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HBV nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NrtIs) do not completely suppress HBV replication. Previous reports indicate persistent viremia during NrtI treatment despite HBV DNA being undetectable. HBV core inhibitors may enhance viral suppression when combined with NrtIs. This phase II trial (NCT03576066) evaluated the efficacy and safety of the investigational core inhibitor, vebicorvir (VBR), in virologically- suppressed patients on NrtIs.Non-cirrhotic, NrtI-suppressed patients with chronic HBV were randomised to VBR 300 mg once daily or matching placebo (PBO) for 24 weeks. Treatment was stratified by hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status. The primary endpoint was change from Baseline in serum HBeAg or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after 24 weeks.Of 73 patients enrolled, 47 were HBeAg positive and 26 were HBeAg negative. In HBeAg-positive and -negative patients, there were no differences in the change from Baseline at Week 24 for HBsAg or HBeAg. Using a novel, high-sensitivity assay to detect HBV DNA, a greater proportion of patients with detectable HBV DNA at Baseline achieved undetectable HBV DNA at Week 24 in the VBR+NrtI vs. PBO+NrtI group. In HBeAg-positive patients, a greater change from Baseline in HBV pregenomic (pg)RNA was observed at Week 24 with VBR+NrtI vs. PBO+NrtI. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in VBR+NrtI patients included upper respiratory tract infection, nausea, and pruritus. No serious adverse events, Grade 4 TEAEs, or deaths were reported.In this 24-week study, VBR+NrtI demonstrated a favourable safety and tolerability profile. While there were no significant changes in viral antigen levels, enhanced viral suppression was demonstrated by greater changes in DNA and pgRNA with the addition of VBR compared to NrtI alone.NCT03576066.Core inhibitors represent a novel approach for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with mechanisms of action distinct from existing treatments. In this study, vebicorvir added to existing therapy reduced HBV replication to a greater extent than existing treatment and was generally safe and well tolerated.

Novel agents acting against hepatitis B virus (HBV) are needed to improve HBsAg seroclearance or termed as 'functional cure'. Inarigivir (retinoic acid-inducible gene I agonist) has immunomodulatory and direct antiviral actions against HBV. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of Inarigivir for the treatment of HBV infection.80 treatment-naïve patients were randomized in 4 ascending dose cohorts to receive 12 weeks of Inarigivir 25, 50, 100, 200 mg or placebo in a ratio of 4:1. All patients were then given tenofovir for another 12 weeks.Least squares (LS) mean reductions in HBV DNA from baseline increased with higher doses of Inarigivir (0.6116 in 25 mg and 1.5774 in 200 mg groups vs. 0.0352 in placebo group) (95% CI 0.9518-0.2011 and 1.921-1.1634 respectively). LS mean changes in HBV RNA and HBsAg from baseline ranged from -0.3856 to -0.5794 versus -0.1474 and -0.0956 to -0.1818 versus +0.0026 in Inarigivir-treated versus placebo groups respectively. During the tenofovir-treated period, LS mean reductions in HBsAg in the Inarigivir-treated groups ranged from 0.1709 to 0.3529 versus 0.1984 in the placebo group. Inarigivir-treated groups showed mean reductions in ALT from baseline between 23.3 and 33.8 versus 0.7 U/L in the placebo group. Treatment-emergent adverse events related to Inarigivir and placebo occurred in 4.7% and 6.3% patients respectively.Twelve-week Inarigivir up to 200 mg dose was associated with a reduction of HBV DNA, HBV RNA and antigen levels. A trend for greater HBsAg reduction was observed in Inarigivir pre-treated patients after switching to tenofovir.

Nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors do not completely suppress HBV DNA in chronic HBV infection (cHBV). Vebicorvir (VBR) is an investigational core inhibitor that interferes with multiple aspects of HBV replication. This phase II trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of VBR in combination with entecavir (ETV) in treatment-naïve patients with cHBV.HBeAg-positive, treatment-naïve patients without cirrhosis were randomised 1:1 in a double-blind manner to once-daily VBR 300 mg+ETV 0.5 mg or placebo (PBO)+ETV 0.5 mg for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in mean logAll patients in both treatment groups (PBO+ETV: 12/12; VBR+ETV: 13/13) completed the study. At Week 12, VBR+ETV led to a greater mean (SD) reduction from Baseline in logIn this 24-week study, VBR+ETV provided additive antiviral activity over PBO+ETV in treatment-naïve patients with cHBV, with a favourable safety and tolerability profile.NCT03577171 LAY SUMMARY: Hepatitis B is a long-lasting viral infection of the liver. Current treatments can suppress hepatitis B virus but do not offer the opportunity of cure, hence, new treatment approaches are required. Herein, we show that the combination of the novel core inhibitor vebicorvir with an existing antiviral (entecavir) in treatment-naïve patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus demonstrated greater antiviral activity than entecavir alone. Additionally, vebicorvir was safe and well tolerated. Thus, further studies evaluating its potential role in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B are warranted.

Background The incidence and risk factors for adefovir-resistant HBV have not been clearly defined. Aims To characterize the virologic response to adefovir, to determine the rate of adefovir resistance and to explore factors associated with initial virologic response (IVR) and adefovir resistance. Methods All hepatitis B patients who received adefovir for ≥6 months at our center were prospectively monitored for virologic response and adefovir resistance. Results Forty three patients were included; mean treatment duration was 18 months (range 6–45). Thirty four (79%) patients had prior lamivudine. IVR was observed in 44% patients and associated with higher pretreatment ALT ( P =0.05) and the absence of HBeAg ( P =0.02). Six (14%) patients were found to have adefovir-resistant mutations. The cumulative probability of genotypic resistance to adefovir at month 24 was 22%. Patients with adefovir resistance were more likely to have been switched from lamivudine to adefovir monotherapy ( P =0.01), to be older ( P =0.04), and to be infected with HBV genotype D ( P =0.02). Conclusions Roughly 50% of patients failed to achieve IVR on adefovir. The cumulative probability of adefovir resistance at 2 years was 22%. Our data suggest that combination of lamivudine and adefovir may prevent emergence of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV.

Purpose of review This article highlights recent advances in viral hepatitis published from December 2003 to November 2004. Studies reporting novel and clinically relevant findings were selected after a PubMed search. The aim is to provide an up-to-date summary of important developments in viral hepatitis. Recent findings Lamivudine was shown to reduce the rate of long-term complications of hepatitis B virus-induced cirrhosis. Adefovir was effective in suppressing lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. Pegylated interferon alone was as effective as pegylated interferon plus lamivudine in the management of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. A 24-week course of pegylated interferon plus low-dose ribavirin was optimal in patients with hepatitis C virus infected with genotype 2 or 3, but a 48-week course and standard dose of ribavirin were needed in patients with genotype 1. Pegylated interferon plus ribavirin was fairly well tolerated in HIV-hepatitis C virus coinfected patients with stable HIV infection and resulted in response rates that were only slightly lower than that in patients with hepatitis C virus infection only. A dramatic reduction in hepatitis C virus RNA level was observed after 2 days of treatment with an hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor. Summary The optimal management of chronic viral hepatitis is evolving rapidly. Newer treatment options for hepatitis B, including pegylated interferon, tenofovir, and combination regimens were shown to be effective in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients. In addition, impressive gains were made in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in difficult-to-treat patients, including African Americans and those with HIV-hepatitis C virus coinfection.

Approximately 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). If left untreated, approximately 20% will develop cirrhosis and complications of end-stage liver disease [1,2]. Antiviral therapy may decrease the progression to cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Until recently, the only treatment for chronic hepatitis B was standard interferon (IFN). Interferon has limited efficacy, and may be associated with severe sepsis and worsening of hepatic failure in patients with decompensated cirrhosis [3,4]. The availability of oral antiviral agents with a better safety profile has significantly changed the management of end-stage liver disease caused by HBV. Lamivudine has been shown to suppress HBV replication, and to improve or stabilize liver function in patients with compensated as well as in those with decompensated cirrhosis [5,6]. Adefovir dipivoxil has also demonstrated efficacy in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and lamivudine-resistant HBV [7]. Oral nucleos(t)ide agents have delayed or obviated the need for liver transplantation in some patients, but transplantation is still required for those who present with advanced liver failure [8,9]. This article will focus on the use of antiviral agents for the treatment of HBV-cirrhosis.

In the past decade, substantial advances have been made in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Approved treatments include interferon-alpha, the nucleoside analog inhibitor lamivudine, and the nucleotide analog inhibitor adefovir dipivoxil. This review provides insights into the benefits and limitations of lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil have similar antiviral efficacies. Lamivudine has negligible side effects but a high rate of drug resistance, whereas adefovir dipivoxil has a low rate of drug resistance but long-term use is associated with a small risk of nephrotoxicity. Several other nucleoside and nucleotide analogs are being evaluated in phase II/III clinical trials for hepatitis B.

Chronic hepatitis B infection continues to be a major public health concern worldwide. The natural history of the disease can be divided into 4 different phases: immune tolerance, immune clearance, inactive carrier, and reactivation. The goals of treatment are sustained viral suppression, normalization of ALT, and improvement in liver histology. Antiviral agents in current use include standard interferon-alpha, lamivudine, and adefovir. With an improved understanding of the natural history of the disease and a growing repertoire of antiviral drugs, the important questions are: who should receive treatment, what is the best agent to use, and what is the optimal duration of therapy? Treatment is indicated for patients in the immune clearance and reactivation phases. Patients with high pretreatment ALT level, detectable HBV DNA in the serum, and active inflammation on liver biopsy are predicted to have the highest chance of response to treatment. The choice of a particular agent must balance long-term benefits such as the likelihood of a sustained response against long-term risks such as drug resistance. Interferon treatment leads to a more durable response but is associated with unpleasant side effects. Lamivudine is effective and well tolerated but requires long-term therapy and is associated with drug resistance. Adefovir has proven efficacy and a very low rate of drug resistance but is associated with a small risk of reversible nephrotoxicity. For HBeAG-positive chronic hepatitis B and HBeAG-negative chronic hepatitis B, the duration of interferon therapy is 4-6 months and 12 months, respectively. Duration of treatment is at least 1 year with lamivudine and adefovir; longer duration of treatment is needed in most patients, but the optimal duration of treatment and the criteria for stopping treatment have not been established.

Multi-drug resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been reported in hepatitis B patients who received sequential antiviral therapy. In vitro studies showed that HBV constructs with mutations resistant to lamivudine and adefovir have marked reduction in sensitivity to combination of lamivudine and adefovir, whereas constructs with mutations resistant to either drug remain sensitive to the other drug. We conducted this study to determine whether mutations conferring resistance to multiple antiviral agents co-locate on the same HBV genome in vivo and to describe the evolution of these mutations. Sera from six patients who had been found to have multi-drug resistant HBV mutations to lamivudine + adefovir, lamivudine + hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), or lamivudine + entecavir on direct sequencing were cloned after nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Analysis of 215 clones from 11 samples with multi-drug resistant mutations on direct sequencing showed that 183 (85%) clones had mutations to both therapies on the same genome; 31 clones had lamivudine-resistant mutants only. Clonal analysis of serial samples from three patients showed progressive evolution from all clones with lamivudine-resistant HBV mutations only to mixtures of clones that have multi-drug resistant mutations and clones that have lamivudine-resistant HBV mutations only, and ultimately all clones having multi-drug resistant HBV mutations. In conclusion, mutations conferring resistance to multiple antiviral agents co-locate on the same viral genome, suggesting that combination therapy directed against mutants resistant to each treatment may not be adequate in suppressing multi-drug resistant HBV. De novo combination therapy may prevent the emergence of multi-drug resistant mutants. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;44:703–712.)

The INNO-LiPA HBV DR v2 assay is designed to detect hepatitis B virus mutations conveying resistance to lamivudine and adefovir. Our study confirms that this assay can simultaneously detect the presence of lamivudine and adefovir resistance mutations in clinical samples, has a high degree of concordance with sequencing, and can detect mutants earlier.

Drug resistance is an expected consequence of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B because of the high rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, the lack of proof-reading during reverse transcription of the pregenomic RNA and the low efficacy of available therapies in eliminating covalently closed circular HBV DNA. Mutations involving the YMDD motif of the catalytic domain of HBV reverse transcriptase have been reported in patients who have received lamivudine, emtricitabine and telbivudine. Drug-resistant mutations affecting other regions of HBV polymerase have also been reported, but at much lower rates in patients who have received adefovir dipivoxil or entecavir. Antiviral resistance is initially manifested as virological breakthrough infection. In most patients, this is followed by biochemical breakthrough and, in some patients, hepatitis flares and hepatic decompensation. Monitoring drug resistance may improve the management of patients with antiviral-resistant HBV and can guide the selection of salvage therapy. The optimal management of patients with antiviral-resistant HBV continues to evolve. The ideal approach is to prevent antiviral resistance through judicious use of antiviral therapy and the use of more potent antiviral agents, possibly in combination.

Background/Aims The susceptibility of adefovir-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants is only reduced by 3–10-fold in in vitro studies, suggesting that virologic breakthrough and clinical deterioration are unlikely. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical course of patients with adefovir-resistant HBV infection. Methods Testing for adefovir-resistant mutations was performed on patients who had a suboptimal response or virologic breakthrough on adefovir. Adefovir-resistant mutations were detected using a line probe assay and direct sequencing of the HBV P-gene. Results Eight male patients with pre-existing lamivudine resistance or breakthrough (mean age 47±13 years) were found to have adefovir-resistant mutations rtA181V/T or rtN236T. Baseline median ALT was 66 IU/L (range, 27–1161) and median HBV DNA 7.9 log 10 copies/ml (range, 6–8.3). At the time of adefovir resistance (mean of 20±9 months), HBV DNA increased to ≥5 log 10 copies/ml in 7 patients. After detection of adefovir resistance, hepatic decompensation occurred in 2 patients, 1 of whom died. Salvage therapy with lamivudine, entecavir or tenofovir was given to 7 patients and a reduction in HBV DNA by ≥3 log 10 was seen in 3 patients. Conclusions In conclusion, adefovir resistance can be associated with significant viral rebound and hepatic decompensation which may be fatal.