOs term can be classified as “Evolutionary GMOs, eGMOs”, “Agricultural GMOs, aGMOs” and “Biotechnological GMOs, bGMOs”. This new classification can make a significant contribution to GMOs dilemma., Günümüzde genom sekanslaması ve biyoinformatik alanında elde edilen başarılar daha önce tek hücreli organizmalar ile sınırlı olduğu düşünlen yatay gen transferlerinin (YGT) bitkiler dahil çok sayıda gelişmiş organizmada da yaygın bir şekilde var olduğunun anlaşılması genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar (GDOs) kapsamında yapılan tartışmalara farklı bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Özellikle biyoteknoloji alanında ortaya konan genom yazılımı ve nanobiyoteknoloji gibi yeni metodolojik yaklaşımlar ve yakın gelecekte bunlara ait tarımsal ürünlerin GDOs özelinde yapılan tartışmalardaki yeri ve bunlara ait ürünlerin doğal ürün katogorisinde değerlendirilip değerlendirilmiyeceği büyük bir merak konusudur. Alglerden yüksek bitkilere kadar çok farklı organizma arasında DNA, RNA, organel genomu gibi değişik boyutlarda ortaya çıkan genetik materyal transferlerinin bitki ıslahı açısından ele alınması ve ortaya çıkan yeni bilgiler ışığında bitkilerde dayanıklıllık/tolerantlık mekanizmalarının geliştirilmesi kendi içerisinde önemli bir potansiyel barındırmaktadır. Ancak güncel metodolojik yaklaşımlar kullanılarak yakın gelecekte ortaya çıkacak ürünlerin de GDOs kapsamındaki tartışmalara dahil edilmesi hem ilgili teknolojilerin gelişmesine hem de ürünlerinin potansiyel kullanımlarının sınırlandırılmasına neden olabilecektir. Bu nedenle genetik modifikasyonlar ile GDOs kavramlarının farklı bir bakış açısı ile ele alınarak yeniden değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı genetik modifikasyon kavramını bitkilerde meydana gelen YGT ve GDOs bakış açıları ile ele almak ve ilgili alanda yetersizliği ve eksikliği düşünülen tanımlayıcı bir GDOs terminolojisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu nedenle ayrıştırıcı ve daha tanımlayıcı olması için GDOs teriminin “Evrimsel GDOs, eGDOs”, “Tarımsal GDOs, tGDOs” ve “Biyoteknolojik GDOs, bGDOs” şeklinde sınıflandırılması ilgili alanda yapılan tartışmalara önemli katkılar sunacaktır.

In the study, essential oil yield and its components leaves obtained from lemon verbena (Lippia citriodara Kunth.(syn. Aloysia citriodora Palau) cultivated in Ordu were investigated. The essential oil yield of lemon verbena leaves was determined as 1.45%. The major important essential oil component of lemon verbena leaves was found geranial and the amount of geranial was 20.8 %. The other main components of essential oil of lemon verbena were determined as limonene (18.1 %), neral (13.8 %), respectively. The taste and smell of lemon verbena are similar to limone. Therefore this plants leaves are used to as herbal tea, flavoring. The essential oil obtained from the leaves of lemon verbena is used phytotherapy, aromatherapy and folk medicine.

In the search for a healthy indoor climate, chemical cleaning agents are replaced by bacillus strains to create an indoor ecosystem in which these harmless bacteria clean the surfaces by consuming the organic molecules in dust and dirt. To optimise these ecosystems, it is important to monitor the bacterial growth and activity, but the reference methods are time consuming and involve a serious time delay. Therefore, the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring the activity of bacillus strains was investigated in this study. We confirmed that fluorescence signals could be detected for Bacillus vegetative cells at a load above 108 cells mL−1. As the fluorescence emission was mostly in the 330–400 nm range after excitation in the 280–290 nm range, we could attribute this signal to the tryptophan residues. The Bacillus fluorescence signals could be distinguished from those released by pure l -tryptophan, plate count agar medium, and Bacillus spores, which were classified with 100% accuracy by PLSDA. In comparison to other microbes, bacillus strains, Escherichia coli (MG1655) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were found to produce an indistinguishable peak at 340 nm in response to excitation at 280 nm. However, using a hybrid multivariate classifier involving PCA combined with a One-Class SVM on the area-normalised fluorescence emission spectra in response to excitation at 280 nm allowed footprints of Bacillus cells to be identified with a classification accuracy of 78%.

In studies with rodents, it is very important to define the fur characteristics, since the first striking features are their external morphological characters, that is their fur. A total of 562 Mus specimens from 40 localities in western Turkey were evaluated by looking at their fur morphology. It was observed that the dorsal part of the fur varies from dark brown to dark gray, while the ventral part varies from light brown to dark gray in the examined Mus domesticus specimens. It has been determined that the junctions of the dorsal and ventral parts of the fur are not separated by a clear line. It was determined that the tail was monochromatic and the ears were covered with dorsal colored hairs. In the examined Mus macedonicus specimens, it was determined that the dorsal fur color ranged from gray to brown tones. It has been determined that the ventral fur color varies from white to light gray and yellowish tones, and the dorsal and ventral fur color is clearly separated from each other. When viewed from the dorsal, the tail was dark brown, when viewed from the ventral, it was lighter in color according to dorsal fur and it was observed that the ears were covered with hairs., Kemirgenlerle yapılan çalışmalarda ilk göze çarpan özellikleri dış morfolojik karakterleri yani kürkleri olduğundan kürk özelliklerinin tanımlanması oldukça önemlidir. Türkiye’nin batısında 40 lokaliteden toplam 562 Mus cinsi örneği kürk morfolojilerine bakılarak değerlendirilmiştir. İncelenen Mus domesticus örneklerinde postun dorsal kısmının koyu kahverengiden koyu griye kadar değiştiği, ventral kısmının ise açık kahverengiden koyu griye kadar değiştiği gözlenmiştir. Kürkün dorsal ve ventral kısmının birleşim yerlerinin belirgin bir hatla ayrılmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Kuyruğun tek renkli, kulakların ise sırt rengindeki kıllarla kaplı olduğu belirlenmiştir. İncelenen Mus macedonicus örneklerinde ise dorsal kürk renginin griden kahverengi tonlarına kadar çeşitlilik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Ventral kürk renginin beyazdan açık griye ve sarımsı tonlara kadar değişmekte olduğu, dorsal ve ventral kürk renginin ise birbirinden belirgin biçimde ayrıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Kuyruğa dorsalden bakıldığında koyu kahverengi, ventralden bakıldığında ise daha açık renkli olduğu görülmüş ve kulakların kıllarla örtülü olduğu gözlenmiştir.

Varroa destructor is a well-known ectoparasite of the honey bee Apis mellifera. Amitraz and fluvalinate are highly effective miticides used against V. destructor infestation in colonies of honey bee A. mellifera. Though honey bees more resistant to miticides, there are side effects of these chemicals on the reproduction, olfaction, and honey production of honey bees. We showed a negative impact of miticides amitraz and fluvalinate on honey production and reproduction of honey bee colonies. Also, we assumed the reduction of olfaction of honey bees by fluvalinate due to changes of expression of olfactory related neuropeptide genes short neuropeptide F sNPF, tachykinin TK, short neuropeptide F receptor sNPFR. The external treatment of honey bee colonies by miticides amitraz and fluvalinate along with a positive effect of pest control harms reproductivity, honey productivity, and, probably, can reduce learning and memory, gustation and olfaction of honey bees. When used for a short time and with care, miticides can be less harmful to honey bees. Breeding varroa-resistant honey bees allow to reduce the use of miticides and produce organic honey. Therefore, the further development of beekeeping should be in the direction of selection for disease and Varroa resistance and adaptation to the environment., Varroa, bal arısı Apis mellifera'nın iyi bilinen bir ektoparazitidir. Amitraz ve fluvalinat, bal arısı A. mellifera kolonilerinde V. destructor istilasına karşı kullanılan oldukça yüksek etkili akarisitlerdir. Bal arıları, akarisitlere karşı daha dirençli olsalar da, bu kimyasalların bal arılarının üreme, koku alma ve bal üretimi üzerinde yan etkileri vardır. Bu çalışma ile Akarisitler olan amitraz ve fluvalinatın bal üretimi ve bal arısı kolonilerinin üremesi üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, bal arılarının Fluvalinat’a bağlı olarak koku alma duyusunun azalması durumunu ilgili nöropeptid genlerinin kısa nöropeptid F sNPF, taşikinin TK, kısa nöropeptid F reseptörü sNPFR ifadesindeki değişiklik olduğunu varsaydık. Bal arısı kolonilerinin akarisitler olan amitraz ve fluvalinate ile kontrol edilmesi, haşere kontrolünün olumlu etkisiyle birlikte üremeye, bal verimliliğine zarar verir ve muhtemelen bal arılarının öğrenmesini ve hafızasını, lezzetini ve kokusunu muhtemelen azaltabilir. Kısa bir süre ve özenle kullanıldığında, akarisit kullanımı bal arılarına daha az zarar verebilir. Varroaya dirençli bal arılarının yetiştirilmesi, akarisit kullanımını azaltmaya ve organik bal üretmeye izin verir. Bu nedenle, arıcılığın daha da geliştirilmesi için seçim; hastalıklara, Varroa’ya dirençli ve çevreye uyum yönünde olmalıdır.

Bu çalışmada farklı arı ırklarının propolis toplamak için farklı bitki kaynaklarını tercih edip etmediği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla Türkiye’de doğal olarak bulunduğu bilinen 4 farklı bal arısı ırkı (Apis mellifera caucasica, A. m. carnica, A. m. syriaca and A. m. anatoliaca) izole edilmiş aynı arılığa yerleştirilmiş ve bu ırklardan propolis hasadı yapılmıştır. Hasat edilen propolislerin alkolik ekstraksiyonları yapılarak sıvı kromatogram kütle spektrofotometrisi (LCMS/MS) ile kimyasal içerikleri analiz edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda aynı propolislerin mikroskop ile polen içeriği belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre farklı bal arısı ırklarının topladığı propolisler kuersetin ve ferulik asit bakımından önemli düzeyde farklılık göstermiştir. Farklı ırklardan elde edilen propolis örneklerinde en fazla Fabaceae and Apiaceae (PD >45%) familyasından polenlere reslanırken, Campanulaceae familyasından polene yalnızca A. m. anatoliaca ırkının topladığı polenlerde ve Caryophyllaceae familyasından polenlere ise sadece A. m. caucasica ırkının topladığı propolislerde raslanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları farklı arı ırklarının farklı bitki kaynaklarına yönelme davranışında bulunduğunu ve ırka göre propolis içeriğinin değişebileceğini göstermiştir, In this study, it was investigated whether different bee breeds prefer different plant sources to collect propolis. For this purpose four different honey bee race (Apis mellifera caucasica, A. m. carnica, A. m. syriaca and A. m. anatoliaca) naturally have been in Turkey were placed in the same isolated apiary; and Propolis was harvested from these races. chemical contents of alcoholic extractions of the harvested propolis were were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS / MS). In addition that, the pollen content of the same propolis samples were determined with a microscope. According to the LCMS / MS results the propolis samples collected by different honey bee race differed significantly in terms of quercetin and ferulic acid. Data obtained from polen analyses revealed that Fabaceae and Apiaceae (PD >45%) families were mostly detected in propolis samples obtained from different races. Although the polen from the Campanulaceae family was dedected only in the propolis samples from A. m. anatoliaca race, thr polen from Caryophyllaceae family was found in other propolis samples collected by A. m caucasica races. The results of this study showed that different honey bee races tend to different plant sources and the content of propolis may differ according to the bee races.

It is known that species belonging to the subgenus Mus have common morphological characters and therefore their morphological differentiation is difficult. In this context, it was aimed to examine some skull characters as well as ZI, H+B/T values used as diagnostic criteria and the ventral edge of the parietal bone. While ZI values were found to vary between 0.24 and 0.52 in Mus domesticus, it was observed to vary between 0.49-1.33 in M. macedonicus. The H+B/T values were found to be between 0.74-1.1 in M. domesticus and between 0.81-1.77 in M. macedonicus. On the dorsal surface of the skull, it was observed that the frontal suture variations tended to be round shaped and the parietal suture variations tended to be v shaped. When the notch status of the upper incisors was examined, it was determined that the ratio of having non-notched and single-notched teeth was close to each other in both species. When the ventral edge of the parietal bone was examined, it was observed that while wavy and straight edges were found in close proportions in M. domesticus, straight edges were predominant in M. macedonicus. When the populations were evaluated according to geographical regions, no significant differences were observed between regions., Mus altcinsine ait türlerin ortak morfolojik karakterler taşıdıkları ve bu nedenle morfolojik olarak ayrımlarının zor olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu kapsamda teşhis kriteri olarak kullanılan ZI, H+B/T değerleri ve parietal kemiğin ventral durumunun yanında, bazı kafatası karakterlerinin incelenmesi amaçlandı. ZI değerlerinin Mus domesticus’ta 0,24-0,52 arasında değişkenlik gösterdiği tespit edilirken, Mus macedonicus’ta 0,49-1,33 arasında değiştiği gözlendi. H+B/T değerleri ise M. domesticus’ta 0,74-1,1 arasında, M. macedonicus’ta 0,81-1,77 arasında bulundu. Kafatasının dorsal yüzeyinde frontal sutur varyasyonlarının yuvarlak şekilli, parietal sutur varyasyonlarının v şeklinde olma eğiliminde olduğu görüldü. Üst kesici dişlerin çentik durumu incelendiğinde ise her iki türde de çentiksiz ve tek çentikli dişlere sahip olma oranının birbirine yakın olduğu tespit edildi. Parietal kemiğin ventral kenarının durumuna bakıldığında M. domesticus’ta dalgalı ve düz kenarlar birbirine yakın oranlarda bulunurken, M. macedonicus’ta düz kenarların ağırlıklı olduğu görüldü. Popülasyonlar coğrafi bölgelere göre değerlendirildiğinde ise bölgeler arası belirgin farklar gözlenmedi.

Although canola (Brassica napus L.) plants are mainly self-pollinating, the cross pollination by insect increases yield. The study was carried out at Aegean Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Menemen/Izmir in 2016/2017 growing season. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block with three replications. The treatments consisted of caged with honeybee, caged with bombus, caged without bees and open pollination. 96% of the collected insects from open pollination plots were honeybees. It was determined that flowering period significantly shortened (5.8 days) in plots with bee compared with caged without bee, while seed number per pod (4.6), thousand seed weight (0.25 g), seed yield (1398 kg ha-1), oil yield (776 kg ha-1) and oil rate (1.24%) increased. Also, the contents of erucic acid and glucosinolate level resulted in an increase by pollinator visit. It was concluded that pollination by insect affected yield, yield components and composition of fatty acid in canola. The results of this preliminary study should be supported by the research findings from multi locations and years.

Taurus snowdrop is one of the species exported with the quota limitation. Growing bulb in a short time is an important issue in terms of production. This research was performed so as to specify impressions of varied sucrose rates on the bulblet formation and growing. Galanthus elwesii Hook. (Taurus snowdrop) bulbs with a circumference of 4 cm obtained from a private company were used in this study. After the bulbs were cleaned, they were vertically divided into four segments (chips) and the chips were put on plastics bags with perlite. After adding perlite to the bag, city water (control), 1% sucrose and 2% sucrose solution were given to the bags filled with perlite to form bulblet from Taurus snowdrop chips in incubation. Incubation was done in storeroom at 18-20 oC temperature. At the end of the incubation, the bags were emptied and measurements were performed. According to statistical analysis; the impression of varied sucrose levels on the number of bulblet, bulblet and segment weight, bulblet height and bulblet weight was insignificant. The bulblet number ranged from 1.00 to 1.33 piece and the bulblet weight ranged from 0.16 to 0.33 g. As sucrose dose increased, bulblet diameter increased. The impression of varied sucrose levels on bulblet diameter was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The highest bulblet diameter was obtained in 2% sucrose (6.28 g) and 1% sucrose (5.54 g) treatments., Toros kardeleni ihracatı kota sınırlaması ile yapılan türlerden birisidir. Soğanın kısa süre içinde büyütülmesi üretim yönünden önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışma Toros kardeleni çoğaltmada değişik sakkaroz düzeylerinin yavru soğan oluşum ve gelişimindeki etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Denemede özel bir firmadan temin edilen 4 cm çevre uzunluğuna sahip Galanthus elwesii Hook. (Toros kardeleni) soğanları kullanılmıştır. Soğanlar temizlendikten sonra dikey olarak dört dilime ayrılmış ve dilimler perlit dolu torbalara yerleştirilmiştir. Torbalara perlit ilave edildikten sonra, Toros kardeleni dilimlerinden inkübasyonda yavru soğan oluşturması için perlit dolu torbaların içine çeşme suyu (kontrol), %1 sakkaroz ve %2 sakkaroz çözeltisi verilmiştir. İnkübasyon 18-20 oC sıcaklıkta adi depoda yapılmış. İnkübasyon bitiminde torbalar boşaltılmış ve ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan istatistiksel analizlere göre; farklı sakkaroz düzeylerinin yavru soğan sayısı, yavru soğan ve parçacık ağırlığı, yavru soğan yüksekliği ve yavru soğan ağırlığı üzerine etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur. Yavru soğan sayısı 1.00 - 1.33 adet arasında, yavru soğan ağırlığı 0.16 - 0.33 g arasında değişmiştir. Artan sakkaroz dozları ile yavru soğan çapı artış göstermiştir. Farklı sakkaroz düzeylerinin yavru soğan çapı üzerine etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemli olmuştur (p < 0.05). En yüksek yavru soğan çapı %2 sakkaroz (6.28 g) ve %1 sakkaroz (5.54 g) uygulamalarından elde edilmiştir.

This study was aimed to assess the effect of defoliant application on yield and yield components of some cotton cultivars at timely and late sowing under Harran Plain conditions in 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Field trials were arranged employing randomized blocks split-split plots design with 3 replications. In the study, sowing times (i.e.10th of May and 10th of June) consisted the main plots, cultivars (i.e. Candia and Lima) placed in the sub-plots and defoliant applications (i.e. Control and Dropp Ultra (600 ml ha-1)) were in the sub-subplots. Each plot was sown with a length of 12 m and 6 rows, with a 70 cm inter-row and 15 cm intra-row spacing. In the trials, the defoliant chemical called Dropp Ultra (i.e.120 g Thidiazuron + 60 g Diuron) was used. The application was practiced when the 60 % of boll opened. It was found that Candia and Lima cotton cultivars sown timely gave seed cotton yields of 5296.7 and 5073.3 kg ha-1 respectively, whereas at late sowing gave the seed cotton yields of 4672.5 kg ha-1 and 4545.8 kg ha-1in 2017 and 2018; Candia gave the higher seed cotton yield (i.e. 5179.2 in 2017 and 5013.3 kg ha-1 in 2018) than Lima cultivar (i.e. 4790.0 in 2017 and 4605.8 kg ha-1 in 2018) in both years. Results indicated that that the defoliant application increased the seed cotton yield comparing control plots. Defoliant application positively influenced the seed cotton yield (kg ha-1), plant height (cm), number of opened bolls (per plant-1), boll weight (g) and boll seed cotton weight (g). However, there were no significant effects on the number of bolls (per plant-1) and 100 seed weight (g). It was concluded that defoliant application and timely sowing can be recommended for farmers in the region.

Natural ecosystems are influenced by improper and unplanned land uses, multi-faceted pressures caused by rapid population growth and indirectly physiographic factors. This study was carried out in order to investigate the relationship between land use and some physiographic characteristics and soil properties in Oltu Anzav vineyards basin of Erzurum province. In the study, the physiographic characteristics were determined by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology and the relations with some physical and chemical soil properties were examined by statistical analysis. The average elevation of the basin ranged from 730 to 2890 m and its area has extreme slope, steep slope and very steep slope groups according to the slope map. Basin lands belong to “Brown Forest Soil” class as great soil group. According to the results of analysis from 129 soil samples collected in the basin; Organic matter, sand, clay, silt, lime, EC and pH content were found as 0.05-6.04%,14.47-91.67%,3.33-55.11%, 3.90-50.22%, 0-63.13%, 0.04-1.98 mScm-1 and 5.71-8.84, respectively. In addition, phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium concentration varied between 2.03-241.30 ppm, 29.62-1261.50 ppm, 0.20-21.00 meq lt-1, 6.16-2019.00 ppm and 7.87-149.50 meq lt-1, respectively. In the analysis; It has also been determined that land use has a significant effect on OM content. Particularly the sand, clay and total lime content was affected out of the slope groups of the soil. Significant differences were determined between altitude groups and OM, sand, clay, silt, pH, total lime, phosphorus (P), K+, Na2+, Mg2+ values and between aspect groups and OM, total amount of lime and changeable Na+ concentration. Significant decreases in the rate of organic matter due to the increase in the elevation also indirectly affected the other dynamics of the soil. As a result, the physiographic characteristics play an important role on soil properties. This situation, in order to maintain sustainable forestry and agricultural activities, requires a detailed actual site survey to be carried out while planning forest, cropland and grassland management., Doğal ekosistemler yanlış ve plansız arazi kullanımları, hızlı nüfus artışının neden olduğu çok yönlü baskıların yanında fizyografik etmenlerin de dolaylı olarak etkisi altındadırlar. Bu çalışmada, Erzurum ili Oltu İlçesi Anzav Bağları havzasında toprak özelliklerindeki değişimin nedenlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, toprak özellikleri ile arazi kullanımı ve fizyografik karakteristikler arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada fizyografik karakteristikler Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ile belirlenmiş ve bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özellikleri ile olan ilişkileri istatistik analizlerle irdelenmiştir. Havza 730-2890 m arasında değişen yükseltide, dik, çok dik ve sarp eğim gruplarına sahiptir. Havza toprakları “Kahverengi Orman Toprağı” büyük toprak grubu sınıfına girmektedir. Havzada toplanan 129 toprak örneği ile yapılan temel toprak analiz sonuçlarına göre; havzanın ortalama organik madde içeriği %0.05-6.04, kum kapsamı %14.47-91.67, kil kapsamı %3.33-55.11, silt kapsamı %3.90-50.22, toprak reaksiyonu (pH) 5.71-8.84, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) 0.04-1.98 mScm-1, toplam kireç içeriği %0-63.13, fosfor 2.03-241.30 ppm, değişebilir potasyum 29.62-1261.50 ppm, magnezyum 0.20-21.00 meq lt-1, sodyum 6.16-2019.00 ppm ve kalsiyum kapsamı 7.87-149.50 meq lt-1 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre arazi kullanımı organik madde (OM) içeriğini, tane büyüklük dağılımını (kum, silt, kil), ve bazı değişebilir katyonların (Na ve Ca) kapsamını önemli ölçüde etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Eğim grupları da toprağın kum, kil ve toplam kireç kapsamını önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Yükseklik gruplarında OM, kum, kil, silt, pH, toplam kireç, P, K, Na ve Mg kapsamlarında ve bakı gruplarında ise OM, toplam kireç miktarı ve değişebilir Na kapsamlarında önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Yükseltinin artmasıyla beraber organik madde oranında önemli azalışlar toprağın diğer dinamiklerini de dolaylı olarak etkilemiştir. Sonuç olarak, fizyografik karakteristikler toprak özelliklerinin gelişimi üzerinde önemli rol oynamakta, bu durum sürdürülebilir ormancılık ve tarımsal faaliyetlerin devam ettirilebilmesi için toprak, orman ve mera amenajmanı planlanırken detaylı aktüel yetişme ortamı etütlerinin yapılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır.

The aim of the study is investigate the effects of hidropriming on germination performance of white clover (Trifolium repens) seedsunder cold stress, optimum temperature and dark condition. The seeds were germinated applying hidropriming with dH2O in different periods (2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 48 hours) in dark at 4 oC. The study was applied in according to randomized controlled trials as 4 replications to measure radicular lengths, germination rate and homogeneity parameter in the seeds. The results of the study was indicated that radicle length, germination rate, rate and the homogeneity parameter were positive and statistically significant (P

There are many types of drippers with differentflow path length, flow path shape, filtration surface. EPN delivery performanceof the most commonly used four different types of drippers (in-line short path,in-line long path, in-line cylindrical and on-line button) was examined with adrip irrigation system in laboratory conditions. Under four different pressures(0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 bar), EPNs were applied to 1-liter beakers with irrigationsystem and discharged nematodes were counted under a stereomicroscope. Theeffect of pressure on application and EPN mortality were also determined. Theresults showed that there were significant differences between the dischargeratio of EPNs from drippers. Among the four drippers, on-line button dripper sustainedthe highest and fastest discharge ratio. Pressure alone had no significanteffect on delivering EPNs. However, it should be considered that long pressureexposure may harm EPNs. Regarding our results, different irrigation drippershave significantly different effects on EPN discharge ratio. Therefore,optimizing drip irrigation systems for EPN applications may increase theirperformance., Damla sulamada kullanılan damlatıcıların akış yoluuzunluğu, akış yolu şekli, damlatıcı debisi vb. farklı özellikleribulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada damla sulamada yaygın olarak kullanılan dört farklıdamlatıcının (içten geçik kısa akış yollu damlatıcı, içten geçik uzun akışyollu damlatıcı, içten geçik silindir tipli damlatıcı, üstten geçik katifdamlatıcı) EPN uygulamasındaki performansları laboratuvarda kurulan damlasulama sistemiyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Dört farklı basınç altında (0.5, 1, 1.5,2 bar) EPN’ler 1 litrelik beherlere uygulanmış ve beherlerdeki EPN’lersüzülerek mikroskop altında sayılmıştır. Çalışmada basıncın ve uygulamaya veEPN üzerinde ölümcül etkisi de incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde farklıdamlatıcılardan çıkan EPN miktarları arasında önemli farklılıklar olduğu tespitedilmiştir. Denemelerde üstten geçik katif damlatıcı ile yapılan uygulamalardaen fazla ve en hızlı EPN çıkışı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Basıncın tek başına,uygulamaya ve EPN üzerine herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı tespit edilmesinerağmen uzun süreli yüksek basınca maruz kalan EPN’lerin zarar görebileceği gözönünde bulundurulmalıdır. Çalışma sonuçları incelendiğinde farklıdamlatıcıların EPN uygulamasında farklı çıkış oranları gösterdiğibelirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle gelecekte damla sulama sistemlerinin EPN uygulamasıüzerine optimize edilmesi ile başarı şansının artacağı düşünülmektedir.

The study was conducted on five Balami sheep breed to determine and characterize the alpha S1 casein gene. Five blood samples were collected from each animal intravenously using sterile needle and syringe. The blood samples were placed in labelled tubes containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The blood samples were transported in on ice cold chain container to the laboratory for analysis. Quick-DNA Miniprep TM kit used for DNA extraction and amplified using forward and reverse primers (CSN1S1F 5’-ACCCCTCAGGTACCCTAAGAAA-3’ and CSN1S1R 5’-GTTTATCCCCCACACTGCATTC-3’). The gene was sequenced and blasted against the NCBI database. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was performed to ascertain the variations. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis within and with the reference sequence was conducted online bioinformatics tools. Result from the analysis reveals that, the extracted DNA were found on chromosome 6, intron 16 and exon 17. The Balami breeds of sheep showed total number of polymorphic and monomorphic site of 68 and 600 respectively, and percentage of polymorphism of 10.18%. The Balami breed showed one amino acid substitution and genetic variation within breeds. Complete molecular characterization, genotyping and determination of allele frequency of alpha S1 gene in Balami breed of sheep indigenous to Nigeria and its variations is recommended for further research.

A hydroponic experiment was conducted between April and May in 2018 by using an aerated Deep Water Culture (DWC) technique in a controlled growth chamber of Erciyes University, Agricultural Faculty in Kayseri, Turkey. To evaluate contribution of roots for growth and physiology a commercial watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] cultivar (Crimson Tide F1) was grafted onto two different bottle gourd (Lageneria siceraria) genotypes (39-01 and 47-02) and one commercial rootstock genotype (Argenterio) by using two propagation techniques (unrooted or rooted seedlings). Plants were grown in 8 L pots filled continuously aerated nutrient solution, in Randomized Block Design with 4 replications for 6 weeks. Results indicated that shoot and root fresh (FW) and dry (DW) weights, main stem length, total leaf area, leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), photosynthetic activity of leaves of watermelon were significantly (P

This study was conducted to test the effects of three different propagation methods on the yield and fruit quality performance of strawberry cv. ‘Florida Fortuna’. Experimental studies were conducted during the 2018-2019 growing period in Yedidalga village, located in Lefke region in Northern Cyprus. Tested methods of present study are: 1) bare root cold stored (frigo), 2) fresh/green bare root, and 3) strawberry plug propagation methods. Studies were conducted in a low-tunnel (4 m wide and 2 m height) with three replications according to the completely randomized block design. Each replication consisted of 20 plants. Regular measurements were carried to measure yield (g plant-1), number of fruits (# plant-1), total soluble solids (TSS) concentration, fruit firmness (kg cm-2) and titratable acidity (g/100 g citric acid). Results showed that the propagation methods have high influence on the weekly and total yield of the strawberry plants. According to the obtained data, plug propagation method was found to provide earliness on fruit yielding and continuous yielding (except winter period). Moreover, frigo propagation method was found to be the latest for fruit bearing, but to have highest yield in the end of the growing period.

Turunçgil yeşillenme hastalığı (Huanglongbing-HLB, Greening Disease) turunçgil ağaçlarında ekonomik kayıplara neden olan bakteriyel bir hastalıktır. Hastalığı oluşturan patojenin bilimsel ismi Candidatus liberibacter’dir. HLB ye sebep olan şu ana kadar üç farklı Candidatus tür’ü saptanmıştır. Bunlardan Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), dünya genelinde HLB ile ilişkili en yaygın Liberibacter türüdür. Diğer iki tür olan, Candidatus liberibacter americanus (CLam) ve Candidatus liberibacter africanus (CLaf) ise daha az yoğunlukta ve ekolojilere özel olarak yaygınlık gösterirler. Hastalık Hindistan’da 1929 yılında “turunçgillerde geriye ölüm” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ancak bu hastalık 1890’lı yıllarda Çin de ‘yellow shoot diseas, sarı sürgün hastalığı’ olarak çok iyi bilinmekte olması nedeniyle çoğu bilim insanı hastalığın ilk ortaya çıktığı yeri Çin olarak kabul etmektedir. Turunçgil yeşillenme hastalığına karşı bugüne kadar yüzde yüz etkili herhangi bir mücadele yöntemi bulunamamıştır. Bu da, patojenin ne kadar tehlikeli ve önemli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Hastalık, turunçgil üretim alanlarında veya ülkeler arasında vektör böceklerle, (Afrika Turunçgil Psillidi olan Trioza erytreae Del Guercio, diğer bir Psillid türü olan Asya Psillidi Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) veya enfekteli aşı gözleri ile taşınmaktadır. HLB, özellikle portakal, mandarin, tangelo ve greyfurt fidan veya ağaçlarında yaşa bakmaksızın etkilidir. Enfekteli ağaçlarda ortaya çıkan tipik hastalık belirtileri çinko eksikliği, bazı abiyotik stres faktörlerinin belirtileri veya diğer bazı turunçgil hastalıklarının oluşturduğu belirtiler ile karıştırılabilmektedir., Citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing-HLB) is a bacterial diseasecauses economic losses on citrus trees. The scientific name of the causal agentis Candidatus liberibacter. Three Candidatusspecies have identified so far. Candidatusliberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the most common Liberibacter species whichis associated with HLB disease in the world. Candidatus liberibacter americanus (CLam) and Candidatus liberibacter africanus (CLaf) is observed less than CLas becausethey require specific ecological environments. Bacterial disease described in 1929 inIndia as citrus die back. However,the bacterial disease has already been known in China as yellow shoot in the 1890s.There is no 100% effective management methods controling this devastatingwidespread disease. It reveals that citrus greening is very dangerous andimportant disease. The disease can be disseminated via vectors, African Citrus Psyllid (Trioza erytreae Del Gue), other Psyllid species (Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), or infectedbud grafting. Especially, HLB is an effective disease on orange, mandarin,tangelo and grapefruit seedlings or trees regardless of age. Typical infected tree symptoms can beconfused with zinc deficiency, some abiotic stress factors, or some othercitrus diseases symptoms.

The purpose of this study conducted in a raspberry garden in Karaagac central village of Usak province in 2017 and 2018 was to analyze the effects of phenological and pomological properties of different hormone applications on Heritage and Tulameen raspberry species in the ecology of Usak province. Our experiment was established as 3 replications with 10 plants in each replication. Hormones were applied as Giberallic acid (GA), Melatonin (Mel) and GA+Mel with 2 different doses (5 ppm and 10 ppm) and 2.5 ppm melatonin and 2.5 ppm GA mixture for GA+Mel 5 ppm and 5 ppm melatonin and 5 ppm GA mixture for GA+Mel 10 ppm twice before blooming and fruit set. When we analyze both species, we can see that blooming happens between 17th May and 18th June and the harvest is between 21st June and 12th September. In pomological measures, it was found that in both species fruit length was between 8.89 and 13.13 mm, fruit width was 9.76 and 13.68 mm and fruit weight was between 0.64 and 1.29 g. While pH is between 3.62 and 4.80 and SSC is between 9.27% and 13.82%, TEA is between 21.62% and 30.56%. While Total Phenolic content (ppm/GAE) is between 3.91 and 5.33, Total Flavonoid content (ppm/QE) is between 0.75 and 1.42 and Antioxidant activity (IC50) is between 43.66 and 175.66, vitamin C (ppm) is between 1009 and 2308.50 values. According to the results we obtained in our study, Mel 10 ppm application in Tulameen cultivar in terms of pomological measurements and Heritage varieties in terms of chemical results and hormone applications in 5 ppm dose can be suggested in general terms.

The aim of this study was to determine the pomological and morphological characteristics of pomegranate genotypes grown in Çermik and Dicle districts of Diyarbakır province. As a result of the study carried out on 10 genotypes; fruit weights were found between 198.8 and 366.0 g, seed hardness of the fruit was medium-hard in eight genotypes, hard in two genotypes, aril yield ranged from 58.1 to 70.0% and fruit juice volume was between 63.9 and 135.7 ml. The upper peel color was purple in four genotypes, pink-red in two genotypes, orange-red in one genotype and orange in three genotypes. The bottom peel color is orange-red in seven genotypes and orange in three genotypes. Aril color was dark purple in three genotypes, purple in two genotypes, medium red in two genotypes and pink-red in three genotypes. The acid content was found to be between 0.65 and 1.21% and the amount of total soluable solid (TSS) varied between 15.0 and 21.0%. It was concluded that all 10 genotypes were promising and these genotypes showed superior characteristics.

Evaluations on insect species of various ecologies have been conducted in the provinces (Adıyaman, Batman, Gaziantep, Diyarbakır, Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Şırnak) of Southeastern Anatolia region between the years 1948-2013. During this study a total of 187 species were found in 8 families and in 8 superfamilies of Hemiptera (Suborder Heteroptera). Those superfamilies are Gerroidea, Hebroidea, Corixoidea, Notonectoidea, Leptopodoidea, Cimicoidea, Naboidea, and Miroidea. The distribution of determined insect types according to the provinces, plant hosting and feeding type was also included. Information about their identification, host plants, and distribution in Southeastern Anatolia Region is presented as detailed., Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi illerinde (Adıyaman, Batman, Gaziantep, Diyarbakır, Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Şırnak) 1948-2013 yılları arasında değişik ekolojilerdeki böcek türlerinin değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda Hemiptera (Alttakım: Heteroptera) takımına dahil 8 üst familyaya ait 8 familyadan toplam 187 böcek türü belirlenmiştir. Bu üst familyalar Gerroidea, Hebroidea, Corixoidea, Notonectoidea, Leptopodoidea, Cimicoidea, Naboidea ve Miroidea’dir. Belirlenen böcek türlerinin İllere, konukçu bitki ve beslenme çeşidine göre dağılımı ortaya konmuştur. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesindeki belirlenen böcek türlerinin konukçusu olan bitkiler ve dağılımları detaylıca sunulmuştur.

It has been acknowledged that power is a fundamental aspect that needs to be considered when performing a value chain analysis. The structure of the value chain is indicative of the power distribution along the chain. By employing systems thinking the structure of the value chain can be further investigated and inferences on market power issues can be made. This novel approach connects value chain research with insights from Industrial Organization (IO) literature. Depending on the case, market power may not be measurable by traditional economic tools. Systems thinking offers an alternative tool, allowing the employment of qualitative and quantitative data, overcoming drawbacks of IO methods and providing more depth to value chain analysis. In this paper the valuable contribution of systems thinking to market power analysis is exemplified by the Belgian sugar beet case. The analysis showed that transportability and perishability of sugar beet are key causes of market failure in the Belgian sugar value chain. Systems thinking can support understanding potential future behavior of the market based on the thorough understanding of the current market structure. We illustrate how to integrate factors determining the market structure into causal loop diagrams. This novel approach allows a comprehensive evaluation and thus opens up market power analysis to interdisciplinary research. Horizon 2020, SUFISA, agreement number 635577

Plant protection has an important place among problems related to strawberry cultivation. Red spider mites and thrips are the main pests observed on strawberries, and among these, the most important for Antalya province is Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This study was performed in 2017 and determined the population change and in-greenhouse distribution of Frankliniella occidentalis with direct counts on flowers and blue traps in three strawberry greenhouses in Serik county in Antalya province. The research was completed in three different greenhouses, with 25 blue sticky traps in the 1st greenhouse with 4 da size and the 2nd greenhouse with 3.5 da size and 15 traps in the 3rd greenhouse with 2.5 da size. Traps were collected each week, with the numbers of thrips recorded. On dates when the traps were changed, the thrips found on plants were counted by examining ten flowers on three plants below or close to the blue sticky traps by eye or with a loupe with counts performed until the day of harvest. At the end of the study, the pest population reached a certain level from the start of flowering in November in the three greenhouses, and then fell in the middle of December. From the middle of December, the population began to increase and this increase continued until the strawberries were harvested. The number of pests per trap varied from 0.6 to 1904.2. When the whole production season is considered, the mean pest numbers per trap in the three greenhouses were 287.2, 72.3 and 271.27 thrips/trap. The number of pests per flowerhead varied from 0.0 to 2.5. When the whole production season is considered, the mean numbers of pests per flowerhead in the greenhouses were 0.26, 0.08 and 0.16 thrips/flowerhead. In light of the data obtained in the study, and considering the economic damage threshold value recommended by previous research results, it was concluded there is no need for chemical intervention against F. occidentalis in the region.

Different processing methods particularly thermal treatments would impact the potato texture distinctly thus understanding the influence of different thermal treatments on textural characteristics of sweetpotato is needed. Six varieties of sweetpotato were grown on the organic farm and subjected to three thermal treatments (baking, pressure cooking and open cooking). Baking was done in an oven. Pressure cooking was done with a pressure cooker and open cooking was done using a vessel of water. Textural parameters were recorded with a texture analyzer. Objectives were to evaluate the impact of different thermal processing techniques on textural properties of sweetpotatoes and to generate the texture profile analysis of cooked potatoes. Cohesiveness (0.08-0.12%), gumminess (1.96-54.71) and chewiness (0.89-45.39) were highest in baked treatments while hardness (61.24-475.55N) and resilience (0.02-0.11%) were highest in open cooked treatments. Hardness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience reduced with pressure cooking. Based on these results desirable sensory properties can be optimized to maximize consumer acceptance.

Carpobrotus acinaciformis L. plant is a kind of halophyte that is ableto survive in high salt conditions. It is important to determine itsphysiological, biochemical and molecular limit of NaCl stress if one aims touse it for phytoremediation purpose. In this study, the alkaline protocol ofthe modified plant comet assay were used for rapid detection of DNA damage inC. acinaciformis L. plants exposed to a series of NaCl stress concentrations (0-, 50-, 100-,200-, 300-, 400 and 500 mmol L-1) in hydroponic conditions for 2weeks. DNA damage was measured as the values of percentage of DNA in tails andtail length. The halophyte C. acinaciformis L. did not show any dose responseup to 400 mmol L-1 NaCl level in terms of DNA damages. DNA integritymeasured via comet assay showed that DNA preserved its original shape up to 400mmol L-1 NaCl level. However, the very high concentrations of NaCl(400 and 500 mmol L-1) caused DNA damages. When physiological and biochemical parameterssuch as proline, chlorophyll a and b, peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), H2O2,malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were examined, oxidant molecules such as H2O2(0.912-3.72 µmol g-1 Fwt) and MDA (7.1-34 nmol g-1 Fwt)gradually increased along with the increase of NaCl concentrations, p, Carpobrotus acinaciformis L. bitkisi yüksek tuz koşullarında yaşayabilen birçeşit halofit bitkidir. Bu bitki fitoremediasyonçalışmaları için kullanılmak üzere planlandığında, bu bitkinin tuz stresinekarşı fizyolojik, biyokimyasal ve moleküler sınırlarını belirlemek önem arzetmektedir. C.acinaciformis L.bitkisinde DNA hasar seviyesini belirlemek için hidroponik koşullarda 2 haftasüre ile tuz stresine (0-, 50-, 100-,200-, 300-, 400 and 500 mmol L-1)maruz bırakılan bitkilerde modifiye edilmiş alkali bitki comet assay metodukullanılmıştır. DNA hasarı kuyruk uzunluğu ve kuyrukta DNA yüzdesi olarak ölçülmüştür.Halofit C.acinaciformis L 400 mmol L-1 NaClseviyesine kadar DNA hasarı ile ilgili olarak doz tepkisi göstermemiştir. Cometassay ile ölçülen yönteme göre halofit bitkilerin DNA bütünlüğünü 400 mmolL-1 NaCl seviyesine kadar korunduğu gözlenmiştir. Fakat,çok daha yüksek NaCl konsantrasyonları (400 ve 500 mmol L-1)DNA hasarına yol açmıştır. Prolin, klorofil ave b, peroksidaz (POX), katalaz(CAT), H2O2, malondialdehid (MDA) içerikleri gibifizyolojik ve biyokimyasal parametreler incelendiğinde, oksidant moleküllerdenH2O2 (0.912-3.72 µmol g-1 taze ağırlık)andMDA (7.1-34 nmol g-1 taze ağırlık) artan tuz konsantrasyonu ileparalel olarak sıralı artış göstermiştir, p

Pendimethalin herbicide is widely used for controllingweeds in agricultural applications. However, the side effect of pendimethalinon cultivated plants is unknown. In this study, oxidative stress induced bypendimethalin in safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was investigated. Inthis study, oxidative stress induced by pendimethalin in Dinçer and Remzibeycultivars of safflower was investigated. The herbicide was applied aftergermination at the doses determined (0.004-0.01 M) following toxicity tests tothe leaves of plants of suitable size (21 days). In application groups,carotenoids, total chlorophyll, total carbohydrate, total phenolic andmalondialdehyde (MDA) content indicating lipid peroxidation were investigated.The content of carotenoid in Dinçer (42.7 %) and Remzibey (59 %) cultivarsdecreased compared to control. Total chlorophyll content was significantlyhigher in Remzibey cultivar (56.8 %) than Dinçer cultivar (41.4 %). In Dinçercultivar (50 %), carbohydrate content was found to be higher than Remzibeycultivar (46.1 %). Total phenolic content decreased with increasing hours inRemzibey (48.3 %) and Dinçer (46.7 %) cultivars. MDA content was higher inRemzibey cultivar (72.4 %) than Dinçer cultivar (70.1 %). This study has shownthat pendimethalin herbicide has a toxic effect on safflower, which is acultural plant., Pendimethalin herbisiti tarımsal uygulamalarda yabancı otların kontrolüiçin yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, pendimethalinin kültürbitkileri üzerindeki yan etkisi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada, aspir(Carthamus tinctorius L.) bitkisineait Dinçer ve Remzibey çeşitlerinde pendimethalin kaynaklı oksidatif stresaraştırıldı. Herbisit uygun büyüklüğe (21 günlük) gelen bitkilerin yapraklarınatoksisite denemeleri sonrasında belirlenen dozlarda (0.004-0.01 M) çimlenmesonrası olarak uygulandı. Uygulama gruplarında karotenoid, toplam klorofil,toplam karbohidrat, toplam fenolik ve lipid peroksidasyonunu gösterenmalondialdehid (MDA) içeriğindeki değişimler saptandı. Dinçer (% 42.7) veRemzibey (% 59) çeşitlerinde karotenoid içeriği kontrole kıyasla azalışgösterdi. Toplam klorofil içeriği Remzibey çeşidinde (% 56.8) Dinçer’e (% 41.4)göre daha yüksek bulundu. Toplam karbohidrat içeriği Dinçer çeşidinde (% 50)Remzibey çeşidine (% 46.1) kıyasla daha yüksek saptandı. Toplam fenolik içeriğiRemzibey (% 48.3) ve Dinçer (% 46.7) çeşitlerinde artan saatlere bağlı olarakazalış gösterdi. MDA içeriği Remzibey çeşidinde (% 72) Dinçer çeşidine (% 70)göre daha yüksek saptandı. Bu çalışma, pendimethalinin kültür bitkisi olanaspire toksik etki oluşturduğunu göstermiştir.

This study was conducted at the Experimental Area of Nazilli Cotton Researh Institute in second crop cotton season in years, 2016-2017. It was aimed to determine different doses of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 70, 140 ve 210 kg N/ha) on yield, yield components and fiber quality parameters. Özbek 105, Gloria, Julia and Lydia cotton varieties were used as cotton varieties. In our study, it was determined that the increase at the amount of nitrogen dose increased the yield of seed cotton to a certain level. It was determined that the most economical nitrogen dose used for all cotton varieties where the highest density cotton yields were obtained, was 150 kg N/ha dose. In addition, an increase at the amount of nitrogen increased 100 seed weight (g), plant height (cm), the number of boll per plant, fiber thinness (mic) and fiber length (mm); decreased ginning outturn (%). However, nitrogen doses did not cause significant difference in fiber strength (g/tex) and fiber uniformity index (%)., Bu çalışma, 2016 ve 2017 yıllarında, ikinci ürün pamuk üretim sezonunda, farklı azot dozlarının (0, 70, 140 ve 210 kg N/ha); verim, verim komponentleri ve lif kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisini saptamak amacıyla Nazilli Pamuk Araştırma Enstitüsü deneme arazisinde yürütülmüştür. Denemede materyal olarak 4 farklı pamuk çeşidi (Özbek 105, Gloria, Julia ve Lydia) kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, azot dozu miktarındaki artışın, kütlü pamuk verimini belirli bir noktaya kadar arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda, kütlü pamuk verimi bakımından en ekonomik azot dozunun, 150 kg N/ha olduğu belirlenmiştir. Azot dozu miktarındaki artış ile 100 tohum ağırlığı (g), bitki boyu (cm), koza sayısı (adet/bitki), lif inceliği (mic) ve lif uzunluğu (mm) değerlerinin arttığı; çırçır randımanının (%) ise azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, azot dozlarının, lif kopma dayanıklılığı (g/tex) ve üniformite indeksi (%) değerleri üzerinde ise istatistiksel açıdan önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

The present study conducted at 10.21±0.27°C water temperature in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) to observe the temporal variations in the digestive enzyme activities including pepsin, trypsin, amylase and lipase of Black Sea salmon (Salmo labrax). Seventh filial generation (F7) of Black Sea salmon (Salmo labrax) with average initial weights of 69.85±10.08 g were by hand fed three times daily until apparent satiation. At the end of the 75-day trial the samples were dissected that reached a weight of 179.17±31.08 g at 45th minute, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th, 72nd and 96nd hours post feeding. In all enzyme groups, the third hour after feeding was recorded as the time when the highest levels were observed. However, enzyme activities decreased gradually as the time after feeding was prolonged. In the nutrition studies to be conducted at a suboptimal temperature in RAS, gut sampling of Black Sea salmon can be taken at 3rd hour after feeding. For a better understanding of digestive enzyme activity for this species, however, different sections of the digestive system should be comprehensively monitored including different temperature conditions.

A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil amendment with different forms of groundnut waste on spore population and root infection of indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungal species i.e. Glomus mosseae under polyhouse conditions. Two angiospermic plant species viz. sorghum and sesame were also examined for mycorrhization potential in the study. Observations were made for percent root colonization, spore density of AM fungi and the effectiveness of AM fungi on the shoot and root biomass of both host plants. The results indicated that AM fungal spore population and colonization levels were substantially enhanced by the application of compost groundnut waste as a substrate over dry groundnut waste. Among growth parameters, plant height, root length and plant biomass were recorded more in sorghum than Sesame. On the whole, mycorrhization was reported the highest with 75 g/pot concentration of waste. Also, Sorghum appeared to be a better host than sesame., Farklı yerfıstığı atığı formları ile ıslah edilen toprakların, sera koşullarında yerli Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus türlerinin, yani Glomus mosseae'nin spor popülasyonu ve kök enfeksiyonu üzerindeki etkisini incelemek için bir saksı kültürü deneyi yapılmıştır. İki anjiyospermik bitki türü olan sorghum ve susam bitkileri de çalışmada mikoriza potansiyeli açısından incelenmiştir. Her iki konukçu bitkinin sürgün ve kök biyokütlesi üzerinde yüzde kök kolonizasyonu, AM funguslarının spor yoğunluğunu ve AM funguslarının etkinliğini tespit etmek için gözlemler yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, kuru yerfıstığı atığı üzerine bir substrat olarak kompost yerfıstığı atığının uygulanmasıyla AM fungus spor popülasyonunun ve kolonizasyon seviyelerinin önemli ölçüde arttığını göstermiştir. Büyüme parametreleri arasından bitki boyu, kök uzunluğu ve bitki biyokütlesi sorgum bitkisinde susama göre daha fazla kaydedilmiştir. Genel olarak, en yüksek mikorizamiktarı 75 g/saksı atık konsantrasyonunda tespit edildi. Ayrıca, sorgum bitkisinin susam bitkisinden daha iyi bir konukçu olduğu görülmüştür.

Bee stings are one of the most common insect bites. In some insects, including bees, the sting, along with the venom gland, is separates from the bees' body after the bite and remains at the site of the bite. Bee stings are associated with symptoms such as redness of the skin, itching, allergic reactions causing infection, headache, dizziness, nausea, chest pain, suffocation, breathing difficulty, and paralysis of the bite area. This review study was conducted to identify Iranian medicinal plants for the treatment of bee stings. It was used to review articles in Iranian ethnobotanical sources and articles. Keywords such as bee sting, bee sting, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, identification of medicinal plants and Iran were used. Databases such as ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ISC, ISID, Magiran and Google Scholar were used to review articles and resources. Medicinal plants such as Aloe vera, Calendula officinalis, Ruta graveolens L., Allium sativum, Heliotropium ramosissimum, Allium cepa L., Taraxacum officinale L., Rosa canina L., Petroselinum crispum, Verbascum songaricum Schrenk., Vitex pseudonegundo, Ment eriophora DC., Peganum harmala L, Citrullus colocynthis, Ocimum basilicum, Curcuma longa were among the most important medicinal plants used in Iranian ethnobotanical sources to treat bee stings. The most common plant families used for bee stings include Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. Also, the most plant organs used in bee stings included leaves (37%), shoots (20%) and flowers (14%). This study lists a number of plants that have been introduced in different parts of Iran as a treatment and antidote against bee stings and bee stings. This study introduces a number of herbs that are used in different parts of Iran as a treatment against bee stings. We believe that the plants can be used as herbal remedies and antidotes against bee stings. Lack of natural, useful and effective drugs for the treatment of bites leads to the expansion of research on effective and natural drugs for patients with bites., Arı sokmaları en yaygın böcek ısırıklarından biridir. Arılar da dahil olmak üzere bazı böceklerde, zehir beziyle birlikte sokma, ısırmadan sonra arıların vücudundan ayrılır ve ısırık yerinde kalır. Arı sokmaları ciltte kızarıklık, kaşıntı, enfeksiyona neden olan alerjik reaksiyonlar, baş ağrısı, baş dönmesi, mide bulantısı, göğüs ağrısı, boğulma, nefes almada zorluk ve ısırık bölgesinde felç gibi semptomlarla ilişkilidir. Bu inceleme çalışması, arı sokmalarının tedavisi için İran şifalı bitkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. İran etnobotanik kaynaklarında ve makalelerinde yer alan makaleleri gözden geçirmek için kullanıldı. Arı sokması, arı sokması, şifalı bitkiler, etnobotanik, şifalı bitkilerin tanımlanması ve İran gibi anahtar kelimeler kullanılmıştır. Makaleleri ve kaynakları gözden geçirmek için ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ISC, ISID, Magiran ve Google Scholar gibi veritabanları kullanıldı. Aloe vera, Calendula officinalis, Ruta graveolens L., Allium sativum, Heliotropium ramosissimum, Allium cepa L., Taraxacum officinale L., Rosa canina L., Petroselinum crispum, Verbascum songaricum Schrenk., Vitex pseudonegundoora, Ment à., Peganum harmala L, Citrullus colocynthis, Ocimum basilicum, Curcuma longa, İran etnobotanik kaynaklarında arı sokmalarını tedavi etmek için kullanılan en önemli şifalı bitkiler arasındadır. Arı sokmalarında kullanılan en yaygın bitki aileleri arasında Asteraceae ve Lamiaceae bulunur. Ayrıca arı sokmalarında en çok kullanılan bitki organları yapraklar (%37), sürgünler (%20) ve çiçeklerdir (%14). Bu çalışma, İran'ın farklı bölgelerinde arı sokmalarına ve arı sokmalarına karşı bir tedavi ve panzehir olarak tanıtılan bir dizi bitkiyi listeliyor. Bu çalışma, İran'ın farklı bölgelerinde arı sokmalarına karşı bir tedavi olarak kullanılan bir dizi bitkiyi tanıtmaktadır. Bitkilerin bitkisel ilaç ve arı sokmalarına karşı panzehir olarak kullanılabileceğine inanıyoruz. Isırıkların tedavisi için doğal, yararlı ve etkili ilaçların bulunmaması, ısırıkları olan hastalar için etkili ve doğal ilaçlar üzerine araştırmaların genişlemesine yol açmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Arı sokmasi, Şifalı bitkiler, Halk ilaçları, Geleneksel tıp, Bal arısı

The purpose of this study is to reveal the usage possibilities in the landscape and to bring an alternative species to the ornamental plant sector by determining the form, length and habitat characteristics of Prometheum sempervivoides (Fisch. ex Bieb.) H. Ohba taxon, naturally grown in Erzurum province and its close environment. Within the scope of this research, Erzurum province and its surroundings were scanned and it is determined that there are large populations of this taxon in Ispir and Askale districts. The plant vegetative characteristics of P. sempervivoides taxon in the regions where the plant was found were examined. At the same time, the altitude of the regions was determined and the soil structures were observed and the possibilities of use in landscape applications were evaluated. As a result of field trips, photographs of the plants were taken and their point coordinates were determined by GPS. The morphological characteristics of the specie (plant height, stem length, number of leaves, number of branches of the middle cluster, leaf width and length, flower diameter, stem diameter and branch diameter characteristics, habitat) were recorded. Plant height were varied between 9.0- 16.70 cm by taking the average of the data obtained from all locations. The highest plant height data were obtained from POS-4 coded genotypes from a location at an altitude of 1942 m in Askale district. Stem length varied between 3.60 and 9.30 cm, and the highest stem height was determined in the averages of POS-4 genotypes. While the maximum number of leaves was determined with an average of 19.00 in POS-10 genotype; POS-9, POS-8 and POS-2 genotypes were also included in the same statistical group. The highest value obtained for the number of branches of the middle cluster was determined in the POS-3 genotype. These values differed between 4.00 and 10.00 number/ plant. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the species can be used in landscape studies due to its efficacy with its flower color and star-shaped flowers, red showy leaves and ground cover properties. In addition, It can be recommended that they can be used in rock gardens, in collections of succulents etc., since they have adapted to different environments such as stony rocky habitats, steep slopes and arid soil conditions.

Diseases are one of the leading factors affecting the sustainability of aquaculture industry. Due to the undesirable effects of the methods used in the prevention or treatment of diseases, the usability of herbal products has been investigated recently. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous methanolic extracts of two different medicinal plants (Laurus nobilis and Brassica nigra) against Vibrio anguillarium, Yersinia ruckeri, Pseudomonas putida, and Aeromonas hydrophila by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC values of leaf aqueous methanolic extract of Laurus nobilis for Aeromonas hydrophila and leaf aqueous methanolic extract of Brassica nigra for Vibrio anguillarium were determined as 3.125 µg ml-1 and 100 µg ml-1, respectively. The results showed that Laurus nobilis could be used against Aeromonas hydrophila and Brassica nigra against Vibrio anguillarium. Further in vivo studies should be conducted to evaluate the usability of these plants.

Soft rot is a disease that cause substantial economic losses in potato production. Pectobacterium carotovorum is known as one of the most common soft rot causative agents and the disease has not effective control methods being developed yet. In this study the effect of 3 different bacterial isolates of Bacillus megaterium (B60d, TV6D, TV91C), 2 of Paenibacillus polymyxa (C9, TV12E), 2 of Bacillus subtilis (TV6F, TV17C), 1 of Pantoea agglomerans (B79), 1 of Agrobacterium radiobacter (A16), 1 of Bacillus megaterium gc. subgroup A (FDG161), 1 of Bacillus atrophaeus (FD1), 1 of Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype F (FDG37) and 1 of Bacillus pumilus (TV3D) were tested against 5 pathogenic bacterial strains of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (F37, F680, F741, F331, F742), using dual culture method in in vitro conditions. The most effective bacterial isolate against strains Pectobacterium were P. carotovorum F37 + Bacillus megaterium B60d (55,00 mm) isolate, followed by P. carotovorum F680 + Bacillus megaterium B60d (44,00 mm) and P. carotovorum F742 + Bacillus megaterium B60d (39,33 mm) isolates. Therefore, Bacillus megaterium has a promising biocontrol activity against tested plant pathogenic bacteria under in vitro conditions.

Çarkıfelek meyvesi, Kolombiya da dahil olmak üzere Latin Amerika'da birçok ülkede yetiştirilmektedir. Ancak elde edilen kâr çok istikrarsızdır ve üretim maliyetleri optimize edilememiştir, ayrıca uluslararası pazar teklifleri esas olarak taze ürün üzerinedir ve yalnızca yüzde yedi işlenmiş meyve oranı ekonomik kısıtlamalar yaratmakta ve yine kar olasılıklarını azaltmaktadır. Meyve üretiminin geliştirilmesi ve iyileştirilmesi, iklim ve meyve çeşitliliği açısından elverişli koşullar nedeniyle Kolombiya'daki ekonomik büyümeyi desteklemek için bir fırsattır. Bu, ülke genelinde farklı bölgelerde iş kolu yaratma ve kalkınmada eşitlik ile sonuçlanabilir. Bu inceleme Çarkıfelek meyvesinin gıda sektörü içinde gelişimine engel olan hastalık ve zararlılar, ile meyvesinin yetiştiriciliğinde uygun olmayan pestisit ve gübre kullanımı, düşük toprak kalitesi ve kötü uygulama hasat sırasında meydana gelen bulaşma, hasat sonrası hastalıklar ve yetersiz sınıflandırma, paketleme, depolama ve taşıma ve öneriler alt başlıkları altında açıklanmıştır., Passion fruit is grown in several countries in Latin America including Colombia. But the profit with this is very unstable and normally their production costs have not been optimized, additionally, their offer to the international market is mainly fresh product and only seven percent is processed fruit, creating economic constraints and again reducing their possibilities to profit. Development and improvement of fruit production represent an opportunity for supporting the economic growth in Colombia because of their favorable conditions regarding climate and fruit diversity. This could result in job creation and equity in the development in the different regions across the country. This review illustrates the constraints within the food business development of the Passion fruit which are discussed under the subheadings of pests and diseases, sub optimal genetical utilization of passion fruit, un-rational usage of pesticides and fertilizers, soil quality poor handling resulting in the harvest contamination of the harvest, Post-harvest disease, insufficient grading, packaging, storage and transportation and recommendations.

Anadolu adaçayı (Salvia fruticosa), Lamiaceae familyasına ait bir bitki olup, Anadolu’da geleneksel halk hekimliğinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bitkinin yaprakları çay şeklinde tüketilir ve yapraklarından uçucu yağ elde edilir. Salvia fruticosa bitkisi farmasötik ajan olarak (antioksidan, antikanser, antimikrobiyal, antifungal, antihiperglisemik, antihipertansif vb.) kullanımı dışında aromaterapi, parfümeri ve kozmetik sektöründe; yiyeceklerde baharat, aroma verici ve koruyucu olarak pek çok alanda kullanıma sahiptir. Ancak bitkinin irrasyonel kullanımı ciddi yan etkilere ve komplikasyonlara yol açmaktadır. Bu derleme, Salvia fruticosa’nın botanik özelliklerini, uçucu yağ bileşenlerini, bu bileşenlerin potansiyel terapötik etkilerini ve neden olabileceği olası toksik etkileri değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

This paper aimed to develop forecasting models and to assess the trends in the production of freshwater crayfish in Turkey. Different trend analysis methods (Box-Jenkins method, Şen’s innovative trend analysis, Mann-Kendall test) were compared, and different autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were generated to forecast the future trend. The results of the innovative trend analysis methodology and ARIMA models revealed that freshwater crayfish production has a decreasing trend during the study period, although there are some fluctuations. ARIMA models predicted that the production of freshwater crayfish would continue to decrease in the future period. The present paper is also the most temporally rich assessment of the crayfish production in Turkey encompassing 100+ years from 1909 to 2018. Several factors such as climate change, overexploitation, diseases, legal regulations, and fisheries management policies might affect the production amount. Therefore, appropriate policies for fisheries management and legal regulations should be planned and implemented to improve the production., Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’deki kerevit üretiminin eğilimlerini değerlendirmek ve geleceğe yönelik tahmin modelleri geliştirmektir. Farklı trend analizi yöntemleri (Mann-Kendall testi, Şen’in yenilikçi trend analizi, Box-Jenkins yöntemi) karşılaştırılmış ve gelecekteki eğilimlerin tahmin edilmesi için farklı otoregresif bütünleşik hareketli ortalama (ARIMA) modelleri geliştirilmiştir. Yenilikçi trend analizi metodolojisinin ve ARIMA modellerinin sonuçları çalışma periyodu boyunca dalgalanmalar olmasına rağmen kerevit üretiminin azalan bir eğilime sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. ARIMA modelleri kerevit üretiminin gelecek dönemlerde azalmaya devam edeceğini tahmin etmektedir. Ayrıca, bu çalışma Türkiye’deki kerevit üretiminin zamansal olarak 1909 ile 2018 yılları arasındaki 100 yıldan fazla süreyi kapsayan en geniş değerlendirmesini sunmaktadır. Aşırı avcılık, hastalıklar, iklim değişikliği, yasal düzenlemeler ve balıkçılık yönetimi politikaları gibi birçok faktör üretim miktarını etkileyebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, üretimin geliştirilmesi için uygun balıkçılık yönetimi politikaları ile yasal düzenlemeler planlanmalı ve uygulanmalıdır.

2018 ve 2019 yıllarında yürütülen bu çalışmada, yazlık grupta yer alan ‘Vista Bella’ çeşidine yine yazlık grupta yer alan ‘Summer Red’, ‘Williams Pride’ ve ‘Jersey Mac’ çeşitlerinin tozlayıcı olarak kullanılabilme potansiyelleri tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar doğrultusunda, ‘Vista Bella’ çeşidinin kendilenmesi neticesinde, meyve tutumunun %10,68 düzeyinde kaldığı ve kısmen kendine uyuşmaz olduğu görülmüştür. Çeşitlerin, çiçek tozu canlılığı ve çimlenme oranları sırası ile %74,33 - %67,00 ve %44,33 - 45,67 aralıklarında bulunurken, tam çiçeklenme tarihlerinin örtüştüğü görülmüştür. Ayrıca, yüksek meyve tutum oranı (%26,12 - 33,62) neticesinde, çeşitler arasında, gametofitik olarak uyuşmazlık olmadığı kanaatine varılmıştır. Ancak, elde edilen meyvelerde, çekirdek sayılarının kritik düzeyde olması sebebi ile minimum iki farklı çeşidin tozlayıcı olarak kullanılması gerektiği ortaya çıkmış olup, ‘Summer Red’ ve ‘Jersey Mac’ çeşitlerinin, ‘Vista Bella’ çeşidine tozlayıcı olarak kullanılması durumunda, fitokimyasal özellikleri nispeten iyileştirdiği tespit edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizleri sonucunda, meyve tutum miktarında meydana gelen artışın fitokimyasal birikimi azalttığı, buna karşın asitliğin artması ile birikimin teşvik edildiği bulunmuştur. Ayrıca antioksidan aktivitenin, toplam fenol (r= 0,57***) ve C vitamin (r= 0,31*) ile pozitif ilişki içerisinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Tarımsal alanlar, insan müdahalesi ile kimyasal girdilerin olduğu önemli ekolojik ortamlardır. Bu ortamların varlığı, insanlar için önemli olduğu kadar ortamı paylaşan diğer canlılar için de önemlidir. Bu araştırma, Bitlis İli tarımsal alanlarında yaygın kullanılan Satellite 20 WP, Status 330 E, Pesos 100 EC ve Pentran 22 E pestisitlerinin hedef olmayan topraktaki nematod, aerobik mezofilik bakteri, mikrofungus popülasyonları ve toprak pH’sına etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma, in-vitro şartlarında tekrarlı ölçümlerde varyans analizi yöntemine göre altı tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Yapılan varyans analizlerine göre Periyot×Uygulama interaksiyonlarının sırasıyla pH, bitki paraziti ve fungivor nematodlar için önemli olduğu (P=0.007; P=0.008; P=0.000), omnivor-avcı, bakterivor ve toplam nematodlar için hem periyot (P=0.000; P=0.000; P=0.000) hem de pestisit uygulamalarının ana etkisinin istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğu (P=0.046; P=0.017; P=0.009) bulunmuştur. Profil analizlerine göre; pH'ın, özellikle Satellite 20 WP uygulamasında artış gösterdiği aerobik mezofilik bakteri sayısının, kontrolde artmasına karşın tüm pestisit uygulamalarında azalma gösterdiği; mikrofungus sayısının, Pesos 100 EC uygulamasında artış göstermesine karşın diğer uygulamalarda azaldığı; bitki paraziti, fungivor ve toplam nematod sayılarının tüm pestisit uygulamalarında azaldığı; omnivor-avcı ve bakterivor nematodların kısmen etkilendiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak; kullanılan pestisitlerin, dikkate alınan parametrelere göre olumlu ya da olumsuz etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir., Agricultural areas are important ecological environments with chemical inputs via human intervention. The presence of this type of natural areas is important for human as well as other species. This research was conducted to determine the effects of Satellite 20 WP, Status 330 E, Pesos 100 EC and Pentran 22 E pesticides, which are widely used in agricultural fields of Bitlis, on non-target soil nematodes, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, microfungi populations and pH. The study was repeated (six times) according to variance analysis method (under in-vitro conditions). According to the variance analysis, the Period×Treatment interactions are important for pH, plant-parasitic and fungivore nematodes respectively (P=0.007; P=0.008; P=0.000), for omnivore-predator, bacterivore and total nematodes, on the other hand, (P=0.000; P=0.000; P=0.000) both period and the main effect of the treatments were statistically significant (P=0.046; P=0.017; P=0.009). Based on the profile analysis; pH increased especially in Satellite 20 WP treatment, although the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria increased in the control treatment, it decreased in all pesticide treatments; the number of microfungi increased in Pesos 100 EC treatment but decreased in other treatments; plant-parasitic, fungivore and total nematode count decreased in all pesticide treatments; omnivore-predator and bacterivore nematodes were found to be partially affected. As a result, it has been determined that the used pesticides have positive or negative effects depending on the parameters considered.

Automatic detection of early blight caused by Alternaria solani could promote a drastic reduction in the consumption of plant protection agents and the related production losses. A proximal sensing platform was constructed and calibrated for acquiring high resolution hyperspectral images in the field, and used to accurately map Alternaria lesions. High resolution canopy reflectance images were obtained for 32 potato plants that had been infected with A. solani and 32 healthy reference plants. Spectral classifiers like partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machines (SVM) based on PCA scores were tested to discriminate affected and non-affected pixels. Both spectral classifiers performed well at pixel level with accuracies above 0.92. The NIR region (750 nm) was identified as the most discriminative part of the spectrum for detecting the lesions. As the disease pressure is typically expressed as the number of lesions per area, the accuracy was also evaluated at this level. This indicated a considerable number of false detections at the edges of the leaves and the leaf axils. Therefore, a decision tree was designed based on expert knowledge about the shape of Alternaria lesions, and used to post-process the classified images. This reduced the number of false detections, increasing the precision from 0.17 to 0.22 at the expense of a reduction in recall from 0.88 to 0.84. This leaves considerable room for improvement in the classification accuracy at the object level. We learned that (1) few, broad wavelengths are sufficient and (2) spatial context is essential for the detection of lesions caused by Alternaria infection. The application of more powerful object classification techniques such as convolutional neural networks to enhance the model performance by efficiently encapsulating the spatial context in the classifier might further improve the detection performance. This could pave the way to UAV or tractor based Alternaria mapping. ispartof: COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE vol:168 status: published

In the context of food safety, edible insects are evaluated for biological hazards such as microbial pathogens according to regulations currently in place. When the European Food Safety Authority evaluated the hazards of edible insects as a potential source of pathogenic viruses for humans and livestock, the novel zoonotic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 had not yet emerged but other pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS (SARS-CoV) and MERS (MERS-CoV) were known. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, animal sources of protein for human consumption are being evaluated for the risks of being a transmission vector of coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV-2. Insects lack a receptor that can bind SARS-CoV-2, thus preventing the virus from replicating in insects, unlike some vertebrate livestock species and companion animals. Despite extensive monitoring, coronaviruses have never been recorded in insect microbiomes. Contamination of insects produced for food or feed may occur during the production process, resulting from rearing substrate or from insect farmers. However, the currently permitted rearing substrates do not include animal products and the farming process is highly automated, thus limiting interactions between farmers and insects. If contamination would still occur, the fact that the insects in production are not hosts to SARS-CoV-2 precludes virus replication and the further processing of the insects will destroy the contamination. We conclude that the hazard of edible insects being a transmission vector of SARS-CoV-2 is extremely low.

In this review, interactions of native or denatured whey proteins with other proteins and polysaccharides were addressed. Chemical structures of whey proteins and caseins as representatives of proteins and of gum Arabic and dextran as representatives of polysaccharides were explained. Whey protein, as a mixture of different proteins, such as beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, or bovine serum albumin, has a highly complex nature, and therefore, the main interaction occurs within these proteins upon processing. Structu-re of whey protein includes hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges and free thiol group, all of which allows whey proteins highly reactive with other polymers. With these properties, whey proteins can be denatured via heating or acidification in a controlled way; and therefore, several functional particles with different sizes and shapes could be obtained. Here we explained the interactions of native and denatured whey proteins with caseins, gum Arabic and dextran in terms of their behaviuor in solutions or dispersions, their functional and rheological properties. Denaturation process includes mainly hydrophobic interacti-ons and is most of the time irreversible, whereas the complex formation of proteins with polysaccharides includes electrostatic and/or steric interactions and complex formation could be reversible or irreversible depending on the type of application. Such interactions are important for the stability of food materials especially during processing and storage, therefore, a deep insight on this subject is important.

The influences of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of propolis (1%) on growth of common Gram-negative (Salmonella Parathyphi A, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and -positive (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) food-borne pathogens and their biogenic amines (BAs) production were examined in tyrosine decarboxylase broth (TDB). The highest growth inhibitory activity was observed against Gram-negative S. Paratyphi A in the existence of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of propolis, with 2.49 and 1.9 log reduction, respectively. Ethanolic extracts of propolis were more effective than that of aqueous extract on growth inhibition of L. monocytogenes (p

The objective of the work was to evaluate the influence of preservation methods on the storability and proximate composition of Pleurotus pulmonarius. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Freshly harvested mushrooms grown on Andropogon gayanus substrate and analyzed for its proximate composition were divided into four portions: sun dried (SD), oven dried (OV), blanched and stored directly in citric acid solution at varying concentrations (conc.). The microbial load count of the preserved samples and sensory evaluation carried out were significant (P

Chia is a summer annual of the Lamiaceae. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of growing location on the antioxidants content and composition in one genotype of chia, and the potential relationship with its major nutritional compounds, as protein, oil, and fatty acids. This study was carried out with black‑spotted chia seeds commercially grown in three different ecosystems, Tropical Rain Forest, Sub Humid Chaco, and Campo Cerrado, located in Ecuador, Bolivia and Paraguay, respectively. Flavonols quercetin, myrcetin, kaempherol, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and SDG lignan compound presence was detected by chromatographic analysis. No significant (P

Xanthan production capacity of local isolates X. hortorum pv. pelargonii and X. axonopodis pv. begonia were investigated by systematically changing fermentation conditions. Optimum yields were found as 11.19 g/L, 9.72 g/L and 9.65 g/L and for standard isolate X. campestris DSM 19000, X. hortorum pv. pelargonii and X. axonopodis pv. begonia, respectively. Optimum agitation rate and inoculum volume were found as 180 rpm and 5%. Moreover, better gel forming and thickening properties were obtained for xanthan gum from local isolates. Higher K value was observed for gum solutions of the local isolates at all concentration when Ostwald de Waele model was used. Activation energies changed between 4.85 and 25.43 kJ/mol and it is the highest for gum from standard isolate. Moreover, K’ and K” values obtained from dynamic rheological analysis were higher for the local isolates than that of standard isolate. The results confirmed that the local isolates appeared to be suitable microorganisms for xanthan gum production.

Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) has recently invaded and spread through the major tomato-growing regions in Europe, Africa, the Mediterranean Basin and the Middle East. The leaf-mining habit of this invasive pest makes chemical or biological control more difficult. As an alternative, mass trapping could be used to manage low initial densities of newly arriving populations by exploiting Allee effects. In 2012 and 2013, experiments were conducted with three types of traps using a density of 40 traps per ha in open-field tomato crops in Turkey. The treatments were comprised of: (1) delta traps baited with pheromone only; (2) water pan traps baited with pheromone only; (3) water pan traps with both pheromone and a light source; and (4) insecticide-treated control. The moths were first recorded in traps in mid-June. Moth catches showed a trimodal seasonal activity and continued until the end of harvest in late August. Delta traps caught significantly more moths than the other two trap types. Female moths were only captured in pheromone-baited water traps with a light source, representing 13.9 and 12.7 % of the total moth catch in these traps in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Mass trapping with delta traps significantly reduced the percentage of infested leaves and fruits compared with insecticide-treated controls. Factors affecting the trapping efficiency of each treatment in the field are discussed.

Humic acid (HA) efficiently enhances the uptake of nutrients of plants, especially on saline soil. In this study, some nutrient contents of onion in response to salinity and HA application were investigated, and effects of HA application on salinity resistance was evaluated. Research plots were established as a randomized factorial design with four replications on a lysimeter and each replication included 10 plants. Plants in the lysimeters were irrigated with tap water (control, EC: 0.3 dS m(-1)) and four different doses of salinized water (EC: 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m(-1)). The HA (0 and 1.0 g kg(-1)) was applied to the soil and mixed with the soil before planting. Increasing the levels of irrigation salinity decreased contents of K, Ca, N, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and B in onion bulbs; increased contents of Na, Cl and Mn. However, the highest content of K, Ca, and N in the bulbs were obtained by HA application under different salinity levels. Similarly, the soil application of HA positively was affected the P, Mg, Fe, Zn, B contents of the bulbs. While contents of Na, Mn, and Cu were not affected by soil application, Cl was decreased. The results showed that application of HA could partially reduce the harmful effects of salt, so HA can be used as an alternative method to improve product performance in saline conditions.

Free amino acids and reducing sugars participate in the Maillard reaction during high-temperature cooking and processing. This results not only in the formation of colour, aroma and flavour compounds, but also undesirable contaminants, including acrylamide, which forms when the amino acid that participates in the reaction is asparagine. In this study, tubers of 13 varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum), which had been produced in a field trial in 2010 and sampled immediately after harvest or after storage for 6 months, were analysed to show the relationship between the concentrations of free asparagine, other free amino acids, sugars and acrylamide-forming potential. The varieties comprised five that are normally used for crisping, seven that are used for French fry production and one that is used for boiling. Acrylamide formation was measured in heated flour, and correlated with glucose and fructose concentration. In French fry varieties, which contain higher concentrations of sugars, acrylamide formation also correlated with free asparagine concentration, demonstrating the complex relationship between precursor concentration and acrylamide-forming potential in potato. Storage of the potatoes for 6 months at 9°C had a significant, variety-dependent impact on sugar and amino acid concentrations and acrylamide-forming potential.

Bu çalışmada, Bursa’nın Karacabey ilçesinde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca ve Esmer sığır ırkından 136 baş sığırda bazı verim özellikleri ile ilişkili oldukları düşünülen kalpain (CAPN1), östrojen reseptör α (ERα), prolaktin (PRL) ve miyostatin (MSTN) genlerindeki çeşitli polimorfizmler PCR-RFLP yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Hem Siyah Alaca hem de Esmer sığır ırkı MSTN geni bakımından monomorfik bulunurken, CAPN1, ERα ve PRL genlerinin 2’şer alleli belirlenmiştir. Her 2 ırkın CAPN1 lokusunda 3 genotip (CC, CT ve TT) belirlenirken, Siyah Alaca ırkının PRL lokusunda 2 (AG ve GG), Esmer sığır ırkının PRL lokusunda ise 3 genotip (AA, AG ve GG) belirlenmiştir. Her 2 ırkın ERα lokusunda ise 2 genotip (AG ve GG) belirlenmiştir. Esmer ırkın PRL lokusu dışında incelenen tüm lokuslar bakımından Siyah Alaca ve Esmer sığır sürülerinin Hardy-Weinberg dengesinde olduğu saptanmıştır. In this study, the polymorphisms in calpain (CAPN1), estrogen receptor α (ERα), prolactin (PRL), and myostatin (MSTN) genes thought to be related to some economical traits were investigated in 136 heads from Holstein and Brown Swiss cattle breeds reared in Karacabey town of Bursa by using PCR-RFLP method. While MSTN locus was found as monomorphic, 2 alleles of each CAPN1, ERα and PRL genes were determined in both breeds. While 3 genotypes (CC, CT, and TT) were determined at CAPN1 locus of both breeds, 2 genotypes (AG and GG) and 3 genotypes (AA, AG, and GG) determined at PRL locus of Holstein and Brown Swiss breeds, respectively. Two genotypes (AG and GG) were detected at ERα locus in both breeds. Both two populations were found at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for PRL locus in Brown Swiss population.

The mechanism of tolerance to high temperatures was investigated in two strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) cultivars, ‘Redlands Hope’ (‘R. Hope’, heat tolerant) and ‘Cal. Giant 3’ (‘CG3’, heat sensitive). Leaves were collected from plants that were exposed to gradual heat stress and heat-shock stress separately. The contents of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) and the activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (CAT) (EC 1.11.1.6), and glutathione reductase (GR) (EC. 1.6.4.2) were measured followed by heat treatments. Additionally, proline content was determined, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were analyzed with an immunoblotting method to investigate protein markers involved in the heat-stress tolerance of strawberry plants. The contents of AsA and GSH did not change depending on heat stress type, temperatures, or cultivars. While APX and CAT activities increased with high temperatures, GR activity was almost unchanged. The proline content of the cultivars increased in both treatments. Anti-HSP60 immunoblots revealed that a 23 kDa polypeptide was detected during the heat acclimation of strawberry cultivars. The intensity of the heat shock protein in ‘R. Hope’ plants was more than in ‘CG3’ plants. Thus, the accumulation of 23 kDa heat shock protein was correlated with the heat tolerance of the cultivars. In conclusion, strawberry leaf tissues of ‘R. Hope’ were found to enhance the structural stability of cellular membranes under high temperature by increasing both the activity of such enzymes as CAT and APX to activate the antioxidative systems and the expression of 23 kDa HSP. © TUBİTAK. 108O063 Grants from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (T?B?TAK-TOVAG, 108O063) supported the current research. The authors are thankful to Yaltir A.S. for their material support regarding strawberry seedlings