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Song, Xikun, Xiao, Zefeng, Gravili, Cinzia, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Mackenzie, Melanie, Wang, Shaoqing, Chen, Jinjing, Yu, Nan, Wang, Jianjun (2016): Worldwide revision of the genus Fraseroscyphus Boero and Bouillon, 1993 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): an integrative approach to establish new generic diagnoses. Zootaxa 4168 (1): 1-37, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4168.1.1

Genus Fraseroscyphus Boero & Bouillon, 1993 Emended diagnosis. Colony with upright hydrocaulus, monosiphonic, erect, slightly zigzag, unbranched or branched, hydrocladia usually originate from within the hydrothecal cavity, sometimes directly growing on hydrocaulus beneath a hydrotheca, without axillary hydrotheca, without stem apophysis. With regular and oblique nodes, each internode bearing a hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in two rows almost in one plane, or forming an angle less than 90��, sometimes spirally arranged in three longitudinal rows; hydrotheca tubular, partly adnate, with three marginal cusps, one adcauline and two lateral abcauline, and three operculum flaps forming a pyramid; retracted hydranth with poorly developed abcauline caecum. Clinging organ present, resembling bubbly lobes. Gonotheca generally originate from within the hydrothecal cavity or growing directly from hydrocaulus, pedicellate, with a short distal neck, sexually dimorphic. Nematocyst capsule spindle-shaped, microbasic mastigophores. Type species. Sertularella sinuosa Fraser, 1948, by original designation by Boero & Bouillon (1993), a junior subjective synonym of Fraseroscyphus hozawai., Published as part of Song, Xikun, Xiao, Zefeng, Gravili, Cinzia, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Mackenzie, Melanie, Wang, Shaoqing, Chen, Jinjing, Yu, Nan & Wang, Jianjun, 2016, Worldwide revision of the genus Fraseroscyphus Boero and Bouillon, 1993 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): an integrative approach to establish new generic diagnoses, pp. 1-37 in Zootaxa 4168 (1) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4168.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/267871, {"references":["Boero, F. & Bouillon, J. (1993) Fraseroscyphus sinuosus n. gen. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Leptomedusae, Sertulariidae), an epiphytic hydroid with a specialized clinging organ. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71, 1061 - 1064. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 93 - 141","Fraser, C. M. (1948) Hydroids of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions since March, 1938. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 4, 179 - 343."]}

Fraseroscyphus irregularis (Trebilcock, 1928) comb. nov. (Figures 3 D���E, J, 5, 7) Sertularella irregularis Trebilcock, 1928: 11, pl.5, figs, 1���1b.��� Stranks, 1993: 17. Symplectoscyphus irregularis ��� Ralph, 1961a: 818, figs. 19 d���f.��� Dawson, 1992: 20.��� Vervoort & Watson 2003: 209, figs. 50E���G. Type locality. St. Clair, Dunedin, New Zealand. Type material. Seven syntypes, two ethanol samples fixed through formalin (NMV F57939, NMV F57940), two slide samples with colonies (NMV F57894, NMV F57941), and three nematocyst slides (NMV F57939.1��� F57939.3) newly prepared from NMV F57939, creeping on coralline algae, rock pools at low tide, St. Clair, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1923. V.3, R. E. Trebilcock. Details: ���NMV F57894 (Figure 3 D), two colonies and three fragments, six male gonothecae (three originating from within the hydrothecal cavity, two growing below hydrothecae, one detached).���NMV F57941 (Figure 3 E), slide sample, one colony, single stolon twisted in mass, diameter 2 mm, no gonothecae, two hydranths extending out of hydrothecae, nematocyst capsules clear.���NMV F57939, comprising remnant parent lot and three nematocyst slides (NMV F57939.1���F57939.3), 22 colonies and nine fragments, 38 female gonothecae (26 originating from within the hydrothecal cavity, seven growing below hydrothecae, five detached), four clinging organs, diameter 0.09���0.13 mm, with 2���5 lobes.���NMV F57940, a colony creeping on alga, more than five detached gonothecae, possibly female. Lectotype designation. ���Lectotype, a fragment on the slide NMV F57894 as shown by an arrow in Figure 3 D, the best preserved fertile fragment in type material, male.���Paralectotypes, the remaining fragments on the slide NMV F57894, male; NMV F57939 (female), comprising of three newly prepared nematocyst slides (NMV F57939.1���F57939.3), NMV F57940 (possibly female), NMV F57941. Measurements. Full details are given in Table 6. Description. Trophosome. Colony small (Figure 3 D), irregular hydrorhiza creeping on coralline alga, hydrocaulus monosiphonic, origin from stolons, erect, slightly zigzag, with two to six transverse annulations at base, irregularly branched, without apophysis (Figure 5 B), with or without branchlet, also with one to two transverse annulations at base, no axillary hydrotheca. Regular and oblique nodes on hydrocaulus and hydrocladium, each internode slightly constricted at the distal end and bearing a hydrotheca (Figure 5 A); hydrothecae arranged spirally in three longitudinal rows forming an angle of about 60�� between every two rows (Figure 5 A); hydrotheca tubular, no wrinkles or lines on the surface, a third of the adcauline part adnate, bending outwards; margin of hydrothecal aperture with three cusps, one adcauline and two lateral abcauline, abcauline cusps slightly larger, no intrathecal teeth; operculum composed of three triangular flaps forming a pyramid; retracted hydranth with poorly developed abcauline caecum (Figure 5 I). Clinging organ. Directly attached to hydrocaulus or stolon, composed of two to four repeated bubbly lobes opening distally with very thin perisarc (Figure 5 G), accompanied by annulations near node; mature lobes connecting to several processes which might develop into branchlets or stolons (Figure 5 H). Gonosome. Gonothecae large, three to four times the size of hydrotheca, generally origin from within the hydrothecal cavity (Figure 5 C���D), or growing at the base of hydrotheca (Figure 5 E���F), pedicellate, with a short distal neck which slightly expands at distal end; male gonotheca subsphaeroidal (Figure 5 C, F), female gonotheca long and orbicular (Figure 5 D���E). Nematocysts. Two types, varying in length and width, capsule spindle-shaped (Figures 3 J, 5J���K). Distribution. Only reported from New Zealand (Figure 7): St. Clair, Dunedin; Taylors Mistake, Christchurch, Woodpecker Bay (Trebilcock 1928; Ralph 1961a; Vervoort & Watson 2003). Remarks. In the original description of Fraseroscyphus irregularis, Trebilcock (1928) illustrated two different gonothecae (Plate 5, 1a and 1b) but did not mention their sex. After the re-examination of the type material with abundant gonothecae, the male and female can be easily identified due to the existence of large and dense sperm masses in mature male gonothecae. The sex of the original figure 1a was found to be female and 1b male, while the gonothecae in two other related illustrations (Ralph 1961a; Vervoort & Watson 2003) should be both female. Trebilcock (1928) noted that the abcauline caecum was rudimentally developed. This character is not clear in the type slides. However, it can still be easily and clearly observed in some hydrothecae in the ethanol sample NMV F57939, although most tissues are decomposed (Figure 5 I). Ralph (1961a) also observed the abcauline caecum, but Vervoort & Watson (2003) did not observe this character after they re-examined Ralph's samples. This might have been due to the poor quality of the samples, or the rudimentally developed morphology of the abcauline caecum leading to it being overlooked. Moreover, Trebilcock did not note the clinging organs in his original description, however, at least four clinging organs (Figure 5 G���H) are present in the type material NMV F57939., Published as part of Song, Xikun, Xiao, Zefeng, Gravili, Cinzia, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Mackenzie, Melanie, Wang, Shaoqing, Chen, Jinjing, Yu, Nan & Wang, Jianjun, 2016, Worldwide revision of the genus Fraseroscyphus Boero and Bouillon, 1993 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): an integrative approach to establish new generic diagnoses, pp. 1-37 in Zootaxa 4168 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4168.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/267871, {"references":["Trebilcock, R. E. (1928) Notes on New Zealand Hydroida. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 41, 1 - 31.","Stranks, T. N. (1993) Catalogue of recent Cnidaria type specimens in the Museum of Victoria. Occasional Papers from the Museum of Victoria, 6, 1 - 26.","Ralph, P. M. (1961 a) New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part III. - Family Sertulariidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 88, 749 - 838.","Dawson, E. W. (1992) The Coelenterata of the New Zealand region: a handlist for curators, students and ecologists. Occasional papers of the Hutton Foundation, 1, 1 - 68.","Vervoort, W. & Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538."]}

Genus Fraseroscyphus Boero & Bouillon, 1993 Emended diagnosis. Colony with upright hydrocaulus, monosiphonic, erect, slightly zigzag, unbranched or branched, hydrocladia usually originate from within the hydrothecal cavity, sometimes directly growing on hydrocaulus beneath a hydrotheca, without axillary hydrotheca, without stem apophysis. With regular and oblique nodes, each internode bearing a hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in two rows almost in one plane, or forming an angle less than 90º, sometimes spirally arranged in three longitudinal rows; hydrotheca tubular, partly adnate, with three marginal cusps, one adcauline and two lateral abcauline, and three operculum flaps forming a pyramid; retracted hydranth with poorly developed abcauline caecum. Clinging organ present, resembling bubbly lobes. Gonotheca generally originate from within the hydrothecal cavity or growing directly from hydrocaulus, pedicellate, with a short distal neck, sexually dimorphic. Nematocyst capsule spindle-shaped, microbasic mastigophores. Type species. Sertularella sinuosa Fraser, 1948, by original designation by Boero & Bouillon (1993), a junior subjective synonym of Fraseroscyphus hozawai.

Key to species of Fraseroscyphus 1 Hydrothecae arranged spirally................................................................. F. irregularis - Hydrothecae not arranged spirally........................................................................ 2 2 Surface of hydrotheca and gonotheca smooth..................................................... F. macrogonus - Surface of hydrotheca and gonotheca with fine lines.................................................. F. hozawai

Fraseroscyphus macrogonus (Trebilcock, 1928) comb. nov. (Figures 3 F���G, J, 6���7) Sertularella macrogona Trebilcock, 1928: 11, pl. 1, figs. 4���4d. Symplectoscyphus macrogonus ��� Ralph, 1961a: 798, figs. 14a���b; 1961b: 109.��� Dawson, 1992: 20.��� Vervoort & Watson, 2003: 218, figs. 52A���D. Sertularella macrocarpa ��� Stranks, 1993: 17. ? Symplectoscyphus macrogonus ��� Millard, 1957: 219; 1964: 51; 1975: 316, figs. 102D���G; 1978: 199.��� Gili et al., 1989: 104, fig. 29B. ? Symplectoscyphus sp.2��� Galea & Schories, 2012: 56, fig. 7J. ? Symplectoscyphus unilateralis ��� Galea et al, 2014, fig. 8A���D. Type locality. St. Clair, Dunedin, New Zealand. Type material. ��� NMV F57892, syntype, two permanent slides (NMV F57892.1 and.2), St. Clair, Dunedin, rock pools at low tide, 1923. IV��� V, R. E. Trebilcock. Details: NMV F57892.1 (Figure 3 F), seven fragments, four male gonothecae (one originating from within the hydrothecal cavity, three growing below hydrothecae), two clinging organs, with 1���2 lobes, diameter 0.12���0.14 mm.���NMV F57892.2 (Figure 3 G), 14 fragments, five male gonothecae (two originating from within the hydrothecal cavity, two growing below hydrothecae, one detached). Doubtful Chilean specimen. Re-examined based on original photomicrographs of Symplectoscyphus sp. 2 in Galea & Schories (2012): single fragment, alcohol sample fixed through formalin, with a broken gonotheca (possibly male) and a tendrils originating from the apertures of two sperate hydrothecae, Rivers Region, Corral, La Amistad (San Carlos), 39.85744�� S, 73.44024�� W, 5 m, 2010. V. 26, Horia Galea. Lectotype designation. ���Lectotype, a fragment on the slide NMV F57892.1 as shown by an arrow in Figure 3 F, the best fertile fragment, male.���Paralectotype, the remaining fragments on slide NMV F57892.1 and F57892.2, all fertile fragments are male. Measurements. Full details are given in Table 6. Description. Trophosome. Hydrocaulus small (Figure 3 F���G), monosiphonic, erect, slightly zigzag, with two to six transverse annulations at base, sparingly and irregularly branched (Figure 6 H), hydrocladium usually growing directly out of hydrocaulus beneath hydrotheca, without axillary hydrotheca (Figure 6 H), or infrequently originating from within the hydrothecal cavity. Regular and oblique nodes on hydrocaulus and hydrocladium, each internode slightly constricted at the end and bearing a hydrotheca; some hydrocauli or hydrocladia bending irregularly, resembling tendrils, hydrotheca absent or with infrequent hydrotheca, with abundant annulations (Figure 6 G). Hydrothecae alternately arranged in two longitudinal rows usually forming an angle of 40���60�� (Figure 6 A���B), sometimes almost in one plane (Figure 6 C) or infrequently spirally (Figure 6 G); hydrotheca tubular, no wrinkles or lines on surface, a third of adcauline part adnate, bending outwards distally; some hydrothecae with fenestrae (Figure 6 E, G); margin with three cusps, one adcauline and two lateral abcauline, abcauline cusps larger; the inner perisarc of some cusps thickened (Figure 6 B���C), usually only an adcauline cusp and an outer abcauline cusp thickened (Figure 6 K); operculum composed of three triangular flaps forming a pyramid; retracted hydranth with poorly developed abcauline caecum (Figure 6 K). Clinging organ. Only a pair of opposing clinging organs were found at the base of a hydrocaulus in the type material, resembling one or two bubbly lobes opening distally with a very thin perisarc (Figure 6 I���J), accompanied by annulations in nearby nodes. Gonosome. Male gonothecae relatively large, four to five times the size of a hydrotheca, generally originating from within the hydrothecal cavity (Figure 6 D), or growing from the fenestra beneath a hydrotheca (Figure 6 E, G), pedicellate, with a short distal neck constricting towards the distal end; male gonothecae shaped like inverted cones, broadening upwards, top flattened (Figure 6 D). Female gonothecae absent in type material. Nematocysts. Two types, capsule spindle-shaped, varying in length (Figures 3 K, 6L���M). Distribution. Distributed on the east coast of South New Zealand: St. Clair Dunedin, Kaikoura drift (P.M.R.), Taylors Mistake near Christchurch (G. Knox) and Little Papanui near N.E. end of beach (Trebilcock 1928; Ralph 1961a; Vervoort & Watson 2003). The validity of the records from South Africa (Millard 1957, 1964, 1975, 1978) could not be determined as material was not re-examined. The Chile records identified as Symplectoscyphus unilateralis by Galea & Schories (2012) and Galea et al. (2014) should be investigated by re-examination of type material of S. unilateralis. Remarks. In the catalogue of Cnidaria types in the Museum of Victoria (Strank 1993), the names Sertularella macrogona Trebilcock, 1928 and Sertularia macrocarpa Bale, 1884 were reported to be transposed (Vervoort & Watson 2003). This was verified after re-examination of the type material. We can confirm that NMV F57892 (as two slides, NMV F57892.1 and NMV F57892.2) is the type material for Sertularella macrogona, while NMV F58805 and NMV F58806 are the type slides for Sertularia macrocarpa. Millard (1957, 1964, 1975, 1978) reported Fraseroscyphus macrogonus (as Symplectoscyphus macrogonus) from South Africa. Her samples developed into shrubby colonies generated by abundant tendrils originating from within the hydrothecal cavity. They were characterized by three intrathecal teeth sometimes present alternating with marginal cusps. Several tendrils existed in the type material although they were overlooked by Trebilcock (1928). It was clear that Millard (1975) had not mistaken the thickened part of the marginal cusps as internal teeth, because in her illustration (Figure 102 F), she drew both characters alternating in the same hydrotheca. However, Millard (1957) mentioned that internal teeth were not a constant character and varied in her samples, and she could not rely on this character to separate her samples into a different species from Sertularella macrogona. Two thickenings of marginal cusps in hydrothecae were very often found in the type material of Fraseroscyphus macrogonus (Figure 6 B���C, K), during re-examination using a compound microscope. We are certain that the thickening of marginal cusps is different from the intrathecal teeth illustrated by Millard (1975) for the South African records. Ralph (1961a) accepted Millard's records, and adopted the characters of tendrils and internal teeth (Millard 1957) to the descriptions of her New Zealand samples. Although Ralph (1961a) mentioned that her samples did not have internal teeth, she drew an illustration (Figure 14b) showing two thickenings of marginal cusps in a specific hydrotheca, which followed the same arrangement as that in the type material (Figure 6 K). When Vervoort & Watson (2003) re-examined Ralph's samples, they also found no internal teeth, but drew thickenings of marginal cusps in Figure 52A. We conclude that thickenings of marginal cusps in hydrothecae are common in the type material and other New Zealand records (Ralph 1961a; Vervoort & Watson 2003). The reported presence of three clear intrathecal teeth in the South African records indicates the need for further examination before the material can be reliably assigned to F. macrogonus. We are also not sure about the records by Gili et al. (1989) that were based on samples without gonotheca, collected from Namibia, West Africa at depths of 167���429 m. Some characteristics of their samples are similar to certain colonies or fragments of Fraseroscyphus macrogonus, e.g., hydrocauli unbranched, slightly zigzag, with irregular oblique nodes, hydrothecae strictly arranged in one plane; however, the hydrothecae in their samples appear to be more slender than of the type material, clear intrathecal teeth are present in the hydrothecae, and this bathymetric distribution appears to be much deeper than that of other known specimens of F. macrogonus. Without further examination of samples with gonotheca, we cannot confirm whether these records are just normal variations of F. macrogonus or belong to a separate species. Galea et al. (2014) assigned Sertularella macrogona (revised into Fraseroscyphus macrogonus here), Sertularella pulchella J��derholm, 1904, and Sertularella rentoni Bartlett, 1907 as synonyms of Symplectoscyphus unilateralis (Lamouroux, 1824) based on the characteristic shape of their gonotheca as reported in published data. Such data, however, had been interpreted differently in previous studies. Bartlett (1907), Ralph (1961a) and Vervoort & Watson (2003) did not mention the thickening of marginal cusps or intrathecal teeth in the samples of Sertularella rentoni. Ralph (1961a) and Vervoort & Watson (2003) regarded Sertularella rentoni as distinct from F. macrogonus. Galea et al. (2014) mentioned that Billard (1909) examined the type material of Symplectoscyphus unilateralis and illustrated clear intrathecal teeth. Galea et al. (2014) also illustrated clear intrathecal teeth in the record of Symplectoscyphus unilateralis from Chile. Symplectoscyphus sp. 2, another Chilian specimen, from Galea and Schories (2012) was later also treated as S. unilateralis by Galea et al. (2014) because of these shared characters. The original description of Sertularella pulchella J��derholm, 1904 is poor, but from the illustrations, the hydrothecal arrangement and gonotheca are similar to F. macrogonus. As a result, only based on the type material of F. macrogonus (male) we examined, we could not make a conclusion about its relationship with the remaining nominal species provided by Galea et al. (2014). Our redescription of the type material of F. macrogonus hopefully will help to resolve these issues in future studies., Published as part of Song, Xikun, Xiao, Zefeng, Gravili, Cinzia, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Mackenzie, Melanie, Wang, Shaoqing, Chen, Jinjing, Yu, Nan & Wang, Jianjun, 2016, Worldwide revision of the genus Fraseroscyphus Boero and Bouillon, 1993 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): an integrative approach to establish new generic diagnoses, pp. 1-37 in Zootaxa 4168 (1) on pages 21-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4168.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/267871, {"references":["Trebilcock, R. E. (1928) Notes on New Zealand Hydroida. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 41, 1 - 31.","Ralph, P. M. (1961 a) New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part III. - Family Sertulariidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 88, 749 - 838.","Dawson, E. W. (1992) The Coelenterata of the New Zealand region: a handlist for curators, students and ecologists. Occasional papers of the Hutton Foundation, 1, 1 - 68.","Vervoort, W. & Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538.","Stranks, T. N. (1993) Catalogue of recent Cnidaria type specimens in the Museum of Victoria. Occasional Papers from the Museum of Victoria, 6, 1 - 26.","Millard, N. A. H. (1957) The Hydrozoa of False Bay, South Africa. Annals of The South African Museum, 43, 173 - 243.","Gili, J. M., Vervoort, W. & Pages, F. (1989) Hydroids from the West African coast: Guinea Bissau, Namibia and South Africa. Scientia Marina, 53 (1), 67 - 112.","Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan. Zootaxa, 1, 19 - 67.","Galea, H. R., Schories, D., Forsterra, G. & Haussermann, V. (2014) New species and new records of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Chile. Zootaxa, 3852 (1), 1 - 50. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3852.1.1","Millard, N. A. H. (1964) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part II. The Lafoeidae, Syntheciidae and Sertulariidae. Annals of The South African Museum, 48, 1 - 56.","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of The South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Millard, N. A. H. (1978) The geographical distribution of southern African hydroids. Annals of The South African Museum, 74, 159 - 200.","Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 4 (3), 1 - 14.","Bartlett, G. C. (1907) Notes on hydroid zoophytes. The Geelong Naturalist, 3, 35 - 45.","Billard, A. (1909) Revision des especes types d'hydroides de la collection Lamouroux conservee a l'Institut Botanique de Caen. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Series 9, 9, 307 - 336."]}

Key to species of Fraseroscyphus 1 Hydrothecae arranged spirally................................................................. F. irregularis - Hydrothecae not arranged spirally........................................................................ 2 2 Surface of hydrotheca and gonotheca smooth..................................................... F. macrogonus - Surface of hydrotheca and gonotheca with fine lines.................................................. F. hozawai, Published as part of Song, Xikun, Xiao, Zefeng, Gravili, Cinzia, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Mackenzie, Melanie, Wang, Shaoqing, Chen, Jinjing, Yu, Nan & Wang, Jianjun, 2016, Worldwide revision of the genus Fraseroscyphus Boero and Bouillon, 1993 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): an integrative approach to establish new generic diagnoses, pp. 1-37 in Zootaxa 4168 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4168.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/267871

Hydranthea margarica (Hincks, 1862) Fig. 83 A���F See Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 91 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Boero & Sar��, 1987; Cornelius 1995; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002): Hydroid. Colonies stolonal bearing single hydranths at irregular intervals; hydrorhiza as stolon system with haustorial projections beneath providing additional attachment; hydranth very elongated, slender, not retractable in hydrothecae, widest just below bases of tentacles and tapering gradually to base, endodermal epithelium differentiated into distinct part the upper digestive, the basal part formed by chordal cells; hypostome conical; 20���30 amphicoronate tentacles with intertentacular web; hydrothecae very short, collar-shaped with slightly divergent walls and basal diaphragm, on smooth short pedicels inserted directly to stolon. Gonothecae short or absent, when present a shallow dish on a short pedicel, each with a single eumedusoid, developing eggs reported in hydrorhiza of colonies lacking gonophores. Colour: hydranth yellowish-white. Habitat type. Littoral (depth range: 10���20 m) (Boero & Fresi 1986; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002). Substrate. Usually recorded epizoic on Bryozoa, hydroids, algae, and non-living substrata. Seasonality. January���July, September���December (Llobet i Nadal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991), February���March (Puce et al. 2009), and August (Boero & Fresi 1986) in the western Mediterranean; through the year (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. February, April, May (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters.; April���May (Llobet et al. 1991), August (Boero & Fresi 1986), and October (Motz-Kossowska 1911) in the western Mediterranean. Eumedusoid: liberable eumedusoids, almost spherical, about 0.5 mm in diameter, with numerous cnidocysts on exumbrella; with 4 branched radial canals; gonads on manubrium filling the whole subumbrella; with 8 statocysts. Colours: radial canals filled with purplish or orange granules as well as ring canal; gonads orangepurple. Cnidome. Merotrichous haplonemes. Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific (Seychelles), Mediterranean (Motz-Kossowska 1911; Picard 1951 a; Huv�� 1954; Millard & Bouillon 1973; Garc��a Carrascosa 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986; Gili 1986; Cornelius et al. 1990; Altuna 1994; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at: Porto Badisco (Presicce 1991); Il Chiapparo, Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. The presence of only eight statocysts in the eumedusoid could indicate some relationship of this genus with the genus Eucheilota, even though the position of the gonads on the manubrium suggest that the liberated stage is a swimming gonophore sensu Boero and Bouillon (1989). References. Hincks (1868), Motz-Kossowska (1911) as Halecium margaricum, Halecium Billardii and Halecium Billardii var. exigum; Huv�� (1954), Picard (1958 a), Teissier (1965), Garc��a Carrascosa (1981), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Llobet i Nadal (1987), Boero & Sar�� (1987), Cornelius et al. (1990), Altuna (1994), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 117-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Boero, F. & Sara, M. (1987) Motile sexual stages and evolution of Leptomedusae (Cnidaria). Bollettino di Zoologia, 54 (2), 131 - 139. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250008709355572","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Llobet Nadal, I. (1987) Faunistica y distribucion espacio-temporal de una poblacion de hydropolipos epibiontes del alga Halimeda tuna en el Mediterraneo occidental. MS Thesis. [pagination unkown]","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1911) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. II. - Hydraires calyptoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 5, VI, 325 - 352.","Picard, J. (1951 a) Les hydraires des formations coralligenes des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (2), 255 - 261.","Huve, P. (1954) Hydranthea et Campalecium, genres mediterraneens aberrants d'Hydroides de la famille des Haleciides. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, 13, 173 - 192.","Millard, N. A. H. & Bouillon, J. (1973) Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques, 206, 1 - 106.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Cornelius, P. F. S. & Ryland, J. S. (1990) Class Hydrozoa. In: Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (Eds.), The marine fauna of the British Isles and NorthWest Europe. Introduction and Protozoans to Arthropods. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 107 - 158.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Boero, F. & Bouillon, J. (1989) An evolutionary interpretation of anomalous medusoid stages in the life cycles of some Leptomedusae (Cnidaria). In: Ryland, J. S. & Tyler, P. A., (Eds.), Reproduction, Genetics and Distributions of Marine Organisms. Proc. XXIII. European marine Biology Symposium. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark, pp. 37 - 41.","Hincks, Th. (1868) The History of the British hydroid zoophytes. Vol. 1 & 2. John Van Voorst, London, 338 pp. & 67 pls. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1322","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Teissier, G. (1965) Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires-Ctenaires. Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff, 16, 1 - 53.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274."]}

Halocoryne epizoica Hadzi, 1917 Fig. 46 A���F See Schuchert (2010) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 51 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Hadzi 1917 a, b; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Bouillon 1974; Piraino et al. 1992; Schuchert 2010): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza reticular, embedded in bryozoan colonies; colonies stolonal, polymorphic; gastrozooids cylindrical, very thin, sessile, naked, lacking tentacles but with 2 prominent ectodermal swellings containing stenoteles on opposite sides of the mouth; dactylo-gonozooids stouter than gastrozooids, without mouth and tentacles, with a terminal spherical cnidocyst cluster and up to 5 additional cnidocyst clusters along one side of the body or arranged in an interrupted spiral towards hydrorhiza. Colours: gonozooids dark red, other polyps dark red to transparent. Eumedusoid: liberated or not, borne singly or in clusters on short pedicels on lower part of dactylogonozooids, bell-shaped with 4 exumbrellar cnidocyst pouches connected with marginal bulbs, manubrium reaching two thirds the height of subumbrellar cavity, without mouth; 4 radial canals; gonads completely encircling manubrium; 4 perradial marginal bulbs, without tentacles. Colours: dark red due to dense granules identical to those of the dactylo-gonozooids. Habitat type and substrate. Polyps grow in association with the bryozoan Schizoporella sanguinea (depth range: 0���40 m, also up to 100 m) (Hadzi 1917 a, b; Piraino et al. 1992; this study). Seasonality. From January to December in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Reproductive period. Fertile colonies occur in April, June���October (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Cnidome. Stenoteles of two sizes (polyp); stenoteles of two sizes, macrobasic euryteles (?), and macrobasic mastigophores (medusa). Distribution. Endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Piraino et al. 1992; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Schuchert 2010). Records in Salento. Common in the following localities: Torre dell���Inserraglio, Montagna Spaccata, La Strea, La Rotonda, Porto Badisco, Marina di Corsano, Palude del Capitano, Torre Vado, Ponte del Ciolo (Presicce 1991); Ionian and Adriatic coasts of Apulia (Piraino et al. 1992); Porto Cesareo (Boero et al. 2000); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. Halocoryne epizoica engulfs and feeds on the lophophoral tentacles of its bryozoan host Schizobrachiella sanguinea (Piraino et al. 1992). References. Hadzi (1917), Picard (1958 a), Brinckmann-Voss (1970), Petersen (1990), Piraino et al. (1992, 1999), Boero et al. (2000), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Schuchert (2010)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 67-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Hadzi, J. (1917 a) Rezultati biolokih istraivanja Jadranskoga mora. Hidroidi II. Halocoryne epizoica g. n. sp. n.; Lafoeina vilaevelebiti sp. n. Prirodoslovna istrazivanja hrvatske i Slavonije: potaknuta matematicko-prirodoslovnim razredom Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti Umjetnosti, 11 - 12, 1 - 61.","Hadzi, J. (1917 b) Ergebnisse biologischer Erfoschungen des adriatischen Meeres. Hydroiden II, Halocoryne epizoica g. n., sp. n.; Lafoeina vilae-velebiti sp. n. Izvjesca o raspravama matem prirodolovnoga razreda Zagreb, 8, 27 - 56.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Piraino, S., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (1992) Halocoryne epizoica (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), a hydroid that ' bites'. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (Eds.), Aspects of hydrozoan biology. Scientia Marina, 56, pp. 141 - 147. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400070181","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100 (2), 101 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274."]}

Hebella scandens (Bale, 1888) Fig. 75 A���C See Boero et al. (1997 a) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 82 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Boero et al. 1997 a): Hydroid. Colonies stolonal; hydranths with 12���16 tentacles; hydrothecae asymmetrical, with perisarcal diaphragm, with smooth to slightly corrugated walls, flared margin, mostly oblique but bent 90 �� when growing over host hydrothecae, pedicels short, smooth or annulated. Gonothecae asymmetrical, with undulated walls, truncated distally, tapering toward base, operculum with 4 opercular flaps, bigger than hydrothecae, on short pedicels, containing up to 4 medusa buds. Habitat type and substrate. Littoral and shelf species found from the tidal level to 120 m depth (Garc��a Carrascosa 1981; Templado et al. 1986). Substrate. Algae, epizootic on other hydroids, especially Sertulariidae, sponges, bryozoans, other organisms. Seasonality. May, September (Llobet i Nadal 1987) in the Western Mediterranean; January, February, April���July, November���December (for a review see Bouillon et al. 2004); just March (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. No references of fertile material from the Mediterranean. Medusa. Newly released medusa. Bell deep-campanulate, mesoglea thicker at apex, exumbrella evenly covered by nematocysts; manubrium short; mouth with 4 small lips; 4 radial canals; 2 big tentacular bulbs and 6 smaller atentaculate bulbs, 2 perradial and 4 interradial ones; with an adaxial ocellus on each marginal bulb. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Boero et al. 1997 a; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Rare at Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. The hydrothecae can be almost symmetrical, or sharply asymmetrical, according to their position on the sertulariid hosts (for more details see Boero et al. 1997 a). Gonothecae and medusae not seen in the present study. References. Picard (1951 a, 1958 a), Millard (1957), Vervoort (1959), Rossi (1961, 1971), Millard & Bouillon (1973), Schmidt (1973), Sar�� et al. (1978), Marinopoulos (1979, 1983), Garc��a Carrascosa (1981), Isasi (1985), Gili (1986), Roca (1986), Llobet i Nadal (1987), Calder (1991), Llobet et al. (1991), Vervoort (1993), Altuna (1994), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996) as Hebellopsis; Migotto (1996), Altuna (1996), Boero et al. (1997 a), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 106-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Boero, F., Bouillon, J. & Kubota, S. (1997 a) The medusae of some species of Hebella Allman, 1888, and Anthohebella gen. nov. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae), with a world synopsis of species. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 310, 1 - 53.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Templado, J., Garcia-Carrascosa, M., Barateck, L., Capaccioni, R., Juan, A., Lopez-Ibor, A., Silvestre, R. & Masso, C. (1986) Estudio preliminar de la fauna asociada a los fondos coraliferos del mar de Alboran (SE de Espana). Preliminary study of associated fauna of coralliferous bottoms of the Alboran Sea (southeastern Spain). Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 3 (4), 93 - 104.","Llobet Nadal, I. (1987) Faunistica y distribucion espacio-temporal de una poblacion de hydropolipos epibiontes del alga Halimeda tuna en el Mediterraneo occidental. MS Thesis. [pagination unkown]","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Picard, J. (1951 a) Les hydraires des formations coralligenes des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (2), 255 - 261.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Vervoort, W. (1959) The Hydroida of the tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Report. Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, 5, 211 - 325.","Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Millard, N. A. H. & Bouillon, J. (1973) Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques, 206, 1 - 106.","Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. & Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22","Sara, M., Balduzzi, A., Boero, F., Pansini, M., Pessani, D. & Pronzato, R. (1978) Analisi di un popolamento bentonico di falesia del Promontorio di Portofino: dati preliminari. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 46, 119 - 137.","Marinopoulos, J. (1979) Distribution des Eudendrium dans la region Marseillaise. Etude preliminaire. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 25 - 26 (4), 117 - 118.","Marinopoulos, J. (1983) Contribution a l'etude des hydraires de la Mediterranee. Dynamique des colonies d'Hydraires. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 28 (3), 295 - 296.","Isasi (Urdangarin), I. (1985) Fauna de Cnidarios bentonicos del abra de Bilbao. Memoria. Presentada para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Biologicas por Inigo Isasi Urdangarin. Universidad del pais Vasco. Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea. Facultad de Ciencias, Departemento de Biologia. Fauna of the benthic cnidarians of the Abra de Bilbao. Gratuation thesis, University of the Basque Country, 209 pp.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution, 154, i - iv, 1 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1352274","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Vervoort, W. (1993) Report on hydroids (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) in the collection of the Zoological Museum, University of Tel- Aviv, Israel. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 67 (40), 537 - 565.","Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 306, 1 - 125.","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180."]}

Clytia hummelincki (Leloup, 1935) Fig. 102 A���F See Calder (1991) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 109 p and HCUS-S 109m (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp and medusa stages. Description (based on our own observations; Gravili et al. 2008 b): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza reticular and anastomosed; colony stolonal; pedicels long, with several distal annulations (generally three) and four proximal ones, sub-hydrothecal spherule present, diaphragm oblique; hydranth with peduncled hypostome; with 22 amphicoronate filiform tentacles; hydrotheca short and wide, about 0.35 mm high, 0.30 mm wide, hydrothecal rim smooth. Gonothecae sessile to shortly stalked, truncate, tapering below, 0.8 mm in height and 0.28 mm maximum diameter, with 2 basal annulations, borne on hydrorhiza, only one medusa bud per gonotheca. Habitat type and substrate. Sea urchin barrens (depth: 0.5��� 1 m) (Gravili et al. 2008 b). Medusa. Adult. Bell almost spherical, 2.52 mm in diameter and 2.03 mm high; mouth quadratic, with 4 large ondulate lobes; 4 male oval gonads in the upper side of radial canals; 8 marginal bulbs; 8 statocysts along circular canal. Developmental stages. Newly released with bell almost spherical, 1.24 mm in diameter, 0.85 mm high; manubrium 0.27 mm long; mouth quadratic, with 4 lobes; 4 radial canals; gonads absent; velum about 0.16 mm wide; 8 marginal bulbs (4 large, pyriform, perradial and tentacular ones; 4 small, rounded and interradial); tentacular tips clavate; 8 statocysts along circular canal, with one statolith each. Cnidome. Small microbasic b-mastigophores on both tentacles and hydranth body (polyp); atrichous isorhizas, microbasic mastigophores, on tentacles and manubrium (medusa). Seasonality. June���October (De Vito 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 b; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. August, September in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 b; this study). Distribution. Circumtropical (West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, Ghana, South Africa, Papua New Guinea, Bermuda, Brazil, Indonesia, Galapagos Islands, and the Mediterranean) (Bouillon et al. 2004; Boero et al. 2005; Gravili et al. 2008 a, b; Gravili et al. 2010; Occhipinti-Ambrogi et al. 2011). Records in Salento. Common at: Torre Lapillo, S.ta Caterina (Andreano 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 b); Sant'Andrea, S. Emiliano, Marina di Andrano, Tricase, Tiggiano, Gagliano, S. Maria di Leuca, Torre Suda, Porto Racale, Isola di S. Andrea, Grotta Corvine, Punta Longa, S. Isidoro, Porto Cesareo, Isola della Malva (Gravili et al. 2008 b); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a, b; Piraino et al. 2013; this study). Remarks. The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. C. hummelincki is a successful invader frequent in shallow sea urchin barrens, where it forms a ���belt��� (Gravili et al. 2008 b). The present description, and that reported by Gravili et al. (2008 b) do not cover the whole development of the medusa, since complete gonad maturation and spawning were not observed. Indeed, the medusae do not grow easily under laboratory conditions and, probably, their natural diet has much different requirements than what is available in an Artemia -based diet. References. Millard (1975); Cornelius (1982) as Laomedea; Calder (1991), Boero et al. (1997 b), Boero (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Boero et al. (2005), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a, b), Gravili et al. (2010), Occhipinti-Ambrogi et al. (2011), Piraino et al. (2013)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 143-145, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution, 154, i - iv, 1 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1352274","Gravili, C., D'ambrosio, P., Di Camillo, C., Renna, G., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2008 b) Clytia hummelincki (Hydroidomedusae: Leptomedusae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88 (8), 1547 - 1553. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408001975","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Gravili, C., Belmonte, G., Cecere, E., Denitto, F., Giangrande, A., Guidetti, P., Longo, C., Mastrototaro, F., Moscatello, S., Petrocelli, A., Piraino, S., Terlizzi, A. & Boero, F. (2010) Nonindigenous species along the Apulian coast, Italy. Chemistry and Ecology, 26 (Supplement), 121 - 142. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02757541003627654","Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Marchini, A., Cantone, G., Castelli, A., Chimenz, C., Cormaci, M., Froglia, C., Furnari, G., Gambi, M. C., Giaccone, G., Giangrande, A., Gravili, C., Mastrototaro, F., Mazziotti, C., Orsi-Relini, L. & Piraino, S. (2011) Alien species along the Italian coasts: an overview. Biological Invasions, 13 (1), 215 - 237. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 010 - 9803 - y","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1982) Hydroids and medusae of the family Campanulariidae recorded from the eastern North Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 42 (2), 37 - 148.","Boero, F., Gravili, C., Denitto, F., Miglietta, M. P. & Bouillon, J. (1997 b) The rediscovery of Codonorchis octaedrus (Hydroidomedusae, Anthomedusae, Pandeidae), with an update of the Mediterranean hydroidomedusan biodiversity. Italian Journal of Zoology, 64 (4), 359 - 365. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250009709356223"]}

Nemertesia ramosa (Lamarck, 1816) Fig. 89 A���E See Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 96 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (after Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Cornelius 1995; Medel & Vervoort 1995): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as strongly intertwined mat of many ramified tubes; colonies erect, well developed; hydrocauli large, polysiphonic, branched, up to about 200 mm high, one of the tubes of greater diameter, giving rise to hydrocladia in the monosiphonic and weakly polysiphonic parts and divided into internodes by transverse nodes, with hydrocladia-bearing apophyses at nodes, in opposite pairs in younger parts of the axis, in verticils of 3���10 in the older ones, verticils of succeeding pairs alternate, apophyses with a mamelon on the upper surface and several nematothecae (up to 7), coenosarc of main stem in several tubes, perisarc very thick, contrary to the thin perisarc of the hydrocladia; hydrocladia separated into thecate internodes by means of transverse nodes, each with one hydrotheca and 4 nematothecae, one median inferior, 2 lateral ones and one median superior one at the distal part of the segment; hydrothecae small, cup-shaped, entirely adnate, rim even, aperture at right angle with the axis; nematothecae all two-chambered, conical, basal chamber longer than apical one, chamber shorter, with a wide adcauline embayment. Male and female gonothecae similar, ovoid, obliquely truncated distally with a subterminal and oval aperture, narrower basally, with a short pedicel, male gonotheca with large circular, slightly oblique aperture, female gonotheca larger, aperture more or less oval, more oblique than in male gonotheca, both sexes insert on apophyses. Colours: coenosarc yellow-buff; hydrocladia colourless; male gonothecal contents white, female orange. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Muddy and sandy bottoms, it has been found from 5 to about 500 m depth (Gili 1986; Ramil & Vervoort 1992). Substrate. Coralline shoals, hydroids, carapace of Decapoda of the genus Pisa, anthozoans or directly attached in mud or to rocks, shells of bivalves on non-living substrata, both biotic (remains of organism) and abiotic (pebbles). Seasonality. August���September (Bianchi et al. 1993 a) in the Tyrrhenian Sea; June, July, October���March (Bouillon et al. 2004); January (Galea 2007) in the western Mediterranean; September (Mastrototaro et al. 2010) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. January (Roca 1986), February (Stechow 1919), July (Picard 1955; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002), December (Roca 1986) in the western Mediterranean; September (Mastrototaro et al. 2010) in Salento waters. Distribution. Widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Medel & Vervoort 1995; Ramil et al. 1998; Schuchert 2001 a; Bouillon et al. 2004; Fanelli et al. 2013). Records in Salento. Rare at S. Maria di Leuca (Mastrototaro et al. 2010). Other Apulian records: Northern coast (Marano et al. 1991). Remarks. Juvenile Nemertesia ramosa resembles N. norvegica with which it may have been confounded quite often; indeed, their microscopical structure is also very similar (for more details see Schuchert 2001 a). References. Carus (1884), Lo Bianco (1909), Neppi (1921), Stechow (1919), Broch (1933), Leloup (1934), Picard (1958 a), Rossi (1971), Garc��a Carrascosa (1981), Roca (1986), Garc��a-Carrascosa et al. (1987) as N. disticha; Ramil (1988), Marano et al. (1991), Morri et al. (1991), Ramil & Vervoort (1992), ��lvarez Claudio (1993), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Ans��n Ag��s et al. (2001), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Galea (2007), Mastrototaro et al. (2010)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 125-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72.","Bianchi, C. N., Ceppodomo, I., Galli, C., Sgorbini, S., Dell'amico, F. & Morri, C. (1993 a) Benthos dei Mari Toscani. I: Livorno- Isola d'Elba (Crociera Enea 1985). In: Ferretti, O., Immordillo, F. & Damiani, V. (Eds.), Archipelago Toscano. Studio oceanografico, sedimentologico, geochimico e biologico. ENEA, Roma, Serie Studi Ambientali, pp. 263 - 290.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Picard, J. (1955) Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des Herbiers mediterraneens de Posidonies. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine D'Endoume, 15 (Bulleton 9), 59 - 71.","Ramil, F., Vervoort, W. & Ansin, J. A. (1998) Report on the Haleciidae and Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected by the French SEAMOUNT 1 Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 322, 1 - 42.","Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184.","Marano, G., Ungaro, N. & Vaccarella, R. (1991) Nota preliminare sulle comunita di macroinvertebrati dei fondi strascicabili dell'Adriatico pugliese. Thalassia Salentina, 19, 3 - 19.","Carus, J. V. (1884) Prodromus faunae mediterraneae sive descriptiones animalium Mare Mediterranei incolarum quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus eorumque auctoribus in commodum zoologorum. Pars I. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 524 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11523","Lo Bianco, S. (1909) Notize biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del Golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 19 (4), 513 - 763.","Neppi, V. (1921) Nuove osservazioni sui polipi idroidi del Golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 3, 1 - 31.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M., Escarti, J. V. & Silvestre, R. (1987) Cnidarios bentonicos de las Islas Columbretes. In: Alonso Matilla, L. A., Carretero, J. L. & Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (Eds.), Islas Columbretes. Contribucion al estudio de su medio natural, Conselleria d'Obres Publiques, Urbanisme i Transports. Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, pp. 363 - 389.","Ramil Blanco, F. J. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Memoria que, para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biologia, presenta D. Francisco Ramil Blanco. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, 525 pp.","Morri, C., Bavestrello, G. & Bianchi, C. N. (1991) Faunal and ecological notes on some benthic cnidarian species from the Tuscan Archipelago and eastern Ligurian Sea (western Mediterranean). Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 54 - 55, 27 - 47.","Alvarez Claudio, C. (1993) Hidrozoos bentonicos y catalogo de antozoos de la plataforma y talud continentales de la costa central de Asturias. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Oviedo, 458 pp.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. & Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268."]}

Amphinema dinema (P��ron and Lesueur, 1810) Fig. 29 A, B See Schuchert (2007) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 34 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Rees & Russell 1937; Russell 1953; Schuchert 2007, 2012): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as creeping stolons; colony stolonal; hydrocaulus longer than hydranth, unbranched, covered by thin perisarc, often covered by detritus, extending to the base of the hydranth, distal perisarc margin indistinct, basal perisarc with or without annulations; hydranths fusiform, hypostome rounded-conical; with 8���14 amphicoronate filiform tentacles in one whorl; medusa buds ovoid to pyriform, enclosed in thin perisarc membrane, borne singly on short pedicel arising from hydrorhiza. Colour: hydranth bright orange-red. Habitat type. Posidonia, depth range 0.5��� 20 m (Boero 1981 a, b; Boero & Fresi 1986), and on several substrates. Substrate. Eudendrium glomeratum (Hydrozoa), Sertularella crassicaulis (Hydrozoa), Cellaria fistulosa (Bryozoa) and dead colonies of Bryozoa, gorgonians, Posidonia rhizomes, algae, sponges, barnacles. Seasonality. In the Mediterranean Sea from January to December (Boero & Fresi 1986; this study). Reproductive period. In the Tyrrhenian Sea (Brinckmann-Voss 1987), fertile colonies occur from May to August. Medusa. Adult. Bell slightly higher than wide, up to 4 mm wide and 6 mm high, mesoglea of uniform thickness besides top, with a large, conical, solid, apical projection; manubrium flask-shaped, cross-like in section, almost as long as bell cavity, emerald green in colour; mouth cruciform with 4 prominent, recurved lips; without mesenteries; 8 gonads in adradial pads with smooth surface; 2 large elongated conical basal bulbs, each with a very long tapering opposed marginal tentacle, violet, their proximal part intensively purple; 12���24 small marginal warts, without tentaculae; without ocelli. Developmental stages. Newly liberated medusa spherical, no apical projection present, scattered nematocysts on exumbrella; manubrium cylindrical, about 1 / 3 of height of bell cavity, reddish orange; two opposite tentacular marginal bulbs, same in colour as manubrium, each with a long tentacle, at place of other tentacles only small marginal warts. Cnidome. Microbasic euryteles, desmonemes (hydroid); only microbasic euryteles (medusa). Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (Motz-Kossowska 1905; Neppi & Stiasny 1913; Russell 1953; Vannucci 1957; Kramp 1961; Patriti 1970; Goy et al. 1991; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 1996, 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Puce et al. 2009; Touzri et al. 2010). Records in Salento. Rare at: Porto Cesareo, S.ta Caterina, Otranto (Ionian and Adriatic Apulian coast) (Denitto 1996; Miglietta et al. 2000; this study). Remarks. The life cycle of A. dinema has been investigated by Rittenhouse (1910), Rees & Russell (1937), Schuchert (1996), and in this study. References. Schneider (1898), Motz-Kossowska (1905), Rees & Russell (1937), Russell (1953), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957), Picard (1958 a), Kramp (1959), Rossi (1961), Balduzzi et al. (1980), Boero (1981 a, b), Boero & Fresi (1986), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Schuchert (1996), Miglietta et al. (2000), Bouillon et al. (2004), Benović et al. (2005), Gravili (2006), Schuchert (2007, 2012), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009), Touzri et al. (2010)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Rees, W. J. & Russell, F. S. (1937) On rearing the hydroids of certain medusae, with an account of the methods used. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 22 (1), 61 - 82. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400011875","Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1987) Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 133 - 141.","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98.","Neppi, V. & Stiasny, G. (1913) Die Hydromedusen des Golfes von Triest. Arbeiten aus der Zoologischen Instituten der Universiiat Wien und der Zoologischen Station in Triest, 20 (1), 23 - 92.","Vannucci, M. (1957) On Brazilian hydromedusae and their distribution in relation to different water masses. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, Sao Paulo, 8 (1 - 2), 23 - 109. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0373 - 55241957000100002","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347","Patriti, G. (1970) Catalogue des cnidaires et ctenaires des cotes Atlantiques marocaines. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique Cherifien et de la Faculte des Sciences, Series Zoologie, 35, 1 - 149.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1991) Les meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. The medusae Cnidaria of Lebanese waters. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 67 (2), 99 - 128.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Touzri, C., Yahia, O. K. D., Hamdi, H., Goy, J. & Yahia, M. N. D. (2010) Spatio-temporal distribution of Medusae (Cnidaria) in the Bay of Bizerte (South Western Mediterranean Sea). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 51, 167 - 176.","Denitto, F. (1996) Etologia alimentare e cicli vitali di alcune specie di Hydroidomedusae: Anthomedusae / Filifera e Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa). Degree Thesis, Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 176 pp.","Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163","Schneider, K. C. (1898) Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht uber das System des Hydropolypen im Allgemein. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 10 (4), 472 - 555.","Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93].","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Kramp, P. L. (1959) The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283.","Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.","Balduzzi, A., Boero, F., Cattaneo, R., Pansini, M., Pessani, D., Pronzato, R. & Sara, M. (1980) Ricerche sull'insediamento dello zoobenthos in alcune grotte marine della Penisola Sorrentina. Memorie di Biologia Marina e di Oceanografia, Supplement 10, 121 - 127.","Benovic, A., Lucic, D., Onofri, V., Batistic, M. & Njire, J. (2005) Bathymetric distribution of medusae in the open waters of the middle and south Adriatic Sea during spring 2002. Journal of Plankton Research, 27 (1), 79 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / fbh 153"]}

Clytia hemisphaerica (Linnaeus, 1767) Fig. 101 A���D See Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 108 p and HCUS-S 108m (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp and medusa stages. Description (based on our own observations; Cornelius 1995; Schuchert 2001 a): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as a creeping stolon system; colonies usually stolonal but occasionally erect; hydrothecal pedicels borne at close intervals, straight, with one to several rings at top and bottom and in some specimens also centrally, sometimes forking, secondary pedicels having characteristic upward curved basal region; hydranths 3���4 times as long as broad when fully extended; with usually 24���30 amphicoronate tentacles; hydrothecae campanulate, diaphragm thin, rim with ca 8���14 broad rounded-triangular cusps. Gonothecae tubular, with wide opening, walls smooth in some specimens but typically with trasverse folds arising from hydrorhiza on short, slender pedicels. Cnidome. b-mastigophores, 2 types (polyp), isorhizas (medusa). Habitat type. Clytia hemisphaerica is a eurybathic species that, in the Mediterranean, has been found from the tidal level to about 140 m depth (Broch 1933; Boero & Fresi 1986; Roca 1986); records from the Baltic (Cornelius 1995) indicate tolerance to brackish water. Substrate. Algae, phanerogams, hydrozoans, other invertebrates, floating objects. Seasonality. January���December (Boero & Fresi 1986; Puce et al. 2009; De Vito 2006; this study) in the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. January (Stechow 1923; Boero & Fresi 1986; Puce et al. 2009), February (Stechow 1923; Picard 1951 a; Gili 1986; Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; Puce et al. 2009; this study), March (Stechow 1923; Rossi 1961; Roca 1986; Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; Puce et al. 2009; this study), April (Stechow 1919; Picard 1955; Roca 1986; De Vito 2006; Puce et al. 2009; this study), May (Stechow 1919; Gili 1986; Roca 1986; Piraino & Morri 1989; De Vito 2006; Puce et al. 2009; this study), June (Stechow 1919; Roca 1986; Morri & Bianchi 1999; De Vito 2006; this study), July (Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; De Vito 2006; this study), August (Boero & Fresi 1986; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; De Vito 2006; Puce et al. 2009; this study), September (Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; Puce et al. 2009; this study), October (Boero & Fresi 1986; Puce et al. 2009), November (Rossi 1961; Boero & Fresi 1986; Piraino & Morri 1989; Puce et al. 2009), and December (Boero & Fresi 1986; Puce et al. 2009) in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea. Medusa. Adult. Umbrella nearly hemispherical or flatter, up to 20 mm wide, mesoglea fairly thin; manubrium small, quadrate, with small base; 4 simple lips; usually 4 straight radial canals (sometimes more, up to 12); gonads oval or linear, 1 / 2���3 / 4 of length of radial canals without median furrow, nearer to margin than to manubrium; velum narrow; typically 32 (16���58) marginal tentacular bulbs, globular, prominent, each with one tentacle, also with few partially developed marginal bulbs; 1���3 usually 2 statocysts between successive tentacles. Colours: coloration varied, marginal tentacle bases and stomach yellowish, yellow brown, reddish brown, greenish or purple; gonads yellowish. Developmental stages. The size range for medusae and the numbers of tentacles, including developing bulbs, vary depending on the seasonal variation; in the spring and early summer the medusae grow to a larger size than at other times of the year (for more details see Russell 1938). Distribution. Polyp nearly cosmopolitan in temperate waters of all oceans (Fraser 1944; Naumov 1969; Marinopoulos 1979; Cornelius 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 2001 a; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Common at: Torre dell���Inserraglio, Torre S. Emiliano, La Rotonda, Porto Badisco, Marina di Corsano, Palude del Capitano, Torre Vado (Presicce 1991); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Ventura 2011; Piraino et al. 2013; this study); Torre Lapillo, S.ta Caterina (Andreano 2007); La Strea (Porto Cesareo) (Andreano 2007; Ventura 2011); Il Chiapparo (C. Gravili unpublished observations). Remarks. The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. Clytia hemisphaerica can be difficult to identify in the absence of gonothecae, when it is often confused with C. gracilis (for more details see Cornelius 1995). Reports about medusae with multiple radial canals might be referred to Clytia gracilis (see above). Many supposed variations of this species might be referrable to other, distinct species. References. Lo Bianco (1909), Mayer (1910) as Phialidium hemisphaericum; Hadzi (1911) as Clythia johnstoni; Neppi & Stiasny (1911, 1913) as Thaumantias hemisphaericum; Broch (1912, 1933 as Campanularia (Phialidium) johnstoni f. typica and f. crassa), Neppi (1912, 1918, 1919, 1920), Pell (1918, 1938), Stechow (1919, 1923), Kramp (1924, 1961), Vatova (1928), Billard (1931, 1936), Ranson (1933), Leloup (1934), Babnik (1948), Picard & Roch (1949), Rossi (1950, 1961, 1971), Picard (Picard 1951 a, 1952, 1958 a), Russell (1953), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957), Tortonese (1958), Riedl (1959, 1970, 1991), Rossi (1961), Goy (1973), Schmidt (1973), Chimenz Gusso & Rivosecchi Taramelli (1976), Montanari & Morri (1977), Relini et al. (1977), Repetto et al. (1977), Morri (1979 c, 1980 b, 1981 a, b, 1985), Relini et al. (1979), Boero (1981 a, b, c), Garc��a Carrascosa (1981), Fresi et al. (1982), Morri & Bianchi (1982, 1983), Boero et al. (1985), Bavestrello (1985), Boero et al. (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Benović & Bender (1987), Garc��a-Rubies (1987, 1992), Llobet i Nidal (1987), ��stman et al. (1987), Roca (1987), Goy et al. (1988, 1990, 1991), Ramil (1988), Piraino & Morri (1989, 1990), Morri et al. (1991), Roca et al. (1991), Morri et al. (1992), Bianchi et al. (1993 a, b), Altuna (1994), Benović & Lučić (1996), Migotto (1996), Mills et al. (1996), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Medel & Vervoort (2000), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Benović et al. (2000, 2005), Milos & Malej (2005) as P. hemisphaericum; De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Batistić et al. (2007), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. 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I: Livorno- Isola d'Elba (Crociera Enea 1985). In: Ferretti, O., Immordillo, F. & Damiani, V. (Eds.), Archipelago Toscano. Studio oceanografico, sedimentologico, geochimico e biologico. ENEA, Roma, Serie Studi Ambientali, pp. 263 - 290.", "Bianchi, C. N., Ceppodomo, I., Niccolai, I., Aliani, S., De Ranieri, S., Abbiati, M., Dell'amico F. & Morri, C. (1993 b) Benthos dei Mari Toscani. II: Isola d'Elba-Montecristo (Crociera Enea 1986). In: Ferretti, O., Immordillo, F. & Damiani, V. (Eds.), Archipelago Toscano. Studio oceanografico, sedimentologico, geochimico e biologico. ENEA, Roma, Serie Studi Ambientali, pp. 291 - 315.", "Benovic, A. & Lucic, D. (1996) Comparison of hydromedusae findings in the northern and southern Adriatic Sea. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 129 - 135.", "Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 306, 1 - 125.", "Mills, C. E., Pugh, P. R., Harbison, G. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (1996) Medusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the Alboran Sea, south western Mediterranean. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 145 - 163.", "Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.", "Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 330, 1 - 68.", "Benovic, A., Lucic, D., Onofri, V., Peharda, M., Caric, M., Jasprica, N. & Bobanovic-Colic, S. (2000) Ecological characteristics of the Mljet Island seawater lakes (South Adriatic Sea) with special reference to their resident populations of medusae. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), 197 - 206. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1197", "Benovic, A., Lucic, D., Onofri, V., Batistic, M. & Njire, J. (2005) Bathymetric distribution of medusae in the open waters of the middle and south Adriatic Sea during spring 2002. Journal of Plankton Research, 27 (1), 79 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / fbh 153", "Milos, C. & Malej, A. (2005) Gelatinous zooplankton assemblages in temperate coastal waters - seasonal variations (Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea). Annales Series Historia Naturalis (Koper), 15 (1), 11 - 20.", "Batistic, M., Jasprica, N., Caric, M. & Lucic, D. (2007) Annual cycle of the gelatinous invertebrate zooplankton of the eastern South Adriatic coast (NE Mediterranean). Journal of Plankton Research, 29, 671 - 686. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / fbm 048", "Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193

Aglaophenia harpago von Schenck, 1965 Fig. 51 A���C See Svoboda & Cornelius (1991) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 57 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Svoboda 1979; Svoboda & Cornelius 1991): Hydroid. Hydrorhizae growing along seagrass blades; colonies erect; hydrocauli monosiphonic, up to 18 mm high, bending backwards, one prosegment basally separated by a hinge joint which allows bending in response to current surge, remaining parts of the axis composed of segments bearing one pseudonematotheca and 3 guttershaped nematothecae, nodes slightly oblique, intermediate segments with frontal nematothecae occur distally in some stems between hydrocladia-bearing segments, caulus ended by thick, narrow hook, occurring especially in spring and summer, coenosarc of the colony with zooxanthellae; hydrocladia more spaced than in other Aglaophenia species, cormidia with one hydrotheca and 3 nematothecae; hydrothecae may vary from long and narrow in some colonies to wider and shorter in other ones (length/breadth ratio: 1.5���2.0); corbulae short, with 4���6 pairs of ribs fused in female, partly open in male, colonies dioecious. Colours: hydrocauli, hydrocladia and corbulae brown. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Depth range: 3���40 m, but at deeper zones only in clear water (Boero & Fresi 1986; Svoboda & Cornelius 1991). Substrate. Posidonia and Cymodocea leaves. Seasonality. In the Ligurian Sea, from January to December (Boero & Fresi 1986), May, September (Giovannetti et al. 2010); in Salento waters from May to June (this study). Reproductive period. In the Ligurian Sea, fertile colonies from June to September (Boero & Fresi 1986); in Salento waters (this study) in May. Distribution. Endemic to Mediterranean (Picard 1955 as A. pluma; Svoboda 1979; Boero & Fresi 1986; Morri et al. 1991; Svoboda & Cornelius 1991; Bianchi et al. 1993 b; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Piraino et al. 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at Otranto (Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Remarks. This species has a method of vegetative propagation peculiar among known species of the genus; hooked terminal portions of cormoids become fastened around the leaves of adjacent plants (von Schenck 1963). Like Aglaophenia tubiformis this species always harbours, in all endodermal tissues, the symbiotic zooxanthella Symbiodinium microadriaticum in densities similar to those reported in A. tubiformis (for more details see Svoboda & Cornelius 1991). References: M��ller-Cal�� and Kr��ger (1913) as A. helleri; Stechow (1919) as A. adriatica; Broch (1933) as A. pluma f. gracillima, in part; Riedl (1959), Von Schenck (1963, 1965); Relini et al. (1977) and Repetto et al. (1977) both as A. pluma; Balduzzi et al. (1979), Svoboda (1979), Boero (1981 a, b), Fresi et al. (1982), Boero et al. (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Roca (1986), Garc��a-Rubies (1987), Roca (1987), Piraino & Morri (1990), Hughes et al. (1991), Morri et al. (1991), Roca et al. (1991), Svoboda & Cornelius (1991), Garc��a-Raso et al. (1992), Bianchi et al. (1993 b), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Bouillon et al. (2004), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Giovannetti et al. (2010), Moura (2011)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 75-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Von Schenck, D. A. (1965) Aglaophenia harpago, a new species of the Plumulariidae (Hydroidea). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 34 (3), 211 - 215.","Svoboda, A. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (1991) The European and Mediterranean species of Aglaophenia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 274, 1 - 72.","Svoboda, A. (1979) Beitrag zur Okologie, Biometrie und Systematik der Mediterranen Aglaophenia Arten (Hydroidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 167, 1 - 114.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Giovannetti, E., Montefalcone, M., Morri, C., Bianchi, C. N. & Albertelli, G. (2010) Early warning response of Posidonia oceanica epiphyte community to environmental alterations (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60 (7), 1031 - 1039. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2010.01.024","Picard, J. (1955) Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des Herbiers mediterraneens de Posidonies. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine D'Endoume, 15 (Bulleton 9), 59 - 71.","Morri, C., Bavestrello, G. & Bianchi, C. N. (1991) Faunal and ecological notes on some benthic cnidarian species from the Tuscan Archipelago and eastern Ligurian Sea (western Mediterranean). Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 54 - 55, 27 - 47.","Bianchi, C. N., Ceppodomo, I., Niccolai, I., Aliani, S., De Ranieri, S., Abbiati, M., Dell'amico F. & Morri, C. (1993 b) Benthos dei Mari Toscani. II: Isola d'Elba-Montecristo (Crociera Enea 1986). In: Ferretti, O., Immordillo, F. & Damiani, V. (Eds.), Archipelago Toscano. Studio oceanografico, sedimentologico, geochimico e biologico. ENEA, Roma, Serie Studi Ambientali, pp. 291 - 315.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Von Schenck, D. A. (1963) Specialisation de la reproduction sexuelle de quelques hydroides vivants dans la Posidonia. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 32 (supplement), 117 - 122.","Muller-Cale, K. & Kruger, E. (1913) Einige biologische Beobachtungen uber die Entwicklung von Aglaophenia helleri, Aglaophenia pluma und Sertularella polyzonias. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 21 (2), 41 - 50.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Relini Orsi, L., Zotti, A. & Relini, G. (1977) Epifauna sessile di Posidonia oceanica in una prateria profonda del Mar Ligure. Atti del IX Congresso della Societa Italiana di Biologia Marina, Lacco Ameno d'Ischia, Napoli, 19 - 22 Maggio 1977, pp. 399 - 413.","Repetto, L., Montanari, M. & Martini, F. (1977) Popolamenti di substrati artificiali posti su un fondo a coralligeno ed in una prateria di Posidonia. V: Idroidi. Atti del IX Congresso della Societa Italiana di Biologia Marina, Lacco Ameno d'Ischia, Napoli, 19 - 22 Maggio 1977, 415 - 425.","Balduzzi, A., Belloni, S., Boero, F., Pessani, D. & Pronzato, R. (1979) I popolamenti bentonici. In: Andreoli, M. G., Loppel, S.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Fresi, E., Chimenz, C. & Marchio, G. (1982) Zonazione di Briozoi ed Idroidi epifiti in una prateria di Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Naturalista siciliano, S. IV, VI (Supplement), 3, 499 - 508.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Garcia-Rubies, A. (1987) Distribution of epiphytic hydroids on Posidonia sea grass. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 143 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400052255","Piraino, S. & Morri, C. (1990) Zonation and ecology of epiphytic hydroids in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: the \" Stagnone of Marsala \" (Northwest Sicily). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, I. Marine Ecology, 11 (1), 43 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1990. tb 00227. x","Roca, I., Moreno, I. & Barcelo, R. (1991) Distribucion espacial y temporal de los hidroideos de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile en una predera del Illot del Sec (Bahia de Palma, Baleares). Boletin del Instituto espanol de Oceanografia, 7 (1), 67 - 74.","Garcia-Raso, J. E., Luque, A. A., Templado, J., Salas, C., Hergueta, E., Moreno, D. & Calvo, M. (1992) Fauna y Flora Marinas del Parque Natural de Cabo de Gata-Nijar. Universidad de Malaga, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid y Museo Nacional de Ciencias Natuirales, Madrid, 288 pp.","Moura, C. F. J. (2011) Systematics and evolution of coastal and deep-water Hydrozoa from the NE Atlantic. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 340 pp."]}

Orthopyxis integra (MacGillivray, 1842) Fig. 113 A, B See Pe��a Cantero & Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 120 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Cornelius 1995; Schuchert 2001 a; Pe��a Cantero & Carrascosa 2002): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza tortuous, anastomosing and thick; colonies stolonal; hydranth pedicels thick-walled and usually undulated throughout, with sub-hydrothecal spherule; hydranth with 25���30 tentacles; hydrothecae bellshaped, thick walled in variable degree, rim smooth, usually unthickened and often flared, basally with a perisarc ring limiting a small spherical chamber. Gonothecae sac-shaped, contour often irregular, truncate distally, usually flattened, but sometimes circular in transverse section, on stolons, with short pedicel, females with 1���3 eumedusoid buds. Eumedusoid. Umbrella bell-shaped, higher than wide, mesoglea fairly thick; 4 radial canals either meeting at apex or each closing before they meet, each one with one irregularly-lobed sac-like outgrowth midway along each side; gonads on lobes of radial canals outgrowths; no marginal tentacles; 8 statocysts; sexually mature at release. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Eurybathic species found in the Mediterranean from the tidal level to 35 m depth (Stechow 1919; Boero & Fresi 1986; Gili 1986). Substrate. A wide variety of algae, phanerogams, ascidians, barnacles, mussel shells, other hydroids and cirripedes, bryozoans, anthozoans, sponge. Seasonality. Present throughout the year (Boero & Fresi 1986; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Puce et al. 2009) in the western Mediterranean; February���September (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. In the Mediterranean Sea fertile colonies occur in April (Stechow 1919); May (Boero & Fresi 1986); June (Stechow 1919; Boero & Fresi 1986); July (Picard 1958 b; Boero & Fresi 1986; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002); August (Boero & Fresi 1986; Morri & Bianchi 1999), and September (Boero & Fresi 1986). Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Broch 1918; Millard 1975; Cornelius 1982; Medel & Vervoort 2000; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Presicce 1991; Faucci & Boero 2000; Ventura 2011); Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al. 2002; Andreano 2007); Otranto (Fraschetti et al. 2002; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study); Torre Lapillo, Torre dell���Inserraglio, S.ta Caterina (Andreano 2007). Other Apulian records: Gargano (Fraschetti et al. 2002). Remarks. The hydroid stage and the eumedusoid were seen in the present study. Among the Campanulariidae, O. integra is unusually varied in morphology (for more details see Cornelius 1982; Vervoort 1993). References. Pieper (1884) as Campanularia integra; Schneider (1898) and Lo Bianco (1909) as C. caliculata; Behner (1914) as Agastra rubra; Stechow (1919) as C. caliculata and as O. compressa; Vatova (1928); Leloup (1934) and Rossi (1950) as C. integra; Picard (1951 a, 1958 a); Kramp (1959); Riedl (1959, 1966, 1991) and Yamada (1965) as O. caliculata; Stefani (1959) as C. caliculata; Teissier (1965); Riedl (1966) as O. caliculata and O. compressa; Morri (1979 c, 1980 b); Boero (1981 b, c) as C. integra; Garc��a Carrascosa (1981) as Campanularia; Marinopoulos (1983) as O. caliculata; Isasi (1985), Balduzzi et al. (1986), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Roca (1986), ��stman et al. (1987), Ramil (1988), Gili et al. (1989), Riedl (1991), Vervoort (1993), Altuna (1994), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Medel & Vervoort (2000), Schuchert (2001 a), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al. (2009), Puce et al. (2009), Ventura (2011)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 159-160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Picard, J. (1958 b) Notes sur une collection d'hydroides provenant des cotes mediterraneennes d'Israel. Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Research Station of Israel, 15, 1 - 3.","Broch, H. (1918) Hydroida. (Part II). Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (7), 1 - 206.","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1982) Hydroids and medusae of the family Campanulariidae recorded from the eastern North Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 42 (2), 37 - 148.","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 330, 1 - 68.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Vervoort, W. (1993) Report on hydroids (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) in the collection of the Zoological Museum, University of Tel- Aviv, Israel. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 67 (40), 537 - 565.","Pieper, F. W. (1884) Erganzungen zu \" Heller's Zoophyten etc. des adriatischen Meeres \". Zoologischer Anzeiger, 7, 148 - 152, 164 - 169, 185 - 188, 216 - 221.","Schneider, K. C. (1898) Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht uber das System des Hydropolypen im Allgemein. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 10 (4), 472 - 555.","Lo Bianco, S. (1909) Notize biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del Golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 19 (4), 513 - 763.","Behner, A. (1914) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hydromedusen. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 111 (3), 381 - 427.","Vatova, A. (1928) Compendio della Flora et Fauna del Mare Adriatico presso Rovigno con la distribuzione geografica delle specie bentoniche. Memorie del Regio Comitato Talassografico Italiano, 143, 1 - 614.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Rossi, L. (1950) Celenterati del Golfo di Rapallo (Riviera Ligure). Bollettino del Museo di Zoologia dell'Universita di Torino, 2 (4), 193 - 235.","Picard, J. (1951 a) Les hydraires des formations coralligenes des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (2), 255 - 261.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Kramp, P. L. (1959) The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Riedl, R. (1966) Biologie der Meereshohlen. Blackwell Wissensch, 636 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19680530208","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Yamada, M. (1965) Marine hydroids from Greece. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 12 (5), 359 - 362.","Stefani, R. (1959) Sulla variabilita ecologica di un Idrozoo (Campanularia caliculata Hincks). Bollettino di Zoologia, 26 (2), 115 - 120. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250005909439262","Teissier, G. (1965) Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires-Ctenaires. Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff, 16, 1 - 53.","Morri, C. (1979 c) Remarques sur les hydraires vivants dans les salissures biologiques de quelques centrales thermo-electriques cotieres italiennes. In: XI. Congresso della Societa Italiana di Biologia Marina. Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, 86 (Supplement), pp. 305 - 307.","Morri, C. (1980 b) Osservazioni sugli idroidi raccolti nelle condotte della centrale termoelettrica di Torvaldaglia (Civitavecchia). Natura, 71 (1 - 2), 3 - 14.","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Boero, F. (1981 c) Osservazioni ecologiche sugli idroidi de la fascia a mitili della Riviera Ligure di Levante. Cahiers de Biologie marine, 22 (1), 107 - 117.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Marinopoulos, J. (1983) Contribution a l'etude des hydraires de la Mediterranee. Dynamique des colonies d'Hydraires. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 28 (3), 295 - 296.","Isasi (Urdangarin), I. (1985) Fauna de Cnidarios bentonicos del abra de Bilbao. Memoria. Presentada para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Biologicas por Inigo Isasi Urdangarin. Universidad del pais Vasco. Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea. Facultad de Ciencias, Departemento de Biologia. Fauna of the benthic cnidarians of the Abra de Bilbao. Gratuation thesis, University of the Basque Country, 209 pp.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Ramil Blanco, F. J. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Memoria que, para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biologia, presenta D. Francisco Ramil Blanco. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, 525 pp.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749"]}

Sertularella mediterranea Hartlaub, 1901 Fig. 95 A���C See Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 102 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Gili 1986; Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Ramil et al. 1992; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza tubular, as ramified stolons; colony erect; hydrocauli monosiphonic, up to 23 mm high, and irregularly branched, divided into thecate internodes by oblique nodes alternatively directed to the left and the right; hydrocladia structure similar to hydrocaulus; hydrothecae tubular, alternate, placed laterally, one per internode, 1 / 3 ��� 1 / 2 of the adcauline wall adnate, abcauline and adcauline walls not symmetrical, the former usually more or less straight, enlarged distally in a pronounced marginal cusp, the latter swollen basally and narrowing distally, hydrothecal margin tilted upwards in adcauline direction, with 3���5 more or less developed intrathecal projections: when 5, 3 are adcaulinar (one medium, in the same axis of the marginal cusp, and 2 laterals) and 2 are abcaulinar (lateral to the cusps). Gonothecae elongated, ovoid, transversally ringed, narrowed distally, with 3���4 apical cusps, embryos brooded in gelatinous acrocyst of female gonothecae. Colours: hydrocauli yellow or light brown. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. From the tidal level to about 40 m depth (Stechow 1919 as S. polyzonias; Garc��a Carrascosa 1981; Medel et al. 1991). Substrate. Various species of algae, Posidonia oceanica, barnacles, but has also been seen to grow directly on rocks and various invertebrates such as hydroids, molluscs, gorgonids, sponges, bryozoans, and polychaete tubes. Seasonality. All year (Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; this study), May, November, December (Puce et al. 2009) in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. January (Stechow 1919; Gili 1986); February (Boero & Fresi 1986); April (Stechow 1919; Boero & Fresi 1986; Gili 1986; De Vito 2006; this study), May (Stechow 1919; Medel et al. 1991), July (Medel et al. 1991), August (Boero & Fresi 1986), October (De Vito 2006; this study); November (Broch 1933; De Vito 2006; this study), and December (Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; this study) in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea. According to the available data, S. mediterranea seems to be fertile throughout the year at temperate latitudes (Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004). Distribution. Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean (Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Medel & Vervoort 1998; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent in the following localities: Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al. 2002); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. There is a great variability throughout the colony, the marginal abcauline cusp may be not enlarged, and the aperture of the hydrotheca may vary its orientation within the same colony, the abcauline wall may be undulated. This species has been described extensively, discussed and figured by Ramil et al. (1992). References. Neppi (1917, 1921), Stechow (1923), Broch (1933), Rossi (1950) as S. polyzonias; Riedl (1959), Picard (1956) as S. ellisi f. mediterranea; Cornelius (1979, 1995) as S. gaudichaudi; Garc��a-Corrales et al. (1980) as S. picta; Garc��a Carrascosa (1981); Isasi (1985); Boero & Fresi (1986) as S. gaudichaudi f. mediterranea; Gili (1986), Medel et al. (1991); Ramil & Vervoort (1992), Ramil et al. (1992), Altuna (1994), El-Beshbeeshy (1994), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Medel & Vervoort (1998), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009), Bianchi et al. (2011)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 133-134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Medel, M. D., Garcia, F. J. & Garcia-Gomez, J. C. (1991) La familia Sertulariidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) en el estrecho de Gibraltar y la Peninsula iberica: Aspectos taxonomicos y zoogeograficos. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 32 (4), 503 - 543.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Neppi, V. (1917) Osservazioni sui polipi idroidi del golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 2 (1), 29 - 65.","Neppi, V. (1921) Nuove osservazioni sui polipi idroidi del Golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 3, 1 - 31.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Rossi, L. (1950) Celenterati del Golfo di Rapallo (Riviera Ligure). Bollettino del Museo di Zoologia dell'Universita di Torino, 2 (4), 193 - 235.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Picard, J. (1956) Les especes et formes mediterraneens du genre Sertularella. Vie Milieu, 7 (2), 258 - 266.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1979) A revision of the species of Sertulariidae (Coelenterata: Hydroida) recorded from Britain and nearby seas. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 34 (6), 243 - 321.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Isasi (Urdangarin), I. (1985) Fauna de Cnidarios bentonicos del abra de Bilbao. Memoria. Presentada para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Biologicas por Inigo Isasi Urdangarin. Universidad del pais Vasco. Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea. Facultad de Ciencias, Departemento de Biologia. Fauna of the benthic cnidarians of the Abra de Bilbao. Gratuation thesis, University of the Basque Country, 209 pp.","El-Beshbeeshy, M. E. (1994) Descriptions of some thecate hydroids (Cnidaria-Hydrozoa) from the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. Part 3 family: Sertulariidae. Bulletin of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 20 (1), 145 - 159.","Bianchi, C. N., Dando, P. R. & Morri, C. (2011) Increased diversity of sessile epibenthos at subtidal hydrothermal vents: seven hypotheses based on observations at Milos Island, Aegean Sea. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2 (1), 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 19475721.2011.565804"]}

Corydendrium parasiticum (Linnaeus, 1767) Fig. 25 A���C See Schuchert (2004) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 30 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Schuchert 2004): Hydroid. Colonies erect, up to 5 cm high; hydrocauli polysiphonic, much branched; perisarc firm, moderately thick, smooth or with some wrinkles and often encrusted with detritus and silt, becoming thin at hydranth base and ending below tentacles; hydrocladia branching irregularly in one or more planes, adnate to main axis basally but gradually curving outwards and becoming free distally, secondary branches occur in the same way; hydranths elongate, constricted basally (below perisarcal tube); hypostome conical, prominent; with 40 or more filiform tentacles, scattered throughout the body of the hydranth. Gonophores as long, slender cylinders wholly contained within perisarcal tube, arising from coenosarc and lying parallel to it, without spadix; females with about 13 eggs, extruded from perisarc when mature but remaining attached to the end of tube until developed into planulae. Cnidome. Desmonemes and microbasic euryteles. Habitat type. Rocky cliffs, concretions (Schuchert 2004). Substrate. Grows most often on rock. Seasonality. In the Tyrrhenian Sea (Lo Bianco 1909) from June to October; summer in the Ligurian Sea (Puce et al. 2009); in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study), present in February, July, November. Reproductive period. In the Tyrrhenian Sea in August���September (Lo Bianco 1909), and June���August (Neppi 1921). Distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas (Fraser 1938; Millard & Bouillon 1973; Millard 1975; Wedler & Larson 1986; Rees & Vervoort 1987; Calder 1988; Migotto 1996; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Watson 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004; Schuchert 2003, 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Rare in the Gulf of Taranto, Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Piraino et al. 2013; this study). Remarks. The taxonomic history and synonymy of this species are given by Calder (1988), and Schuchert (2004) (for more details see Neppi 1917; Wedler & Larson 1986). References. Motz-Kossowska (1905), Lo Bianco (1909), Stechow (1919), Picard (1958 a), Rossi (1971), Millard (1975), Gili (1982), Boero & Fresi (1986), Calder (1988), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Bouillon et al. (2004), Schuchert (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009), Piraino et al. (2013)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111 (2), 315 - 369.","Lo Bianco, S. (1909) Notize biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del Golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 19 (4), 513 - 763.","Neppi, V. (1921) Nuove osservazioni sui polipi idroidi del Golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 3, 1 - 31.","Fraser, C. McLean (1938) Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 4 (1), 1 - 105.","Millard, N. A. H. & Bouillon, J. (1973) Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques, 206, 1 - 106.","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Wedler, E. & Larson, R. (1986) Athecate hydroids from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 21 (1 - 2), 69 - 101. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528609360698","Rees, W. J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 237, 1 - 209.","Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow water hydroids of Bermuda. The Athecatae. Life Science Contributions Royal Ontario Museum, 148, 1 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225","Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 306, 1 - 125.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Watson, J. E. (1999) Hydroids (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata) from the Beagle Gulf and Darwin Harbour, northern Australia. Beagle, 15, 1 - 21.","Schuchert, P. (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Danish expedition to the Kei Islands. Steenstrupia, 27 (2), 137 - 256.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461","Neppi, V. (1917) Osservazioni sui polipi idroidi del golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 2 (1), 29 - 65.","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Gili, J. M. (1982) Fauna de cnidaris de les illes Medes. Treballs de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural, 10, 1 - 175.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274."]}

Aglaophenia pluma (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 55 A���D See Svoboda & Cornelius (1991) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 62 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (after Svoboda 1979; Svoboda & Cornelius 1991): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as frequently branching stolons or following ramification of substrate alga; colonies erect; hydrocauli monosiphonic, up to 150 mm, unbranched or dichotomously branched, basal part of the axis without thecae, followed by 1 or 2 prosegments, remaining internodes with 3 nematothecae and a pseudonematotheca each, nodes oblique; hydrocladia alternate, with cormidia separated by transverse nodes; hydranth cylindrical, small; hypostome rounded and low, held at level of hydrothecal rim; 10 tentacles emerging from hydrothecal rim; hydrotheca deep (length/breadth at rim: 1.3���1.5), rim with 9 cusps of varied length; intrathecal adcauline septum usually well developed; median nematothecae 2 / 3 adnate, not reaching the margin of the hydrothecae, lateral nematothecae reaching the rim of the hydrothecae, aperture of nematothecae gutter-shaped; male and female corbulae, with free costa, male ones close, with slit like openings between the costae, female ones with fused costae and smaller slits, colonies dioecious. Colours: hydrocauli brown, cormidia whitish, hydranth transparent, male and female corbulae white. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Lower shore, deep pools and sublittoral from 0.5 to 20 m (also until to 100 m) (Svoboda & Cornelius 1991). Substrate. Algae, Posidonia, shells, other hydroids, crustacea, anthozoans, bryozoans, and calcareous concretions. Seasonality and reproduction period. Almost all year in the Mediterranean Sea (Llobet i Nidal 1987; Ramil 1988; Llobet et al. 1991; Faucci & Boero 2000; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Galea 2007). Distribution. Cited as a cosmopolitan species, but this needs confirmation due to identification problems. Reliably reported from Shetlands, British Islands, France, Belgium, Spain and Portugal, in the northeastern Atlantic (Vervoort 1946; Patriti 1970; Svoboda 1979; Svoboda & Cornelius 1991; Medel & Vervoort 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Galea 2007). Records in Salento. Rare in the following localities: La Rotonda (Presicce 1991); La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000). Remarks. A. pluma, in contrast to the other Aglaophenia species, has no peculiar diagnostic characters and its distinction from some other species has not always been evident (see Svoboda & Cornelius 1991 for details). Notes about the growth of the colony were provided by Leloup (1933 a, b), and on the corbula and gonophore development by Faure (1960). References. Broch (1912, 1933) as A. dichotoma; Stechow (1919 as A. dichotoma and A. pluma, 1923), Leloup (1934), Rossi (1950, 1961, 1971), Picard (1958 a as A. dichotoma and A. pluma), Riedl (1970, 1991), Chimenz Gusso & Rivosecchi Taramelli (1975), Svoboda (1979), Morri (1981 a), Morri & Martini (1981), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Llobet i Nidal (1987), Svoboda & Cornelius (1991), Altuna (1994), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Faucci & Boero (2000), Ans��n Ag��s et al. (2001), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bedini et al. (2003), Bouillon et al. (2004), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 81-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Svoboda, A. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (1991) The European and Mediterranean species of Aglaophenia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 274, 1 - 72.","Svoboda, A. (1979) Beitrag zur Okologie, Biometrie und Systematik der Mediterranen Aglaophenia Arten (Hydroidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 167, 1 - 114.","Ramil Blanco, F. J. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Memoria que, para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biologia, presenta D. Francisco Ramil Blanco. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, 525 pp.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Vervoort, W. (1946) Hydrozoa (C 1) A. Hydropolypen. Fauna van Nederland, 14, 1 - 336.","Patriti, G. (1970) Catalogue des cnidaires et ctenaires des cotes Atlantiques marocaines. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique Cherifien et de la Faculte des Sciences, Series Zoologie, 35, 1 - 149.","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. & Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Leloup, E. (1933 a) La morphogenese des colonies chez l'hydraire Aglaophenia pluma (Linne). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 9 (2), 1 - 28.","Leloup, E. (1933 b) Anomalies du trophosome et du gonosome chez Aglaophenia pluma (Linne). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 9 (22), 1 - 5.","Faure, C. (1960) Etude des phenomenes de reproduction chez Aglaophenia pluma (Linnaeus). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 1 (2), 185 - 204.","Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Rossi, L. (1950) Celenterati del Golfo di Rapallo (Riviera Ligure). Bollettino del Museo di Zoologia dell'Universita di Torino, 2 (4), 193 - 235.","Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Riedl, R. (1970) Fauna und Flora der Adria. 2 nd Edition. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin, 640 pp.","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Chimenz Gusso, C. & Rivosecchi Taramelli, E. (1975) Idroidi del porto di Civitavecchia. Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia, 30 (1), 111 - 125.","Morri, C. (1981 a) Les Hydraires de quelques milieux lagunaires italien (Italie continentale et Sardaigne). Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 27 (4), 193 - 194.","Morri, C. & Martini, F. (1981) Gli idroidi della Laguna di Orbetello. In: Atti X. Congresso della Societa Italiana di Biologia Marina. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Tecnologia della Pesca, 3 (Supplement 1), pp. 305 - 313.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Bedini, R., Canali, M. G. & Bertuccelli, M. (2003) Epiphytic communities on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves along the north Tyrrhenian coasts (N. W. Mediterranean Sea, Italy). Mediterranean Marine Science, 4 (2), 99 - 114.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91."]}

Clytia noliformis (McCrady, 1859) Fig. 104 A, B See Calder (1991) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 111 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (after Calder 1991; Lindner & Migotto 2002): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as creeping stolons; colonies stolonal; pedicel strongly annulated basally and distally; hydranth with about 25���30 filiform tentacles; hydrothecae campanulate, thick diaphragm, basal chamber shallow, subspherical, margin with about 13���15 blunt, broadly triangular teeth. Colours: hydranth and coenosarc yellowish. Gonothecae laterally flattened, arising from hydrorhiza, on short annulated stalks. Habitat type. Posidonia (Boero 1981 a, b); on eupelagic Sargassum in the open North Atlantic Ocean (Calder 1991). Substrate. Algae, Posidonia leaves and rhizomes, mussels, and hydroids. Medusa. Adult. Umbrella flatter than a hemisphere, 6 mm wide, 3 mm high; manubrium tubular; mouth quadrate, with 4 simple lips; 4 radial canals; gonads elongated, on the distal third or fourth of the radial canals, female gonads bearing 20���35 large ova; 16 marginal tentacles; 16 intervening statocysts. Colours: bell transparent; gonads, manubrium, bulbs and tentacles assuming the colour of food. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with hemispherical umbrella; manubrium 0.4 height of umbrella; mouth quadrate, with 4 smooth lips; 4 perradial canals and one circular canal; velum broad; gonads absent; 4 perradial marginal tentacular bulbs and 2 or 4 interradial secondary atentacular bulbs usually present; 4 hollow tentacles, with a terminal nematocyst cluster; 8 adradial statocysts, each with one statolith. Cnidome. A-type microbasic mastigophores and merotrichous isorhizas (polyp); A-, C-, and D-type microbasic mastigophores and holotrichous isorhizas (medusa) (nematocyst nomenclature follows that of ��stman, 1979 a, b). Seasonality. January (Puce et al. 2009), April, August (Boero & Fresi 1986), June (Llobet i Nadal 1987), and July (Llobet et al. 1991) in the western Mediterranean; October, February (Faucci & Boero 2000) in Salento waters; January���May, July���December (for a review see Bouillon et al. 2004). Reproductive period. January (Puce et al. 2009), and August (Boero & Fresi 1986) in the Ligurian Sea. Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Morri & Bianchi 1999; Morri et al. 1999; Lindner & Migotto 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Puce et al. 2009; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Rare at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000; Ventura 2011); Otranto (Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Ventura 2011). Remarks. Only the hydroid stage was seen in the present study. Lindner and Migotto (2002) stressed the importance of the knowledge of life cycle and cnidome for species identification, especially for the confused C. noliformis synonymy. The newly liberated medusa of C. noliformis, indeed, differs from corresponding stages of C. hemiphaerica by the complete absence of gonads. References. Stechow (1919), Picard (1949), Brian & P��r��s (1954), Vannucci & Ribeiro (1955), Boero (1981 a, b, c), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Calder (1991), Medel & L��pez- Gonz��lez (1996), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Morri et al. (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Lindner & Migotto (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009), Bianchi et al. (2011), Ventura (2011), Calder (2013)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 147-148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution, 154, i - iv, 1 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1352274","Lindner, A. & Migotto, A. E. (2002) The life cycle of Clytia linearis and Clytia noliformis: metagenic campanulariids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with contrasting polyp and medusa stages. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 82 (4), 541 - 553. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315402005866","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Ostman, C. (1979 a) Two types of nematocysts in Campanulariidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoologica Scripta, 8 (1 - 4), 5 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1979. tb 00614. x","Ostman, C. (1979 b) Nematocysts in the Phialidium medusae of Clytia hemisphaerica (Hydrozoa, Campanulariidae) studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoon, 7 (2), 125 - 142.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Llobet Nadal, I. (1987) Faunistica y distribucion espacio-temporal de una poblacion de hydropolipos epibiontes del alga Halimeda tuna en el Mediterraneo occidental. MS Thesis. [pagination unkown]","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Brian, A. & Peres, J. M. (1954) Recherches recentes sur les invertebres bentiques dans la Mediterranee et l'Adriatique. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 12, 143 - 161.","Vannucci, M. & Ribeiro, L. C. (1955) O ciclo reprodutivo de Clytia cylindrica L. Agass., 1862 (Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae). Dusenia, 6 (3 - 4), 69 - 80.","Boero, F. (1981 c) Osservazioni ecologiche sugli idroidi de la fascia a mitili della Riviera Ligure di Levante. Cahiers de Biologie marine, 22 (1), 107 - 117.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Bianchi, C. N., Dando, P. R. & Morri, C. (2011) Increased diversity of sessile epibenthos at subtidal hydrothermal vents: seven hypotheses based on observations at Milos Island, Aegean Sea. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2 (1), 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 19475721.2011.565804","Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3648.1.1"]}

Clytia viridicans (Leuckart, 1856) Fig. 106 A���C See Pagliara et al. (2000) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 113 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Pagliara et al. 2000): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza stolonal, as thin, slightly ramified tubes; colonies stolonal; pedicel short, annulated at base and below hydrotheca; hydranths with peduncled hypostome; 14���18 amphicoronate tentacles, hydrotheca conical, with 7���9 cusps, projecting inwards and with outwards perisarc projections in bays between nearby cusps. Gonothecae on hydrorhiza, either corrugated or smooth, containing up to 4 developing green medusae buds. Habitat type. Rocky shore (Pagliara et al. 2000). Substrate. Algae, other hydroids, bryozoans, and barnacles. Seasonality. From January to December in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Reproductive period. April���July, and December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Medusa. Adult. Umbrella flattened, about 11 mm wide, mesoglea thin; manubrium bottle-shaped on a short peduncle; mouth with 4 corrugated lips; gonads oval, elongated along the distal part of radial canals not reaching umbrellar margin; 16���32 marginal tentacles; 24���40 statocysts. Colours: exumbrella transparent, manubrium, gonads and tentacular bulbs bright green in living material. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with umbrella hemispherical, about 0.5 mm high, a row of nematocysts often present on exumbrella, parallel to umbrellar margin; manubrium tubular, reaching half of subumbrellar cavity; mouth with 4 lips; 4 radial canals; velum wide, with a small opening; 4 perradial tentacled bulbs, 4 small interradial bulbs sometimes present; 8 statocysts along the circular canal, with one statolyth each. Colour: umbrella bright green. Two days after release, gonad rudiments developed on radial canals, along with other 4 tentacles on interradial marginal bulbs and other statocysts between adjacent tentacles; the umbrella tends to flatten; marginal bulbs, tentacles and statocysts are gradually added and, 30���45 days after release, medusae reach maturity. Cnidome. Atrichous isorhizas and microbasic mastigophores. Distribution. Endemic to Mediterranean Sea (Pagliara et al. 2000; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000); Otranto (Fraschetti et al. 2002; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Piraino et al. 2013; this study); Torre dell���Inserraglio, Costa Merlata (Andreano 2007); Grotta del Ciolo (Denitto et al. 2007; Moscatello & Belmonte 2007); Il Chiapparo (C. Gravili unpublished observations). Remarks. The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. Some planulae settled on the underside of the surface film of water and gave rise to floating colonies that developed for weeks in that position (for more details see Pagliara et al. 2000). As in all other Clytia species with amphicoronate tentacles, the tentacles oriented downwards lay on the perisarc projections between adjacent cusps, the ones oriented upwards are sustained by cusps. The number of tentacles, as a rule, should be double the number of cusps. Green forms attributed to Clytia hemisphaerica might be referable to the present species. References. Haeckel (1864), Metschnikoff (1886 a, b), Russell (1953), Cornelius (1982), Faucci & Boero (2000), Pagliara et al. (2000), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Denitto et al. (2007), Moscatello & Belmonte (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Piraino et al. (2013)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 149-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Moscatello, S. & Belmonte, G. (2007) The plankton of a shallow submarine cave (' Grotta di Ciolo', Salento Peninsula, SE Italy). Marine Ecology, 28 (s 1), 47 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2007.00167. x","Haeckel, E. (1864) Beschreibung neuer Craspedoter Medusen aus dem Golfe von Nizza. Jena. Zeitschrift Fur Medizinische Naturwissenschaftlich, 1, 326 - 342.","Metschnikoff, E. (1886 a) Medusologische Mittheilungen. Arbeiten aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Wien, 6, 237 - 266.","Metschnikoff, E. (1886 b) Embryologische Studien an Medusen. Ein Beitrag zur Genealogie der Primitiv-Organe. Verlag v. Alfred Holder, k. k. Hof-u Universitats-Buchhandler in Wien, 1 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5982","Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1982) Hydroids and medusae of the family Campanulariidae recorded from the eastern North Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 42 (2), 37 - 148."]}

Ventromma halecioides (Alder, 1859) Fig. 78 A���C See Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 85 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Cornelius 1995; Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001 as Kirchenpaueria halecioides): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza polysiphonic, linear, colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocauli often branched, up to 40 mm high, basally polysiphonic, monosiphonic parts of the axis separated into internodes by transverse nodes, each segment with a lateral apophysis distally bearing a naked nematophore, a cup-shaped nematotheca is borne laterally on the segment, above the apophysis; hydrocladia borne on the apophysis, alternate, heteromerously segmented, nodes transverse, basal part beginning with a short athecate internode, thecate segments with one hydrotheca and 2 nematothecae, one median superior and one median inferior at some distance from the hydrothecae; hydrotheca cup-shaped, abcauline wall slightly convex, on distal half of internode, almost completely adnate, rim smooth and circular, aperture 80 �� with the axis; nematothecae two-chambered, small, basal chambers very short, distal one scoop-shaped, with adcauline embayment. Gonothecae on the hydrocaulus and hydrorhiza, barrel-shaped, narrowed basally, truncate distally, with a circular lid, walls with transverse and distinct ribs. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores, atrichous isorhizas, and basitrichous isorhizas. Habitat type. Intertidal pools to sublittoral (depth range: 0���20 m, reaching to 100 m) (Boero & Fresi 1986; Cornelius 1995; Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001). Substrate. Records on piece of wood, sea grasses, hydroids, algae, artificial substrata, mussels, barnacles, bryozoans, Tunicata, sponges, and other organisms, Seasonality. June���September (Boero & Fresi 1986), November���December (Bianchi et al. 1993 b), November (Galea 2007), April���September, December (Puce et al. 2009) in the western Mediterranean; November (Piraino et al. 2013), January���December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. Between spring and autumn (Morri 1981 b), summer (Boero & Fresi 1986), June���July (Gili 1986), November (Galea 2007) in the western Mediterranean; June���August (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Cosmopolitan species (Medel & Vervoort 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000); Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al. 2002); Torre Lapillo, S.ta Caterina, Costa Merlata (Andreano 2007); Grotta del Ciolo (Denitto et al. 2007); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Andreano 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Stabili et al. 2008; Piraino et al. 2013; this study). Remarks. Occurrence of athecate internodes in hydrocladia is much varied (for more details see Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001). Boero (1981 c) described a high variability, determined by water movement conditions. In calm waters colonies can become very high, whereas they remain small, and almost monosiphonic, in turbulent water. The hydrorhiza is always fascicled. References. Stechow (1919, 1923), Billard (1926), Leloup (1934), Picard (1952, 1958a), Rossi (1971), Schmidt (1973), Garc��a-Corrales et al. (1978), Morri (1979 d, 1980 b, c), Boero (1981 a, b, c), Gili & Garc��a-Rub��es (1985), Morri & Bianchi (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Barang�� & Gili (1987), Piraino & Morri (1990), Riedl (1991), Cornelius (1995), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Ans��n Ag��s et al. (2001), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Denitto et al. (2007), Galea (2007), ��inar et al. (2008), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al. (1991, 2009), Puce et al. (2009), Piraino et al. (2013) as K. halecioides., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 110-111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. & Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Bianchi, C. N., Ceppodomo, I., Niccolai, I., Aliani, S., De Ranieri, S., Abbiati, M., Dell'amico F. & Morri, C. (1993 b) Benthos dei Mari Toscani. II: Isola d'Elba-Montecristo (Crociera Enea 1986). In: Ferretti, O., Immordillo, F. & Damiani, V. (Eds.), Archipelago Toscano. Studio oceanografico, sedimentologico, geochimico e biologico. ENEA, Roma, Serie Studi Ambientali, pp. 291 - 315.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461","Morri, C. (1981 b) Idrozoi lagunari. Guide per il riconoscimento delle specie animali delle acque lagunari e costiere italiane. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, AQ / 1 / 94, 6, 1 - 105. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19810660144","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Stabili, L., Gravili, C., Tredici, S. M., Piraino, S., Tala, A., Boero, F. & Alifano, P. (2008) Epibiotic Vibrio luminous bacteria isolated from some Hydrozoa and Bryozoa species. Microbial Ecology, 56 (4), 625 - 636. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00248 - 008 - 9382 - y","Boero, F. (1981 c) Osservazioni ecologiche sugli idroidi de la fascia a mitili della Riviera Ligure di Levante. Cahiers de Biologie marine, 22 (1), 107 - 117.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Billard, A. (1926) Rapport sur les hydroides. In: Cambridge Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924 (with appendix to the report on hydroids by H. Munro Fox and an addendum). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 22 (1), pp. 85 - 103. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1926. tb 00323. x","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. & Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22","Morri, C. (1979 d) Quelques observations sur les hydroides de la Lagune d'Orbetello. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 25 - 26 (3), 119 - 120.","Morri, C. (1980 b) Osservazioni sugli idroidi raccolti nelle condotte della centrale termoelettrica di Torvaldaglia (Civitavecchia). Natura, 71 (1 - 2), 3 - 14.","Morri, C. (1980 c) Contributo alla conoscenza degli idrozoi lagunari italiani: Idropolipi di alcune lagune pugliesi. Hydroids from some lagoons of Apulia (Southern Adriatic). Memorie di Biologia Marina e di Oceanografia, n. ser., suppl. 10, 419 - 420.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Gili, J. M. & Garcia-Rubies, A. (1985) Contribution a la connaissance de la faune d'hydropolipes de l'ile de Majorque. Anales de Biologia, Biologia Animal Series, 3 (1), 37 - 53.","Morri, C. & Bianchi, C. N. (1985) Les Hydraires des herbiers de zosteres dans les lagunes italiennes. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 29 (4), 119 - 122.","Piraino, S. & Morri, C. (1990) Zonation and ecology of epiphytic hydroids in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: the \" Stagnone of Marsala \" (Northwest Sicily). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, I. Marine Ecology, 11 (1), 43 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1990. tb 00227. x","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Cinar, M. E., Katagan, T., Kocak, F., Ozturk, B., Ergen, Z., Kocatas, A., Onen, M., Kirkim, F., Bakir, K., Kurt, G., Dagli, E., Acik, S., Dogan, A. & Ozcan, T. (2008) Faunal assemblages of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in and around Alsancak Harbour (Izmir Bay, eastern Mediterranean) with special emphasis on alien species. Journal of Marine Systems, 71 (1 - 2), 1 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2007.05.004","Morri, C., Bavestrello, G. & Bianchi, C. N. (1991) Faunal and ecological notes on some benthic cnidarian species from the Tuscan Archipelago and eastern Ligurian Sea (western Mediterranean). Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 54 - 55, 27 - 47.","Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749"]}

Stauridiosarsia producta (Wright, 1858) Fig. 39 A, B See Nawrocki et al. (2010) and Schuchert (2010) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 44 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Schuchert 2001 b; Schuchert 2010): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza formed by a network of creeping ramified stolons; colonies stolonal; hydrocaulus short, unbranched or rarely slightly and irregularly branched, covered by smooth perisarc; hydranth clavate, larger distally, up to 1.5 mm high; hypostome short, dome-shaped; with 4���6 oral tentacles in one whorl and 1���4 alternating additional whorls of capitate tentacles, each with 3���6 tentacles, the uppermost one larger than the rest; with one whorl of 3���6 aboral filiform tentacles; medusa buds borne among or below the lowest whorl of capitate tentacles, 1���5 buds per hydranth. Colour: hydranth with reddish gastrodermis. Habitat type. Rocky cliffs (depth range: 0���35 m) (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Schuchert 2001 b). Substrate. Several organisms such as the hydroid Tubularia indivisa, crab Maja squinado, Cardium (Mollusca), Spartina spp. (Plantae), shells, Cystoseira (alga), Sabella tube (Annelida), barnacles, and on many other solid objects. Seasonality. In the Ligurian Sea from February to November (Puce et al. 2009); February, June, July, September (this study). Reproductive period. In the Ligurian Sea in February (Puce et al. 2009). Medusa. Adult. Umbrella bell-shaped, up to 7 mm wide and 10 mm high, with thick walls, apical canal; manubrium cylindrical and with a distinct conical apical chamber, almost as long as subumbrellar cavity; mouth simple, tubular; radial canals entering endodermal chamber of bulbs in middle; gonads completely surrounding manubrium; four large marginal bulbs, perradial; each marginal bulb with one long marginal tentacle with many crescent-shaped cnidocyst clusters and a small cylindrical terminal cnidocyst knob; with a ocellus on each marginal bulb. Colours: apical canal and bulbs reddish or brown, ocelli black or dark brown. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa 0.8���1.1 mm high, slightly less in diameter, with apical canal and scattered nematocysts on exumbrella. Cnidome. Stenoteles (polyp); stenoteles and desmonemes (medusa). Distribution. Atlantic, Mediterranean (Kramp 1959, 1961; Altuna 1994; Benović & Lučić 1996; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 2001 b; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Puce et al. 2009). Records in Salento. Rare at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000); Otranto (Miglietta et al. 2000; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a); Costa Merlata (Andreano 2007). Other Apulian records: Gargano (Fraschetti et al. 2002). Remarks. The ultrastructure of receptors in the filiform tentacles was studied by Golz & Thurm (1994). Orlov (1996) investigated aspects of the ecology and feeding behaviour of this species. Based on molecular information, Nawrocki et al. (2010) found S. producta to be associated with several species previously placed in the genera Coryne and Slabberia (= Dipurena), in a clade with no clear morphological apomorphies; the authors thus reintroduced the genus Stauridiosarsia for this clade, with Stauridiosarsia producta as type species (by monotypy). Only the hydroid stage and the new born medusa were seen in the present study. References. Rees (1938) as Stauridium productum; Kramp (1959, 1961), Riedl (1959) both as Stauridiosarsia producta; Brinckmann-Voss (1970, 1989) as Coryne producta; Benović (1973), West (1974) as Sarsia producta; Benović et al. (1987) as Stauridiosarsia producta; Altuna (1994) as Sarsia producta; Benović & Lučić (1996) as Stauridiosarsia producta; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Orlov (1996), Faucci & Boero (2000) all as Sarsia producta; Miglietta et al. (2000) as Coryne producta; Schuchert (2001 b as C. producta, 2010 as Stauridiosarsia producta); Fraschetti et al. (2002) as Sarsia producta; Bouillon et al. (2004), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009) all as Coryne producta; Nawrocki et al. (2010) as Stauridiosarsia producta., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 57-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Nawrocki, A. M., Schuchert, P. & Cartwright, P. (2010) Phylogenetics and evolution of Capitata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), and the systematics of Corynidae. Zoologica Scripta, 39 (3), 290 - 304. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2009.00419. x","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Schuchert, P. (2001 b) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878.","Kramp, P. L. (1959) The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283.","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347","Benovic, A. & Lucic, D. (1996) Comparison of hydromedusae findings in the northern and southern Adriatic Sea. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 129 - 135.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Orlov, D. V. (1996) Observations on the White Sea hydroid, Sarsia producta (Wright, 1858) (Hydrozoa: Athecata). Sarsia, 12 (16), 329 - 338.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1989) Sarsia cliffordi n. sp. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae) from British Columbia, with distribution records and evaluation of related species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67 (3), 685 - 691. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 89 - 099","Benovic, A. (1973) Idromedusae dell'Adriatico settentrionale nell'anno 1965. Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia, 28 (1), 59 - 70."]}

Filellum serpens (Hassall, 1848) Fig. 80 A���C See Schuchert (2001 a) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 87 and HCUS-S 0 88 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Schuchert 2001 a): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as irregularly branched stolons; colonies stolonal; hydranths with conical hypostome; with 8���12 amphicoronate tentacles; hydrothecae tubular, at irregular intervals, sessile, basal part (1 / 4 ��� 2 / 3) adnate to hydrorhiza, distal part curving upwards from the stolons, adnate portion smooth, rim even, usually everted, several hydrothecal renovations frequent. Colonies hermaphroditic. Gonothecae as fixed sporosacs, clustered into coppiniae, with simple curved accessory tubes, between gonothecae, irregularly shaped, not branching, either curving horizontally in middle and overarching gonothecae like dense canopy or nearly straight, giving coppinia a spiny appearance; embryos develop in acrocysts. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Coastal waters on hard bottom (depth range: 0.5��� 50 m) (Boero & Fresi 1986; Schuchert 2001 a; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002). Substrate. Mostly on other hydroids, Posidonia, algae, bryozoans, sponges. Seasonality. August (Stechow 1919); August���April (Boero & Fresi 1986); January���December (Llobet i Nidal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991; De Vito 2006; this study) in the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. February (Boero & Fresi 1986) in the Ligurian Sea; September (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 2001 a; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Common at: Torre dell'Inserraglio, S.ta Caterina (Presicce 1991); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. For a recent discussion of the genus and its species see Marques et al. (2011). References: Stechow (1919), Broch (1933), Picard (1951 a, 1958 a), Rossi (1961), Boero (1981 a, b), Gili (1982, 1986), Boero & Fresi (1986), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Llobet i Nidal (1987), Garc��a-Carrascosa et al. (1987), Roca et al. (1991), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Pe��a Cantero et al. (1998), Schuchert (2001 a), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009), Marques et al. (2011)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 112-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Picard, J. (1951 a) Les hydraires des formations coralligenes des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (2), 255 - 261.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Gili, J. M. (1982) Fauna de cnidaris de les illes Medes. Treballs de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural, 10, 1 - 175.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M., Escarti, J. V. & Silvestre, R. (1987) Cnidarios bentonicos de las Islas Columbretes. In: Alonso Matilla, L. A., Carretero, J. L. & Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (Eds.), Islas Columbretes. Contribucion al estudio de su medio natural, Conselleria d'Obres Publiques, Urbanisme i Transports. Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, pp. 363 - 389.","Roca, I., Moreno, I. & Barcelo, R. (1991) Distribucion espacial y temporal de los hidroideos de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile en una predera del Illot del Sec (Bahia de Palma, Baleares). Boletin del Instituto espanol de Oceanografia, 7 (1), 67 - 74.","Pena Cantero, A. L., Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. & Vervoort, W. (1998) On the species of Filellum Hincks, 1868 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History, 32 (2), 297 - 315. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939800770151"]}

Ectopleura dumortierii (Van Beneden, 1844) Fig. 41 A, B See Schuchert (2010) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 46 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Brinckmann-Voss 1970: Petersen 1990; Schuchert 2010, 2012): Hydroid. Solitary polyps; hydrocaulus up to 100 mm high, unbranched or slightly branched, ending in a terminal hydranth and increasing in width from base to distal end, hydrocaulus endoderm with up to 4 longitudinal ridges, covered by irregularly annulated perisarc until proximal end of hydranth; hydranth flask-shaped, neck region with gland cells forming an indistinct collar; hypostome rounded; with 14���25 rather short, rounded, oral filiform tentacles in one whorl, bases of tentacles not adnate to hypostome; one whorl of up to 30 long, aboral, semifiliform tentacles; medusa buds carried on 8���12 blastostyles, blastostyles initially short and Y-shaped, later longer and with several short sidebranches, buds of all developmental stages in dense clusters at ends of sidebranches and on main trunk of blastostyle; 8 longitudinal nematocyst tracks visible on advanced buds, arising in pairs from 4 equally developed marginal bulbs. Colours: perisarc may be horn-coloured or yellowish, hydranth body pink, blastostyles conspicuously red. Habitat type. Shallow littoral (depth range: 0���20, also until to 65 m) (Schuchert 2010). Substrate. Several substrates such as stones, other hydroids, shells, and bryozoans. Seasonality. All year (for a review see Bouillon et al. 2004); in Salento waters in April, July (De Vito 2006; this study). Reproductive period. In the Tyrrhenian Sea (Brinckmann-Voss 1970, 1987), Ectopleura dumortierii occurs in winter months; from January to December in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Medusa. Adult. Umbrella nearly spherical, 2���3 mm high, mesoglea very thick, especially in apical region, apical canal sometimes present; exumbrella with 4 pairs of cnidocyst tracks; manubrium spherical at base, tapering towards mouth, very large, extensile; mouth simple, tube-like, with band of fine spots around centre of stomach, circle of pigment around base of stomach near junction of radial canals, mouth rim with cnidocysts; gonads completely surrounding manubrium, leaving mouth area free; females produce only one or more usually 2 large, opposite eggs at one time, development through a pro-actinula and actinula stage; velum fairly broad; 4 perradial bulbs, each marginal bulb with one tentacle with prominent round cnidocyst clusters on abaxial surface. Colours: tentacle bulbs brownish or yellow, mouth orange or crimson, with band of fine red spots around centre of stomach, and brownish or yellow circle of pigment around base of stomach near junction of radial canals. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa similar to mature one, only smaller, fine apical canal present or not, no gonads present, with 4 short tentacles with small terminal knobs and, sometimes, also one indistinct abaxial nematocyst cluster. Cnidome. Stenoteles, desmonemes, spherical heterotrichous anisorhizas, microbasic mastigophores. Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (Stechow 1923; Russell 1953, 1957; Teissier 1965; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Petersen 1990; Goy et al. 1991; Benović & Lučić 1996; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Schuchert 2010). Records in Salento. Rare at Otranto (Apulia) (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study), S.ta Caterina, Taranto (S. Piraino unpublished observations). Remarks. Petersen (1990) reviewed all Ectopleura species known from the polyp stage and also described several new species. Only the hydroid stage and the new born medusa were seen in the present study. References. Stechow (1923), Russell (1953), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957), Picard (1958 a), Kramp (1959, 1961), Brinckmann-Voss (1970), Goy (1973), Schmidt & Benović (1979), Gili (1986), Benović & Bender (1987), Goy et al. (1988, 1990, 1991), Petersen (1990), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Migotto (1996), Bouillon et al. (2004), Touzri et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Schuchert (2010, 2012)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 60-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100 (2), 101 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1987) Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 133 - 141.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562","Russell, F. S. (1957) Coelenterata. In: Plymouth marine fauna. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, pp. 37 - 69.","Teissier, G. (1965) Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires-Ctenaires. Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff, 16, 1 - 53.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1991) Les meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. The medusae Cnidaria of Lebanese waters. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 67 (2), 99 - 128.","Benovic, A. & Lucic, D. (1996) Comparison of hydromedusae findings in the northern and southern Adriatic Sea. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 129 - 135.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93].","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Kramp, P. L. (1959) The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283.","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347","Goy, J. (1973) Les Hydromeduses de la mer Ligure. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Serie 3 (Zoologie), 83 (62), 965 - 1008.","Schmidt, H. E. & Benovic, A. (1979) Cruises of R / V \" Vila Velebita \" in the Kvarner region of the Adriatic Sea, XII. Hydromedusae (Cnidaria). Thalassia Jugoslavica, 15 (3 - 4), 193 - 202.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1988) Les Meduses de la Mediterranee orientale. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 31 (2), 299.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1990) Les Meduses de la Mediterranee orientale. In: Godeaux, J. (Ed.), A propos des migrations lessepsiennes. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, No. Spec. 7, pp. 79 - 88.","Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 306, 1 - 125."]}

Aglaophenia elongata Meneghini, 1845 Fig. 50 A, B See Svoboda & Cornelius (1991) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 56 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Svoboda 1979; Svoboda & Cornelius 1991): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as short stolons, branching only occasionally; colonies erect, bushy; hydrocauli monosiphonic, up to 300 mm high, closely grouped, axis basally with 1���4 prosegments with oblique nodes, remainder internodes each bearing 3 nematothecae and one abortive hydrothecae (pseudonematothecae), nodes indistinct, branching pattern of hydrocaulus include pinnate branches arising between mesial, proximal nematothecae and cladium or corbula and having 1���3 prosegments basally, ramus and cladium of same internode aligned parallel with each other up to 4 th order of branching; hydrocladia alternate, spaced on stem, cormidia with one hydrothecae and three gutter-shaped nematothecae; very large, with usually long tentacles; hydrotheca narrow and deep, length/breadth ratio: 1.7���2.5, rim with 9 uniform cusps; hydranth mesial nematotheca adnate, reaching 1 / 3 ��� 1 / 2 of the hydrotheca, free end short, lateral nematothecae slightly above hydrothecal rim; corbulae short, with 4���6 pairs of ribs fused in female, with slits in male, free costa absent, colonies dioecious. Colours: axis brownish, hydrocladia yellow, corbulae yellowish to white. Cnidome. Basitrichous isorhizas, microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Shelf species, usually reported from 10 to 75 m depth in moderate currents (Boero & Fresi 1986; Svoboda & Cornelius 1991; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002). Substrate. Shells, dead bryozoans and calcareous red algae, seldom on gravelly and slightly muddy sand. Seasonality. From January to December (Boero & Fresi 1986) In the Ligurian Sea; from March to August, and from November to December (De Vito 2006; Piraino et al. 2013; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. In the western Mediterranean Sea, in August (Boero & Fresi 1986), April (Gili 1986); from June to November in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Distribution. Widely reported around the world but records outside Mediterranean seem erroneous (see Svoboda & Cornelius 1991). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Piraino et al. 2013; this study). Remarks. The hydranths of this species are characterized by big and unusually long tentacles. In addition, this species seems unique in its special mode of branching; its rami are identical in structure with complete cormoids and basal segments are without hydrothecae (see Svoboda & Cornelius 1991). References. Broch (1933), Stechow (1923), Picard (1958 a), Riedl (1959, 1991), Svoboda (1979), Garc��a- Carrascosa (1981), Marinopoulos (1981), Gili & Castell�� (1985), Gili & Garc��a-Rubies (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Garc��a-Carrascosa et al. (1987), Gili et al. (1987), Svoboda & Cornelius (1991), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Morri et al. (1999, 2009), Piraino et al. (1999), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Bianchi et al. (2011), Piraino et al. (2013), Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero (2013)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 74-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Svoboda, A. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (1991) The European and Mediterranean species of Aglaophenia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 274, 1 - 72.","Svoboda, A. (1979) Beitrag zur Okologie, Biometrie und Systematik der Mediterranen Aglaophenia Arten (Hydroidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 167, 1 - 114.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Marinopoulos, J. (1981) Contribution a la connaissence des Hydraires profonds de la Mediterranee. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 27 (2), 175 - 176.","Gili, J. M. & Castello, C. (1985) Hidropolipos de la costa norte del Cabo de Creus (N. E. Cataluna). Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 9, 7 - 24.","Gili, J. M. & Garcia-Rubies, A. (1985) Contribution a la connaissance de la faune d'hydropolipes de l'ile de Majorque. Anales de Biologia, Biologia Animal Series, 3 (1), 37 - 53.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M., Escarti, J. V. & Silvestre, R. (1987) Cnidarios bentonicos de las Islas Columbretes. In: Alonso Matilla, L. A., Carretero, J. L. & Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (Eds.), Islas Columbretes. Contribucion al estudio de su medio natural, Conselleria d'Obres Publiques, Urbanisme i Transports. Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, pp. 363 - 389.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Bianchi, C. N., Dando, P. R. & Morri, C. (2011) Increased diversity of sessile epibenthos at subtidal hydrothermal vents: seven hypotheses based on observations at Milos Island, Aegean Sea. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2 (1), 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 19475721.2011.565804","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035"]}

Kirchenpaueria pinnata (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 77 A���C See Ans��n Ag��s et al. (2001) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 84 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Cornelius 1995; Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as a network of branching stolons; colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocauli monosiphonic, up to about 42 mm, occasionally branched, basal part of the axis with several internodes separated by transverse nodes, distal part of axis segmented on internodes bearing hydrocladia, these on lateral apophyses at the upper part of the segment, apophysis with a naked nematophore on the upper side, another one is disposed laterally on the axis, just above the apophysis; hydrocladia alternate, with a first shorter athecate internode, with transverse node basally and oblique one distally (occasionally several of these internodes may occur), remaining internodes thecate or in an irregular sequence of thecate and athecate internodes separated by transverse nodes, thecate internodes with one hydrotheca and 2 nematophores, one median inferior and another median superior; hydrotheca cupshaped, walls gradually diverging, adcauline wall almost entirely adnate; median inferior nematophore with a minute scale-like nematotheca, median superior nematophore behind hydrotheca without theca. Gonothecae on hydrorhiza or in a row on the axis, with short pedicels. Similar in both sexes, sac-shaped, hexagonal in cross section, with 6 longitudinal ridges bearing digitiform prolongations of varied length, absent in some gonothecae. Cnidome. Atrichous haplonemes, microbasic mastigophores and pseudostenoteles. Habitat type. Eurybathic species found from the tidal level to about 150 m depth (Garc��a Carrascosa 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986; Ramil & Vervoort 1992). Substrate. Recorded on wide variety of substrata including algae, Posidonia, hydroids, barnacles, on worm tubes, shells, sponges, and bryozoans. Seasonality. Present all year (Boero & Fresi 1986; Llobet i Nidal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991; De Vito 2006; Puce et al. 2009; this study) in the western Mediterranean Sea and in Salento waters. Reproductive period. January���December (Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002) in the western Mediterranean Sea; March, April, July (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Eastern Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (Cornelius 1995; Medel & Vervoort 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Common at: Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al. 2002); Otranto (Fraschetti et al. 2002; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Andreano 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Piraino et al. 2013; this study); Torre Lapillo, Porto Cesareo, S.ta Caterina, Costa Merlata (Andreano 2007). Remarks. The colonies of Kirchenpaueria pinnata are highly variable. Generally colonies subjected to considerable water movement, are small, have one apophysis per stem internode and have intermediate athecate internodes in the hydrocladia; on the contrary, colonies from deeper water are larger, have big stem internodes with several apophyses and have no athecate internodes in the hydrocladia (for more details see Ans��n Ag��s et al. 2001). The very similar nominal species Kirchenpaueria echinulata was considered valid in the past based on very variable features such as the number of branches per cauline internode, but morphological evidence suggests it should be treated as a synonym of K. pinnata, this being also the opinion shared by recent authors (Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Cornelius 1995; Bouillon et al. 2004). References. Carus (1884) as P. pinnata and echinulata and helleri; Marktanner-Turneretscher (1890) as P. hians; Broch (1912), Babic (1913 b) as P. similis; Stechow (1919) as P. pinnata; Broch, (1933), Leloup (1934), Riedl (1959, 1970, 1991), Rossi (1961) as K. echinulata; Picard (1952, 1958a), Rossi (1971), Schmidt (1973), Repetto et al. (1977), Garc��a-Corrales et al. (1978), Boero (1981 a, b), Boero et al. (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Garcia Rubies (1987), Llobet i Nidal (1987), Piraino & Morri (1990), Ramil & Vervoort (1992), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Morri et al. (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Ans��n Ag��s et al. (2001), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (1986, 2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009), Bianchi et al. (2011), Piraino et al. (2013)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 108-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. & Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461","Carus, J. V. (1884) Prodromus faunae mediterraneae sive descriptiones animalium Mare Mediterranei incolarum quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus eorumque auctoribus in commodum zoologorum. Pars I. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 524 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11523","Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195 - 286.","Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65.","Babic, K. (1913 b) Bemerkungen zu den Zwei in der Adria vorkommenden thecaphoren Hydroiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 43, 284 - 288.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Riedl, R. (1970) Fauna und Flora der Adria. 2 nd Edition. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin, 640 pp.","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.","Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. & Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22","Repetto, L., Montanari, M. & Martini, F. (1977) Popolamenti di substrati artificiali posti su un fondo a coralligeno ed in una prateria di Posidonia. V: Idroidi. Atti del IX Congresso della Societa Italiana di Biologia Marina, Lacco Ameno d'Ischia, Napoli, 19 - 22 Maggio 1977, 415 - 425.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Garcia-Rubies, A. (1987) Distribution of epiphytic hydroids on Posidonia sea grass. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 143 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400052255","Piraino, S. & Morri, C. (1990) Zonation and ecology of epiphytic hydroids in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: the \" Stagnone of Marsala \" (Northwest Sicily). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, I. Marine Ecology, 11 (1), 43 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1990. tb 00227. x","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Bouillon, J., Boero, F. & Gravier-Bonnet, N. (1986) Pseudostenotele, a new type of nematocyst, and its phylogenetic meaning within the Haleciidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Indo-Malayan Zoology, 3 (1), 63 - 69.","Bianchi, C. N., Dando, P. R. & Morri, C. (2011) Increased diversity of sessile epibenthos at subtidal hydrothermal vents: seven hypotheses based on observations at Milos Island, Aegean Sea. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2 (1), 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 19475721.2011.565804"]}

Eucodonium brownei Hartlaub, 1907 Fig. 12 See Schuchert (2009) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 14 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���medusa stage. Description (based on our own observations; Russell 1953; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Schuchert, 2009): Hydroid. Unknown. Medusa. Umbrella nearly hemispherical, up to 1 mm wide and high, with thin lateral walls and thickened jelly at apex; manubrium attached to a broad and well-developed gastric peduncle, mouth lips containing each a group of about 100 cnidocysts; 4 narrow radial canals and a circular canal; gonads encircling the manubrium without radial interruptions on mature specimens; velum broad; 4 small marginal bulbs; 4 marginal tentacles, cnidocysts along the entire tentacle surface and in terminal swellings; without apparent ocelli; immature animals produce secondary medusae via medusae buds on middle region of manubrium; mature animals without buds. Colours: manubrium blackish brown, marginal bulbs with blackish pigment granules; brownish swellings on tentacles. Cnidome. Microbasic euryteles on tentacles, heteronemes (microbasic euryteles?) from lips, desmonemes on tentacles. Habitat type. The medusa can be found close to the water surface (Brinckmann-Voss 1970, 1987). Seasonality. July���August (own observations). Reproductive period. July���August, as mature medusae (own observations). Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 1996, 2009; Bouillon & Barnett 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004; Genzano et al. 2008). Records in Salento. Rare at S.ta Caterina (Ionian Sea, Apulia). Remarks. A single medusa from a Salento plankton sample was examined in the present study. Gonad maturation and medusa budding depend on falling temperatures (Brinckmann-Voss 1970). References. Picard (1955), Berhaut (1970), Brinckmann-Voss (1970, 1987), Goy (1970, 1973), Benović & Lučić (1996), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Schuchert (1996, 2009), Bouillon & Barnett (1999), Daly Yahia et al. (2003), Bouillon et al. (2004), Genzano et al. (2008), Touzri et al. (2010)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Hartlaub, C. (1907 - 1917) Craspedote Medusen. Teil I. Lief. 1 - 4. Nordisches Plankton, 12, 1 - 479.","Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1987) Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 133 - 141.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159.","Bouillon, J. & Barnett, T. J. (1999) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Niwa Biodiversity. Memoir, New Zealand, 113, 1 - 136.","Genzano, G., Mianzan, H. & Bouillon, J. (2008) Hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the temperate southwestern Atlantic Ocean: a review. Zootaxa, 1750, 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1955) Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des Herbiers mediterraneens de Posidonies. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine D'Endoume, 15 (Bulleton 9), 59 - 71.","Berhaut, J. (1970) Etude qualitative, quantitative et ecologique des hydromeduses du golfe de Marseille. Tethys, 1 (3), 667 - 708.","Goy, J. (1970) Sur le bourgeonnement de trois hydromeduses: Eucodonium brownei Hartlaub 1907, Phialidium mccradyi (Brooks 1888) et Scolionema suvaense (A. Agassiz et Mayer 1899). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Science, Series D, 270, 1392 - 1395. [Paris]","Goy, J. (1973) Les Hydromeduses de la mer Ligure. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Serie 3 (Zoologie), 83 (62), 965 - 1008.","Benovic, A. & Lucic, D. (1996) Comparison of hydromedusae findings in the northern and southern Adriatic Sea. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 129 - 135.","Daly Yahia, M. N., Goy, J. & Yahia Kefi, O. D. (2003) Distribution and ecology of Medusae and scyphomedusae (Cnidaria) in Tunis Gulf (SW Mediterranean). Oceanologica Acta, 26 (5 - 6), 645 - 655. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. oceact. 2003.05.002","Touzri, C., Yahia, O. K. D., Hamdi, H., Goy, J. & Yahia, M. N. D. (2010) Spatio-temporal distribution of Medusae (Cnidaria) in the Bay of Bizerte (South Western Mediterranean Sea). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 51, 167 - 176."]}

Sertularia perpusilla Stechow, 1919 Fig. 97 A, B See Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 104 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Boero 1981 a; Gili 1986): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza stolonal, colonies erect; hydrocaulus up to ca 7 mm, usually unbranched, internodes thecate excepting basal parts, separated by distinct or indistinct oblique nodes; hydrothecae opposite, touching frontally, tubular and curved outwards, forming 80 ����� 90 �� angle with the axis, adcauline wall 1 / 2 adnate to the axis, margin with 3 cusps, 2 laterals and one abcauline, operculum with 2 valves. Gonothecae elongated-ovoid, with transverse ribs and 4 small apical cusps. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Littoral from 1 to about 70 m depth (Boero 1981 a; Boero & Fresi 1986; Roca 1986). Substrate. This species is an exclusive epibiont of Posidonia oceanica. Seasonality. Present all year (Boero & Fresi 1986), April (Moura 2011; this study), May (Giovannetti et al. 2010), August (Bianchi et al. 1993 a; Galea 2007), and September (Bianchi et al. 1993 a; Galea 2007; Giovannetti et al. 2010) in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. March (Stechow 1919), June (Stechow 1919; Rossi 1950), July (Broch 1933; Gili 1986), August (Stechow 1919; Broch 1933; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002), and September (Boero & Fresi 1986) in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea. Distribution. Endemic to Mediterranean (Marinopoulos 1979; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Rare at Otranto (Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Remarks. For more details about the ecology of this species see Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002). References. Babic (1910) as S. mediterranea; Stechow (1919); Broch (1933), Billard (1936), Picard & Roch (1949), Picard (1952), Rossi (1971), Marinopoulos (1979), Boero (1981 a, b), Fresi et al. (1982), Boero et al. (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Garc��a-Rubies (1987, 1992), Roca (1987), Piraino & Morri (1990), Hughes et al. (1991), Morri et al. (1991), Roca et al. (1991), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bedini et al. (2003), Bouillon et al. (2004), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Giovannetti et al. (2010), Moura (2011)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on page 136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Moura, C. F. J. (2011) Systematics and evolution of coastal and deep-water Hydrozoa from the NE Atlantic. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 340 pp.","Giovannetti, E., Montefalcone, M., Morri, C., Bianchi, C. N. & Albertelli, G. (2010) Early warning response of Posidonia oceanica epiphyte community to environmental alterations (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60 (7), 1031 - 1039. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2010.01.024","Bianchi, C. N., Ceppodomo, I., Galli, C., Sgorbini, S., Dell'amico, F. & Morri, C. (1993 a) Benthos dei Mari Toscani. I: Livorno- Isola d'Elba (Crociera Enea 1985). In: Ferretti, O., Immordillo, F. & Damiani, V. (Eds.), Archipelago Toscano. Studio oceanografico, sedimentologico, geochimico e biologico. ENEA, Roma, Serie Studi Ambientali, pp. 263 - 290.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1950) Celenterati del Golfo di Rapallo (Riviera Ligure). Bollettino del Museo di Zoologia dell'Universita di Torino, 2 (4), 193 - 235.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Marinopoulos, J. (1979) Distribution des Eudendrium dans la region Marseillaise. Etude preliminaire. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 25 - 26 (4), 117 - 118.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Babic, K. (1910) Prilog Fauna Jadranskoga mora. Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti. Zagreb, 183, 207 - 232.","Billard, A. (1936) Les fonds de peche pres d'Alexandrie. VI. Hydroidea. Notes and Memoires Ministere du Commerce et de l'Industrie, Egypte, 13, 1 - 11.","Picard, J. & Le Roch, S. (1949) Les cnidaires epiphytes des zosteres de la Mediterranee (note preliminaire). La Feuille des Naturalistes, 4 (9 - 10), 93 - 94.","Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Fresi, E., Chimenz, C. & Marchio, G. (1982) Zonazione di Briozoi ed Idroidi epifiti in una prateria di Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Naturalista siciliano, S. IV, VI (Supplement), 3, 499 - 508.","Garcia-Rubies, A. (1987) Distribution of epiphytic hydroids on Posidonia sea grass. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 143 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400052255","Garcia-Rubies, A. (1992) Habitat differentiation among epiphytic hydroids of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica from the Medes Islands (NE Catalonia, Spain). In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (Eds.), Aspects of hydrozoan biology. Scientia Marina, 56 (2 - 3), pp. 263 - 267.","Piraino, S. & Morri, C. (1990) Zonation and ecology of epiphytic hydroids in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: the \" Stagnone of Marsala \" (Northwest Sicily). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, I. Marine Ecology, 11 (1), 43 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1990. tb 00227. x","Morri, C., Bavestrello, G. & Bianchi, C. N. (1991) Faunal and ecological notes on some benthic cnidarian species from the Tuscan Archipelago and eastern Ligurian Sea (western Mediterranean). Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 54 - 55, 27 - 47.","Roca, I., Moreno, I. & Barcelo, R. (1991) Distribucion espacial y temporal de los hidroideos de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile en una predera del Illot del Sec (Bahia de Palma, Baleares). Boletin del Instituto espanol de Oceanografia, 7 (1), 67 - 74.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Bedini, R., Canali, M. G. & Bertuccelli, M. (2003) Epiphytic communities on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves along the north Tyrrhenian coasts (N. W. Mediterranean Sea, Italy). Mediterranean Marine Science, 4 (2), 99 - 114."]}

Slabberia halterata Forbes, 1846 Fig. 37 A���C See Schuchert (2001 b, 2010) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 42 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Brinckmann-Voss 1970 as Sarsia halterata; Schuchert 2001 b as Dipurena halterata, 2010, 2012): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza embedded in sponges, only the most distal part of the hydrocaulus and the hydranth emerging; colonies stolonal; hydrocaulus unbranched, covered by smooth perisarc up to halfway of its length; hydranths clavate to cylindrical; hypostome rounded, ectoderm of hypostome differentiating into a well developed button of mucous gland cells; with up to 24 identical capitate tentacles distributed in an oral whorl of 4���5 tentacles and irregularly scattered tentacles along the body, without filiform tentacles; medusa buds in one to several whorls borne in middle of hydranth, 1���10 per hydranth. Habitat type. Embedded in sponges (depth range: 0���30) (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Boero & Fresi 1986 as S. halterata). Substrate. Petrosia dura, Spirastrella cunctatrix, Chondrilla nucula (sponges). Seasonality. March, May���October, December in the British waters (see Russell 1953 as D. halterata); from January to June in the Ligurian Sea (Boero & Fresi 1986); from January to June, and September (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. In the western Mediterranean Sea, fertile colonies occur from April to June (Boero & Fresi 1986), and April (Goy 1997); in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study) in April. Medusa. Adult. Umbrella bell shaped, up to 6 mm wide, 8 mm high, with globular apical chamber; manubrium with a long serpentine proximal part and a swollen distal part, 2���3 times longer than umbrella height; mouth simple, circular; middle part of radial canals with linear swellings; gonads in 2 or more rings, leaving upper third of manubrium free; 4 tentacular marginal bulbs, prominent; one tentacle on each marginal bulb, of uniform diameter, smooth for most of their length, each with large terminal cnidocyst knob and 3 to 6 distinct rings of cnidocysts just above; each marginal bulb with an abaxial ocellus. Colours: bulbs and terminal tentacular clusters orange to brown, apical knob red to green. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa 1.1���1.3 mm wide and 1.5���1.6 mm high, exumbrella with interradial furrows and a few scattered nematocysts; radial canals narrow; tentacles with a large spherical terminal nematocyst cluster, some smaller clusters on the distal half of the tentacles; with ocelli. Colour: ocelli dark-red. Cnidome. Stenoteles and basitrichous isorhizas (polyp); stenoteles, isorhizas and desmonemes (medusa). Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 2001 b; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Common at: Torre dell���Inserraglio (Presicce 1991); La Strea (Miglietta et al. 2000 as D. halterata); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Other Apulian records: Gargano (Fraschetti et al. 2002). Remarks. Only the hydroid stage and the new born medusa were seen in the present study. Exhaustive taxonomic histories of this species are reported by Russell (1953) and Schuchert (2001 b). References. Hadzi (1911); Rees (1939), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957) both as D. halterata; Picard (1958 a) as S. halterata; Kramp (1959, 1961) as D. halterata; Brinckmann-Voss (1970); Rossi (1971) as Syncoryne halterata; Bouillon (1971), Boero & Fresi (1986), Benović & Lučić (1996), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Miglietta et al. (2000) all as D. halterata; Schuchert (2001 b as D. halterata, 2010, 2012); Fraschetti et al. (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Milos & Malej (2005), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a) all as D. halterata., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Schuchert, P. (2001 b) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562","Goy, J. (1997) The medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) and their trophic environment: An example in the Northwestern Mediterranean. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 73 (2), 159 - 171.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Hadzi, J. (1911) Razmjestaj i selidba knidocita u hidromeduza i u hidroida uopce. Rad Jugoslavenske Akaddemije Znanosti i Umjetnosti. Matematicko-Prirodoslovnim Razredom, 188, 141 - 247.","Rees, W. J. (1939) The hydroid of the medusa Dipurena halterata (Forbes). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 23, 343 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 002531540001393 x","Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93].","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Kramp, P. L. (1959) The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283.","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Bouillon, J. (1971) Sur quelques Hydroides de Roscoff. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 12 (3), 323 - 364.","Benovic, A. & Lucic, D. (1996) Comparison of hydromedusae findings in the northern and southern Adriatic Sea. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 129 - 135.","Milos, C. & Malej, A. (2005) Gelatinous zooplankton assemblages in temperate coastal waters - seasonal variations (Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea). Annales Series Historia Naturalis (Koper), 15 (1), 11 - 20."]}

Synthecium evansi (Ellis and Solander, 1786) Fig. 98 A���C See Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 105 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Cornelius 1995; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as strong, thick stolons; colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocaulus monosiphonic, up to 100 mm high, perisarc thick in old colonies, divided into thecate internodes by distinct or indistinct transverse nodes, except in the most basal part; hydrocladia opposite, in the same plane, similar in structure to hydrocaulus; hydrothecae lateral and opposite, one to two pairs per internode, cylindrical, distal part curving outwards, adcauline wall 2 / 3 adnate to the axis, rim even, circular, renovation of the margin very frequent. Gonothecae growing out the hydrothecal aperture, fusiform, pointed apically, with deep transversal ridges. Colour: colonies dark-blue. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Eurybathic species, in the Mediterranean it has been found in the depth range 2���250 m (Marinopoulos 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986). Substrate. Algae, sponges, Posidonia, hydrozoans, mollusc shells, bio-concretions, rock; this species is also substratum for other hydroids. Seasonality. October���March (Boero & Fresi 1986) in the Ligurian Sea; present throughout all the year in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Reproductive period. July, September (Gili 1982, 1986; De Vito 2006; this study), October���November (Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; this study), and December (this study) in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea. Distribution. Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic (Strait of Gibraltar and Canary Islands) (Izquierdo et al. 1986; Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. In this species there is considerable variability in the shape of the hydrothecae through the varied length of the free portion of the hydrotheca, the degree of curvature, the shape of the abcauline hydrothecal wall and the total depth of the hydrotheca (Ramil & Vervoort 1992). References. Stechow (1919, 1923), Picard (1951 a, 1958 a), Relini Orsi et al. (1977), Gili (1982, 1986), Izquierdo et al. (1986), Roca (1986, 1989), Boero & Fresi (1986), Ramil & Vervoort (1992), Medel & L��pez- Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Di Camillo et al. (2005); De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 137-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Marinopoulos, J. (1981) Contribution a la connaissence des Hydraires profonds de la Mediterranee. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 27 (2), 175 - 176.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Gili, J. M. (1982) Fauna de cnidaris de les illes Medes. Treballs de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural, 10, 1 - 175.","Izquierdo, M. S., Garcia-Corrales, P. & Bacallado, J. J. (1986) Contribucion al conocimiento de los hidrozoos caliptoblastidos del Archipielago Canario. Parte I: Haleciidae, Lafoeidae, Campanulariidae y Syntheciidae. Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 3 (1), 81 - 94.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Picard, J. (1951 a) Les hydraires des formations coralligenes des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (2), 255 - 261.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Relini Orsi, L., Zotti, A. & Relini, G. (1977) Epifauna sessile di Posidonia oceanica in una prateria profonda del Mar Ligure. Atti del IX Congresso della Societa Italiana di Biologia Marina, Lacco Ameno d'Ischia, Napoli, 19 - 22 Maggio 1977, pp. 399 - 413.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Roca, I. (1989) Hidroideos de fondos de pesca de arrastre de las costas de Mallorca. VI Simposio Iberico de Estudio del Benthos Marino, 43 - 53.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274."]}

Monotheca obliqua (Johnston, 1847) Fig. 86 A���C See Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 94 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Cornelius 1995; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza only slightly branched; colonies erect, up to 40 mm; hydrocaulus zigzag, with distinct internal ribs, internodes slightly curved, each bearing a latero-distal apophysis, with 1���2 nematothecae at the level of the apophysis insertion and another nematotheca on the segment; hydrocladia borne on the apophyses, each comprising a basal athecate internode and another with one hydrotheca surrounded by 3 nematothecae, one median inferior reaching the base of the hydrotheca and 2 immediately above and behind hydrotheca; hydrothecal compartments not swollen distally; hydrothecae cup-shaped, entirely adnate, rim even but sinuous, aperture at right angle with the internode; nematothecae 2 -chambered, basal chamber narrow, tubular, distal chamber cup-shaped. Gonothecae: male ovate, narrowing at ends, apical aperture small, female cylindrical, truncate distally, tapering basally, borne on stem below hydrothecae. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Rocks, cave, from the tidal level to 70 m depth (Garc��a Carrascosa 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986; Roca 1986). Substrate. Epibiontic on several organisms such as algae, hydroids, bryozoans, and cirripedes; Gili (1986) found it also on rocks. Seasonality. January���June, October, December (for a review see Bouillon et al. 2004); December, April (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. February, May���October (Bouillon et al. 2004) in the Mediterranean Sea. Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Stechow 1919; Picard 1955; Boero & Fresi 1986 as P. obliqua; Medel & L��pez- Gonz��lez 1996; Morri et al. 1999; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Bianchi et al. 2011 as P. obliqua; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at: Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al. 2002); Grotta del Ciolo (Moscatello & Belmonte 2007); Il Chiapparo, Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. Colonies living on Posidonia oceanica leaves have been ascribed to a distinct species (see under Monotheca posidoniae). References. Stechow (1919); Billard (1923) and Broch (1933) both as Plumularia obliqua; Picard (1955, 1958a) as M. posidoniae; Riedl (1966) as Monotheca heteronoma and M. obliqua; Garc��a Carrascosa (1981); Boero & Fresi (1986); Gili (1986), Roca (1987) all as P. obliqua; Cornelius (1995); Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996); Morri & Bianchi (1999) as P. obliqua; Morri et al. (1999); Piraino et al. (1999) as P. obliqua; Fraschetti et al. (2002); Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002); Bouillon et al. (2004); De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006); Moscatello & Belmonte (2007); Gravili et al. (2008 a); Bianchi et al. (2011) as P. obliqua., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 121-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Picard, J. (1955) Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des Herbiers mediterraneens de Posidonies. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine D'Endoume, 15 (Bulleton 9), 59 - 71.","Bianchi, C. N., Dando, P. R. & Morri, C. (2011) Increased diversity of sessile epibenthos at subtidal hydrothermal vents: seven hypotheses based on observations at Milos Island, Aegean Sea. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2 (1), 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 19475721.2011.565804","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Moscatello, S. & Belmonte, G. (2007) The plankton of a shallow submarine cave (' Grotta di Ciolo', Salento Peninsula, SE Italy). Marine Ecology, 28 (s 1), 47 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2007.00167. x","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Billard, A. (1923) Note sur quelques hydroides des cotes de France. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, 48, 13 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1895.10830574","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Riedl, R. (1966) Biologie der Meereshohlen. Blackwell Wissensch, 636 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19680530208","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274."]}

Antennella secundaria (Gmelin, 1791) Fig. 69 A, B See Calder (1997) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 76 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Schuchert 1997): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as ramified, tubular stolons; colonies erect; hydrocladia usually unbranched, up to about 25 mm, basal part of the axis divided into several internodes by transverse nodes, with a variable number of nematothecae, rest of the stem heteromerously segmented, hydrothecate segments with one hydrotheca surrounded by 4 nematothecae, one median inferior inmovable, one pair of laterals, and one axillar, non-hydrothecate internode with 2 median nematothecae; hydrothecae cup-shaped, walls parallel to slightly divergent, 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 adnate, rim even, aperture at 45 ����� 55 �� from the main axis; nematothecae all two-chambered and with a very wide embayment, median inferior inmovable, not reaching the level of the hydrotheca, median nematotheca on the internodes similar, axillar nematotheca similar but much shorter than the first, lateral nematothecae movable, borne on well developed pedicels, basal chamber elongated, distal chamber widening distally. Gonothecae of both sexes often on the same stem, borne below hydrothecae, on pedicels of 2 segments, female ones elongated, cylindrical, narrowed basally, with a circular lid and 2 opposite basal nematothecae, male ones shorter, curved, also provided with 2 basal lateral nematothecae. Colour: coenosarc reddish. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Eurybathic zone from almost the tidal level to 550 m depth (Broch 1933; Garc��a Carrascosa 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986; Ramil & Vervoort 1992). Substrate. Algae, Posidonia, hydroids, polychaete tubes, coral fragment, sponges, bryozoans. Seasonality. Present all year (Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; this study) in the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. From March to November (Boero & Fresi 1986) in the Ligurian Sea; April, October, November (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Cosmopolitan species with a preference for warmer waters (Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Medel & Vervoort 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008). Records in Salento. Common at the following localities: Torre dell'Inserraglio, Montagna Spaccata, Torre S. Emiliano, La Rotonda, Il Chiapparo, S.ta Caterina, Ponte del Ciolo, (Presicce 1991); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study); La Strea (Porto Cesareo) (Ventura 2011); Remarks. Intersegment length and hydrothecae size are quite variable, even among colonies from the same locality (Broch 1933). References. Carus (1884), Kirchenpauer (1876), Marktanner-Turneretscher (1890), Babic (1910), Broch (1912, 1933) all as Plumularia secundaria; Neppi (1917), Stechow (1919, 1923), Leloup (1934), Picard (1958 a), Riedl (1959), Schmidt (1973), Balduzzi et al. (1980), Garc��a Carrascosa (1981), Boero (1981 a, b), Fresi et al. (1982), Boero (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Roca (1986), Garc��a-Rubies (1987, 1992), Roca et al. (1991), Ramil & Vervoort (1992), ��lvarez Claudio (1993), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Ramil et al. (1998), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Morri et al. (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Ans��n Ag��s et al. (2001), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009), Bianchi et al. (2011), Ventura (2011)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 98-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Calder, D. R. (1997) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: (superfamily Plumularioidea). Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution, 161, 1 - 86.","Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 309, 1 - 162.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]","Carus, J. V. (1884) Prodromus faunae mediterraneae sive descriptiones animalium Mare Mediterranei incolarum quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus eorumque auctoribus in commodum zoologorum. Pars I. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 524 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11523","Kirchenpauer, G. H. (1876) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. II. Plumularia und Nemertesia. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben van Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 6 (2), 1 - 59.","Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195 - 286.","Babic, K. (1910) Prilog Fauna Jadranskoga mora. Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti. Zagreb, 183, 207 - 232.","Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65.","Neppi, V. (1917) Osservazioni sui polipi idroidi del golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 2 (1), 29 - 65.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. & Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22","Balduzzi, A., Boero, F., Cattaneo, R., Pansini, M., Pessani, D., Pronzato, R. & Sara, M. (1980) Ricerche sull'insediamento dello zoobenthos in alcune grotte marine della Penisola Sorrentina. Memorie di Biologia Marina e di Oceanografia, Supplement 10, 121 - 127.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Fresi, E., Chimenz, C. & Marchio, G. (1982) Zonazione di Briozoi ed Idroidi epifiti in una prateria di Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Naturalista siciliano, S. IV, VI (Supplement), 3, 499 - 508.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Garcia-Rubies, A. (1987) Distribution of epiphytic hydroids on Posidonia sea grass. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 143 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400052255","Garcia-Rubies, A. (1992) Habitat differentiation among epiphytic hydroids of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica from the Medes Islands (NE Catalonia, Spain). In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (Eds.), Aspects of hydrozoan biology. Scientia Marina, 56 (2 - 3), pp. 263 - 267.","Roca, I., Moreno, I. & Barcelo, R. (1991) Distribucion espacial y temporal de los hidroideos de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile en una predera del Illot del Sec (Bahia de Palma, Baleares). Boletin del Instituto espanol de Oceanografia, 7 (1), 67 - 74.","Alvarez Claudio, C. (1993) Hidrozoos bentonicos y catalogo de antozoos de la plataforma y talud continentales de la costa central de Asturias. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Oviedo, 458 pp.","Ramil, F., Vervoort, W. & Ansin, J. A. (1998) Report on the Haleciidae and Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected by the French SEAMOUNT 1 Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 322, 1 - 42.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. & Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Bianchi, C. N., Dando, P. R. & Morri, C. (2011) Increased diversity of sessile epibenthos at subtidal hydrothermal vents: seven hypotheses based on observations at Milos Island, Aegean Sea. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2 (1), 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 19475721.2011.565804"]}

Zanclea costata Gegenbaur, 1856 Fig. 47 A���E See Schuchert (2010) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 52 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Brinckmann-Voss 1970 as Zanclea implexa var. neapolitana; Gravili et al. 1996; Cerrano et al. 1997; Boero et al. 2000; Schuchert 2010): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as a creeping, branched stolon system; colony stolonal; hydrocaulus as hydranth pedicel, covered by perisarc, corrugated to annulated; hydranths cylindrical; with 4���6 capitate tentacles in an oral whorl; about 40���60 capitate aboral tentacles scattered over entire hydranth body; medusa buds scattered, each arising on a stalk between tentacles in the mid-upper part of hydranth, up to 20 may be present, advanced buds with two pairs of unequally developed marginal bulbs. Colour: perisarc brownish. Habitat type. The hydroids can be found in rather shallow coastal waters (2.5��� 5 m of depth) (Boero & Fresi 1986; Cerrano et al. 1997). Substrate. The polyps grow on shells of Bivalvia, imbedded in the sediment, mostly on Chamelea gallina (L.), but also on Spisula subtruncata (da Costa), Venus ovata Pennant, and Cardium spp. Seasonality. From January to December in the Ligurian Sea (Boero & Fresi 1986); July (Gravili et al. 1996); February���June (this study). Reproductive period. In the Ligurian Sea, fertile colonies occur from May to August (Boero & Fresi 1986; Cerrano et al. 1997); from March to June (Brinckmann-Voss 1987) in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Medusa. Adult. Bell-shaped, mesoglea slightly thicker at apex; exumbrellar nematocysts in linear, meridional tracks running from the bulbs upwards, length variable and depending on age; gonads surround manubrium, females with more than 10 eggs; fully grown with 2���4 tentacles bearing numerous cnidophores, all attached in a linear series, stalks of cnidophores variable, short proximal, longest distal. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa almost spherical; with 4 perradial, oval nematocyst buttons containing stenoteles on exumbrella; manubrium simple, tubular, spanning about half of the subumbrellar cavity; 4 radial canals, well visible, no linear swellings; no gonads visible; 4 marginal bulbs, one opposite pair large, the other very small; each large bulb bearing one long, tapering, contractile tentacle with about 50 cnidophores, cnidophores all on one side of tentacle, contractile, each with usually 3���5 macrobasic euryteles, distally with long cilia. Cnidome. Stenoteles of two sizes in tentacle capitations; large holotrichous macrobasic euryteles with a shaft coiled spirally along the main axis of undischarged capsules, charged shaft about six-times as long as capsule, abundant in hydrorhiza and rare in hydranth body; microbasic mastigophores rare in hydranth and hydrorhiza (polyp); two size-classes of stenoteles, telotrichous macrobasic euryteles in cnidophores (medusa). Distribution. Endemic to the Mediterranean (Gegenbaur 1856; Hargitt 1904; Br��ckner 1914; Pr��vot 1959; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Gravili et al. 1996, 2008a; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Cerrano et al. 1997; Boero et al. 2000; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002), all other records have to be confirmed on basis of hydroid cnidome studies (see Schuchert 2010). Records in Salento. Rare in the Palude del Capitano (Presicce 1991; Gravili et al. 1996). Remarks. Only the hydroid stage was seen in the present study. The medusa can be parasitized by the nudibranch Phyllirhoe bucephala P��ron and Lesueur; the parasitized form has been given its own name, Mnestra parasites, and loses its tentacles (Krohn 1853; Caziot 1921; Ankel 1952; Martin & Brinckmann-Voss 1963; Martin 1966). References. Mayer (1910), Br��ckner (1914), Russell (1953), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957), Kramp (1957, 1959, 1961), Picard (1958 a), Brinckmann-Voss (1970) as Z. costata var. neapolitana; Goy (1985), Presicce (1991), Riedl (1991), Gravili et al. (1996, 2008a), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Cerrano et al. (1997), Buecher & Gibbons (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Boero et al. (2000), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Milos & Malej (2005), Benović et al. (2005), Batistić et al. (2007), Puce et al. (2009)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 69-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Gegenbaur, C. (1856) Versuch eines Systems der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 8 (2), 202 - 273.","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Bouillon, J. (1996) Zanclea species (Hydroidomedusae, Anthomedusae) from the Mediterranean. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P. F. S. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Advances in Hydrozoan Biology. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), pp. 99 - 108.","Cerrano, C., Amoretti, D. & Bavestrello, G. (1997) The polyp and the medusa of Zanclea costata Gegenbaur (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Italian Journal of Zoology, 64 (2), 177 - 179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250009709356192","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1987) Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 133 - 141.","Hargitt, C. W. (1904) Notes on some hydromedusae from the Bay of Naples. Mitteilungen aus der zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 16 (4), 553 - 585.","Bruckner, E. (1914) Beitrag zur Kenntnis von Perigonimus cidaritis Weismann und Gemmaria implexa var. neapolitana Hargitt. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 111 (4), 445 - 505.","Prevot, E. (1959) Morphologie et evolution des structures tentaculaires chez les hydraires gymnoblastes capitata. Recueil des Traveaux de la station marine d'Endoume, 29 (Bulletin 17), 91 - 126.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Krohn, A. (1853) Ueber die Natur des kuppelformigen Anhanges am Leibe von Phyllirhoe bucephalum. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 19, 278 - 281.","Caziot, E. (1921) Especes rares de la faune marine de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (A. M.). Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 46, 114 - 116.","Ankel, W. E. (1952) Phyllirrhoe bucephala Per. et Les. und die Meduse Mnestra parasites Krohn. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 23, 91 - 140.","Martin, R. & Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1963) Zum Brutpflegeparasitismus von Phyllirhoe bucephala Per. & Les. (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia) auf der Meduse Zanclea costata Gegenb. (Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 33, 206 - 223.","Martin, R. (1966) An attempt to infect in vitro medusae of Zanclea costata (Anthomedusae) with the veliger of Phyllirrhoe bucephala (Opisthobranchia). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 35 (1), 130 - 131.","Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae. Vol. I & II. Washington, Carnegie Institution, 735 pp.","Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562","Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93].","Kramp, P. L. (1957) Some Mediterranean Hydromedusae collected by A. K. Totton in 1954 and 1956. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 119, 115 - 128.","Kramp, P. L. (1959) The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283.","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Goy, J. (1985) Coelenteres et planctonologie. In: Van Praet, M. (Ed.), Apport des coelenteres a la biologie marine. Oceanis, 11 (4), pp. 325 - 337.","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Buecher, E., & Gibbons, M. J. (1999) Temporal persistence in the vertical structure of the assemblage of planktonic medusae in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 189, 105 - 115. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 189105","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Milos, C. & Malej, A. (2005) Gelatinous zooplankton assemblages in temperate coastal waters - seasonal variations (Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea). Annales Series Historia Naturalis (Koper), 15 (1), 11 - 20.","Benovic, A., Lucic, D., Onofri, V., Batistic, M. & Njire, J. (2005) Bathymetric distribution of medusae in the open waters of the middle and south Adriatic Sea during spring 2002. Journal of Plankton Research, 27 (1), 79 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / fbh 153","Batistic, M., Jasprica, N., Caric, M. & Lucic, D. (2007) Annual cycle of the gelatinous invertebrate zooplankton of the eastern South Adriatic coast (NE Mediterranean). 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Clytia linearis (Thornely, 1900) Fig. 103 A���G See Calder (1991) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 110 p and HCUS-S 110m (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp and medusa stages. Description (based on our own observations; Cornelius 1987; Altuna 1994; Lindner & Migotto 2002): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as a highly ramified stolonal system; colonies stolonal or erect, up to 40 mm high; pedicels (hydrocauli) unbranched or subsympodially branched, ringed basally and distally, topped by hydrothecae; branches (hydrocladia) arising laterally, at the upper part of the axis; hydrothecae very deep, cylindrical, sides almost parallel, narrowing basally, with a thin diaphragm, straight or slightly oblique, with wide margin, 10���12 acute cusps with characteristic longitudinal central perisarcal inwards ridges extended further of the cusps, giving a striated appearance to hydrotheca. Gonothecae elongate-oval, truncate distally, narrow sub-distally and basally, borne usually on axils, on short and ringed pedicels, enclosing up to 8 developing medusa buds. Habitat type. Littoral and shelf species that has been found from the tidal level to 200 m depth (Marinopoulos 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986) in the Mediterranean Sea. Substrate. Algae, Posidonia oceanica, rock, hydroids, sponges, bryozoans, polychaete tubes, anthozoans, cirripedes, and mollusc shells. Seasonality. July���August (Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002), throughout the year (Boero & Fresi 1986; Llobet et al. 1991; De Vito 2006; Puce et al. 2009; this study) in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. January (Picard 1955), April (Boero & Fresi 1986; Gili 1986), June (Boero & Fresi 1986; Roca 1986), July (Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002), August (Boero & Fresi 1986; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002), September (Boero & Fresi 1986), and November (Picard 1951 a; Boero & Fresi 1986) in the western Mediterranean; from April to December in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Medusa. Adult. Umbrella hemispherical during contraction, calotte-shaped or almost flat when relaxed; manubrium cruciform; mouth with 4 simple lips; gonads oval on distal half of radial canals; with up to 20���29 marginal tentacular bulbs; 28 statocysts, each with one statolith. Colours: bell transparent; gonads, manubrium, bulbs and tentacles assuming the colour of food. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with hemispherical umbrella; manubrium quadrate or laterally collapsed; 4 perradial and one ring canals; gonads on median region of radial canals; 4 perradial tentacular bulbs and 4 interradial developing bulbs; tentacles hollow, with a terminal nematocyst cluster; 4���8 adradial statocysts, each with one statolith. Cnidome. A- and B-type microbasic mastigophores (hydroid); A-, C-, and D-type microbasic mastigophores and holotrichous isorhizas (medusa) (nematocyst nomenclature follows that of ��stman, 1979 a, b). Distribution. Tropical and subtropical waters of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, Mediterranean Sea (Yamada 1959; Millard 1975; Calder 1991; Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Morri & Bianchi 1999; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Morri et al. 2009; Occhipinti-Ambrogi 2011; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013; Bianchi et al. 2014). Records in Salento. Common at: Torre S. Emiliano, Marina di Corsano, Ponte del Ciolo (Presicce 1991); La Strea, S.ta Caterina, S.ta Maria al Bagno (Denitto 1996; Miglietta et al. 2000); Otranto (Denitto 1996; Miglietta et al. 2000; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Andreano 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Stabili et al. 2011; Ventura 2011; Piraino et al. 2013; this study); Grotta del Ciolo (Denitto et al. 2007; Moscatello & Belmonte 2007); S. Maria di Leuca (Mastrototaro et al. 2010); Il Chiapparo (C. Gravili unpublished observations). Remarks. The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. C. linearis is probably the first successful Lessepsian hydroid that colonized the Mediterranean Sea from the Suez Canal and, then from Gibraltar, expanded its distribution to the Atlantic coast of Spain (for more details see Boero et al. 2005). References Picard & Le Roch (1949), Picard (1951 a, b, 1952), Rossi (1961), Millard (1975), Garc��a-Corrales et al. (1978), Marinopoulos (1979) all as C. gravieri; Boero (1981 a, b, c), Garc��a Carrascosa (1981), Boero et al. (1985), Gili & Garc��a-Rub��es (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Roca (1986), ��stman et al. (1987), Roca et al. (1991), Ramil & Vervoort (1992), Bianchi et al. (1993, 2014), Altuna (1994, 1995), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Migotto (1996), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Miglietta et al. (2000), Lindner & Migotto (2002), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Touzri et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Denitto et al. (2007), Galea (2007), Moscatello & Belmonte (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al. (2009), Puce et al. (2009), Gravili et al. (2010), Mastrototaro et al. (2010), Occhipinti-Ambrogi et al. (2011), Ventura (2011), Zenetos et al. (2011), Piraino et al. (2013)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 145-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution, 154, i - iv, 1 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1352274","Lindner, A. & Migotto, A. E. (2002) The life cycle of Clytia linearis and Clytia noliformis: metagenic campanulariids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with contrasting polyp and medusa stages. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 82 (4), 541 - 553. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315402005866","Marinopoulos, J. (1981) Contribution a la connaissence des Hydraires profonds de la Mediterranee. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 27 (2), 175 - 176.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Picard, J. (1955) Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des Herbiers mediterraneens de Posidonies. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine D'Endoume, 15 (Bulleton 9), 59 - 71.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Picard, J. (1951 a) Les hydraires des formations coralligenes des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (2), 255 - 261.","Ostman, C. (1979 a) Two types of nematocysts in Campanulariidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoologica Scripta, 8 (1 - 4), 5 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1979. tb 00614. x","Ostman, C. (1979 b) Nematocysts in the Phialidium medusae of Clytia hemisphaerica (Hydrozoa, Campanulariidae) studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoon, 7 (2), 125 - 142.","Yamada, M. (1959) Hydroid fauna of Japanese and its adjacent waters. Publications from the Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, 9, 1 - 101.","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749","Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Marchini, A., Cantone, G., Castelli, A., Chimenz, C., Cormaci, M., Froglia, C., Furnari, G., Gambi, M. C., Giaccone, G., Giangrande, A., Gravili, C., Mastrototaro, F., Mazziotti, C., Orsi-Relini, L. & Piraino, S. (2011) Alien species along the Italian coasts: an overview. Biological Invasions, 13 (1), 215 - 237. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 010 - 9803 - y","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Bianchi, C. N., Corsini-Foka, M., Morri, C. & Zenetos, A. (2014) Thirty years after: dramatic change in the coastal marine ecosystems of Kos Island (Greece), 1981 - 2013. Mediterranean Marine Science, 15 (3), 482 - 497.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Denitto, F. (1996) Etologia alimentare e cicli vitali di alcune specie di Hydroidomedusae: Anthomedusae / Filifera e Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa). Degree Thesis, Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 176 pp.","Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Stabili, L., Gravili, C., Tredici, S. M., Boero, F. & Alifano, P. (2011) Association of a luminous Vibrio sp., taxonomically related to Vibrio harveyi, with Clytia linearis (Thornely, 1900) (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 396 (2), 77 - 82. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2010.10.004","Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]","Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461","Moscatello, S. & Belmonte, G. (2007) The plankton of a shallow submarine cave (' Grotta di Ciolo', Salento Peninsula, SE Italy). Marine Ecology, 28 (s 1), 47 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2007.00167. x","Picard, J. & Le Roch, S. (1949) Les cnidaires epiphytes des zosteres de la Mediterranee (note preliminaire). La Feuille des Naturalistes, 4 (9 - 10), 93 - 94.","Picard, J. (1951 b) Note sur les hydraires littoraux de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie Milieu, 2 (3), 338 - 349.","Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233.","Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.","Marinopoulos, J. (1979) Distribution des Eudendrium dans la region Marseillaise. Etude preliminaire. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 25 - 26 (4), 117 - 118.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Boero, F. (1981 c) Osservazioni ecologiche sugli idroidi de la fascia a mitili della Riviera Ligure di Levante. Cahiers de Biologie marine, 22 (1), 107 - 117.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Gili, J. M. & Garcia-Rubies, A. (1985) Contribution a la connaissance de la faune d'hydropolipes de l'ile de Majorque. Anales de Biologia, Biologia Animal Series, 3 (1), 37 - 53.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Roca, I., Moreno, I. & Barcelo, R. (1991) Distribucion espacial y temporal de los hidroideos de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile en una predera del Illot del Sec (Bahia de Palma, Baleares). Boletin del Instituto espanol de Oceanografia, 7 (1), 67 - 74.","Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 306, 1 - 125.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Gravili, C., Belmonte, G., Cecere, E., Denitto, F., Giangrande, A., Guidetti, P., Longo, C., Mastrototaro, F., Moscatello, S., Petrocelli, A., Piraino, S., Terlizzi, A. & Boero, F. (2010) Nonindigenous species along the Apulian coast, Italy. 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Halecium beanii (Johnston, 1838) Fig. 61 A���D See Schuchert (2005 b) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 68 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Medel & Vervoort 2000; Schuchert 2001 a, 2005 b): Hydroid. Colonies erect, up to ca 250 mm; hydrocauli polysiphonic but becoming monosiphonic distally, irregularly branched; hydrocladia alternate, in the same plane, flexuose, varied in length, some of them branched, originating from base of hydrothecae, terminal parts of the axis and hydrocladia separated into internodes by means of slightly oblique nodes; hydrothecae shallow, with almost parallel walls, alternate, borne laterally at upper part of internodes, becoming axillary, primary hydrotheca sessile, but with frequent renovation, all with smooth and short hydrophores of similar length; rim of hydrotheca not everted. Gonophores: female gonotheca kidney-shaped, with 2 fused hydrothecae in the middle of concave side, larvae develop inside gonotheca, male gonotheca ovoid, elongated, with a terminal aperture. Cnidome. Microbasic and macrobasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Shallow-moderately deep waters (0���150 m) (Boero & Fresi, 1986; Schuchert 2005 b). Substrate. Dorocidaris (Echinodermata), algae, rock, concretions, barnacles, hydroids. Seasonality. February (Stechow 1919; De Vito 2006; this study); April���December (Boero & Fresi 1986); February, June (Puce et al. 2009); January (C. Gravili unpublished observations) in the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. June, November���December (Boero & Fresi 1986), and June (Puce et al. 2009) in the Ligurian Sea. Distribution. Nearly cosmopolitan (Kramp 1935; Naumov 1969 in part; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Medel & Vervoort 2000; Schuchert 2001 a (in part), 2005 b; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Rare at Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. A cold water species that is apparently becoming rarer than in the past. References. Motz-Kossowska (1911), Leloup (1934), Stechow (1919), Picard (1958 a), Rossi (1971), Marinopoulos (1981), Boero (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Llobet i Nadal (1987), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Medel et al. (1998), Medel & Vervoort (2000), Bouillon et al. (2004), Schuchert (2005 b), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al. (2009), Puce et al. (2009)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 88-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Schuchert, P. (2005 b) Taxonomic revision and systematic notes on some Halecium species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Journal of Natural History, 39 (8), 607 - 639. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400001319","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 330, 1 - 68.","Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Kramp, P. L. (1935) Polypdyr (Coelenterata) I. Ferskvandspolypper og Goplepolypper. Danmarks Fauna, 41, 1 - 207.","Naumov, D. V. (1969) Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translation, i - vi, 631 pp., 30 pls.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1911) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. II. - Hydraires calyptoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 5, VI, 325 - 352.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Marinopoulos, J. (1981) Contribution a la connaissence des Hydraires profonds de la Mediterranee. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 27 (2), 175 - 176.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Llobet Nadal, I. (1987) Faunistica y distribucion espacio-temporal de una poblacion de hydropolipos epibiontes del alga Halimeda tuna en el Mediterraneo occidental. MS Thesis. [pagination unkown]","Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749"]}

Halopteris diaphana (Heller, 1868) Fig. 72 A���E See Schuchert (1997) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 79 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Schuchert 1997): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza stolonal; colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocauli monosiphonic, unbranched, up to 12 mm, basal parts with a varied number of segments separated by transverse nodes bearing a row of median nematothecae, first segment quadrangular and lacking nematothecae, second segment long, ending in oblique node, with 2 nematothecae on upper side, remainder part of the axis heteromerously segmented, with alternate oblique and transverse nodes; hydrocladia alternate, on apophyses lateral to the hydrothecae, hydrothecate internodes of the main axis and hydrocladia composed of one hydrothecae and 3 nematothecae, one median inferior and 2 laterals, non-hydrothecate segments with 1���2 median nematothecae (usually one on the hydrocladia); hydrotheca cupshaped, walls slightly widening, in the middle of the segment, 1 / 2 adnate, rim even, aperture at 50 ����� 60 �� from the axis; nematothecae all two chambered and movable, with adcauline embayment, median inferior nematotheca not reaching the hydrotheca, lateral ones on very short apophyses, just reaching the hydrothecal border. Gonothecae of both sexes on separate colonies, on stem and hydrocladia, with 2 segmented pedicels, female ones evenly curved for its entire length, narrowed basally, with 2���4 basal nematothecae, distal end truncate, with a convex lid, male ones oval, slightly curved, obliquely truncated, with 2 basal nematothecae. Colour: transparent. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. From the tidal level to 75 m (Stechow 1923; Garc��a Carrascosa 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986; Morri & Bianchi 1999). Substrate. Algae, Posidonia, hydroids, bryozoans, sponges, bivalve shells, cirripedes. Seasonality. January, February, April���October (Boero & Fresi 1986; Gili 1986; Morri & Bianchi 1999; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002); from January to December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. April, June���September (Gili 1986; Boero & Fresi 1986; Morri & Bianchi 1999; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002); from April to May (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Although this species has sometimes been thought to be circumtropical, according to Schuchert (1997), it is actually known only from the Mediterranean and from Brazil. It has recently been reported from Florida (USA) (Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 1997; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Calder 2013). Records in Salento. Common at Torre dell'Inserraglio (Presicce 1991), and Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Stabili et al. 2008; this study). Remarks. Halopteris diaphana has a rather complicated taxonomic history and very often other species have erroneously been allocated to this species (for more details see Schuchert 1997). The most characteristic trait of H. diaphana is the cornucopia-shaped female gonotheca. References. Heller (1868) as Anisocalyx diaphana; Leloup (1934), Stechow (1923) as T. diaphana; Broch (1933), Picard (1958 a), Riedl (1970) as T. diaphanus; Boero (1981 a, b, 1985), Garc��a Carrascosa (1981), Isasi (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Riedl (1991), Altuna (1994), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Schuchert (1997), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Ans��n Ag��s et al. (2001), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al. (2009)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 102-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Heller, C. (1868) Die zoophyten und Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 18, 1 - 88. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11393","Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 309, 1 - 162.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3648.1.1","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Stabili, L., Gravili, C., Tredici, S. M., Piraino, S., Tala, A., Boero, F. & Alifano, P. (2008) Epibiotic Vibrio luminous bacteria isolated from some Hydrozoa and Bryozoa species. Microbial Ecology, 56 (4), 625 - 636. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00248 - 008 - 9382 - y","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Riedl, R. (1970) Fauna und Flora der Adria. 2 nd Edition. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin, 640 pp.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Isasi (Urdangarin), I. (1985) Fauna de Cnidarios bentonicos del abra de Bilbao. Memoria. Presentada para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Biologicas por Inigo Isasi Urdangarin. Universidad del pais Vasco. Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea. Facultad de Ciencias, Departemento de Biologia. Fauna of the benthic cnidarians of the Abra de Bilbao. Gratuation thesis, University of the Basque Country, 209 pp.","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. & Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268.","Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749"]}

Eugymnanthea inquilina Palombi, 1935 Fig. 59 A, B See Kramp (1961) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 66 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Palombi 1935; Kramp 1959; Kubota 1979, 1983): Hydroid. Epizootic on gills of bivalves, solitary or forming small colonies; hydranth tubular, without hydrothecae, with a conical hypostome; with a single whorl of 20���24 filiform tentacles; with an intertentacular membranous web, fixed to the host by a basal disc; often young hydranths budding from the middle part of the primary hydranth body; 1���2 medusa buds at the basal part of the hydranths. Colour: hydroid yellow-orange. Habitat type and substrate. Hydroid living in bivalve Mollusca such as Ruditapes decussatus, Mytilus galloprovincialis and others (Palombi 1935; Cerruti 1941 as Mytilhydra polimantii; Morri 1981 a, b; Gili, 1986; Brinckmann-Voss 1987; Piraino et al. 1994). Seasonality. From April to November (Palombi 1935; Piraino et al. 1994) in theTyrrhenian and Ionian Seas. Reproductive period. April���November (Palombi 1935; Piraino et al. 1994). Medusa. Umbrella sphero-conical up to 0.55 mm high and wide, without manubrium and tentacles; 4 simple radial canals; 4 large, sac-like gonads on radial canals, not lobular, 8 adradial statocysts with 3 or 4 statoliths. Cnidome. Basitrichous isorhizas. Distribution. Endemic to Mediterranean Sea (Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Common in the Ionian Sea (Piraino et al. 1994; Kubota 2000) and Adriatic Sea, Apulian coasts (Kubota 2000). Remarks. The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. For more details about the systematics and ecology of this species see Kubota (1983, 1989, 2000), Piraino et al. (1994), Govindarajan et al. (2005). References. Kramp (1961), Kubota (1979, 1983, 1985, 1987, 2000), Gili (1986), Gili et al. (1988), Piraino et al. (1994), Bouillon et al. (2004), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 86-87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Palombi, A. (1935) Eugymnanthea inquilina nuova Leptomedusa derivante da un atecato idroide ospite interno di Tapes decussatus L. Pubblicazione della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 15 (2), 159 - 168.","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347","Kramp, P. L. (1959) The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283.","Kubota, S. (1979) Occurrence of a commensal hydroid Eugymnanthea inquilina Palombi from Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, 21 (4), 396 - 406.","Kubota, S. (1983) Studies on the life history and systematics of the Japanese commensal hydroids living in bivalves, with some reference to their evolution. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, 23 (3), 296 - 402.","Cerruti, A. (1941) Mytilhydra polimantii n. gen., n. sp., idroide vivente sul mantello dei mitili. Rivista di biologia, 32, 1 - 18.","Morri, C. (1981 a) Les Hydraires de quelques milieux lagunaires italien (Italie continentale et Sardaigne). Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 27 (4), 193 - 194.","Morri, C. (1981 b) Idrozoi lagunari. Guide per il riconoscimento delle specie animali delle acque lagunari e costiere italiane. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, AQ / 1 / 94, 6, 1 - 105. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19810660144","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1987) Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 133 - 141.","Piraino, S., Todaro, C., Geraci, S. & Boero, F. (1994) Ecology of the bivalve-inhabiting hydroid Eugymnanthea inquilina in the coastal sounds of Taranto (Ionian Sea, SE Italy). Marine Biology, Berlin, 118 (4), 695 - 703. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00347518","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Kubota, S. (2000) Parallel, paedomorphic evolutionary processes of the bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoans (Leptomedusae, Eirenidae) deduced from the morphology, life cycle and biogeography, with special reference to taxonomic treatment of Eugymnanthea. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 241 - 247. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1241","Kubota, S. (1989) Systematic study of a paedomorphic derivative hydrozoan Eugymnanthea (Thecata-Leptomedusae). Zoological Science, 6 (1), 147 - 154.","Govindarajan, A. F., Piraino, S., Gravili, C. & Kubota, S. (2005) Species identification of bivalve-inhabiting marine hydrozoans of the genus Eugymnanthea. Invertebrate Biology, 124 (1), 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2005.1241 - 01. x"]}

Eudendrium moulouyensis Marques, Pena Cantero and Vervoort, 2000 Fig. 19 A���F See Schuchert (2008 b) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 23 and HCUS-S 0 24 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Marques et al. 2000 a; De Vito et al. 2008; Schuchert 2008 b): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza stolonal; colonies erect, minute; hydrocaulus monosiphonic, sometimes moderately polysiphonic (2���4 tubes) at base, up to 20���90 mm high, fragile, rarely branched in an irregular plane up to second order over its whole extension, perisarc delicate and thin, often with 3���4 annulations at the origins of hydrocladia, sometimes 1���2 perisarc rings beneath the hydranth, annulations can be found also in large colonies along the main stem and throughout the hydrocladia, colonies collected from the deepest levels of the species distribution (25���30 m depth) with few or no perisarc annulations along the main stem; hydranths on pedicels arising directly from main stem,, with a ring of glandular cells at the base of large hydranths, this region without nematocysts, with zooxanthellae in hydranth body and coenosarc; hypostome large; 22���28 filiform tentacles arranged in one whorl. Gonophores as fixed sporosacs; females oval, up to 5���6, born originally in a single whorl in the middle of a hydranth body (gonozooids) with a distinct hypostome but fewer and shorter tentacles than the gastrozooids, spadix simple, thick and unbranched, entirely clasped around the egg until a late stage of differentiation; males develop in high number (8���10 per gonozooid), usually with 2 spermatic chambers, sometimes three, on partially reduced zooids. Colours: perisarc brownish to yellowish; hydranths whitish to brown. Cnidome. Heterotrichous microbasic euryteles can be found in two sizes: numerous large microbasic euryteles (15���16 x 8���10 ��m), bean-shaped, densely distributed on the whole hydranth body, loosely occurring also on hypostome, and small microbasic euryteles (6��� 8 x 3���4 ��m), oval, on tentacles and hydranth. Both types can be also found scattered throughout the coenosarc in the stem and the hydrorhiza, sites of cnidoblast differentiation. Habitat type. On shallow (from about 1 to 15 m) subhorizontal substrates characterized by photophilic algae or pre-coralligenous assemblages (Marques et al. 2000 a; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; De Vito et al. 2008; Puce et al. 2009). Substrate. Epilithic or epibiontic on different organisms with variable calcium carbonate content, such as red coralline algae (Peyssonnelia spp.), green algae (Udothea sp. and Halimeda sp.) and calcified bryozoans, but also on artificial substrates such as fishing lines, plastic pieces and iron. Seasonality. Throughout the whole year (De Vito et al. 2008; Puce et al. 2009). Reproductive period. Sexual reproduction in Adriatic populations was recorded in winter���spring months; in Salento waters (De Vito et al. 2008) from December to May; in the Ligurian Sea from September to December (Puce et al. 2009). Distribution: endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, perhaps also southern Brittany (Castric et al. 1987, as Eudendrium hargitti; Bouillon et al. 2004; De Vito et al. 2008; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Common at: Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; De Vito et al. 2008; Gravili et al. 2008 a); Torre Lapillo, Torre dell���Inserraglio (Andreano 2007); La Strea (Porto Cesareo) (Ventura 2011). Remarks. This species is very similar to Eudendrium ramosum (except for the zooxanthellae) (see Schuchert 2008 b). Castric et al. (1991) included in their list of Brittany���s hydroids a zooxanthellate Eudendrium hargitti colony that, according to the identification made by Picard (1950), could also belong to this species (see Schuchert 2008 b). According to De Vito et al. (2008) all records of Eudendrium hargitti / Myrionema amboinense in the Mediterranean Sea (Picard 1958 a; Marinopoulos 1981, 1992; Piraino et al. 1999) should be regarded as doubtful and a re-examination of available material would be required. De Vito et al. (2008) noted that most polyps from the Otranto Channel and other Mediterranean localities, possessed concretions of unknown nature, packed between bases of each tentacle pair, or scattered along the hydranth body or on the perisarc of the stem: these bodies resemble large, spumous cells. References. Marques et al. (2000 a), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), De Vito et al. (2008), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Marques, A. C., Cantero, A. L. P. & Vervoort, W. (2000 a) Mediterranean species of Eudendrium Ehrenberg, 1834 (Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae, Eudendriidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Zoology, 252 (2), 197 - 213. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0952836900009936","Schuchert, P. (2008 b) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 4. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115 (4), 677 - 757.","De Vito, D., Boero, F., Di Camillo, C. G., Megina, C. & Piraino, S. (2008) Redescription of the zooxanthellate Eudendrium moulouyensis (Eudendriidae: Hydrozoa) from the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88 (8), 1655 - 1662. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002142","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Castric, A., Girard, A. & Michel, C. (1987) Roches sous marines de Bretagne: flore et faune fixee. 4 th Edition. CNRS Laboratoire de biologie marine, Concarneau, 116 pp.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]","Castric, A., Girard, A. & Michel, C. (1991) Roches sous-marines de Bretagne: flore et faune fixee. 5 th Edition. Concarneau: Laboratoire de Biologie Marine.","Picard, J. (1950) Notes sur les hydraires mediterraneens. Vie Milieu, 1 (2), 191 - 197.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Marinopoulos, J. (1981) Contribution a la connaissence des Hydraires profonds de la Mediterranee. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 27 (2), 175 - 176.","Marinopoulos, J. (1992) Contribution a l'etude du genre Eudendrium (Hydrozoa: Hydroida) de la Mediterranee: taxonomie et phylogenie. In: Bellan, D. (Ed.), Speciation et biogeographie en mer Mediterranee. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique Monaco, N ° Special 9, pp. 53 - 66.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274."]}

Turritopsis dohrnii (Weismann, 1883) Fig. 26 A, B See Schuchert (2004) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 031p and HCUS-S 031m (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento��� fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp and medusa stages. Description (based on our own observations; Calder 1988; Schuchert 2004): Hydroid. Colonies stolonal or erect; hydrocaulus monosiphonic in small colonies, polysiphonic in larger ones, irregularly branched, decreasing in diameter from base to distal end, covered by a firm perisarc consisting of two layers and mostly infested with detritus and algae, without annulations and terminating below hydranth base; hydrocladia adnate and parallel to hydrocaulus or to other branches for some distance before curving away at an acute angle and becoming free; hydranths terminal, fusiform and elongated, naked; hypostome conical and elongated; with 12���20 filiform tentacles scattered over distal �� of hydranth, proximal ones shorter than distal; medusa buds pyriform, enclosed in perisarc, arising mostly one by one on a short pedicel below hydranth. Colours: hydranths in life colourless or pinkish. Habitat type. The hydroid is present on rocky shores, between 0 and 20 m, under overhangs constituted by either rocks or conspicuous animals (Boero & Fresi 1986; Bavestrello et al. 1992; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Puce et al. 2009). Substrate. Dorocidaris papillata (Echinodermata), Isidella elongata (Octocorallia), on tubes of Serpulida, sponges; algae such as Halimeda, Peyssonnelia, barnacles, bryozoans, hydrozoans, concretions on mussel. Seasonality. In the Ligurian Sea, in March, April, June���December (Boero & Fresi 1986), and in January���May (Puce et al. 2009); from March to December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. In the Ligurian Sea, fertile colonies occur in July, August, October (Boero & Fresi 1986), and in May (Puce et al. 2009); from August to October in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Medusa. Adult. Umbrella bell-shaped to pyriform, higher than wide, 3.2 mm in diameter, up to 2.7 mm in height, mesoglea thicker at apex; manubrium cross-shaped in transverse section, large, mounted on pseudopeduncle with 4 radial canals which appears to overtop 4 compact vacuolated endodermal masses situated above digestive part of manubrium; mouth 4 lipped, with a continuous row of sessile cnidocyst clusters along margin; gonads with 4 interradial dots, arranged in 4 distinct interradial blocks, gonochoristic; with 14���32 closely spaced marginal tentacles with swollen tips; with adaxial ocelli. Colours: manubrium red, ocelli rust coloured, gonads brownish, with 4 interradial rust coloured dots. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with interradial pads on manubrium, vacuolated cells visible, with 8���12 marginal tentacles. Colours: pads yellow-fluorescent (paler to colourless in cultivated animals). Cnidome. Desmonemes and microbasic euryteles. Distribution. Western Mediterranean, Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea (Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Schuchert 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). The records of T. nutricula by Schmidt (1973), Dowidar (1984), Goy et al. (1988, 1990, 1991), and Zakaria (2004) from the eastern Mediterranean do not provide sufficient data to evaluate the taxonomic status of their specimens (see Schuchert 2004). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at: Palude del Capitano (Presicce 1991); Gulf of Taranto (Denitto 1996); Otranto, Porto Cesareo (Ionian and Adriatic Seas, Apulia) (Denitto 1996; Miglietta et al. 2000; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study); S.ta Caterina (Denitto 1996; Andreano 2007). Remarks. The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. This species differs mainly from Turritopis nutricula by the size of the bell, 1.8���2.7 mm for T. dohrnii to 3���6 mm for T. nutricula and by the number of tentacles 14���32 for T. dohrnii 40 to 120 for T. nutricula (Bouillon et al. 2004). It is however not excluded that T. dohrnii and T. nutricula coexist in the Mediterranean (for more details see Bouillon et al. 2004). The medusa can metamorphose back into polyp stage (Piraino et al. 1996; Carl�� et al. 2003; Schmich et al. 2007). A molecular evaluation of the species in the genus Turritopsis has been carried out by Miglietta et al. (2007). References. Motz-Kossowska (1905) as Cordylophora Dohrni, Mayer (1910) as Dendroclava dohrnii, Hartlaub (1911), Neppi & Stiasny (1913) as Turritopsis nutricula; Stechow (1923); Riedl (1959), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957), Balduzzi et al. (1980), Calder (1988), Piraino et al. (1996), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Carl�� et al. (2003) all as T. nutricula; Schuchert (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111 (2), 315 - 369.","Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow water hydroids of Bermuda. The Athecatae. Life Science Contributions Royal Ontario Museum, 148, 1 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. & Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22","Dowidar, N. M. (1984) Medusae of the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. In: Rapport de Journees d'etude sur la proliferation anormales de meduses en Mediterranee. United Nations Environment Programme, pp. 9 - 16.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1988) Les Meduses de la Mediterranee orientale. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 31 (2), 299.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1990) Les Meduses de la Mediterranee orientale. In: Godeaux, J. (Ed.), A propos des migrations lessepsiennes. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, No. Spec. 7, pp. 79 - 88.","Goy, J., Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. (1991) Les meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. The medusae Cnidaria of Lebanese waters. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 67 (2), 99 - 128.","Zakaria Howaida, Y. (2004) Pelagic coelenterates in the waters of the western part of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during summer and winter. Oceanologia, 46 (2), 253 - 268.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Denitto, F. (1996) Etologia alimentare e cicli vitali di alcune specie di Hydroidomedusae: Anthomedusae / Filifera e Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa). Degree Thesis, Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 176 pp.","Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Carla, E. C., Pagliara, P., Piraino, S., Boero, F. & Dini, L. (2003) Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of Turritopsis nutricula during life cycle reversal. Tissue & Cell, 35 (3), 213 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0040 - 8166 (03) 00028 - 4","Schmich, J., Kraus, Y., De Vito, D., Graziussi, D., Boero, F. & Piraino, S. (2007) Induction of reverse development in two marine Hydrozoans. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 51, 45 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1387 / ijdb. 062152 js","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98.","Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae. Vol. I & II. Washington, Carnegie Institution, 735 pp.","Neppi, V. & Stiasny, G. (1913) Die Hydromedusen des Golfes von Triest. Arbeiten aus der Zoologischen Instituten der Universiiat Wien und der Zoologischen Station in Triest, 20 (1), 23 - 92.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93].","Balduzzi, A., Boero, F., Cattaneo, R., Pansini, M., Pessani, D., Pronzato, R. & Sara, M. (1980) Ricerche sull'insediamento dello zoobenthos in alcune grotte marine della Penisola Sorrentina. Memorie di Biologia Marina e di Oceanografia, Supplement 10, 121 - 127."]}

Bougainvillia nana Hartlaub, 1911 Fig. 3 A���C See Denitto et al. (2007 a) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 0 3 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula) - polyp stage. Description (after Denitto et al. 2007 a): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza simple; colony stolonal; hydrocaulus monosiphonic, unbranched; hydranths clavate, about 1.0 mm long, not covered by pseudohydrotheca, with 10���16 amphicoronate filiform tentacles (maximum length of 1.75 mm); hypostome short and conical. Medusa buds up to 4 per hydranth/hydrocaulus, growing in clusters on a short peduncle either on the upper part of hydrocaulus or at the base of hydranth and showing 4 distinct radial canals a few days after their first appearance. Colours: hydranths orange; hypostome milky; medusa buds orange. Cnidome. Microbasic euryteles and desmonemes, both on tentacles and hydranth of the polyp stage. Habitat type and substrate. Organic substrate composed by coralline algae, hydrorhizae of Aglaophenia sp. (Hydrozoa) and Ircinia sp. (Porifera) (Denitto et al. 2007 a). Seasonality. January���May in Salento waters (Denitto et al. 2007 a). Reproductive period. February (Denitto et al. 2007 a). Medusa. Adult. Umbrella globular, up to 2.0 mm high and 1.4 mm wide; mesoglea thick (up to 0.7 mm); subumbrella quadrangular, 0.6 mm���0.7 mm height and 1.0 mm width, exumbrella with exumbrellar spots (not nematocysts) still visible in young yet mature medusae but disappearing in fully developed individuals; manubrium pyriform, about 0.4 mm long, not mounted on a gastric peduncle; oral tentacles branched once (some of them unbranched or branching twice). Gonads interradial, pouch-like, in females 1 or 2 big eggs armed with microbasic euryteles cnidocysts in each gonad. Two long marginal tentacles per marginal bulb, moniliform-like and with swollen and ciliated tip (cilia are visible only under high magnifications); 2 ocelli on each marginal bulb. Colours: subumbrella light greenish in colour when illuminated by a direct light, exumbrella colourless; ocelli dark-red. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with globular umbrella, 0.75 mm wide and 0.65 mm high, with numerous regularly distributed spots (not nematocysts) on exumbrella; manubrium cylindrical, not mounted on a gastric peduncle; oral tentacles unbranched; 2 long moniliform-like tentacles and 2 ocelli per marginal bulb. Colour: ocelli dark-red. Distribution. Mediterranean endemic (Denitto et al. 2007 a). Records in Salento. Rare in the following localities: Peninsula ���La Strea��� (Marine Protected Area of Porto Cesareo), S.ta Caterina and in the submarine cave ���Grotta delle Corvine��� (Baia di Uluzzo, Nard��) (Ionian Sea, Southeast Italy) (Denitto et al. 2007 a). Remarks. The whole life cycle was examined in the present study. Denitto et al. (2007 a) reported the complete description of medusa development. Male medusae reached maturity in five days and did not show any morphological differences compared to females, the only detected difference between males and females was the life span (shorter in males) (Denitto et al. 2007). References. Hartlaub (1911) as Bougainvillia muscus var. nana; Denitto et al. (2007 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Denitto, F., Miglietta, M. P. & Boero, F. (2007 a) Life cycle of Bougainvillia nana (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Bougainvillidae) from Italy, including a discussion of Bougainvillia muscus in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87 (4), 853 - 857. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315407054574"]}

Coryne muscoides (Linnaeus, 1761) Fig. 34 A, B See Schuchert (2010) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 39 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Schuchert 2001 b, 2010, 2012): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza stolonal; colonies erect; hydrocauli elongated, up to 15 cm in height, dichotomously or irregularly branched, covered by perisarc usually extending up to the aboral tentacles of the hydranth in a funnelshaped cup, annulated throughout; hydranth with 16���22 capitate tentacles, arranged in an oral whorl of 4���6 tentacles and lower tentacles scattered or in 3���4 indistinct whorls, tentacles of succesive whorls alternating in position. Gonophores as fixed sporosacs, oblong, borne in the upper axils of lower tentacles, 2���3 per tentacle, all of variable developmental stages, without any canal system, with spadix, female sporosacs with 20��� 70 eggs, depending also on stage maturity. Colour: perisarc, brown in old colonies to almost transparent in young ones; hydranths orange-pink, capitae of tentacles red, stems yellow-orange, mature male and female sporosacs white. Cnidome. Stenoteles. Habitat type. This species has been reported from the tidal level to 15 m depth (Boero & Fresi 1986; Gili 1986) in the Mediterranean Sea. Substrate. Algae, hydrozoans, Isidella elongata (Gorgonacee), Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia leaves, barnacles, bryozoans, rock, sponge, bivalves, and ascidians. Seasonality. March to June in the European waters (Schuchert 2001 b); from January to December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. In the Mediterranean Sea, fertile colonies occur in February (Boero & Fresi 1986), April (Picard 1955; De Vito 2006; this study), May (Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Roca 1986), June (Motz-Kossowska 1905), July, September (Motz-Kossowska 1905; Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; this study), August (Motz- Kossowska 1905; De Vito 2006; this study), October (Motz-Kossowska 1905; Stechow 1919; Gili 1986; De Vito 2006; this study) and December (Stechow 1919). Distribution. Northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean (Leloup 1934; Picard 1958 a; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Rossi 1971; Altuna 1994; Avian et al. 1995; Medel 1996; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 2001; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Common at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000); Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al. 2002; Andreano 2007); S.ta Caterina (Andreano 2007); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Andreano 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Piraino et al. 2013; this study). Other Apulian records: Gargano (Fraschetti et al. 2002). Remarks. The Mediterranean colonies usually differ from the Atlantic C. muscoides in being smaller; female sporosacs have fewer eggs, and the length of the large stenotele is often smaller (Schuchert 2001). The Mediterranean records of this species are also discussed in the remarks on Coryne pusilla (for more details see Schuchert 2005 a, 2010). References. Motz-Kossowska (1905), Stechow (1919, 1923), Leloup (1934), Da Cunha (1944), Picard (1952, 1958a), Riedl (1959), Teissier (1965), Brinckmann-Voss (1970), Fey (1970), Rossi (1971), Boero (1981 c), Boero et al. (1985), Roca & Moreno (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Ramil Blanco (1988), Roca et al. (1991), Garc��a-Raso et al. (1992), Altuna (1994), Medel (1996), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Schuchert (2001 b, 2010, 2012), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009), Piraino et al. (2013)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 51-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Schuchert, P. (2001 b) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Picard, J. (1955) Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des Herbiers mediterraneens de Posidonies. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine D'Endoume, 15 (Bulleton 9), 59 - 71.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1905) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. I. - Hydraires Gymnoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 4, 3, 39 - 98.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Avian, M., Boero, F., Mills, C., Rossi, L. & Rottini-Sandrini, L. (1995) Cnidaria, Ctenophora. In: Minelli, A., Ruffo, S. & La Posta, S. (Eds.), Checklist delle specie della Fauna Italiana. Vol. 3. Calderini, Bologna, pp. 1 - 38.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.","Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461","Schuchert, P. (2005 a) Species boundaries in the hydrozoan genus Coryne. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36 (1), 194 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.03.021","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Da Cunha, A. X. (1944) Hidropolipos das costas de Portugal. Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra, 161, 1 - 101.","Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Teissier, G. (1965) Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires-Ctenaires. Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff, 16, 1 - 53.","Fey, A. (1970) Peuplements sessiles de l'archipel de Glenan. 1. - Inventaire: hydraires. Vie Milieu, B 20 (2), 387 - 414.","Boero, F. (1981 c) Osservazioni ecologiche sugli idroidi de la fascia a mitili della Riviera Ligure di Levante. Cahiers de Biologie marine, 22 (1), 107 - 117.","Roca, I. & Moreno, I. (1985) Distribucion de los cnidarios bentonicos litorales en tres localidades de la margen W. de la Bahia de Palma de Mallorca. Bolletin de la Societat de Historia natural de les Illes Balears, 29, 19 - 30.","Ramil Blanco, F. J. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Memoria que, para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biologia, presenta D. Francisco Ramil Blanco. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, 525 pp.","Roca, I., Moreno, I. & Barcelo, R. (1991) Distribucion espacial y temporal de los hidroideos de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile en una predera del Illot del Sec (Bahia de Palma, Baleares). Boletin del Instituto espanol de Oceanografia, 7 (1), 67 - 74.","Garcia-Raso, J. E., Luque, A. A., Templado, J., Salas, C., Hergueta, E., Moreno, D. & Calvo, M. (1992) Fauna y Flora Marinas del Parque Natural de Cabo de Gata-Nijar. Universidad de Malaga, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid y Museo Nacional de Ciencias Natuirales, Madrid, 288 pp.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199."]}

Dynamena disticha (Bosc, 1802) Fig. 91 A���D See Medel & Vervoort (1998) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 98 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Medel et al. 1991; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as tubular, branching stolons; colonies erect; hydrocauli monosiphonic, up to ca 30 mm, unbranched, axis base athecate, ending with an oblique node, remaining internodes thecate with distinct or indistinct transverse nodes, each with a pair of frontally placed, opposite hydrothecae; hydrotheca tubular, basal half parallel with axis, distal half curving outwards forming 45 �� with the axis, 1 / 2 ��� 2 / 3 of adcauline walls of each pair of hydrothecae touching frontally. Gonothecae almost spherical, with rounded transverse ridges and truncated distally, aperture circular on a short collar, operculum with one circular valve. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. In the Mediterranean Dynamena disticha has been found from the tidal level to 60 m depth (Garc��a Carrascosa 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986; Roca 1986). Substrate. Algae, leaves and rhizomes of Posidonia oceanica, rock, hydroids, polychaete tubes, bryozoans, other organisms such as sponges, cirripedes, molluscs, and holothurians. Seasonality. January���December (Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; this study); January���February (Puce et al. 2009); April (Stechow 1919); July (Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002); August (Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Galea 2007); May���December (Puce et al. 2009) in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. February (Gili 1986), June (Gili 1986; Roca 1986), July (Boero & Fresi 1986; Roca 1986), August and September (Picard 1952; Boero & Fresi 1986; Puce et al. 2009), October and November (Boero & Fresi 1986), July and August (Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002) in the western Mediterranean; June���September in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Distribution. Circumglobal, in subtropical and tropical seas (Marinopoulos 1979; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Medel & Vervoort 1998; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Soto ��ngel & Pe��a Cantero 2013). Records in Salento. Common at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000; Kubota & Gravili 2011); Il Chiapparo, Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Other Apulian records: coast of Bari (Marano & Vaccarella 1970). Remarks For a complete discussion about the taxonomy of this variable species see Calder (1991). References. Neppi (1917) as Disertasia cavolini; Stechow (1919, 1923) as Dynamena densa; Leloup (1934); Picard (1952), Riedl (1959) as Dynamena cavolinii; Rossi (1961), Marano & Vaccarella (1970), Morri (1979 c, 1980 b), Boero (1981 a, b, 1985), Garc��a Carrascosa (1981), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Roca (1986), Medel et al. (1991), El-Beshbeeshy (1995), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Migotto (1996), Medel & Vervoort (1998), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009); Brahim et al. (2010)? as D. cavolinii; Kubota & Gravili (2011)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 128-129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Medel, M. D., Garcia, F. J. & Garcia-Gomez, J. C. (1991) La familia Sertulariidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) en el estrecho de Gibraltar y la Peninsula iberica: Aspectos taxonomicos y zoogeograficos. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 32 (4), 503 - 543.","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233.","Marinopoulos, J. (1979) Distribution des Eudendrium dans la region Marseillaise. Etude preliminaire. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 25 - 26 (4), 117 - 118.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Soto Angel, J. J. & Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Kubota, S. & Gravili, C. (2011) Rare distribution of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in hydroids from Porto Cesareo, Lecce, Italy, with reference to biological meaning of this rarity. Biogeography, 13, 9 - 11.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Marano, G. & Vaccarella, R. (1970) Fauna sessile delle foglie di Posidonia oceanica (L.). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 38 (Supplement 1), 45 - 50.","Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution, 154, i - iv, 1 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1352274","Neppi, V. (1917) Osservazioni sui polipi idroidi del golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 2 (1), 29 - 65.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.","Morri, C. (1979 c) Remarques sur les hydraires vivants dans les salissures biologiques de quelques centrales thermo-electriques cotieres italiennes. In: XI. Congresso della Societa Italiana di Biologia Marina. Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, 86 (Supplement), pp. 305 - 307.","Morri, C. (1980 b) Osservazioni sugli idroidi raccolti nelle condotte della centrale termoelettrica di Torvaldaglia (Civitavecchia). Natura, 71 (1 - 2), 3 - 14.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","El-Beshbeeshy, M. (1995) Some thecate hydroids associated with Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. Bulletin of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21 (1), 313 - 317.","Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 306, 1 - 125.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Brahim, M. B., Hamza, A. & Bouain, A. (2010) Variability in the structure of epiphytic assemblages of Posidonia oceanica in relation to human interferences in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Marine Environmental Research, 70 (5), 411 - 421. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marenvres. 2010.08.005"]}

Halecium petrosum Stechow, 1919 Fig. 65 A���D See Schuchert (2005 b) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 72 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Schuchert 2005 b): Hydroid. Colonies erect; hydrocauli stiff, monosiphonic, up to 35 mm, with a thick perisarc; hydrocladia alternate, laterally at the end of each internode; hydrothecae sessile, but adcauline wall not adnate to the axis, walls gradually widening distally, rim not flared, hydrothecal renovations frequent, secondary hydrophore large and with undulated perisarc. Gonothecae: female gonothecae ovoid to spherical, big, aperture apical with 2 hydranths, borne on hydrorhiza or on hydrocauli, male gonothecae sac-shaped, elongated, arising from inside of the hydrotheca or below it. Cnidome. Atrichous isorhizas. Habitat type. Littoral and shelf species, but absent from the shallowest infralittoral (Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Schuchert 2005 b). Substrate. Algae, other hydroids, Posidonia oceanica, anthozoans, incrusting sponge. Seasonality. Always present in the western Mediterranean (Llobet i Nadal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991); April, August (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. August (Motz-Kossowska 1911; De Vito 2006; this study); September (Llobet et al. 1991; Coma et al. 1992); October (Stechow 1923; Llobet i Nadal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991; Coma et al. 1992); November (Llobet i Nadal 1987) in the Mediterranean Sea. Distribution. Endemic to the Mediterranean (Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Bouillon et al. 2004; Schuchert 2005 b; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Morri et al. 2009). Records in Salento. Rare at: Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study); La Strea (Porto Cesareo) (Ventura 2011). Remarks. Motz-Kossowska (1911) identified abundant material from Banyuls as Halecium robustum Pieper, 1884. Female gonothecae of Motz-Kossowska���s material differed from typical H. lankesterii, and for this reason Stechow (1919) attributed it to a new species with the name Halecium petrosum. References. Motz-Kossowska (1911) as H. robustum; Stechow (1919, 1923), Leloup (1934), Picard (1951 a, 1958 a), Rossi (1961), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Llobet i Nadal (1987), Garc��a-Carrascosa (1981), Llobet i Nidal (1987), Coma et al. (1992), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), Schuchert (2005 b), De Vito (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al. (2009), Puce et al. (2009), Ventura (2011)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 93-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Schuchert, P. (2005 b) Taxonomic revision and systematic notes on some Halecium species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Journal of Natural History, 39 (8), 607 - 639. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400001319","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Llobet Nadal, I. (1987) Faunistica y distribucion espacio-temporal de una poblacion de hydropolipos epibiontes del alga Halimeda tuna en el Mediterraneo occidental. MS Thesis. [pagination unkown]","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1911) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. II. - Hydraires calyptoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 5, VI, 325 - 352.","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749","Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]","Pieper, F. W. (1884) Erganzungen zu \" Heller's Zoophyten etc. des adriatischen Meeres \". Zoologischer Anzeiger, 7, 148 - 152, 164 - 169, 185 - 188, 216 - 221.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1951 a) Les hydraires des formations coralligenes des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (2), 255 - 261.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp."]}

Nemertesia antennina (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 88 A���C See Ramil & Vervoort (1992) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 95 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (after Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Cornelius 1995; Medel & Vervoort 1995): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza forming a tangled mass springing from basal part of hydrocaulus; colony erect; hydrocaulus monosiphonic, up to 350 mm high, unbranched, divided into internodes by indistinct transverse nodes, each segment with 1���2 verticils with 4���6 apophyses, each verticil alternate in position with the nearby one, with a mamelon and up to 7 nematothecae on upper surface of each apophysis, coenosarc of the hydrocaulus canaliculated; hydrocladia heteromerously segmented by oblique to transverse nodes, perisarc of the hydrocladia thin, contrary to the thick one of the apophyses, basal-most part of hydrocladia with 2 shorter internodes each bearing one nematotheca; non-hydrothecate segments with one nematotheca (occasionally 2), hydrothecate internodes with one hydrotheca and 3 nematothecae, one median inferior and 2 laterals ones; hydrotheca small, cup-shaped, entirely adnate to the axis, rim even, somewhat sinuous, aperture slightly directed downwards; nematothecae all two-chambered and conical, basal chamber longer than apical, this provided with adcauline embayment, in some colonies, basal chamber of lateral nematothecae rather elongated. Gonothecae borne on the apophyses, male and female similar, ovoid, with ovalate latero-distal aperture. Colours: coenosarc of the hydrocaulus orange-yellowish; hydrocladia colourless; male gonothecal contents white, female orange. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Sandy bottoms offshore; semi-dark and dark caves, down to 1500 m (Boero & Fresi 1986; Cornelius 1995; Medel & Vervoort 1995). Substrate. On several substrates such as stones, fragments of shells, corals. Seasonality. May���August, October���December (Bouillon et al. 2004); April (Mastrototaro et al. 2010) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. September (Stechow 1923) in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Alvarez Claudio 1993; Cornelius 1995; Hirohito 1995; Medel & L��pez- Gonz��lez 1996; Ramil et al. 1998; Bouillon et al. 2004). Records in Salento. Rare at S. Maria di Leuca (Mastrototaro et al. 2010). Other Apulian records: Northern coast (Marano et al. 1991). Remarks. Ramil & Vervoort (1992) gave a detailed description of this species, discussed the variation observed in a large set of material collected by the BALGIM expedition, and provided a list of synonyms. References. Kirchenpauer (1876), Carus (1884), Marktanner-Turneretscher (1890), Broch (1912), Neppi (1917), Stechow (1923), Leloup (1934), Picard (1958 a), Riedl (1970, 1991), Rossi (1971), Boero & Fresi (1986), Roca (1986), Marano et al. (1991), Ramil & Vervoort (1992), Alvarez Claudio (1993), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Bouillon et al. (2004), Mastrototaro et al. (2010)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 124-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.","Alvarez Claudio, C. (1993) Hidrozoos bentonicos y catalogo de antozoos de la plataforma y talud continentales de la costa central de Asturias. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Oviedo, 458 pp.","Ramil, F., Vervoort, W. & Ansin, J. A. (1998) Report on the Haleciidae and Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected by the French SEAMOUNT 1 Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 322, 1 - 42.","Marano, G., Ungaro, N. & Vaccarella, R. (1991) Nota preliminare sulle comunita di macroinvertebrati dei fondi strascicabili dell'Adriatico pugliese. Thalassia Salentina, 19, 3 - 19.","Kirchenpauer, G. H. (1876) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. II. Plumularia und Nemertesia. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben van Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 6 (2), 1 - 59.","Carus, J. V. (1884) Prodromus faunae mediterraneae sive descriptiones animalium Mare Mediterranei incolarum quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus eorumque auctoribus in commodum zoologorum. Pars I. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 524 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11523","Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195 - 286.","Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65.","Neppi, V. (1917) Osservazioni sui polipi idroidi del golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 2 (1), 29 - 65.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Riedl, R. (1970) Fauna und Flora der Adria. 2 nd Edition. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin, 640 pp.","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209."]}

Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) Fig. 2 A���C See Schuchert (2007) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 0 1 and HCUS-S 0 0 2 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our observations; Edwards 1966 a; Schuchert 2007, 2012): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as an irregular network of tubular stolons from which hydrocauli arise; colony erect; hydrocauli mono- or polysiphonic, irregularly branching and variable in growth and form from dwarf, monosiphonic and little-branched to tall, polysiphonic and tree-like; perisarc of hydrocauli and hydrocladia often covered by detritus, corrugated at base of hydrocladia and thinning out over hydranths forming a pseudohydrotheca; hydranths cylindrical to fusiform, terminal on hydrocauli and hydrocladia; hypostome short and conical; with up to 20 amphicoronate filiform tentacles; pseudohydrotheca thin, much variable in development, from usually present in natural populations to absent in cultivated animals. Medusa buds covered by periderm, arising singly or in groups on hydrocladia just below hydranths, on moderately long stalks. Colours: hydranths pink, red, orange, or greyish purple; colour depends on food items. Habitat type. B. muscus hydroids usually occur under wave-sheltered conditions, often in slightly reduced salinity and also harbours, on a wide variety of substrata, from the surface to 100 m, but it has also been found in deeper waters (Schuchert 2012). Substrate. Posidonia oceanica leaves and rhizomes, Zostera leaves, Sargassum, Cystoseira, bryozoans, algae, hydroids, mussels, polychaete tubes, barnacles, man-made objects. Seasonality. In the Ligurian Sea the species was recorded all year (Boero & Fresi 1986) and from January to May and November to December (Puce et al. 2009). In Salento, the species was observed in February and November (this study). Reproductive period. May in the Ligurian Sea (Boero & Fresi 1986), January (Galea 2007) along the Mediterranean French coast, from spring to autumn (Schuchert 2007) in European temperate waters. Medusa. Adult. Umbrella globular, 2.0���3.5 mm wide and high; mesoglea thick; manubrium bulbous, half of subumbrellar height, sometimes on a short peduncle; oral tentacles long, branching 1���2 (rarely 3���4) times; 4 interradial gonads on manubrium, globular in females and prolonged along sides of radial canals in males; mature eggs covered with a layer of cnidocysts (microbasic euryteles); marginal bulbs small, each bearing 3���5 (rarely 6���9) long marginal tentacles; 2 round ocelli situated adaxially on each marginal bulb near the origin of tentacles. Colours: marginal bulbs and stomach reddish brown, red or yellowish; sometimes with greenish tinge, depends on food items; ocelli red or black in colour. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with globular umbrella, jelly uniformly thin, with a few nematocysts on exumbrella; manubrium not mounted on a gastric peduncle; 4 unbranched oral tentacles; small not developed oogonia can be seen on the manubrium of females; 2 tentacles and 2 ocelli per marginal bulb. Colours: ocelli red or black. Cnidome. Microbasic euryteles and desmonemes (hydroids and medusae). Distribution. A widely distributed species, probably also due to anthropogenic activity, recorded in Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean, and Arctic waters (Bonnevie 1901; Vervoort 1946; Rees 1952; Patriti 1970; Christiansen 1972; Millard 1975; Hirohito 1988; Sch��nborn et al. 1993; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Schuchert 1996, 2001a, 2007; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Hydroid moderately frequent at Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Remarks. B. muscus is a very variable species in both stages of the life cycle. Earlier authors attempted to assign the several forms to different species (see Schuchert 2007). Only the hydroid stage and the new born medusa were seen in the present study. References. Schneider (1898), Babic (1910), Broch (1912, 1933), Picard & Le Roch (1949), Russell (1953, 1970), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957), Vucetic (1957), Picard (1958 a), Kramp (1961), Vannucci & Rees (1961), Edwards (1966 a), Rossi (1971), Boero (1981 a), Maluquer (1985), Riedl (1991), Schuchert (1996, 2007, 2012), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), ��inar et al. (2008), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Edwards, C. (1966 a) The hydroid and the medusa Bougainvillia principis, and a review of the British species of Bougainvillia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 46 (1), 129 - 152. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400017604","Schuchert, P. (2012) Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 59, i - viii, 364 pp.","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Bonnevie, K. (1901) Hydroiden. Meeresfauna von Bergen. 1, 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10212","Vervoort, W. (1946) Hydrozoa (C 1) A. Hydropolypen. Fauna van Nederland, 14, 1 - 336.","Rees, W. J. (1952) Records of hydroids and medusae taken at Herdla, Bergen in 1937. Publications from the Biological Station University of Bergen Aarbok, 1952, Naturvid. Raekke, 16, 1 - 8.","Patriti, G. (1970) Catalogue des cnidaires et ctenaires des cotes Atlantiques marocaines. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique Cherifien et de la Faculte des Sciences, Series Zoologie, 35, 1 - 149.","Christiansen, B. O. (1972) The hydroid fauna of the Oslo Fjord in Norway. Norwegian Journal of Zoology, 20 (4), 279 - 310.","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159.","Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184.","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Schneider, K. C. (1898) Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht uber das System des Hydropolypen im Allgemein. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 10 (4), 472 - 555.","Babic, K. (1910) Prilog Fauna Jadranskoga mora. Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti. Zagreb, 183, 207 - 232.","Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65.","Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.","Picard, J. & Le Roch, S. (1949) Les cnidaires epiphytes des zosteres de la Mediterranee (note preliminaire). La Feuille des Naturalistes, 4 (9 - 10), 93 - 94.","Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562","Russell, F. S. (1970) The medusae of the British Isles. II. Pelagic Scyphozoa with a supplement to the first volume on hydromedusae. Cambridge University Press, 284 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19710560438","Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93].","Vucetic, T. (1957) Zooplankton investigations in the sea water lakes \" Malo Jezero \" and \" Veliko Jezero \" on the island of Mljet. Acta Adriatica, 6 (4), 1 - 51.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347","Vannucci, M. & Rees, W. J. (1961) A revision of the genus Bougainvillia (Anthomedusae). Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico de Sao Paulo, 11 (2), 57 - 100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0373 - 55241961000100003","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Maluquer, P. (1985) Algunas consideraciones sobre la fauna asociada a las colonias de Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) del purto de Mahon (Menorca, Baleares). Publicaciones del Departamento de Zoologia Universidad de Barcelona, 11, 23 - 28.","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Cinar, M. E., Katagan, T., Kocak, F., Ozturk, B., Ergen, Z., Kocatas, A., Onen, M., Kirkim, F., Bakir, K., Kurt, G., Dagli, E., Acik, S., Dogan, A. & Ozcan, T. (2008) Faunal assemblages of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in and around Alsancak Harbour (Izmir Bay, eastern Mediterranean) with special emphasis on alien species. Journal of Marine Systems, 71 (1 - 2), 1 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2007.05.004"]}

Lovenella gracilis Clarke, 1882 Fig. 84 A, B See Calder (1971) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 92 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (based on our own observations; Calder 1971): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza creeping, as an assemble of stolons; colonies erect; hydrocaulus monosiphonic, unbranched or slightly branched, divided into internodes by septa at more or less regular intervals, annulations on the hydranth pedicels and at base of the hydrocauli; hydranth with 14 or more tentacles, no intertentacular web; hydrothecae alternate, on short pedicels, diaphragm thin, operculum a folded continuation of the hydrothecal wall, lacking hinge-like base, with about 8 facets when folded. Gonothecae clavate, truncate terminally, borne near the base of hydrothecal pedicels, several medusa buds in each. Habitat type and substrate. Usually recorded on Agardhiella tenera, Zostera marina, Sertularia argentea, shells of Crassostrea virginica and Crepidula fornicata (Calder 1971). Seasonality. February (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters; May (for a review see Bouillon et al. 2004). Reproductive period. Unknown in the Mediterranean Sea. Medusa. Adult. Umbrella hemispherical, about 2.1 mm wide and 1.1 mm high; manubrium urn-shaped; mouth with 4 simple lips; 4 radial canals and circular canal narrow; gonads oval, at midway of radial canals length; velum wide; oldest specimens with 21 marginal tentacles; each marginal tentacle with 1 pair of lateral cirri; 33 statocysts. Colours: gonads, tentacle bulbs and manubrium pale straw-coloured. Developmental stages. At liberation, medusa 0.45���0.50 mm high, 0.50���0.55 mm wide; medusae hemispherical with flattened sides. Cnidome. Basitrichous haplonemes, microbasic mastigophores. Distribution. Atlantic, Mediterranean (Huv�� 1952; Calder 1971; Bouillon et al. 2004). Records in Salento. Moderately frequent at Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. Diagnosis taken from Calder (1971) and based on raised material from polyp colonies. In the Mediterranean, only juvenile medusae and hydroids are known. Gonothecae and medusae not seen in this study. References. Huv�� (1952 a, b), Picard (1958 a) as Dipleuron gracile; Calder (1971, 1991), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 119-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia. Institute of Marine Science. Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Huve, P. (1952 a) Revision des polypes campanulides mediterranneens. 2 me partie. Dipleuron gracilis (Clarke) 1882, nouvel hydraire Campanulinide europeen. Vie Milieu, 3 (4), 389 - 396.","Huve, P. (1952 b) Revision des polypes campanulinides mediterraneens. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, 4 (Bulletin 1), 34 - 52.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution, 154, i - iv, 1 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1352274"]}

Halecium nanum Alder, 1859 Fig. 64 A���C See Cornelius (1995) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 71 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Calder 1991; Cornelius 1995): Hydroid. Colonies erect; hydrocauli monosiphonic, up to 3 mm, unbranched or irregularly branched in several planes, sometimes dichotomously, internodes borne laterally at upper part of previous internode, narrowed, curved and with several basal annulations, distally smooth, without distinct nodes; primary hydrotheca at distal end of each internode, sessile, shallow, walls frequently thick and diverging, but not everted at the rim, secondary hydrothecae provided with hydrophores also basally annulated. Gonophores sac-shaped, borne on short pedicels arising on lateral apophysis to the hydrothecae, one side of gonotheca with 2 closely appressed tubes largely immersed in gonothecal wall and annulated, each topped by a hydrotheca provided with hydranth, opposite side of gonotheca convex. Cnidome. Microbasic euryteles and mastigophores. Habitat type. Shallow water species (Boero & Fresi 1986; Calder 1991). Substrate. Algae, Posidonia, barnacles. Seasonality. April���December (Boero & Fresi 1986); February (Puce et al. 2009; De Vito 2006; this study); April, August (De Vito 2006; this study) in the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. Unknown. Distribution. Eastern and western Atlantic, Mediterranean, Pacific (Stechow 1925; Yamada 1959; Cornelius 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Watson 1996; Medel et al. 1998; Medel & Vervoort 2000; Bouillon et al. 2004; Puce et al. 2009). Records in Salento. Rare at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000); Costa Merlata, Otranto (Fraschetti et al. 2002); Grotta del Ciolo (Denitto et al. 2007; Moscatello & Belmonte 2007); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Other Apulian records: Gargano (Fraschetti et al. 2002). Remarks. The colony somewhat resembles that of H. lankesteri (for details see Schuchert 2005 b). References. Schneider (1898), Motz-Kossowska (1911), Picard (1958 a), Boero (1981 a, b), Boero et al. (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Llobet et al. (1986), Garc��a-Rubies (1987), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Medel et al. (1998), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Medel & Vervoort (2000), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Denitto et al. (2007), Moscatello & Belmonte (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 92-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution, 154, i - iv, 1 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1352274","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Yamada, M. (1959) Hydroid fauna of Japanese and its adjacent waters. Publications from the Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, 9, 1 - 101.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 330, 1 - 68.","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Moscatello, S. & Belmonte, G. (2007) The plankton of a shallow submarine cave (' Grotta di Ciolo', Salento Peninsula, SE Italy). Marine Ecology, 28 (s 1), 47 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2007.00167. x","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Schuchert, P. (2005 b) Taxonomic revision and systematic notes on some Halecium species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Journal of Natural History, 39 (8), 607 - 639. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400001319","Schneider, K. C. (1898) Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht uber das System des Hydropolypen im Allgemein. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 10 (4), 472 - 555.","Motz-Kossowska, S. (1911) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. II. - Hydraires calyptoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 5, VI, 325 - 352.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Garcia-Rubies, A. (1987) Distribution of epiphytic hydroids on Posidonia sea grass. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 143 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400052255","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274."]}

Anthohebella parasitica (Ciamician, 1880) Fig. 73 A���C See Boero et al. (1997 a) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 80 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Boero 1980 a; Boero et al. 1997 a): Hydroid. Hydrorhizas single stolons; colonies stolonal; hydranth with conical hypostome; hydrothecae campanulate, with curved margin, usually with annular thickening and a thin membranous diaphragm, on short and annulated pedicels. Gonothecae nearly twice the length of the hydrotheca, originating from hydrorhiza, on short and annulated pedicels tapered basally, wide and truncated distally, with 4���5 opercular flaps. Swimming gonophores: rounded to cylindrical; manubrium reduced to a spadix, lacking a mouth; 4 radial canals; velum conspicuous; 4 atentaculate marginal bulbs; gonads on spadix. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Epiphytic on other hydroids (Boero & Fresi 1986; Boero et al. 1997 a). Substrate. Aglaophenia kirchenpaueri, A. octodonta, and Sertularella ellisii. Seasonality. Present all year (Boero & Fresi 1986; De Vito 2006; Puce et al. 2009; this study) in the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. June���September (Boero & Fresi 1986; Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa 2002), and April (Puce et al. 2009) in the western Mediterranean; January���December (see Bouillon et al. 2004); September���October (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Warm waters around the world (Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Boero et al. 1997 a; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Common in the following localities: Torre dell���Inserraglio, Ponte del Ciolo (Presicce 1991); La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000; Ventura 2011); Otranto (Fraschetti et al. 2002; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al. 2008 a; this study). Remarks. The whole cycle was examined in the present study. Anthohebella parasitica is a thecate hydroid producing an anthomedusa (for more details see Boero 1980 a). References. Schneider (1898) as Lafoea parasitica; Babic (1911); Broch (1912) as Lafo��a (?) parasitica; Stechow (1919), Leloup (1934), Picard (1951 b, 1958 a), Riedl (1959, 1966), Marinopoulos (1979), Boero (1980 a, 1981 a, b), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Llobet et al. (1986), Riedl (1991), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), all as Hebella parasitica; Boero et al. (1997 a); Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Pe��a Cantero & Garc��a Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al. (2009), Puce et al. (2009)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 104-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Boero, F., Bouillon, J. & Kubota, S. (1997 a) The medusae of some species of Hebella Allman, 1888, and Anthohebella gen. nov. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae), with a world synopsis of species. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 310, 1 - 53.","Boero, F. (1980 a) Hebella parasitica (Cnidaria, Hydroida): a thecate polyp producing an Anthomedusa. Marine Biology, Berlin, 59, 133 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00396859","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.","Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.","Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255","Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]","Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9","Schneider, K. C. (1898) Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht uber das System des Hydropolypen im Allgemein. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 10 (4), 472 - 555.","Babic, K. (1911) Zur Bionomie von Hebella parasitica (Ciamician). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 38 (9 - 10), 226 - 230.","Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65.","Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.","Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.","Picard, J. (1951 b) Note sur les hydraires littoraux de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie Milieu, 2 (3), 338 - 349.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.","Riedl, R. (1966) Biologie der Meereshohlen. Blackwell Wissensch, 636 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19680530208","Marinopoulos, J. (1979) Distribution des Eudendrium dans la region Marseillaise. Etude preliminaire. Rapports et Proces Verbaux des Reunions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, 25 - 26 (4), 117 - 118.","Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x","Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.","Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.","Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.","Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749"]}

Halecium labrosum Alder, 1859 Fig. 62 A���D See Schuchert (2005 b) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 69 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Schuchert 2005 b): Hydroid. Colonies erect; hydrocauli polysiphonic, up to 100 mm high, irregularly branched, mainly in one plane, internodes provided with irregular undulations, each inserted laterally at distal part of previous internode with characteristic upward curve near base, nodes alternately oblique; hydrotheca at the end of internode, short, with everted rim recurved downwards, renovations frequent; gonothecae borne on short 1���2 ringed pedicels, without gonophoral hydranths, male ones oval and elongated, with small distal aperture, females ovoid, large, aperture on short collar. Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Hard-bottom, coralligenous, semi-dark cave (depth range: 0���40 m, but also down to 700 m) (Boero & Fresi 1986; Gili 1986; Puce et al. 2009; Mastrototaro et al. 2010). Substrate. Algae, concretions, hydroids, bryozoans, barnacles, cold water corals. Seasonality. September���November (Boero & Fresi 1986); April, May, July���August, November���February (Llobet i Nidal 1987); February (Puce et al. 2009) in the western Mediterranean; April, September (Mastrototaro et al. 2010), December (this study) in Salento waters. Reproductive period. September���November (Boero & Fresi 1986); September, October, December, February (Bouillon et al. 2004) in the Mediterranean Sea. Distribution. Arctic-boreal species, eastern and western Atlantic, Mediterranean, northern Pacific (Cornelius 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Bouillon et al. 2004; Schuchert 2005 b). Records in Salento. Rare at S. Maria di Leuca (Mastrototaro et al. 2010). Remarks. For Schuchert (2005 b), following Broch (1918), it is possible that at least some Mediterranean records of H. labrosum belong to other species of Halecium, particularly to H. mediterraneum. References. Picard (1958 a), Rossi (1961, 1971), Sar�� et al. (1978), Morri & Bianchi (1983), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Llobet et al. (1986, 1991), Llobet i Nidal (1987), Gili et al. (1989), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Bouillon et al. (2004), Schuchert (2005 b), Puce et al. (2009), Mastrototaro et al. (2010)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 89-90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Schuchert, P. (2005 b) Taxonomic revision and systematic notes on some Halecium species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Journal of Natural History, 39 (8), 607 - 639. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400001319","Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x","Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.","Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.","Broch, H. (1918) Hydroida. (Part II). Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (7), 1 - 206.","Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.","Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.","Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.","Sara, M., Balduzzi, A., Boero, F., Pansini, M., Pessani, D. & Pronzato, R. (1978) Analisi di un popolamento bentonico di falesia del Promontorio di Portofino: dati preliminari. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 46, 119 - 137.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Barange, M. (1986) Estudio de una poblacion de hidropolipos epibiontes de Halimeda tuna. Study of a population of epibiont hydropolyps on Halimeda tuna. Miscelanea Zoologica Barcelona, 10, 33 - 43.","Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102"]}