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For the first time, air-assisted cloud point extraction (AACPE) was presented to preconcentrate metal ions. The procedure was conjugated with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy for determination of samarium. In this procedure, samarium ions were complexed with aluminon and extracted into Triton X-114 in the presence of potassium iodide. The mixture was repeatedly sucked and dispersed with a syringe (three times) to create cloud solution. Experimental factors that affect the extraction competence of the AACPE procedure, such as pH, amount of aluminon and Triton X-114, salt addition, number of suction/injection cycles, and centrifugation rate and time, have been investigated and optimized. A linear calibration curve from 0.2 to 200.0 μg L−1 with enrichment factor and detection limit of 102 and 0.06 μg L−1, respectively, was established under the optimum experimental conditions. The approach was used to determine samarium in wastewater and rock samples, with recoveries ranging from 98% to 99%. Graphical abstract

A series of samarium (Sm) doped hydroxyapatites containing strontium (Sr) with controllable and adjustable luminescence were designed and prepared via chemical hydrolysis co-precipitation method. The effects of doping concentration of Sm on the structure, composition, photoluminescence (PL), energy transfer, substitute site, fluoresce lifetime and luminescence color of samples were investigated. It is shown that the introduction of Sr ions induces the structure and composition change for Sm doped samples. The typical transitions of Sm3+ at 564, 601, 648 and 707 nm due to 4G5/2→6HJ/2 (J = 5, 7, 9 and 11) transition under the excitation of 404 nm were detected. The PL intensity is affected by the Sr/Ca ratio and Sm concentration, and the optimal concentration of Sm is 0.8 mol% when Sr/Ca ratio equals 7/3. The non-radiative transitions and energy transfer of Sm ions are the main reason for the quenching, and the interactions among ions are ascribed to dipole–dipole type by theoretical calculation. Besides, the ratio of PL intensity between 601 and 648 nm (rO/R = I601 nm/I648 nm) indicates the symmetry and substitution process of Sm ions to Ca/Sr ions. The fluorescence lifetime (τ) decreases with the concentration of Sm increasing, which is the result of the decrease of distance and the enhanced interaction between Sm ions. The CIE chromaticity coordinates and luminescence color of samples are in the orange-red region and have close relation with the concentration of Sm. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity evaluation and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observation of samples via cells indicate the good biocompatibility and safe use of this kind of bio-based luminescent materials for their potential efficient fluorescence labeling and detection.

Despite having the potential to synthesize stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), rare earth metal-based MOFs have not been exploited extensively. Owing to the high coordination numbers, the MOFs can generate a suitable coordination environment for various applications. Herein, samarium (Sm)-based MOFs were synthesized with three different organic linkers, namely, trimesic acid (TMA)

A series of Sm3+-activated Ca3Gd(AlO)3(BO3)4 red-emitting phosphors were prepared by a traditional high-temperature solid-state approach. They were characterized by XRD refinements, TEM, SEM, EDS, DRS, FTIR, Raman spectra, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, and fluorescence decay curves. The microstructure of the cation-borate phosphors and the presence of Sm3+ dopants, and their impact at the Ca and Gd sites were studied. All the samples exhibited bright red emissions caused by intra-4f transitions of Sm3+ ions when excited at 404 nm. The optimum dopant concentration was 4mol%, and the concentration quenching (CQ) process was driven by dipole-dipole interaction using Inokuti-Hirayama, and Dexter theories. Interestingly, the temperature-dependent PL spectra manifested that the resulting phosphor had excellent thermal stability with an activation energy of 0.234 eV. Ultimately, the investigated phosphor demonstrated excellent chemical stability. The Sm3+-doped CGAB:Sm3+ phosphor can convert NUV LED chips into intense red emission with Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) diagrams of 0.615, 0.382 and high color purity of up to 95.6%. The WLED containing CG0.96AB:0.04Sm3+ merged with the commercial phosphors revealed low correlated color temperature (CCT≈4197 K) and high color rendering index (CRI≈89.7).

Ceria doped with low-valence lanthanide cations has been introduced for use as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Improving the performance of SOFCs using doped ceria requires an increase in ion mobility across the solid electrolyte. Recently, ceria doped with multiple low-valence lanthanide ions has been found to show better ion mobility than that of the singly doped one. In this work, the feasibility of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for stoichiometric analysis of doubly doped ceria, Sm

Thermoluminescence glow curves of gamma-irradiated Samarium doped lithium borosilicate glass were investigated. The number of overlapping peaks is determined using the Repeated Initial Rise (RIR) method. The glow curves were deconvoluted into four overlapping peaks. The trapping parameters such as activation energy E, frequency factor (s), and kinetic order (b) for each peak are determined. The obtained results indicated that the Lithium borosilicate glass doped with Samarium has four electron trap levels with the average activation energies of 0.82,1.01,1.21, and 1.31eV, respectively. Thermal fading analysis of the individual peaks based on the deconvolution data is performed. The obtained results showed high thermal fading of the first peak while high thermal stability of the second and third peaks compared with the other peaks. These results could be used to explain some observed properties such as high thermal fading and light sensitivity for such thermoluminescence material. Moreover, the obtained results may be helpful to minimize the fading corrections in the dosimetric applications.

Random copolymers of trimethylene carbonate and e-caprolactone were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization varying the feed ratio. For this, samarium (III) acetate was used as an initiator at 1...

We present a one-step method for preparing Sm (CobalFe0.08Cu0.1Zr0.03)7.45 alloy through transition metal-induced SmF3 calciothermic reduction. The composition, crystal structure, element distribution, and chemical valence of the alloy were characterized by inductively coupled plasma, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the content of samarium in the alloy increases with the SmF3 amount. The composition of the alloy is similar to that of the designated alloy by adding 10 wt.% SmF3 over the theoretical addition. The reaction product is CaF2, and the ingot alloy is composed of 1:7 and 2:17 phases. The metal elements are uniformly distributed and demonstrate zero valency. The magnetic properties of the magnet show that the remanent magnetization, intrinsic coercivity, and maximum energy product are 1.15 T, 2145.30 kA/m, and 205.34 kJ/m3, respectively.

Calcium silicates are very stable and good hosts for luminescent materials. These calcium silicates are synthesized using cost-effective agro-food wastes such as rice husk ash and eggshell powder along with doping of samarium oxide [Ca3−xSi2O7:xSm3+(x(%) = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00)] via solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction confirms that the Ca3Si2O7 phase co-exists with the monoclinic-Ca2SiO4 phase. An increase in doping concentration of Sm3+ enhances the Ca2SiO4 phase content. Two types of morphology can be seen in the SEM micrographs confirming the presence of two phases. Photoluminescence emission spectra contain peaks in the visible region. Characteristic emission peaks of Sm3+ are present along with strong peaks due to the titanium ions present in agro-food wastes. Commission International de'Eclairage (CIE) co-ordinates correspond to the green region, which is significantly different from the CIE co-ordinates of Sm3+ doped samples derived from mineral oxides. This study presents an alternate use of agro-food wastes for synthesizing visible light-emitting phosphors and presents a mechanism for stabilizing Ca2SiO4 in waste-derived samples.

Trivalent samarium activated β-Wollastonite (β-CaSiO3:Sm3+) nanostructured phosphor powders have been synthesized by modified sol-gel method at various concentrations (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mol %) employing rice husk ash (RHA) and eggshell (ES) as the precursors for SiO2 and CaO respectively. The powder x-ray diffraction peaks disclose structure of sintered samples as monoclinic structure with space group P1 21/c1. The average crystallite sizes were determined by Debye scherrer's formula in the range of 26–34 nm. The average particle size was 84.5 nm found from TEM images. The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra recorded high intensity peak at 400 nm was owing to 6H5/2 → 4K11/2 transition. The emission (PL) spectra of prepared samples exhibit intense orange–red color emission peak at 602 nm due to 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 transition. All the prepared samples emission tuned towards white region of the CIE diagram with the increment of Sm3+ content. This new nanostructured phosphor material could be a probable candidate for white light display and solid-state lighting (SSL) applications.

Exploring outstanding rare-earth activated inorganic phosphors with good thermostability has always been a research focus for high-power white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this study, we report a Sm3+-activated KNa4B2P3O13 (KNBP) powder phase. Its particle morphology, photoluminescence properties, concentration quenching mechanism, thermal quenching mechanism, and chromatic properties are demonstrated. Upon the near-ultraviolet (NUV) irradiation of 402 nm, the powder phase exhibits orange-red visible luminescence performance, originating from typical 4G5/2→6HJ/2 (J = 5, 7, 9) transitions of Sm3+. Importantly, the photoluminescence performance has good thermostability, low correlated color temperature (CCT), and high color purity (CP), indicating its promising application in the NUV-pumped warm white LEDs.

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are in all respect a class of new contaminants that may have toxic effects on organisms and microorganisms and information on their interactions with natural ligands should be of value to predict and control their diffusion in natural environments. In the current study, we investigate interactions of tripositive cations of praseodymium, europium, holmium, and thulium with harzianic acid (H2L), a secondary metabolite produced by selected strains of fungi belonging to the Trichoderma genus. We applied the same techniques and workflow previously employed in an analogous study concerning lanthanum, neodymium, samarium, and gadolinium tripositive cations. Therefore, in the current study, HPLC-ESI-HRMS experiments, circular dichroism (CD), and UV-Vis spectrophotometric absorption data, as well as accurate pH measurements, were applied to characterize bonding interactions between harzianic acid and Pr3+, Eu3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+ cations. Problems connected to the low solubility of harzianic acid in water were overcome by employing a 0.1 M NaClO4/(CH3OH + H2O 50/50 w/w) mixed solvent. For Pr3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+, only the mono complexes PrL+, HoL+, and TmL+ were detected and their formation constant determined. Eu3+ forms almost exclusively the bis complex EuL2− for which the corresponding formation constant is reported; under our experimental conditions, the mono complex EuL+ is irrelevant. Combining the results of the present and previous studies, a picture of interactions of harzianic acid with rare-earth cations extending over 8 of the 17 REEs can be composed. In order to complement chemical information with toxicological information, a battery of bioassays was applied to evaluate the effects of praseodymium, europium, holmium, and thulium tripositive cations on a suite of bioindicators including Aliivibrio fischeri (Gram-negative bacterium), Raphidocelis subcapitata (green alga), and Daphnia magna (microcrustacean), and median effective concentration (EC50) values of Pr3+, Eu3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+ for the tested species were assessed.

Samarium doped calcium silicates ( C a 2 − x S i O 4 : x S m 3 + , (x(%) = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00) are synthesized using cost effective natural resources such as rice husk ash and egg shell powder through solid-state reaction method. The structural, optical, and photoluminescent properties of the as-prepared samples are reported. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement results confirm that monoclinic- C a 2 S i O 4 phase is stabilized at room temperature in agro-food waste derived phosphors. Differential thermal analysis data provides information about the phase transformations. Scanning electron microscope images show that the synthesized samples have spherical morphology. C a 2 S i O 4 related vibrational bands appear in the Fourier transform infrared spectrum. Optical band gap of these phosphors is found to lie in the range 3.56–3.67 eV. Agro-food wastes inherently contain titanium in trace amounts thus, the photoluminescence emission spectrum consists of bands linked to both samarium and titanium ions. Presence of titanium makes these phosphors inherently luminescent. CIE co-ordinates of these phosphors lie in the bluish-green region. These results suggest that agro-food wastes have excellent potential of being used as precursors for synthesizing visible light emitting phosphors. Moreover, present study paves the way for effectively utilizing agro-food wastes for synthesizing environment friendly and cost-effective phosphors.

Microsized borophosphate-based phosphors of RbBaBP2O8:Sm were successfully prepared in this research. X-ray diffraction investigation proves that all phosphors are single phases belonging to the RbBaBP2O8-type diamondoid structure. According to the XPS, luminescence, and optical decay time investigations, there are the co-existence of the divalent and trivalent samarium ions in the RBBP matrix. Upon near-ultraviolet (401 nm) irradiation, the characteristic transitions of both Sm3+ and Sm2+ ions contribute to pink light emission. The content quenching and thermal quenching mechanisms are studied. The RbBaBP2O8:Sm phosphor shows high thermal stability, good color stability, and low correlated color temperature, indicating its promising application in warm white LEDs.

A series of Samarium (Sm) doped borosilicate glass was designed and prepared by melt-quenching method to realize the controllable and adjustable red emission for further applications of rare-earth ...

lead borosilicate glasses comprising samarium oxide (Sm2O3) had been developed by using melt-quenching procedure. The values of glass density became reported to enhance as Sm2O3 raise from 3.632 g/cm3 for 1 percent Sm2O3 to 3.764 g/cm3 for 6 percent Sm2O3, were attributable to the substitution of boron with lower density by samarium with higher density. The molar volume of the samples prepared was calculated from the density data. Optical absorption spectra have been reported and optical parameter values like the optical transformation, optical electronegative behavior, index of refraction, high frequency constant of dielectric, singular oscillator energy and dispersive energy have been calculated. The optical parameters were associated with the Sm2O3 ratio. Judd–Official concept has been extended to the glass absorption spectra to the model of radiative and laser properties. Judd–Official parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6) were defined as Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6 and linked to the composition of glass. Such glasses have been realized to be used as photonic devices. The maximum & least MAC values were obtained at the energies of 15 keV & 6 MeV for all Sm-Glasses. The trend of the LAC values follows the trend: (LAC)Sm1

Rare earth elements are a set of seventeen metallic elements, which is an essential part of many high-tech devices. Hence, analysis and/or separation of the rare earth elements from their mineral become crucial. A novel analysis method combining ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic and multivariate analysis was developed to determine middle rare earth elements quickly and simultaneously. The data collected from ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic were analyzed by multivariate analysis. The results showed that the developed method has good accuracy and precision with a detection limit of 1.375 (± 0.012), 0.332 (± 0.004), 42.117 (± 0.200), 1.767 (± 0.011), and 0.576 (± 0.002) ppm, respectively for samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, and dysprosium. The interference effect of ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate, manganese(III) sulfate hydrate, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and lead(II) nitrate were examined. The reliability of the proposed method was evaluated using monazite samples. Conclusively, the developed method was successfully applied to determine the middle rare earth elements in monazite samples.

This paper reports the effects of rare-earth Sm3+ ion substitution on structural, optical, electronic, and magnetic responses of maghemite nanoparticles. Four samples of varying Sm ion percentage (γ-Fe2-xSmxO3: x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) were prepared using chemical co-precipitation route. Generation of cubic spinel structure of synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by analyzing the X-ray diffraction patterns. Average sizes of synthesized nanocrystals were calculated in between 11 and 18 nm together with the presence of compressive-type microstrain inside the tiny crystals was noticed. All the samples exhibited excellent absorption around red and infrared band of EM spectra at 300 K. Room temperature M-H response revealed a gradual reduction in several magnetic parameters like coercivity, magnetic moment, effective anisotropy constant, and saturation magnetization for higher Sm ion content samples. AC conductivity studies at room temperature suggested that the hopping of electrons in between the cationic sites was the primary charge transfer process for all the samples.

Here we report on Orange Photoluminescence emission of samarium ion substituted calcium zirconium phosphate prepared by solid state reaction method. To study the crystal structure and phase transit...

In the present work, a high quality (Q) Ca1.15Sm0.85Al0.85Ti0.15O4 (CSAT) ceramic was prepared via reaction sintering (RS) method. The phase structure, surface morphology, packing fraction (PF), and valence bond of the ceramic were systematically investigated. By studying the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the ceramic, it was determined to exhibit a single-phase tetragonal structure with the dimensions of a = b = 3.6943(13)A and c = 12.0320(23)A and volume of V = 164.22(10) A3. The influence of the intrinsic quality loss factor on the Q × f value was investigated by calculating the PF. Simultaneously, the bond valence of the samarium (Sm) sites was evaluated to elucidate the relationship with the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf). The CSAT ceramic was sintered at 1550 °C for 6 h and exhibited exceptional characteristics in terms of the relative dielectric constant (er) = 17.5, quality factor (Q × f) = 66700 GHz, and τf = −6.93 ppm/°C. These results highlighted the excellent suitability of the RS method for preparing CSAT ceramics with outstanding microwave dielectric properties.

We developed a method of sorption determination via the atomic emission of Cu, Zr and Hf metals in the waste of samarium–cobalt magnets. This method was based on the preconcentration of impurities using S- and N-containing heterochain sorbents, with further determination of the analytes via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Different sorbents such as PED (polyethelendiamine), TDA (polythiodimethanamine), PhED (N-phenylpolyethediamine) and PTE (polythioether) were tested for Ti, Cu, Zr, Nb and Hf extraction. The PTE sorbent ensured the maximum extraction of the analytes (recovery 60% for Ti, 80% for Nb, 95–100% for Cu, Zr and Hf) and thus was selected for further research. Additionally, various acidities of chloride solution (0.01–1 M HCl) were investigated for metal sorption. Under the optimised sorption conditions, trace impurities of Cu, Zr and Hf were determined using ICP-OES with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. The obtained results were confirmed by the added–found method and cross-method experiments. The detection limits (DLs) were 1.5, 2, 0.15, 2 and 0.75 µg/L for Ti, Cu, Zr, Nb and Hf, respectively. The proposed method can be successfully used for the determination of various microelements in other waste REE-magnetic materials.

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and a stacked regression was developed for rapid quantification of uranium(vi) (1–100 μg mL−1), samarium (0–200 μg mL−1) and nitric acid (0.1–4 M) with varying temperature (20 °C–45 °C).

A series of Terbium ions and Samarium ions doped NaBiF4 phosphors were synthesized by precipitation method at room temperature. Under ultraviolet light excitation, the phosphors possess multicolor emissions including green, yellow-green as well as white. Furthermore, in NaBiF4: Tb3+, Sm3+ system, there are energy transfer processes from Bi3+ to Tb3+ and from Tb3+ to Sm3+ ions, and the energy transfer mechanism between Tb3+ and Sm3+ ion is quadrupole–quadrupole (q-q) interaction. Multicolor luminescence including white light emission can be acquired via varying the content of Tb3+ or Sm3+. The CIE chromaticity diagram directly displays the hue variability of the as-synthesized samples. This type of color-tunable luminescence phosphors is potential in the fields of photoelectronic devices and biomedical science.

SmCo5 alloy was prepared via direct calciothermic reduction using anhydrous samarium fluoride (SmF3) as raw material and cobalt as inducer. Results of the thermodynamic calculation show that the direct reduction of cobalt-induced SmF3 for preparing SmCo5 alloy is feasible. An alloy with 33.89 wt% samarium and a yield of 96.45% were achieved under the optimal conditions of 10% and 20% excess of SmF3 and calcium over the stoichiometry, respectively, and 1450 °C for 4 min. The X-ray diffraction results show that the reduction products are SmCo5 alloy and CaF2. The scanning electron microscopy micrograph of the SmCo5 alloy ingot exhibits a distinct dendritic morphology composed of samarium and cobalt. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the atomic ratio of samarium to cobalt is approximately 1:5 and both elements demonstrate zero valency (Sm0, Co0). The magnetic properties measurement of the SmCo5 alloy melt-spun ribbon shows the remanent magnetization Br = 0.59 T, intrinsic coercivity Hci = 345.82 kA/m and maximum magnetic energy density (BH)max = 42.20 kJ/m3. These results may be helpful for the development of novel valence-variable rare-earth alloys.

A nanostructured defect-fluorite-type Sm3NbO7 has been produced at ambient temperature by the process of mechanical alloying (MA). The powdered mixture of samarium precursor and pure metallic Niobium (Nb) is milled for 17h to obtain the desired sample with mean crystallite size of 160 A. The phase transformations induced by the high energy milling have been investigated by ex situ X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements and Rietveld method. The results suggest a symmetrization of Sm(OH)3 crystals induced by Nb solubilization. The Sm3NbO7 microstructures have been examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), heat treatment, Raman spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. The crystallite sizes and defects have been analyzed by Line Profile Analysis utilizing Williamson Hall plot method and Stephens's microstrain model. The anisotropic structural defects caused by MA synthesis disappear under heat treatment with the microstrain reducing from 1.4% to 0.05%.

The structure of amorphous As33.3Se33.3S33.4, As33.3Se33.3Te33.4 chalcogenide glasses have been studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering methods. The results are explained by the Elliott’s...

To observe direct effect of samarium (III) oxide reinforcement on physical, thermal, optical, structural and nuclear radiation attenuation properties, a broad-range experimental and numerical investigations were performed with a group of novel borotellurite glasses. FTIR spectra of powdered samples were taken at 250-4000 cm-1. The transmittance and absorption characteristics, optical band gaps, and Urbach energies were measured. The glass transition temperatures, crystallization temperatures and melting temperature values of the samples were determined. Nuclear radiation shielding properties have been determined for gamma-ray, neutrons and heavy charged particles. The lowest transmittance and highest absorbance were reported for the TBVS1.5 sample with highest Sm2O3 additive. In addition, obtained results from the nuclear radiation shielding calculations have showed that TBVS1.5 sample has superior nuclear radiation shielding properties against gamma-ray, neutron and heavy charged particles. The increasing Sm2O3 additive has visibly improved the nuclear radiation attenuation properties by keeping other material properties within usable limits.

In this research, the glasses were made with composition (70-x) P2O5 - 10Bi2O3 - 10Na2O - 10Gd2O3 - xSm2O3 (with x = 0; 0.05; 0,1; 0, 5; 1.0; 3.0 mol%). Molar volume, polar radius and int...

The viscosities (η) of the sodium–borate melts containing 1 wt % mechanically activated lanthanide oxide (Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Er2O3, Tm2O3) are determined with an oscillatory viscometry in the temperature range 950–1650 K. The laws of changing the viscosity as a function of temperature and composition are found, and the temperatures of the onset of solidification of the melts are determined. The dependence of the logarithm of viscosity on the reciprocal temperature is found to have high- and low-temperature sections with different activation energies of viscous flow. The changes in the viscosity are explained in terms of changes in the melt structure.

We report the detailed analysis of thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves and the evaluation of kinetic parameters of Sm3+-incorporated BaSi2O5.The effect of various heating rates on TL kinetics and glow peak temperatures of Sm3+-doped BaSi2O5 phosphors exposed to beta particle irradiation at room temperature are investigated. The glow curve of the phosphor exposed to β-irradiation consists of two main peaks with maxima at about 91°C and 193°C and exhibits good linearity between 1 and 10 Gy. The activation energies and frequency factors of trap centers involved in the TL emission were calculated from the TL glow curve of the sample by means of variable heating rate (VHR), repeated initial rise (RIR), and computerized glow-curve deconvolution (CGCD). Analysis of the main dosimetric peak techniques indicate that activation energies (E) and pre-exponential factor (s) vary between 0.93 and 1.72 eV, 1010 and 1013 s−1. It is found that the temperature of the glow peaks shifts toward the higher temperatures and the TL intensity smoothly decreases as the heating rate increases. The behavior of the TL intensities and glow peak temperatures as a function of the heating rate are discussed with regards to thermal quenching.

M- Type hexagonal ferrites BaFe12-xSmxO19 with (x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0) is prepared using citrate precursor based sol–gel method. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms phase purity of the samples. All samples possessed hexagonal crystal symmetry belonging to P63/mmc space group. The Williamson-Hall plot is utilized for calculating crystallite size and lattice strain present in prepared samples. The strain reaches to a maximum value 1.58 × 10−3 for BaFe11Sm1O19. W-H plot calculations are supported by SEM morphological analysis. Lattice parameters shows noticeable increments due to induced lattice strains in samples. FTIR spectral analysis is in agreement with the XRD results. The magnetic parameters of prepared samples gets refined with samarium substitution with appreciable Magnetization 42.62–63.05 emu/g and Retentivity 19.73–29.26 emu/g. Coercivity value increased from 303.5 to 2265.1 Gauss. The Magnetocrystalline anisotropy (K1) is calculated using Law of Approach to Saturation, which ranges from 1.37 to 4.24 × 106 erg/cm3. Further the ferroelectric properties are evidently observed in Sm3+ doped BaFe12-xSmxO19 nanoceramics, with Remanance polarization (Pr) and Coercive polarization (Pc) of 6.1 μC/cm2 and 6.5 kV/m respectively. The FeO6 octahedron in its perovskite-like hexagonal unit cell and off centering of Fe3+ from the center of octahedron is suggested to generate polarization in doped samples. Therefore a correlation between lattice strain mediated structural, magnetic and multiferroic properties enrichment with varying samarium content in hexaferrite lattices is explored in this article.

Bi1-xSmxFeO3 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.15) nanoparticles have been prepared through tartaric acid assisted sol–gel method. The X-ray diffractogram was used to confirm the phase formation and it revealed the single-phase formation with R3c space group. SEM analysis revealed that the particle size decreased with increasing Sm concentration. The crystallite size was observed to be in the range of 30 nm. M-H study depicted an increase in magnetization with increasing samarium concentration. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of magnetization studies was found to be in agreement with results of the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) magnetization studies.

Tryptophan (Trp) is one of the essential amino acids, which plays important roles in biological systems and the normal growth of human beings, and it is of great significance to be able to detect Trp in a rapid, efficient, and sensitive way. Herein, a 3D network metal–organic framework ([Sm2(BTEC)1.5(H2O)8]·6H2O) with excellent thermal and water stability was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Interestingly, it could discriminate Trp from other natural amino acids in aqueous solution through a significant fluorescence enhancement effect, and showed high detection sensitivity (LOD = 330 nM) and outstanding anti-interference ability. The sensor system was successfully applied to the detection of Trp in practical samples, so it was expected to be a sensitive and efficient Trp sensor. In addition, the sensing mechanism was explained in detail by a series of characterization methods combined with density functional theory (DFT). There were many coordination water molecules in the crystal structure of the complex. Based on the small steric hindrance and molecular structure of water molecules, it provided the possibility for coordination interaction between Trp and Sm3+. On the other hand, the triplet energy level (T1) of Trp matched with the 4G5/2 vibrational energy level of Sm3+, so Trp could be used as the second “antenna molecule” besides 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (H4BTEC). Therefore, it effectively broadened the way for Sm-MOF to absorb excitation light.

Deficient red and cyan components are critical limitations that hamper the real applications of single-structured phosphor ceramics in laser-driven white lighting sources (white LDs). In this study, Ce3+ and Sm3+ were incorporated into Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG:Ce3+,Sm3+) ceramics for the fabrication of white LDs. Multiple narrow-intensified emissions around 569 nm, 618 nm, and 667 nm originating from the 4G5/2 → 6HJ (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2) transitions of Sm3+ were identified as an efficient energy transfer (ET) from Ce3+ to Sm3+ ions. Impressively, the ET efficiency of 47.4% from Ce3+ to Sm3+ was achieved by spectral regulation; this was the highest value among those of Ce3+–Sm3+-co-doped garnet phosphor materials, and its mechanism was deduced to be dipole–dipole interactions based on the Inokuti–Hirayama (I–H) model. The integral and red emission intensities of the as-prepared LuAG:0.02Ce3+,0.04Sm3+ ceramics at 425 K were 85.8% and 75.3% of that at 300 K, respectively, implying satisfactory thermal stability of fluorescence. A white LD with a high color rendering index (CRI) of up to 78.5 was obtained with the introduction of Mn2+ into the LuAG:Ce3+,Sm3+ system by employing single-structured Ce0.02Sm0.04Lu2.94Mn0.04Al4.92Si0.04O12 phosphor ceramics under 450 nm laser excitation. This result provides a promising pathway for high color quality and practical solid-state lighting based on garnet phosphor ceramics.

Cube-shaped samarium orthovanadate (SmVO

Dysprosium has gained global interest due to its key application in renewable technology, such as wind power technology. The presence of this rare earth element (REE) can be determined by several spectroscopic methods. Recently, a voltammetry method has provided an alternative method for the simple and fast detection of REEs. However, to the best of our knowledge, this experiment is usually carried out in an aqueous solvent, and the response of the REE in an organic solvent by the voltammetry method has rarely been investigated. In this research, the quantitative detection of dysprosium and dysprosium mixtures with samarium, europium and gadolinium in acetonitrile is reported by differential pulse voltammetry. A Box-Behnken design was applied to predict the optimum condition of the measurements. Three factors, namely potential deposition, deposition time and amplitude modulation, were found to significantly influence the signal under optimal conditions, which are -1.0 V, 83.64 s and 0.0929 V, respectively. The surface characterization of dysprosium deposited on a Pt surface shows better deposition under 100% acetonitrile compared to a lower concentration of acetonitrile. The evaluation in this study shows a detection limit of 0.6462 mg•L-1 and a quantitation limit of 2.1419 mg•L-1, with a precision value and recovery value of 99.97% and 93.62%, respectively.

The [Formula presented](BST) samples, where (x = zero, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.3), have been successfully synthesized by tartrate precursor method at annealing temperature of 600°C under atmospheric pressure. The results revealed that the Sm content causes a decrease in both tetragonality and average grain size of BST samples. The electrical resistivity of BST samples is improved by low Sm content, reaching maximum value at x = 0.15 and then decreases with higher Sm content, suggesting that the conduction has two types of polaron hoping and semiconductor band conduction mechanisms at low and at high temperature ranges, respectively. It is demonstrated that the majority of charge carriers are p-type. The dielectric properties varies nonmonotonically with samarium content, showing strongly enhancement in dielectric constant for high Sm doping samples. It is recommended that BST samples are attractive for capacitor and energy storage applications. © 2020 The Author(s). This project was supported financially by the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT) Egypt, Grant No. 6550 . ASRT is the 2nd affiliation of this research.

Samarium (Sm3+) doped sodium calcium silicate (Na2CaSiO4: NCS) phosphors have been synthesized by employing a sol-gel technique. The structural, morphological, excitation and emission spectral studies have been carried out for the as-prepared phosphors. The phase purity in synthesized NCS phosphor with cubic structure has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The scanning electron microscopic images depict the irregular morphology and non-uniform microcrystalline particles in synthesized phosphor. The excitation spectra of NCS: Sm3+ phosphors disclose strong absorption in UV (ultraviolet), n-UV (near UV) and blue spectral regions. The emission spectra recorded under 402 nm excitation exhibit peaks at 565, 602 and 649 nm attributed to characteristic 4f-4f transitions of Sm3+ ions. The Sm3+ concentration optimized for NCS host as 1.0 mol%, and concentration quenching phenomenon has been discussed in detail. The chromaticity coordinates (0.579, 0.419) for optimized NCS: Sm3+ phosphor lie in the pure orange region. The temperature-dependent photoluminescence studies demonstrate that luminescence intensity even at 423 and 463 K persists up to 85.4 and 79.6% of the intensity at room temperature, respectively. Above mentioned results substantiate the potentiality of NCS: Sm3+ phosphor to use as a thermally stable orange emitting component in photonic devices.

Replacement of samarium (Sm) with abundant yttrium (Y) can help solve the potential shortage of Sm in the preparation of promising Sm2Fe17Nx magnets. In this article, phase composition, microstructure and magnetic properties of (Sm1–yYy)2Fe17Nx (y = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) were investigated. Maximum energy product (BH)max is improved when less than 40 at% Y is doped in (Sm1–yYy)2Fe17Nx powder. In particular, when 20 at% Y replaces Sm, (BH)max of (Sm1–yYy)2Fe17Nx powder increases by 15.1% from 131.7 to 151.6 kJ/m3. The effect of annealing temperature on the structural properties of high Y doping (Sm0.6Y0.4)2Fe17 and the magnetic properties of the corresponding nitrides were subsequently investigated. In the RE2Fe17 phase grain combination process, the interlaced structure of the rhombohedral Th2Zn17-type structural phase and the hexagonal Th2Ni17-type structural phase is formed. Due to short-range exchange coupling, the nitride with the highest content of two interlaced RE2Fe17 phases has the highest magnetic properties: Br = 1.23 T, HcJ = 443.9 kA/m and (BH)max = 197.6 kJ/m3.

Lithium borosilicate glass composite (SiO2 -Li2 CO3 -H3 BO3 ) doped with various concentrations of Sm2 O3 (0-0.7 mole %) was prepared using the melt quenching method. The investigated thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of the prepared system revealed that the highest TL response was obtained for this glass composite at 0.05 mol% Sm2 O3 . In this study, the 0.05 mol% Sm2 O3 -doped lithium borosilicate glass composite was subjected to detailed dosimetric investigation in terms of its annealing condition, dose-response, and minimum detectable dose. The reproducibility of the response, thermal characteristics, and optical fading were also studied. The obtained results showed that the prepared glass composite had a linear dose-response over the wide gamma dose range 2Gy to 2 kGy, as well as reasonable thermal fading and excellent reproducibility. These attributes render the composite under investigation promising for utilization in radiation detection.

The synthesis of luminescent complexes of Sm(III) with the general formula [Sm(L)3·(X)] was done in powder form. In the formula, L is 6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde and X represents 2H2O (C1), 1,10-phenanthroline (C2), 2,2′-bipyridine (C3); bathophenanthroline (C4) and neocuproine (C5). The complexes were characterized by using various analytical and spectroscopic tools like elemental analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS+), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis/ differential thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL) studies. TGA/DTG showed high thermal stability of synthesized complexes. Powder XRD depicts that the average particle size lies in the nano-range. On monitoring at the excitation wavelength of 370 nm, the complexes display characteristic luminescence peaks of Sm(III) at ~ 564, ~ 600 and ~ 647 nm assigned to 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, 4G5/2 → 6H7/2, and 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 transitions, respectively, with the most intense transition at ~ 600 (orange emission) and ~ 647 nm (bright red emission) in liquid and powder state, respectively. The investigations demonstrate that the synthesized novel complexes might be practically useful in electroluminescent devices, bio-assays, and liquid lasers due to their attractive photoluminescent properties.

The composition, structure, and surface topology of as-cast, homogenized, and nitrogenized alloy based on an intermetallic compound Sm2Fe17 with partial substitution of samarium atoms with holmium atoms have been studied using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray phase analysis, as well as scanning electron microscopy. Results on the magnetic properties of the initial compound Sm1.2Ho0.8Fe17 and the nitride Sm1.2Но0.8Fe17N2.4 and its milled powders have been presented. It has been found that partial substitution of samarium atoms with holmium ones in a rare-earth metal sublattice in combination with the effect of introducing nitrogen atoms into the initial compound crystal lattice increases such magnetic characteristics as specific magnetization and coercive force. A comparative analysis of the magnetic hysteresis properties of powder samples showed that increasing the duration of the milling of the Sm–Ho–Fe–N powders using high-energy ball milling (15, 30, 45, and 60 min) contributes to improving the main magnetic characteristics. Functional characteristics obtained for Sm–Ho–Fe–N powders after their milling are important for the development of new high-coercivity magnets based on them.

Temperature dependences of the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity in multiferroic materials BiFeO3, Bi0.90Sm0.10FeO3, and Bi0.90Eu0.10FeO3 were studied. Substitution of rare-earth ions of europium and samarium for bismuth ions in bismuth ferrite was found to decrease the phonon thermal conductivity in a wide temperature range. The decrease in the heat conductivity of bismuth ferrite was determined to result from resonance phonon scattering by paramagnetic ions of europium and samarium.

The paper studies the amplitude and spectral-kinetic behavior of pulsed X-ray and cathodoluminescence of non-alloyed zinc selenide (ZnSe) single crystals and those alloyed by gallium, tellurium and samarium. At 300 K, the spectra of pulsed cathodoluminescence of pure ZnSe single crystals show a 490 nm illumination at ~20 ns pulse time. Two spectral bands are observed in alloyed ZnSe single crystals, band edge at ~477 nm and with maximum at ~600 nm at a pulse time of ~20 ns and ~5 μs, respectively. The intensity ratio of these peaks depends on the electron-beam energy density and the geometry of spectrum measurements. X-ray luminescence spectra of the alloyed ZnSe single crystals show an ~600 nm illumination, the intensity of which depends on the type of impurity. The possibility of applying the pure and alloyed ZnSe single crystals is discussed herein for the development of amplitude-time characteristic sensors of electron beams and X-ray radiation energy ranging from tens to hundreds of kiloelectronvolts.

We have designed and synthesized a new luminescent mononuclear samarium (III) complex Sm-2h based on the [1 + 1] Schiff-base macrocycle H2L2h, derived from the cyclocondensation reaction between dialdehyde and diamine precursors, and its exact architecture is determined to be [Sm(HL2h) (NO3)2]. The sensing ability of complex Sm-2h is carefully evaluated for various common inorganic ions in solution. It is shown that complex Sm-2h is a multi-responsive fluorimetric sensor with high selectivity for F− and PO43− anions together with Zn2+ cation. The sensing process is rapid within 60 s for F− and PO43− ions and 300 s for Zn2+ ion. Further detailed responsive investigations suggest that its sensing behavior has excellent linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity (or absorption value) and ion concentration. The limit of detection (LOD) for sensing F−, PO43− and Zn2+ ions are as low as 2.61 μM (2.94 μM), 1.92 μM (1.64 μM) and 5.67 μM (3.53 μM), respectively, verified by fluorimetric (or colorimetric) titration experiments. ESI mass spectra prove that these efficient detections originate from the structure collapse of sensor Sm-2h because of the ion-induced imine bond breakage. Moreover, sensor Sm-2h shows excellent sensing performances for F−, PO43− and Zn2+ ions in real water samples, and we also have developed a convenient method to detect these three ions by use of the sensor impregnated test paper strips, providing rapid and distinguishable fluorimetric color changes. Therefore, the macrocyclic Sm(III) complex Sm-2h could be regarded as a valuable candidate for monitoring F−, PO43− and Zn2+ ions in practical applications.

Recently, rare-earth-activated phosphors have been excessively studied for applications in field of white light-emitting diodes (W-LEDs). In this work, a series of Sm3+-doped Na5Bi(P2O7)2 phosphors have been synthesized via traditional high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The purity and phase structure were verified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Owing to the 4G5/2→6H7/2 transition of Sm3+, Na5Bi1−xSmx(P2O7)2 phosphors show intense orange–red emission centered at 600 nm under near-UV light (403 nm) excitation. The 4% Sm3+ ion is the optimum doping concentration. The concentration quenching dominant mechanism is the d−d interaction. Moreover, phosphors Na5Bi0.96Sm0.04(P2O7)2 show good thermal stability, restraining 79.4% at 150 °C of that measured at 25 °C. The CIE coordinates of phosphor Na5Bi0.96Sm0.04(P2O7)2 were calculated to be (0.573, 0.414). Therefore, phosphor Na5Bi1−xSmx(P2O7)2 could be potentially used as an orange–red phosphor for W-LEDs.

A hydrodynamic performance by the variation in the droplet size and distribution was moreover considered in the recording of experimental data for the extraction of rare-earth ions. The percentage ...