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This study aims to understand the club-fan relationship from the standpoint of club owners, CEOs, and head coaches (i.e., managers). Eight in-depth interviews were conducted with prominent figures from professional football and basketball in Israel. The current findings indicate that while clubs need the support of their fans, they often find themselves struggling with their aggressive behavior and demands to influence the club's decision-making processes. First, this qualitative research provides an important insight into the unique experience of pivotal decision-makers in professional sports. Second, we apply the complexity lens to discuss the challenges faced by such stakeholders when trying to manage fans' disruptive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of PODIUM- Revista de Ciencia y Tecnologia en la Cultura Física is the property of Universidad de Pinar del Rio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of research is to determine how satisfied the fans are with the shopping stores where the sports clubs sell their licensed commercial products. Document analysis was used in this study. The website "www.sikayetvar.com" is a platform that tries to protect consumer rights by publishing many shopping-related complaints. In this platform, the complaints of the fans of the four sports clubs (Besiktas, Fenerbahce, Galatasaray, and Trabzonspor) in Turkey were examined, and their satisfaction with the fan stores was examined within the framework of the cause-effect relationship. The complaint profiles of the brands were examined by considering 569 complaints filed between 01.01 - 31.12.2021 on the website of Kartal Yuvası, Fenerium, GS Store, and TS Club, which are the fan stores of Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, and Trabzonspor clubs. Complaint texts were analyzed and coded by three experts in the field. Common codes were determined by re-reading and evaluation by the researchers. The themes that could be the main titles of the codes obtained were determined. Themes and codes are tabulated. The data obtained were compared with the results of the survey evaluation conducted by the "www.sikayetvar.com" platform regarding 569 complaints. A descriptive analysis was undertaken to strengthen the validity of the research. As a result, it has been determined that there are many problems under the headings of product and customer relations management, the fans are not satisfied with the stores where the sports clubs sell licensed products, and the sports clubs cannot establish sustainable customer relations with their fans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrival of Joint-Stock Companies for Professional Sports (SADP) to sports clubs inaugurates the neoliberal modernization of Chilean football. This business model redefined the role of supports and partners, starting from the market and the show. Based on the experience of Colo-Colo and Universidad de Chile, this article analyzes the conflict between partners and supports against the SADP on the reconfiguration of social participation, in the soccer field, during the process of deepening neoliberalism in Chile. Through oral history and the analysis of State policies, it is suggested that the process of neoliberalization of football, on the one hand, constrained the participation tools that exist in a sports club, and on the other, produced a response from fans and partners who articulated new projects to strengthen the social fabric in their institutions, redefine the socio-political limits of a club and dispute spaces of power with the SADP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of swimming lessons in a school sports club on the initial swimming fitness of primary school-aged children. Materials and methods. The study participants were 73 primary school-aged children ('Sportrend' school sports swimming club). The study used theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature, the system of control exercises by O. Obrazhei revised taking into account the contingent of the research to assess the swimming fitness of primary school students under the conditions of a school sports club, and methods of mathematical statistics. Results. We propose a methodology for assessing the swimming readiness of younger schoolchildren under the conditions of a school sports club. The growth rate of such indicators as reaction to the unsupported position in the water and underwater breath-holding turned out to be lower compared to other indicators. At the same time, the rates of face submersion in the water and squatting in the water increased. The increase in initial swimming skills in children was 49.3% at the control stage compared to the baseline, and the average growth rate was 22.2%. In the assessment of children's initial skills at the end of the training compared to the beginning, the maximum average rate of increase was recorded for the ability to push off and slide (30.1%), the ability to perform a star float (27.4%), and squatting in the water (26.4%), thus swimming lessons have a positive effect on the initial swimming readiness of junior school students. Conclusions. Statistically significant (p<0.05) improvement of primary school students' results on control exercises at all stages of diagnostics of their initial swimming skills formation confirms the positive effect of swimming lessons in a school sports club. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is a common belief that most sports clubs and organisations are primarily focused on elite sports while placing less emphasis on the promotion of health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA). However, there is a lack of evidence on this topic in the scientific literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level and correlates of the commitment of sports organisations in Europe to HEPA promotion. Methods: Representatives of 536 sports organisations from 36 European countries responded to our survey. A multiple regression analysis was conducted with the commitment of sports organisation to HEPA promotion (0 ["not at all"] – 10 ["most highly"]) as the outcome variable and organisation type ("national sport association" reference group [ref], "European sports federation", "national umbrella sports organisation", "national Olympic committee", "national sport-for-all organisation"), headquarters in a European Union member state ("no" [ref], "yes"), region of Europe ("Western" [ref], "Central and Eastern", "Northern", "Southern"), commitment to elite sports ("low" [ref], "medium", "high"), and awareness of Sports Club for Health (SCforH) guidelines ("no" [ref], "yes") as explanatory variables. Results: Approximately 75.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.5, 78.8) of sports organisations were highly committed to elite sports. Only 28.2% (95% CI: 24.4, 32.0) of sports organisations reported a high commitment to HEPA promotion. A higher commitment to HEPA promotion was associated with the national Olympic committees (β = 1.48 [95% CI: 0.41, 2.55], p = 0.007), national sport-for-all organisations (β = 1.68 [95% CI: 0.74, 2.62], p < 0.001), location in Central and Eastern Europe (β = 0.56 [95% CI: 0.01, 1.12], p = 0.047), and awareness of SCforH guidelines (β = 0.86 [95% CI: 0.35, 1.37], p < 0.001). Conclusion: From our findings, it seems that most sports organisations are primarily focused on elite sports. Coordinated actions at the European Union and national levels are needed to improve the promotion of HEPA through sports organisations. In this endeavour, it may be useful to consider national Olympic committees, national sport-for-all organisations, and relevant sports organisations in Central and Eastern Europe as role models and to raise the awareness of SCforH guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development and progress in any sector are critical in today's ever changing world. People who work in the sports sector believe sports to be extremely important in their life. Football, basketball, cricket, tennis, and other sports are particularly popular among males. When dealing with diverse difficulties, organisational behaviour also refers to an organizations attitude and behaviour. To perform at their best, players must be inspired, encouraged, and trained. The first factor that influences the growth of the sports sector is organisational behaviour. Artificial intelligence is the second factor that contributes to the progress of the sports business. Marketing is the third aspect that contributes to the growth of the sports sector. Any industry's worth and value are increased through marketing. Organizational behaviour, artificial intelligence, and marketing tactics were employed as independent factors in this study. New Product Development, on the other hand, has been employed as a dependent variable. The information was gathered from 30 people and evaluated with AMOS 26v. Furthermore, the findings revealed a substantial relationship between the factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines the role of market orientation in the relationship between internal marketing and entrepreneurial orientation within private sports clubs. Design/methodology/approach: The research is a descriptive-correlational study based on private sports clubs employees within Iran (Sanandaj). A theoretical model was developed based on the literature and tested using SPSS and PLS-SEM software. Findings: The findings indicate a positive relationship between internal marketing and employees' entrepreneurial orientation. Market orientation has also played a positive mediating role in the relationship between internal marketing and entrepreneurial orientation. Originality/value: The results suggest a higher level of market orientation in the organization can increase teamwork and, consequently, entrepreneurship development among employees. This is important in sports clubs as employees have a significant role in the success of the sports club. Club employees' satisfaction, generated through internal marketing, provides is a prerequisite for customer satisfaction. This therefore creates an environment supportive of entrepreneurial orientation in the club. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The contribution of sports related factors to predicting long-term physical activity (PA) are unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine tracking of PA during key transition periods in youth and to determine the longitudinal associations between sports club participation and PA. Methods: Participants (n = 873, baseline age 10 to 18 years) completed self-report surveys in 2009 and 2014 that included the PACE+ PA tool and sports club participation questions. Spearman correlations assessed PA tracking. ANCOVA analyses examined predictors (sports participation at baseline) of PA (follow-up), adjusting for (a) age and sex; and (b) age, sex, and baseline PA. Results: Tracking of PA was weak-to-moderate (ρ = .16 to .47). Greater sports participation frequency at baseline significantly predicted PA at follow-up (P < .01). Involvement in club sports at an elite level had a medium-to-large effect on PA levels 5 years later [d = .75 adjusting for (a); d = .60 adjusting for (b)]. Conclusion: PA should be promoted in youth as tracking coefficients suggest it can, to an extent, continue into later life. The standard achieved in sport has a role in predicting later PA. PA promotion strategies should include frequent, high quality opportunities for sports participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development and expansion in any profession are critical in today's advanced world. Individuals associated with the sports industry view sports as a critical component of their lives. Men, in particular, are more interested in sports like football, basketball, cricket, and tennis. Additionally, organizational behaviour refers to an organization's attitude and actions when confronted with various difficulties. Players must be inspired, encouraged, and trained to perform at their best. The first factor contributing to the sports sector's growth is organizational behaviour. Artificial intelligence is the second factor that contributes to the progress of the sports business. Marketing is the third aspect that contributes to the advancement of the sports business. Marketing a product or service enhances both its worth and value. Three independent variables were considered in this paper: organizational behaviour, artificial intelligence, and marketing tactics. On the other hand, New Product Development has been included as a dependent variable. AMOS 26v was used to evaluate the data collected from 30 respondents. Additionally, the findings demonstrated a substantial correlation between the factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about the relationship between physical activity and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents. The purpose of this study was 1) to quantify the predictive power of greater physical activity on higher HRQOL in adolescents and 2) to analyze whether the prediction is better for the sports club setting than for the leisure time setting. Methods: Within the framework of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents and the "Motorik-Modul," 1828 German adolescents aged 11-17 years completed a questionnaire concerning the amount of weekly physical activity at school, in sports clubs, and during leisure time. The KINDL-R questionnaire was used to assess HRQOL. Linear and multiple regression analyses were used to analyze the effects of physical activity on HRQOL. Results: In regression analyses controlling for sociostructural variables, greater general physical activity was a significant predictor of higher HRQOL (P < .001). While greater physical activity in sports clubs significantly predicted higher HRQOL, greater physical activity during leisure time predicted higher HRQOL only to a certain level. Overall, the level of explained variance was low. Conclusions: Being physically active especially in sports clubs is positively linked to higher HRQOL of adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays sports took a very important part in our life. Every day we are confront of sports and sport is more and more mediatized. During the 20th century ADR was brought into sports field, but it is still not known by all the actors of this world. It gave us more choice to resolve disputes in sports area. But, with the lack of understanding it can be difficult to choose the best one. I will use the method of Multi-attribute Decision Making (MADA), to found out that prevention is the more suitable resolution to sports disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte is the property of Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Business Informatics / Informatyka Ekonomiczna is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background The article is part of the current trend in publications showing the diversity of Poland at a local level. Its aim is to find regularities in spatial diversity of participation in and the offer of sport and recreation activity by sports clubs in Poland in 2016. Material/Methods The analysed data come from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. Poviat (LAU 1) is the basic research unit. 5 variables were applied: persons practising sport per 1,000 population; the percentage of women among all practising; the percentage of persons under 18 years old among all practising, the number of sports sections per 100 practising; the number of sports coaches and sports instructors conducting sports activities per 100 practising. The following measures and methods were applied: arithmetic mean, coefficient of variation (CV), division into quintiles, PCC, Perkal's indicator, and k-means cluster analysis. Results Spatial diversity was analysed mainly with a view to the influence of two groups of factors arising from historical-cultural determinants and those related to urbanization. In the case of three variables (practising in sports clubs per 1000 population, the percentage of women among all practising in sports clubs, the percentage of people under 18 years old among all practising) there were, in fact, areas with high or low values, but they cannot be linked to the two groups of factors mentioned above. However, in the case of the next two variables (number of sections in sports clubs per 100 practising and the number of coaches and instructors per 100 practising), the impact of the factor associated with urbanization processes is notable. Conclusions Unlike many other aspects of human activity - distribution of the activity of sports clubs does not show any underlying spatial regularities and is not related to the former divisions of Poland. Yet, a weak relationship with contemporary processes of urbanization was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The primary purpose of the study was to analyze the sense of social responsibility of sports clubs in the case of the "First Step with Anadolu Efes Basketball Schools" social responsibility project of Anadolu Efes Sports Club. The secondary purpose was to analyze the process of the project and to determine its contributions/effects. The method used in this study was qualitative in nature and was patterned as a case. Research sample was composed of a manager responsible for CSR activities in Anadolu Efes Sports Club. Data was collected by interview and documents analysis methods. Inductive data analysis was used for data analysis and data was transferred into NVIVO 10 software. When this research is taken into consideration with the scope of the activities of Anadolu Efes Sports Club, it indicates that volunteering and feeling responsible are the starting points for conducting corporate social responsibility projects in sport. The study was designed as a case study therefore data was obtained from a single sample and the documents of this sample. Although the variations of data provided the limitation of the study in this sense must be eliminated by examining other examples in further studies. It is hoped that when CSR studies conducted by sport clubs increase, the relevant limitation would disappear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people with disabilities participate in sports to a lesser extent than other adolescents. That physical activity has positive effects on young people are understood. Sports clubs are identified as potential environments for physical activity. The reasons why young people with disabilities participate to a lower extent in organized sport is complex and barriers can be deriving from many different levels. However, barriers have been studied more than what can facilitate participation in organized sport. There for the aim of this study is to increase the understanding of how sports clubs include children and adolescents with disabilities in their activities. The results of this systematic search are presented using the three research questions: What are the characteristics of the sports clubs that include young people with disabilities?; How are the young people with disabilities included in sports clubs' activities?; and finally Why are young people with disabilities included in the sports activities?. A vision must be to go from adapting physical activity for disabled persons to adapting physical activity for all people, because the diversity of people's reasons for doing sports, their differing backgrounds and their uniqueness all demand it. This will result in more people doing sports for longer in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Elementary Education / Revija za Elementarno Izobraževanje is the property of University of Maribor, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article illustrates how non-profit community sports clubs run by volunteers in the UK, Germany and Australia can be clustered on the basis of formalization. Although the literature has speculated on a trend towards formalization, this has not been measured. Three different data-sets, which were not specifically collected for this purpose, were used to measure formalization. Our analysis shows how the replication of existing surveys could measure formalization. For each country, available sports club data were used to perform cluster analyses. A set of indicators for formalization was chosen based on the literature and whether the factors are accompanied with formalized procedures and processes within sports clubs. The results revealed a two-cluster solution for clubs in the UK, a three-cluster solution for Australian clubs and an eight-cluster solution for German clubs (because the German sample was larger). In each country, there was evidence of a spectrum of sports clubs from informal to highly formalized clubs with the exception of the UK where the clusters were labelled formal and semi-formal. Without a survey specifically designed to measure formalization, the article shows how existing surveys might be used to make international comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Revenue volatility hinders the planning within nonprofit organizations, and as a consequence, it can influence the organization’s contribution to public welfare. To analyze the extent of revenue volatility and its determinants, this paper uses a comprehensive, longitudinal, data set of German nonprofit sports clubs (n = 724). It distinguishes between systematic volatility and club-specific volatility, and argues that a complete understanding of the sources and impacts of volatility requires one to clearly distinguish between the two components. Empirical results indicate that revenue diversification can significantly reduce club-specific volatility, but has more minimal benefits for lowering systematic volatility. It also reveals that clubs that rely more heavily on membership fees, and less on subsidies, appear to have reduced levels of systematic and club-specific volatility, with the impact being much greater for the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Gymnasium: Scientific Journal of Education, Sports & Health is the property of Alma Mater and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article takes a look at the processes during which sports and gymnastics clubs were founded in Finland. The focus is on the period between the 1850s and the 1910s when club organisation developed into the types that remained till the end of the twentieth century. This article is based on the author's larger investigation into the early formation of Finnish sporting life, published in 1984. Therefore, the main perspectives are the previous Nordic research about popular movements in modern history, on the one hand, and the role of sports clubs in a national sporting history, commenting the latest research, on the other hand. From an actor's point of view, the central issues are class and gender strategies in the formation processes, as well as the impact of the political circumstances. The relationship between body and nation was stressed and expressed in a new way in the country under the tightening pressure by the Russian Empire in the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Transylvanian Saxons believe that one of the most important pillars of their collective identity is the Carpathian Transylvanlan Club, the Siebenbürgischer Karpathenverein also known as the SKV. Created in 1880, this Club promotes not only sport activities but also the exploration of the unknown mountain paths and also writing about it in an year book. This publication has an important part in the building of a national identity and can be seen as a cultural construction, as it helps to transform natural spaces into symbolic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finnish society has undergone fundamental shifts during the last few decades, becoming a more urbanized, pluralistic, individualized and market-driven competitive society in a short period of time. During the same time, the population has aged and the social distribution of work has increased. This article analyses how Finnish sports clubs have changed since 1985 and how those changes have subsequently informed sport policy. Data for this research were collected in three tranches covering a 20-year period: the first in 1986 (n = 835), the second in 1996 (n = 495) and the third in 2006 (n = 550). Results of the data analysis show that some of the broader societal changes are clearly paralleled by changes in sports clubs, such as ageing, social differentiation, urbanization, higher levels of education and other cultural changes. Problems have concerned human resources: the number of voluntary workers and their activity and/or commitment. Along with the higher level of demand and the wider distribution of work, the need for voluntary workers has also increased. Finnish sport policy has begun to follow the idea of evidence-based management, and the government has reacted to the challenges for sports clubs by creating a pilot project in which a group of clubs are supported directly by governmental subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of the History of Sport is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the media-based content and opportunities for fan interaction used by 12 professional sports teams in four top-tier leagues (hockey, football, rugby, soccer) in North America and Europe. The National Football League (NFL) used more online marketing strategies and more media-based content than teams in the National Hockey League (NHL), the Premier League (soccer) or the Super League (rugby); moreover, US sports teams surpassed teams in the other leagues in using the internet for sports marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socialiniai Tyrimai is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is, first, to compile a frame of reference for the health promoting sports club and, second, to develop standards for the concept. This concept is based on the settings-based health promotion approach. Sports clubs are a new setting for health promotion, which until now has been little examined from a settings point of view. Nevertheless, this concept has much potential. For example, sports clubs attract a large number of children and adolescents and their educational nature can be considered to be informal. The present standards were developed using the Delphi method. The researcher, in cooperation with a panel of experts (experts in health promotion, n = 11, and experts in sports clubs, n = 16), sought to create a consensus statement on the standards. At the preliminary stage of the study 64 original standards were created on the basis of existing literature and the principles of the Ottawa Charter. During the three rounds of the Delphi process 15 standards were evaluated as the most important. After the Delphi process, the researcher modified the standards by eliminating overlap, interpolating seven standards to involve all strategic areas of the Ottawa Charter and creating a preliminary typology of the standards. At the subsequent stages of the study, indicators for these standards will be drafted and tested in practice. Therefore, this study would provide tools for determining and evaluating how health promoting a particular sports club is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sports club, described in this study, was losing members and in dire financial straits. It became obvious from the optimistic forecasts and fragmented historical records that the membership system was poorly understood by the clubs decision making groups and committees. A corporate system model of the club was developed from interviews with the club executive and influential club members. In this way an understanding was gained of the fundamental system of relations determining the viability of the club. Various suggestions for remedial action were tried out on a simulation version of the model and the results communicated to the board of directors. The study serves to illustrate the use of computer simulation modeling, not as an optimising or forecasting tool, but as an aid to pokey making in a crisis. It became part of the organizational behavior process for coping with an extreme situation that, in this case, had a happy ending. The study attempts to relate the scientific process of synthesizing a formal model with the psychological and socio-political processes of decision making in a complex system during a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to function efficiently, a sports organization must rely on general management knowledge, and knowledge from theory of management, organization, system, economy, but also sport theory, which can train any manager for work in sport. Professionals in sport should also know management, because it is harder for lawyers and economists to manage sport, because their knowledge comes from general management only. In fact, the most acceptable and most purposeful is the solution where sport experts with knowledge of management manage processes in sport organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The organized sports sector has received increased interest as a setting to stimulate physical activity among inactive target groups. To include many inactive people and to obtain population health benefits, it is important that effective sporting programs are sustained (i.e. continuation of program activities) over a long period of time. This study identified the factors influencing the long-term sustainability of these kind of sporting programs located within local sports clubs in the Netherlands. Methods: Fourteen Dutch sporting programs aimed at increasing physical activity levels of inactive population groups and funded within the National Action Plan for Sport and Exercise (NAPSE) were the focus of this study. The programs were developed by ten Dutch National Sports Federations (NSFs) and implemented by different sports clubs in the Netherlands within a three-year funded implementation period (2008–2011). This research consisted of semi-structured face-to-face interviews with the program coordinators of the NSFs (n = 14) and semi-structured telephone interviews with representatives of sports clubs that provided the programs (n = 17 continued the program, n = 11 discontinued the program) six and a half years after the funding period ended (November 2017–March 2018). A sustainability framework with five pre-specified main themes (i.e. program design, implementation, trainer/coach, organizational setting, broader community environment) guided data collection and (deductive) thematic analysis. Results: Ten of the fourteen NAPSE funded sporting programs were sustained at the level of the NSFs. Most factors facilitating (+) and impeding (−) the long-term sustainability of the programs were common to both NSFs and sports clubs, like program adaptation (+) and a lack of program financing (−). Program evaluation (+) and high program costs (−) were specific factors mentioned by NSFs, while factors related to human resources (e.g. lack of volunteers (−)) or the sports club nature (e.g. social aspect in program design (+)) applied to sports clubs. The factors were summarized in the form of a checklist. Conclusions: Key factors influencing the long-term sustainability of the sporting programs were identified. The results can be used to develop strategies to promote long-term sustainability of these kind of programs and inform funding guidelines in countries with a similar organized sports infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the high rates of participation in sports clubs among Finnish youth, only a few reach elite levels. This study investigated a number of motivational factors, enjoyment, and perceived physical competence perceptions of Finnish youth athletes in their adolescence and then four years later to help understand determinants of elite level attainment. The sample consisted of 824 young athletes born in 1995, who were playing soccer, ice hockey, or basketball in the Finnish sports club system. As youths, participants completed measurements of the perceived task and ego climates, task and ego goal orientations, autonomous and controlled motivations, amotivation, sport enjoyment, and perceived physical competence. Retrospectively, the same participants completed measurements of task, ego, social relatedness, and autonomy supportive climates four years later. All variables were compared to self-reported elite status attainment. Additionally, we examined some demographic characteristics. Prospectively, the self-reported elite athletes (n = 79) reported significantly (p < 0.05) higher perceptions of a task climate, perceived physical competence, sport enjoyment, and autonomous motivation and a lower level of amotivation compared to nonelite athletes. The meaningfulness (Hedges' g) of the significant differences ranged from small to moderate. Retrospectively, elite athletes indicated significantly (p < 0.05) higher perception of a task climate and a social relatedness climate during their sporting career. Hedges' g ranged from moderate to large in meaningfulness. The findings highlighted the importance of focusing on the positive aspects surrounding elite athletes' perceptions to promote youth athletes' development, while not discounting the importance of physical size and talent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA) promotion programs are implemented in sports clubs. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of the insufficiently active participants that benefit from these programs.Methods: Data of three sporting programs, developed for insufficiently active adults, were used for this study. These sporting programs were implemented in different sports clubs in the Netherlands. Participants completed an online questionnaire at baseline and after six months (n = 458). Of this sample, 35.1% (n = 161) was insufficiently active (i.e. not meeting HEPA levels) at baseline. Accordingly, two groups were compared: participants who were insufficiently active at baseline, but increased their physical activity to HEPA levels after six months (activated group, n = 86) versus participants who were insufficiently active both at baseline and after six months (non-activated group, n = 75). Potential associated characteristics (demographic, social, sport history, physical activity) were included as independent variables in bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results: The percentage of active participants increased significantly from baseline to six months (from 64.9 to 76.9%, p < 0.05). The bivariate logistic regression analyses showed that participants in the activated group were more likely to receive support from family members with regard to their sport participation (62.8% vs. 42.7%, p = 0.02) and spent more time in moderate-intensity physical activity (128 ± 191 min/week vs. 70 ± 106 min/week, p = 0.02) at baseline compared with participants in the non-activated group. These results were confirmed in the multivariate logistic regression analyses: when receiving support from most family members, there is a 216% increase in the odds of being in the activated group (OR = 2.155; 95% CI: 1.118-4.154, p = 0.02) and for each additional 1 min/week spent in moderate-intensity physical activity, the odds increases with 0.3% (OR = 1.003; 95% CI: 1.001-1.006, p = 0.02).Conclusions: The results suggest that HEPA sporting programs can be used to increase HEPA levels of insufficiently active people, but it seems a challenge to reach the least active ones. It is important that promotional strategies and channels are tailored to the target group. Furthermore, strategies that promote family support may enhance the impact of the programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]