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The heavy metals dissolved in water are exceptionally unsafe to human and marine health which causes numerious medical complications. This paper demonstrates the use of a Microfluidic paper-based channel (µPAD) and an easyto-use colorimetric android based application for the accurate detection of heavy metal Mercury (Hg2+) in water. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with Papain and 2,6- pyridinedicarboxylic acid is used to detect Hg for further colorimetric analysis. Droplet-based Microfluidic channel in star shape with a paper-based stencil, a hydrophobic barrier and a hydrophilic channel using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) was created for this. Colorimetric detection is used to create a database which is used to calibrate the color range for other unknown quantities of Mercury (Hg2+ ) present in water. This experimental database was used to create a user-friendly Android Application based display. The real-time android application was calibrated to quantify mercury concentrations from 0.1g / Litre to 0.001mg / Litre by observing a change in color from red to blue. This built platform can be utilized as a basic low-cost and portable system for various other fluid testings.

The slide method for ABO blood group typing is commonly used for mobile blood donation and field applications because the test is easy, cost-effective, can be completed in a few minutes and requires a small volume of reagents. However, the reaction must be observed by an individual with expertise within 2 min; otherwise, drying of the reagent will give a false positive result. Moreover, the blood typing reagents must be stored at 4 °C. The present study aimed to create a paper-based device for ABO and RhD blood typing and combine an optical answer sheet reading concept to read and interpret the results with Android smartphones. The invention of this device involved the use of simple filter paper and conjugate pads that were treated with anti-A, -B and -D antibodies. Blood type can be visually identified from the detection zone at the end of the filter paper. An Android smart phone was designed to read the detection zone, interpret the data and subsequently report the results on the user's smartphone. A helpful color chart was also designed for blood typing interpretation by the naked eye. The use of smartphones can reduce human error in data reading and interpretation. In conclusion, ABO and RhD typing with paper-based devices using a smartphone interpretation may provide further advantages for home-based users, mobile blood donation sites and field applications.

WebView is commonly used by applications on the Android OS. Given that WebView is used as a browsing component on applications, they can be attacked via the web. Existing security mechanisms mainly focus on web browsers; hence, securing WebView is an important challenge. We proposed and implemented a method for preventing suspicious web access in Android WebView. Attackers distribute their malicious content including malicious applications, potentially unwanted programs, and coin miners, by inserting contents into a web page. Because loading malicious content involves HTTP communication, our proposed method monitors HTTP communication by WebView and blocks suspicious web accesses. To apply the proposed method to widely used applications, we implemented our method inside WebView. We also evaluated the proposed method with some popular applications and confirmed that the method can block designated web content without impeding the functionality of applications.

The integration of smartphone with paper sensors recently has been gain increasing attentions because of the achievement of quantitative and rapid analysis. However, smartphone based upconversional paper sensors have been restricted by the lack of effective methods to acquire luminescence signals on test paper. Herein, by the virtue of 3D printing technology, we exploited an auxiliary reusable device, which orderly assembled a 980nm mini-laser, optical filter and mini-cavity together, for digitally imaging the luminescence variations on test paper and quantitative analyzing pesticide thiram by smartphone. In detail, copper ions decorated NaYF4:Yb/Tm upconversion nanoparticles were fixed onto filter paper to form test paper, and the blue luminescence on it would be quenched after additions of thiram through luminescence resonance energy transfer mechanism. These variations could be monitored by the smartphone camera, and then the blue channel intensities of obtained colored images were calculated to quantify amounts of thiram through a self-written Android program installed on the smartphone, offering a reliable and accurate detection limit of 0.1μM for the system. This work provides an initial demonstration of integrating upconversion nanosensors with smartphone digital imaging for point-of-care analysis on a paper-based platform.

This paper will discuss the integration of electronic Case Report Forms (e-CRFs) into an already existing Android-based Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview (ACASI) software solution that was developed for a public health project in Kampala, Uganda, the technical outcome results, and lessons learned that may be useful to other projects requiring or considering such a technology solution. The developed product can function without a connection to the Internet and allows for synchronizing collected data once connectivity is possible. Previously, only paper-based CRFs were utilized at the Uganda project site. A subset or select group of CRFs were targeted for integration with ACASI in order to test feasibility and success. Survey volume, error rate, and acceptance of the system, as well as the operational and technical design of the solution, will be discussed.

Open-source hardware such as RISC-V has been gaining substantial momentum. Recently, they have begun to embrace Google's Android operating system to leverage its software ecosystem. Despite the encouraging progress, a challenging issue arises: a majority of Android applications are written in native languages and need to be recompiled to target new hardware platforms. Unfortunately, this recompilation process is not scalable because of the explosion of new hardware platforms. To address this issue, we present WasmAndroid, a high-performance cross-platform runtime for native programming languages on Android. WasmAndroid only requires developers to compile their source code to WebAssembly, an efficient and portable bytecode format that can be executed everywhere without additional reconfiguration. WasmAndroid can also trans-pile existing application binaries to WebAssembly when source code is not available. WebAssembly's language model is very different from C/C++ and this mismatch leads to many unique implementation challenges. In this paper, we provide workable solutions and conduct a preliminary system evaluation. We show that WasmAndroid provides acceptable performance to execute native applications in a cross-platform manner.

The current demand for apps has greatly moved the software development market. Due their massive distribution and use by thousands of different users, special attention needs to be paid to the interfaces design and the ways of interaction with these apps. An efficient way to evaluate these aspects in advance is prototyping. However, prototyping is often overlooked because of the additional cost it has put into the app development process and the time that may require it. The aim of this paper is to present a prototyping process for apps based on the paper construction of interface drafts and their interactions. Later these drafts are captured by the camera of a smartphone, generating a version of the app that can be used by the client to evaluate the interactions. This process also generates a digital version of the project based on a Domain Specific Language (DSL), whereby this prototype can be refined, generating, if necessary, a new executable version for evaluation or a new paper model to be presented and modified by the client. The validation of the proposal is done through a case study, in which an application is modeled on paper through a stencil for Android interface. Thus, generating the digital version of the project as well as the codes that implement the screens and the navigation structures between them.

Information technologies have a significant impact on digital development and the advancement of all spheres of life and business. Mobile applications have become a significant resource for raising awareness and using different areas of services. Many institutions have digitized their services, and cultural institutions are increasingly digitally present. This paper presents an application developed for iOS and Android devices that helps tourists in Belgrade, Serbia to explore the city ’s museums.

Gamification is one of the trends in education that is best suited to the current learning environment. Putra BINGO is a transformative assessment tool that uses gamification techniques. This research starts by elaborating the concept of Putra BINGO and its implementation using traditional method with pen and paper. The feedbacks gathered from the implementation are analyzed and applied to develop a multiplayer educational online game using Unity Game Engine. This paper describes details of the development for its two components; the database and the digital online game. Putra Bingo is available on PC and Android devices. It required additional plugins such as Photon Networking to handle game communication between multiple players. This is crucial to accommodate its test case application as an alternative assessment for teamwork skills using Rubrics and questionnaires. Further research will be conducted to enhance its functionality and user experience after the initial development of the digital online version is completed.

Arguably, one of the default solutions to many of today's everyday errands is to install an app. In order to deliver a variety of convenient and user-centric services, apps need to access different types of information stored in mobile devices, much of which is personal information. In principle, access to such privacy sensitive data should be kept to a minimum. In this study, we focus on privilege utilization patterns by apps installed on Android devices. Though explicit consent is required prior to first time access to the resource, the unavailability of usage information makes it unclear when trying to reassess the users initial decision. On the other hand, if granted privilege with little or no usage, it would suggest the likely violation of the principle of least privilege. Our findings illustrate a plausible requirement for visualising resource usage to aid the user in their decisionmaking and finer access control mechanisms.

After analyzing several Android mobile banking trojans, weobserved the presence of repetitive artifacts that describe valuable informationabout the distribution of this class of malicious apps. Motivatedby the high threat level posed by mobile banking trojans and by thelack of publicly available analysis and intelligence tools, we automatedthe extraction of such artifacts and created a malware tracker namedDroydSeuss. DroydSeuss first processes applications both statically anddynamically, extracting relevant strings that contain traces of communicationendpoints. Second, it prioritizes the extracted strings based onthe APIs that manipulate them. Finally, DroydSeuss correlates the endpointswith descriptive metadata from the samples, providing aggregatedstatistics, raw data, and cross-sample information that allow researchersto pinpoint relevant groups of applications.We connected DroydSeuss to the VirusTotal daily feed, consuming Androidsamples that perform banking-trojan activity. We manually analyzedits output and found supporting evidence to confirm its correctness.Remarkably, the most frequent itemset unveiled a campaign currentlyspreading against Chinese and Korean bank customers.Although motivated by mobile banking trojans, DroydSeuss can be usedto analyze the communication behavior of any suspicious application.

The purpose of this paper is creating a website so that the user can control electronic devices; see the amount of power consumption, current status of connected equipment, so the problem is the difficulty in saving electricity can be resolved. Home automation system is increasingly used due to the wide manufacturer brands and various available technologies. From a social point of view, residents are admitted to smart homes for comfort, luxury, improving quality of live, and for providing security against intrusion and burglars. In the era of IoT, it is possible to connect to the things around us so that we can access anything at any time and any place in a user friendly manner with economical operation and enhanced efficiency. Automation of the devices, appliances at home and office is having wide scope of research with the advancement of technology in communication era. Misuse of power energy can be curtailed by automating the devices and appliances. Mobile communication and internet are playing a big role in the field of automation. Android phones are powered with application programs to automate the required devices. This study focused to automate the home appliances using the Bluetooth, IR Remote and manual switching for controlling of connected equipment from short range while using internet for controlling of equipment from longer ranges. The status of the devices is linked to the local internet to enable the graphical user interface (GUI) for device monitoring.

In the Android system security issue, the maliciousness of the applications is closely related to the permissions they applied. In this paper, a population-based model is proposed for detecting Android malicious application. Which is in the view of the current disadvantages of missing report, long detection period caused by features redundancy, and the instability of detection rate lead by unbalanced data of benign and malicious samples. Drawing on the idea of population in biology, each app was labeled by preprocessing. And adaptive feature vectors were automatically selected through the feature engineering. Thus the malicious application detection is carried out in the form of hybrid model voting. The experimental results show that feature engineering can remove a large amount of redundancy before classification. And the hybrid voting model can provide adaptive detection service for different populations.

I-CROSS is an intelligent system designed to help drivers to decide the time slot in which an intersection can be crossed without collisions. This service has been developed as a desktop application that can be executed in Android devices. The set of algorithms that determine the crossing order are fed with information about surrounding vehicles: actual and further GPS position, speed and an identification number. The interchange of this information relays in a IEEE 802.11p communications architecture, that is, in a VANET network created ad-hoc among the vehicles are close to the intersection. The reliability of the application depends on the probability that the vehicles would be able to share this information, so before testing I-CROSS, the communication link must be checked in different scenarios. In this paper the results of these tests are shown and a description of the I-CROSS is also included.

Exam Paper Generator provides a solution to choose challenging, well framed questions and make it easy for the instructor to generate it within a short period of time. This can be done in a few taps of the hand as it is an Android application, therefore accessible at any time and place. It contains various modules which enables the system to deal with all questions easily. The modules like admin module, user module, and question entry and question management makes it an effortless task. From the entered input the paper is generated and saved as a .pdf file which can be kept for own or distributed as per the user or admin requirements.

International audience; On Android, installing an application implies accepting the permissions it requests, and these permissions are then enforced at runtime. In this work, we focus on the privacy implications of the ACCESS_WIFI_STATE permission. For this purpose, we analyzed permissions of the 2700 most popular applications on Google Play and found that the ACCESS_WIFI_STATE permission is used by 41% of them. We then performed a static analysis of 998 applications requesting this permission and based on the results, chose 88 applications for dynamic analysis. Our analyses reveal that this permission is already used by some companies to collect user Personally Identifiable Information (PII). We also conducted an online survey to study users' perception of the privacy risks associated with this permission. This survey shows that users largely underestimate the privacy implications of this permission. As this permission is very common, most users are therefore potentially at risk.

The performance of mobile devices, especially smart phones, has been quickly improved for the last few years. Most users take advantage of highly efficient smart phones, and consume the contents in the smart phones longer time than other devices usage time. As a result, users frequently share the contents and the needs of file sharing via smart phones have been increased considerably. Existing peer-to-peer sharing frequently incurs disconnections and retransmissions. A Web hard-based sharing needs to pay expensive cost for using high-volume file servers as well. In order to overcome such problems, we propose an application for seamless file sharing for the Android devices. The seamless service manager and the file manager in the proposed application share files seamlessly by choosing faster and more stable network automatically - one of the Bluetooth and the WI-FI. We expect that the proposed application could be a cost effective and reliable solution for file sharing among mobile devices.

Android adopts a permission-based model to protect user's data and system resources. An application needs to explicitly request user's approval of the required permissions at the installation time. The utility of the permission model depends critically on end users' ability to comprehend them. However, a recent study has shown that Android users have poor comprehension on permissions.In this paper, we propose to help Android users better understand application permissions through crowdsourcing. In our approach, collections of users of the same application use our tool to help each other on permission understanding by sharing their permission reviews. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by implementing a proof-of-concept of our design, which can provide meaningful clues to users on what purposes a permission serves in an application. Our case study shows that the tool can provide helpful information of permission usage. It also exposes the limitations of the current implementation, and the challenges need to be addressed in our next step.

With the development of wireless communication, the popularity of android phones, the increasing of social networking services, mobile social networking has become a hot research topic. Personal mobile devices have become ubiquitous and an inseparable part of our daily lives. These devices have evolved rapidly from simple phones and SMS capable devices to Smartphone’s and now with android phones that we use to connect, interact and share information with our social circles. The Smartphone’s are used for traditional two-way messaging such as voice, SMS, multimedia messages, instant messaging or email. Moreover, the recent advances in the mobile application development frameworks and application stores have encouraged third party developers to create a huge number of mobile applications that allow users to interact and share information in many novel ways. In this paper, we elaborate a flexible system architecture based on the service-oriented specification to support social interactions in campus-wide environments using Wifi. In the client side, we designed a mobile middleware to collect social contexts such as the messaging, creating group, accessing emails etc. The server backend, on the other hand, aggregates such contexts, analyses social connections among users and provides social services to facilitate social interactions. A prototype of mobile social networking system is deployed on campus, and several applications are implemented based on the proposed architecture to demonstrate the effectiveness of the architecture.

This paper presents a location-aware mobile application for breastfeeding mothers in Thailand, Moommae. Moommae app utilizes locations of breastfeeding rooms and breastfeeding activities in Thailand using the app users' GPS sensors on mobile phones to address some breastfeeding challenges. An aspect of support for breastfeeding mothers comes in the form of public and private breastfeeding areas. However, locating breastfeeding rooms in Thailand has not been an easy task. In this application, users' locations are used in location-based searches for breastfeeding rooms, submissions of new breastfeeding rooms, and as a demand measurement for breastfeeding rooms. Moommae is now available as a mobile application on 2 platforms: iOS and Android.

Most Android users are required to communicate sensitive data (passwords, usernames, security codes, and credit card numbers) with applications. Hacker can launch phishing attacks to compromise user data confidentiality. He/She stealthily injects into the foreground a hijacking Activity at the right timing to acquire private information. In this paper, we propose an effective approach that uses the similarity between launched Activities in order to detect and reacts to hijacking attacks during runtime time. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution by quantifying the number of false positives that can be generated by our system. We observe that, in the worst case, our solution generates 4.2% of false positives and incurs only 0.39% performance overhead on a CPU-bound micro-benchmark.

Smart mobile devices process and store a vast amount of security- and privacy-sensitive data. To protect this data from malicious applications mobile operating systems, such as Android, adopt fine-grained access control architectures. However, related work has shown that these access control architectures are susceptible to application-layer privilege escalation attacks. Both automated static and dynamic program analysis promise to proactively detect such attacks. Though while state-of-the-art static analysis frameworks cannot adequately address native and highly obfuscated code, dynamic analysis is vulnerable to malicious applications using logic bombs to avoid early detection.

Keylogging threats have been reasonably studied in computer systems but poorly covered in the domain of mobile operating systems. Android took the lead among the other mobile operating systems in allowing developers to build custom third-party keyboards to replace the stock Android on-screen keyboard. This opened the door for malicious developers to create keyloggers for the purpose of spying and/or phishing for users' sensitive data. A malicious developer may build a keylogger from scratch or utilize an existing keyboard. Furthermore, users may unknowingly install keyloggers from the online app markets or may use a keylogger that a malicious user with physical access has installed on their devices. In this paper, we discuss users' and keyboard developers' roles in increasing/decreasing the chance of successful keylogger attacks. We developed an Android app, KBsChecker, and asked participants to install it on their devices. The app collects data from participants' devices and prompts them to complete a survey. We also asked a number of developers to answer a few questions with regard to their experiences in building third-party keyboards. Our study showed that keylogging threat is of high probability due to the current security configurations and the choices of users and developers. Moreover, the study showed that the risk can be mitigated by educating users and by adopting new development approaches.

The use of mobile technology became more widespread and popular. It is important to provide correct useful nutritional information to diabetic patient which can access by mobile technology easily. However, providing such information to patients using mobile application are limited or not easy enough to understand. One way is to use Augmented Reality (AR) technology environments which is very effective method in the expansion of information process visually, especially in health-related area by using mobile devices. Therefore, the integration of AR in mobile application that can provide health information is needed. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art on mobile application in health.

The amount of malicious mobile application targeting Android based smartphones has increase rapidly. In addition, these malicious apps are capable of downloading modules from servers which are run by malicious users, meaning that unexpected events can be activated inside of smartphones. Therefore, the attacker can control and get personal information and data stored inside of smartphone illegally. Smartphones are not just phones but also portable computers, providing diverse services needed in life including calls, texts, emails, GPS, camera, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth apps. These apps keep and manage diverse intrinsic data as well as sensitive private information such as address books. Smartphones enable swift and easy data exchange via 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi. Thus, personal information stored on Smartphones is prone to leakage.

One solution in preventing the global warming issue is reducing the quantity of the use of paper, for example we can replace a physical book with electronic book (e-book). Some of books that often bought by customers in Indonesia are SNMPTN (Seleksi Nasional Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri) exam exercise books. We can change these books with interactive application (software) that will be installed on user's device like PC, smartphone, or tablet PC. Indirectly, it will reduce the quantity of paper using. In this document, we will describe a design of application system. This application will be used by candidate of SNMPTN written exam participant to simulate their exam. This application will be run on Android device. The name of this application is aSNMPTN (Application for SNMPTN). The contents of the exam for this application will be filled by informal tutoring institution (lembaga bimbingan belajar/bimbel). We will also design a supporting web-based application that will be used by bimbel to create the contents. aSNMPTN can communicate with this supporting application via internet.

With enhanced processing capability of mobile platforms, augmented reality (AR) has been considered a promising technology for achieving enhanced user experiences (UX). AR is to impose virtual information onto the real camera view of mobile platforms. In this demonstration, a particle-based augmented reality interactive system (PARIS) is designed to provide interactive AR for enhanced UX. The proposed PARIS consists of two parts, including the markerless pattern recognition (MPR) enabling the projection of recognized 3-D objects onto the real camera view and particle filter based hand tracking algorithms to provide interaction with the 3-D objects. Implementation of PARIS is realized on Android-based mobile platforms, where low computational complexity has been observed for real-time interaction.

This research originated from concerns about the opportunity to cheat if the test was conducted on computer media and smartphones (Android). This study aimed at determining the process of implementing computer-based and Android-based National Examination (USBN), constraints that may be faced, whether or not there are opportunities for examinees to cheat, effective or not, and whether or not USBN-based and computer-based USBN is efficient. In this study, researchers used descriptive research methods by collecting data on interviews, documents, and library sources as primary data sources and secondary data. The implementation of USBN CBT (National Standard School Exams Based Test) is an alternative in minimizing paper use. USBN CBT is more effective and efficient than USBN PBT (Paper Based Test). The results of the study found that: the process and technical implementation of computer-based and android-based USBN in 9 high schools throughout the Banyuasin District of South Sumatra Province differed from one another, 2) There were no severe constraints, 3) There was no opportunity for exam participants to cheat, 4) Very effective because it is easier to practice, 5) Very efficient because it can minimize the use of paper and electricity, especially in USBN based on Android. In the following years, it was strongly recommended to implement computer-based and android-based USBN both in the high school environment throughout the Banyuasin District, in South Sumatra and throughout Indonesia in general.

This short paper presents a preliminary implementation of SensorMov, a native library for Android mobile devices, which provides development tools for creating tangible user interfaces connected to smartphones. SensorMov brings together a set of functionalities aimed at extending various mobile sensors through physical objects. We seek to diversify mobile phone use in interaction processes, inspiring mobile technologies’ heterogeneity while reducing development times and complexities. The library understands tangibles as the smartphone itself or passive physical objects that do not require power supply through electrical energy, such as magnets. The paper describes the library, a preliminary application case, and future work.

The advent of internet of things has opened the opportunities for people with disabilities, increased their inclusion and productivity in their living society. Most of the invented smart sensing devices including the wearable ones for users with speech impairments are expensive and not affordable for patients in the low income countries such as Egypt. Morse Glasses is a cost efficient wearable device based on IoT technology and a modified Morse code that tracks the patient’s eyes blinks and translates it into a generated speech. A sequence of Morse encoded alphabets/sentences along with the frequently used ones is displayed and heard on any android supported device that is installed Morse Glasses mobile application. With cost less than 30$, patients with motor neuron diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) can communicate easily with the others, express their needs and simply live their life normally.

A smartphone or a tablet running on Android has been used to control an experiment to determine the energy band gap of a semiconductor. The smartphone is interfaced with the experimental circuit through a cheap microcontroller. A dedicated android application has been developed to help the user perform the experiment by acquisition and plotting of the data in real time. Curve-fitting and novel graphical techniques have been employed to determine the energy band gap, bypassing the need to use expensive electronic instruments. The graphs may be plotted on a virtual e-graph paper mimicking an actual graph paper on the smartphone screen. Since the user may not touch any instrument except his own smartphone while carrying out the experiment, chances of acquiring Covid-19 inside the laboratory would also have been reduced.