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The exponential rise of information available means we can now, in theory, access knowledge on almost any question we ask. However, as the amount of unverified information increases, so too does the challenge in deciding which information to trust. Farmers, when learning about agricultural innovations, have historically relied on in-person advice from traditional 'experts', such as agricultural advisers, to inform farm management. As more farmers go online for information, it is not clear whether they are now using digital information to corroborate in-person advice from traditional 'experts', or if they are foregoing 'expert' advice in preference for peer-generated information. To fill this knowledge gap, we sought to understand how farmers in two contrasting European countries (Hungary and the UK) learnt about sustainable soil innovations and who influenced them to innovate. Through interviews with 82 respondents, we found farmers in both countries regularly used online sources to access soil information; some were prompted to change their soil management by farmer social media 'influencers'. However, online information and interactions were not usually the main factor influencing farmers to change their practices. Farmers placed most trust in other farmers to learn about new soil practices and were less trusting of traditional 'experts', particularly agricultural researchers from academic and government institutions, who they believed were not empathetic towards farmers' needs. We suggest that some farmers may indeed have had enough of traditional 'experts', instead relying more on their own peer networks to learn and innovate. We discuss ways to improve trustworthy knowledge exchange between agricultural stakeholders to increase uptake of sustainable soil management practices, while acknowledging the value of peer influence and online interactions for innovation and trust building., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Applying pruning residues in the lanes of olive groves has become a popular practice because it is economical and accrues benefits for soil and water management. This study presents an analysis of the impact of different rates of pruning residue on soil properties, in particular related with soil quality. Over 4 annual campaigns, chopped pruning residues used as a mulch were analyzed in terms of composition, coverage and moisture content to evaluate their effects on the amount of soil organic carbon (-10 cm and -20 cm) and CO 2 emissions, temperature and moisture. The experiment was carried out in a super-intensive olive orchard in Cordoba (SE, Spain) and used four amounts of fresh pruning residue: 7.5 t ha ⁻1 (T1), 15.0 t ha ⁻1 (T2) and 30.0 t ha ⁻1 (T3), with a control T0 = 0.0 t ha 1 . Mulch mean leaf fraction was 46.0 ± 17.5% (±SD) and initial water content, 24.8 ± 8.6%. The mulching benefits for soil moisture were observed in amounts of pruning residue >7.5 t ha ⁻1 , which are only produced in super-intensive olive groves or in orchards with high tree densities. The low impact of the treatments on soil moisture was explained by the dramatic annual variations in residue moisture contents, caused by the regimes of high temperatures and rainfall-evapotranspiration deficits inherent to the Mediterranean Basin climate. Thus, the mulching capacity only resulted efficient when the residues were still humid in spring. In addition, 15.0 t ha ⁻1 of pruning residues was the threshold to provide significant increases in soil organic carbon at depths of 0-20 cm. Thus, accumulating pruning residue in lanes at rates of over 15 t ha ⁻1 (T2 and T3) is more convenient than a uniform distribution with lower amounts, due to the low mineralization rates occurring during warm seasons and the larger inputs of OM increasing the annual balance of SOC., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The Cerrado soil is under constant modification, especially because of the use of agricultural systems, which affect soil carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) functioning. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the C and P dynamics in Brazilian Cerrado Oxisol in Piauí State under natural and anthropic conditions, considering that conservational agricultural management and no-tillage systems can restore the C and P pools in that soil. Four soil samples with distinct characteristics (native Cerrado, NC; burned native Cerrado, BNC; conventional tillage agricultural system, CTS; and no-tillage agricultural system, NTS) were collected in the study area for chemical and physical laboratory analysis. The total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations found were 33 g kg -1 , 27 g kg -1 , 26 g kg -1 , and 20 g kg -1 for CTS, NTS, NC, and BNC, respectively. The NTS had a total nitrogen (TN) concentration of 2.0 g kg -1 . The CTS had 33.4 g kg -1 of soil-oxidizable C, followed by the NTS with 27.2 g kg -1 . In both studied layers, the NTS had an organic P concentration > 200 mg kg -1 . The higher TOC concentration in the CTS was because of the higher content of clay in comparison with that in the NTS. The organic P in the NTS was associated with a less labile fraction of C. Thus, despite the disturbance caused by agricultural systems, the adoption of the NTS could be an influential strategy in agricultural systems to restore soil organic functioning in the Brazilian Cerrado Oxisol in Piauí State.

European policy is direct towards increasing the agricultural reuse of sludge on soil for improving the fertility; however, the effects of long-term pharmaceutical sewage sludge (PSS) application on soil properties are still unknown. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic and environmental effects on soil after 17 years of organic amendment with PSS derived from daptomycin production. Five different doses of PSS were spread on lands located in Anagni, Central Italy. Physico-chemical soil properties were investigated, as well as total and bioavailable heavy metals, changes in the soil organic matter quality and biochemical functioning. PSS application showed a positive agronomic potential, improving SOM quality, increasing soil humified organic matter and raising plant nutrients. SOM dynamic was different at low and high PSS supplies, as confirmed by the chemical and biochemical analysis (e.g. C biomass, FDA hydrolysis activity, basal respiration, dehydrogenase, urease and phosphatase activities). However, in a long-term agricultural reuse, environmental risks of PSS recycling were related to the increase of some heavy metals (Hg, Zn and Cu) and exchangeable Na., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The UK, like the rest of the world, is confronting the impacts of climate change. Further changes are expected and they will have a profound effect on agriculture. Future crop production will take place against increasing CO 2 levels and temperatures, decreasing water availability, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events. This review contributes to research on agricultural practices for climate change, but with a more regional perspective. The present study explores climate change impacts on UK agriculture, particularly food crop production, and how to mitigate and build resilience to climate change by adopting and/or changing soil management practices, including fertilisation and tillage systems, new crop adoption and variety choice. Some mitigation can be adopted in the shorter term, such as changes in crop type and reduction in fertiliser use, but in other cases the options will need greater investment and longer adaptation period. This is the case for new crop variety development and deployment, and possible changes to soil cultivations. Uncertainty of future weather conditions, particularly extreme weather, also affect decision-making for adoption of practices by farmers to ensure more stable and sustainable production. Even when there is real potential for climate change mitigation, it can sometimes be more difficult to accomplish with certainty on-farm. Better future climate projections and long-term investments will be required to create more resilient agricultural systems in the UK in the face of climate change challenges. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.)

In recent years biochar has been demonstrated to be a useful amendment to sequester carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emission from the soil to the atmosphere. Hence it can help to mitigate global environment change. Some studies have shown that biochar addition to agricultural soils increases crop production. The mechanisms involved are: increased soil aeration and water-holding capacity, enhanced microbial activity and plant nutrient status in soil, and alteration of some important soil chemical properties. This review provides an in-depth consideration of the production, characterization and agricultural use of different biochars. Biochar is a complex organic material and its characteristics vary with production conditions and the feedstock used. The agronomic benefits of biochar solely depend upon the use of particular types of biochar with proper field application rate under appropriate soil types and conditions. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Soil degradation and salinization caused by inappropriate cultivation practices and high levels of saltwater intrusion are having an adverse effect on agriculture in Central Senegal. The residues of Piliostigma reticulatum, a local shrub that coexists with crops, were recently shown to increase particulate organic matter and improve soil quality and may be a promising means of alleviating the effects of salinization. This study compared the effects of inorganic fertilizer and P. reticulatum residues on microbial properties and the ability of soil to withstand salinity stress. We hypothesized that soils amended with P. reticulatum would be less affected by salinity stress than soils amended with inorganic fertilizer and control soil. Salinity stress was applied to soil from a field site that had been cultivated for 5 years under a millet/peanut crop rotation when microbial biomass, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) community profile, catabolic diversity, microbial activities were determined. Microbial biomass, nitrification potential and dehydrogenase activity were higher by 20%, 56% and 69% respectively in soil with the organic amendment. With salinity stress, the structure and activities of the microbial community were significantly affected. Although the biomass of actinobacteria community increased with salinity stress, there was a substantial reduction in microbial activity in all soils. The soil organically amended was, however, less affected by salinity stress than the control or inorganic fertilizer treatment. This suggests that amendment using P. reticulatum residues may improve the ability of soils to respond to saline conditions., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Swine waste can be used as an agricultural fertilizer, but large amounts may accumulate excess nutrients in soil or contaminate the surrounding environment. This study evaluated long-term soil amendment (15 years) with different levels of swine slurry to conventional (plow) tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) soils. Long-term swine slurry application did not affect soil organic carbon. Some chemical properties, such as calcium, base saturation, and aluminum saturation were significantly different within and between tillages for various application rates. Available P and microbial parameters were significantly affected by slurry addition. Depending on tillage, soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity increased up to 120 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) in all application rates. The NT system had higher microbial biomass and activity than CT at all application levels. There was an inverse relationship between the metabolic quotient (qCO2) and MBC, and the qCO2 was 53% lower in NT than CT. Swine slurry increased overall acid phosphatase activity, but the phosphatase produced per unit of microbial biomass decreased. A comparison of data obtained in the 3rd and 15th years of swine slurry application indicated that despite slurry application the CT system degraded with time while the NT system had improved values of soil quality indicators. For these Brazilian oxisols, swine slurry amendment was insufficient to maintain soil quality parameters in annual crop production without additional changes in tillage management., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Strong growth in the demand for tea requires further increases in the productivity of plantations. Declining or stagnant yields are commonly observed in older plantations. Possible controlling factors for yield decline are reviewed including ageing of plants, chronic disease and sub-optimal soil conditions such as excess soil acidity and low soil organic matter. Management options for addressing these factors are evaluated, including replanting. A systematic approach to decision-making about replanting is presented. Practice for replanting is reviewed and it is concluded that evidence to support a general case for replanting is limited, unless based on the introduction of more productive clones and/or better plant spacing., (© 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Trade-offs between soil functions hamper maximizing soil multifunctionality in agroecosystems. Taking soil microbial functional trade-offs into consideration in agricultural management is crucial for optimizing the impacts of changes in soil microbial communities on soil health in agroecosystems. Interactions within soil microbial communities influence functional trade-offs. Manipulating soil microbial diversity and interactions through soil health-improving management can alleviate functional trade-offs and improve soil health and agricultural sustainability. Better mechanistic understanding of the interdependencies between soil-induced functions is essential to improve soil health and agricultural sustainability. Soil microbial communities play pivotal roles in maintaining soil health in agroecosystems. However, how the delivery of multiple microbial functions in agroecosystems is maintained remains poorly understood. This may put us at risk of incurring unexpected trade-offs between soil functions. We elucidate how interactions between soil microbes can lead to trade-offs in the functioning of agricultural soils. Interactions within soil microbial communities can result in not only positive but also neutral and negative relationships among soil functions. Altering soil conditions through soil health-improving agricultural management can alleviate these functional trade-offs by promoting the diversity and interrelationships of soil microbes, which can help to achieve more productive and sustainable agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to Lebanon's 2019 economic crisis, agricultural activities intensified to enhance national food security, with implications for soil health. We investigated soil management practices on 26 small-scale farms in a mountainous region, focusing on reconciling static sustainability definitions with dynamic resilience concepts. Surveying farmers revealed varied adoption rates of regenerative practices: intercropping (85%), residue retention (73%), cover crops (61%), organic amendments (46%), integrated organic/mineral amendments (46%), improved irrigation (38%), conservation tillage (30%), crop rotation (19%), and organic/biological pest/disease treatment (11%). Farms were categorized as conventional (C), neutral (N), and regenerative (R) based on practices. Qualitative assessments using seven indicators yielded scores of 4.28 (C), 6.34 (N), and 7.88 (R). Quantitative analyses showed significant differences in soil organic matter percentage (1.86 C, 2.75 N, 3.32 R), soil respiration (156 C, 296 N, 380 R), and earthworm abundance (2.92 C, 4.24 N, 5.72 R). The Soil Quality Index (SQI) indicated varying soil health from 0.05 (C) to 0.49 (R). Our findings highlight the importance of adopting synergistic, sustainable soil management practices to ensure enduring agricultural productivity and safeguard soil resilience, especially in the Mediterranean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility sensu lato. Sustainable soil management aims to make the soil environment more hospitable increasing microorganism diversity and complexity by means of the minimal disturbance of soil and inputs of organic material. This results in the effective functioning of agricultural systems, better crop productivity, and a reduction in environmental impacts. A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the long-term application (more than 15 years) of sustainable practices versus conventional ones on soil microbial biomass activity and its functional diversity within different Mediterranean commercial fruit orchards located in Southern Italy. A preliminary survey—performed using the electromagnetic induction technique (EMI)—guided the collection of representative soil samples by reducing the spatial heterogeneity of soil microorganisms. Soil management practices, based on no tillage and the recycling of organic materials of different origins and quality produced within the orchard, increased soil organic carbon, telluric microorganisms activity and their functional diversity compared to 'non-conservative' management methods such as continuous tillage. In addition, the rational use of the orchard-inside organic matter (natural/seeded grass cover and pruning material) allowed it to virtuously transform from useless waste into precious resources, eliminating the logistical and economic constraints for their disposal. The simultaneous use of different types of soil management strategies aimed at soil conservation reinforced the positive effects on the microbiological indicators of soil quality rather than the application of a single strategy. This study provides the opportunity to represent what could be the possible evolution of tilled orchards towards more balanced soil conditions when subjected to conservative practices, offering a reference model for fruit growers and technicians who want to improve the stability and the resiliency of their agrosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 5% of the total emissions (0.11 Gt CO2 and GWP-AR5) originate in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), a representative agricultural region in Southern Brazil. This study assessed SOCS (soil organic C stocks) in Latossolos of the Planalto of RS, with up-to-date data obtained from recent field campaigns and legacy data, and relate these SOC stocks to environmental variables. A literature search identified 195 documents with SOCS in layers 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm. The mean SOCS (0-30 cm) in the Latossolos was significantly higher (73.6 Mg ha-1) than the suggested IPCC default (55 Mg ha-1). The highest stocks (237 ± 39 Mg ha-1) were measured in uncultivated Latossolos Brunos in the 0-100 cm layer, especially at higher altitudes and lower mean annual temperature. The most frequently occurring soil Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico-LVdf (25% of the Planalto), also had high SOCS. Surprisingly Latossolos Vermelho Distrófico (LVd) also had high SOCS, in spite of the coarser texture. The estimated SOCS in Latosoolos of the Planalto is 419.9 Tg C, 36% larger than reported previous studies. We concluded that, despite significant land use changes, soils of this region maintain large SOCS which had been underestimated in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil provides essential nutrients for plant growth, but excess salts hinder development, making crops more vulnerable under climate change conditions. Soil microorganisms play a significant role in nutrient cycling. However, limited information is available on microbial behavior/community changes, and functional diversity in different soil types (normal, sodic, and highly sodic) and cropping systems [rice-wheat (RW); rice-wheat-mungbean (RWMb); maizewheat-mungbean (MWMb)] and management practices in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. We investigated the influence of different soil types on physical and chemical properties at the surface level (0-15 cm) in relation to soil microbial population, activities, and functional diversity, focusing on community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) under different agriculture systems. Seven treatment combinations of soil types, cropping systems, and management practices were evaluated. Soil pHs were found to be lower in zerotill (ZT)-based sodic soil than in conventional-till (CT) sodic soil. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0.91 and 0.90%) content and available N (154.46 and 132.74 kg ha-1) were higher with the ZT-based system under normal (N) soils (ZT-RWMb-N and ZT-MWMb-N) than in CT-based normal soil (0.67 and 121.04 kg ha-1). Similarly, higher SOC and N (0.85 and 76.11 kg ha-1) were found under ZT management in sodic soils (S) than under CT management (0.73% and 121.05 kg ha-1). Substrate utilization (amino acids, amines, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, phenolic compounds, and polymers) increased with the incubation period. During 0-120 h of incubation, the highest utilization of amino acids, amines, carboxylic acids, phenolic compounds, and polymers was observed for ZT-MWMb-S soils, while the lowest was recorded for ZT-MWMb-N soils. Under high salt conditions, soil enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.) declined significantly compared to normal soils, affecting soil chemical and physical conditions. Microbial population and enzyme activities decreased with increasing salt stress across all cropping systems. These findings suggest that adopting efficient crop management practices can help mitigate the adverse effects of soil salinity on microbial diversity and soil health, thereby enhancing sustainable agricultural productivity in salt-affected regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective to examine the effect of management systems on root dry weight, the percentage distribution of root weight in the soil profile, and the soil carbon content. Treatments consisted of 13 management systems established 22 years ago: degraded pasture; continuous pasture, fertilised, and intercropped with a legume species; continuous pasture with fertilisation; continuous pasture without fertilisation; pasture for four years followed by soybean cropping for four years; pasture for four years followed by soybean cropping for four years, with eucalyptus; soybean cropping for four years followed by pasture for four years; soybean cropping for four years followed by pasture for four years, with eucalyptus; soybean cropping for one year followed by pasture for three years; soybean cropping for one year followed by pasture for three years; continuous summer soybean cropping under conventional cultivation; continuous summer soybean cropping under conservation farming; and continuous no-till summer soybean cropping. Except for degraded pastures, pasture systems have higher root dry mass than soybean cropping systems. The integrated production systems increase the dry weight of the roots, and the carbon content of the soil and reduce aluminum saturation and soil acidity. The highest percentages of roots are found in the 0–0.10 m range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity and the number of bacteria present in the soil are two of the main parameters of soil quality, especially for agricultural purposes. Analysis of the low-fertilized soils suggested that the number and diversity of the bacterial communities in this soil are low. Hence, various methods have been used to stimulate bacterial activity and improve agricultural soil conditions. One of the popular methods is the inoculation of bacteria such as B. subtilis and R. erythropolis. These bacteria are potential species as bio-inoculants in soil management. However, the effectiveness of these bacteria in stimulating the activity of bacterial communities and improving soil properties of the low-fertilized soil is still sparsely explored. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the impact of the inoculation of B. subtilis and R. erythropolis on the bacterial community structure and soil properties of low-fertilized soil. The soil used is agricultural soil for tobacco farming activities using agrochemicals. Bacterial community structures were analyzed using the environmental DNA (eDNA) method. The soil properties analyzed were total nitrogen, carbon, phosphorous, potassium, and pH. This study suggests that B. subtilis and R. erythropolis may affect the bacterial community structure and increase the number of bacteria to reach the ideal limit for fertile soil. Adding bacterial inoculants could stimulate the growth of bacteria and the nutrient cycle in the soil environment, resulting in improved soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of biochar as an agricultural soil supplement on soil quality indicators, specifically enzyme activity in Missouri regions. While the benefits of biochar on soil bulk density, soil organic carbon, and infiltration have been established, its effect on soil enzyme activity has remained underexplored in this region. A three-year field investigation was conducted with six treatments (compost, biochar, compost + biochar, biochar + compost tea, fescue, and control) to evaluate the effects on enzymes such as β-glucosidase (BG), acid and alkaline phosphatases (ACP-ALP), arylsulfatase (ARS), dehydrogenases (DG), arylamidase (AMD), cellulase (CLS), and urease (URS). Furthermore, soil pH, organic matter (OM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were determined. The results showed that compost and biochar treatments considerably increased soil enzyme activity compared to other treatments, with nitrogen application further increasing enzyme activity. Soil pH, OM, and CEC were all important determinants in determining enzyme activity, with BG demonstrating strong positive associations with ACP and AMD (99.5%). This study shows that compost and biochar amendments significantly improve soil physicochemical and biological properties, thereby enhancing soil health and assisting farmers' sustainable soil management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid population increase, urbanization, soil degradation and inappropriate management practices have put tremendous pressure on natural resources, particularly on soil, water, and vegetation. Soil resource is vital for farming to provide food and nutritional security performing ecosystem functions and services and achieving Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs). Worldwide, ~33% soil resource has been adversely degraded by diverse processes. To protect soil resource from further degradation, there is a strong need of sustainable soil management practices for enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC), soil health, and crop production in a sustainable manner. "No-till farming (NT)/conservation agriculture (CA)" has been widely practiced worldwide on about 210 million ha. The long-term NT experiments play a significant role in improving soil health, SOC sequestration, and in-depth understanding of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, climate change mitigation and optimizing resource use efficiency, to cater for the needs of the present- and future-generations. According to FAO, NT/CA is a farming system that promotes minimum soil disturbance (i.e., no tillage), maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of plant species. This system increases biodiversity and natural biological processes in above- and below-ground surface, which helps in enhanced water- and nutrient use-efficiency and sustained crop production. From the literature, it is evident that shift from traditional/conventional tillage (CT) with residue burning/removal to NT/CA farming has been recognized as an important soil management practice/strategy for sustaining soil health, reducing soil erosion and reversing soil degradation. This chapter deliberates the effect of NT/CA on soil health, nutrient stratification, SOC dynamics through modeling, SOC sequestration, GHG emissions, socio-economic condition in adoption and also suggesting the future perspectives on NT and CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was carried out during the period 2016 - 2018 in farms of the UBPC "José MaceoGrajales", Baracoa municipality, Guantánamo Province with the aim of evaluating the effect of different alternatives for agroecological soil management in the fragile mountainous agroecosystem of Theobroma cacao L. Four treatments were studied, with four replications in a Random Block Design. The treatments were: 1. Live barriers + dead barriers, 2. Live barriers + dead barriers + organic matter, 3. Live barriers + dead barriers + organic matter + organic fertilizer generated from the Canavalia ensiformis and 4. Control without conservation measures. Evaluations such as chemical analysis of the soil (pH, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium), soil losses and cocoa crop yields were carried out in 2016, two years later the same evaluations were repeated. The results obtained show that the application of agroecological management alternatives significantly influences the improvement of the studied chemical properties of the brown sialitic, ochric soil and the reduction of soil losses to permissible limits in the cocoa agroecosystem. The most efficient alternative in agroecological soil management for Theobroma cacao L., was the combination of living and dead barriers plus organic fertilizers generated from the legume Canavalia species, with agricultural yields of 1, 18 t ha-1, higher than the national average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil carbon (C) management has been promoted as one of the few readily available strategies to mitigate the rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 and its associated impacts on climate change. One of these carbon management strategies is enhanced rock weathering (ERW) which involves adding crushed silicate rocks to the soil. These rocks weather and remove atmospheric CO2 by converting it into bicarbonate in solution. The approach requires careful interpretation of the differences between soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) and their measurement, with implications for land management and C credit accounting. In this Opinion, we emphasise the distinct nature and fates of SOC and SIC, advocating for their separate management, particularly in C credit schemes. It is imperative that protocols for soil C management explicitly recognise the difference between SOC and SIC to prevent any ambiguity. Farmers should be able to claim credits for increases in SOC alongside and independently of any claim for credits for ERW (i.e. SIC). Despite the potential of ERW for C removal, we emphasise that further research is needed to improve the measurement and monitoring of SIC and to understand ERW's potential implications for SOC turnover and greenhouse gas emissions. Highlights: Enhanced Rock Weathering increases dissolved inorganic carbon (bicarbonate).Soil organic carbon (SOC) may be influenced by Enhanced Rock Weathering.Carbon credit via Enhanced Rock Weathering is separate from credit linked to soil organic carbon.Soil organic matter and enhanced rock weathering both have roles to play for carbon credits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce odor emissions and surface water pollution while storing manure in field heaps near a barn, there is a challenge in properly designing manure-storage areas. Therefore, it is important to assess what solutions and conditions, considering environmental requirements, should be considered when storing manure in field heaps. The goal of the research is to determine the impact of various factors on the risk of nutrient leaching, soil, and gas emissions from solid manure heaps, considering climatic factors in the environment. Through various scientific studies, a manure pile model has been developed and evaluated for its impact on the risk of potential leaching and odor emissions (using hyperspectral gas emission analysis mass flow method) from manure and the dynamics of the 0–80 cm soil layer properties (nitrate (N-NO3) and nitrite (N-NO2), ammonia (NH3), mineral, and total N). Based on the research results, requirements for manure management and storage during the prohibited fertilization period were established, considering the requirements for nitrates from agricultural sources in Lithuania. An optimal new manure heap model has been identified—a layer of not less than 20 cm of compacted straw (density 150–200 kg m−3) or a 10 cm layer of peat for absorbing manure slurries is formed on the soil surface, the manure heap is surrounded by an earth embankment not less than 30 cm high, the manure heap is covered with a layer of finely chopped straw not less than 10 cm thick, or 5 cm of sawdust, or 5 cm of peat. The manure is stored in the heap for 6–12 months. Following the research results, requirements for manure management and storage during the prohibited fertilization period were established, considering the requirements for nitrates from agricultural sources in Lithuania, applicable to the northern part of the temperate climate zone and applying similar requirements to the relevant countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idaho's Magic Valley is a highly productive agricultural region in the United States due to irrigation. The soils in this region are prone to crusting, have low organic matter, and are high in calcium carbonates, making them susceptible to erosion and water runoff. Soils need to be better managed to enhance aggregate stability to enable increased infiltration of irrigation water and decreased soil erosion in nearby waterways. However, to make management recommendations, the identification of appropriate measurements of aggregate stability needs to be identified, and few relevant studies exist. Thus, the overall goal of this project was to identify appropriate methods for the assessment of soil aggregate stability in the study region. The study sites were located in Southern Idaho and set up using common cropping rotations and agricultural management practices for the region using a variety of nutrient sources, tillage types, and cover cropping. Three methods were used to measure soil aggregate stability: wet sieving, simulated rainfall using a Cornell Sprinkle Infiltrometer (sprinkler height: 30, 90, and 150 cm), and the SLAKES mobile application. No differences in soil aggregate stability were found when the wet sieving or SLAKES methods were used at the three study sites, either due to the method or a general lack of differences between treatments. When using the Cornell Sprinkle Infiltrometer, no treatment differences were found at LT-Manure or GRACEnet; however, differences were observed between treatments at the Cover Crop study site at sprinkler heights of 30 and 90 cm. At a sprinkler height of 30 cm, the average mean weight diameter was the highest when winter forage crops (WFC) and solid dairy manure (SDM) were applied (3.73 mm) and the lowest in the control (3.12 mm). At a sprinkler height of 90 cm, the average mean weight diameter was the highest when WFC and SDM were applied (3.54 mm) and the lowest in the WFC Only treatment (2.46 mm). These results not only have implications for which methods are best for assessing progress but also for what management practices can be utilized to decrease soil erosion from irrigated cropland. This study highlighted that under these soils and management practices, simply increasing soil carbon does not increase aggregate stability, especially when root crops are included in the crop rotation with intensive tillage. In arid and semi-arid regions, the Cornell Sprinkle Infiltrometer may be a more sensitive method of measuring soil aggregate stability compared to traditional wet sieving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about transformative changes across diverse industries, and its application in agriculture, particularly in soil management, has become a focal point of research and innovation. This paper explores the paradigm shift enabled by IoT in detecting organic carbon in soil, with the overarching goal of advancing agricultural productivity and sustainability. Emphasizing the pivotal role of organic carbon in soil health, the research addresses the existing challenges associated with its detection and underscores the potential advantages offered by IoT-based solutions for precise and real-time monitoring. The study meticulously examines various IoT technologies, including sensors, data analytics, and wireless communication protocols, within the specific context of organic carbon detection. A thorough review of contemporary techniques, methodologies, and devices utilized in IoT-based organic carbon detection in soil is presented. The paper not only sheds light on the current state-of-the-art but also explores the advantages, limitations, and prospects inherent in the implementation of IoT-enabled systems in agriculture. The envisioned outcomes encompass enhanced soil management practices, heightened crop yields, and the simultaneous preservation of the environment. In essence, this research contributes to the expanding body of knowledge surrounding IoT applications in agriculture, specifically emphasizing the transformative potential of IoT-enabled organic carbon detection for revolutionizing farming practices and promoting sustainable agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at investigating the behavioral intention towards and factors influencing adoption of organic soil nutrient management by paddy farmers, consequent to the banning of agro-chemicals in April 2021 in Sri Lanka. A questionnaire survey, supplemented by key informant discussions was used to collect the primary data after six months of the banning when farmers were preparing for the next Maha season (starting from November 2021). Paddy farmers (N=120) from the Mahailluppallama irrigation block of the Mahaweli system H in Anuradhapura district were randomly selected as the respondents. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as the conceptual framework of the study. The study revealed that the majority (85%) of farmers did not agree with the sudden decision of the government to ban agro- chemicals to enable a complete transformation of agriculture to one that is totally organic. Only 11% of the farmers preferred a fully organic paddy production system. The majority (58%) preferred to use both organic and inorganic fertilizers. However, 31% of the farmers preferred conventional farming as usual. Perceived difficulties were the major barriers for farmers to use organic fertilizers. Attitude on production, age, perceived knowledge of organic agriculture, and farming income significantly affected (P < 0.1) paddy farmers’ intention to adopt organic fertilizers. It is concluded that a scientifically designed gradual transition would be more appropriate for nutrient management in paddy cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents the first investigation of soil ciliate diversity and community structure in the Marche region, Italy, encompassing both natural sites and agro-ecosystems. The main aims were (i) to assess the ability of ciliates to discriminate between different types of land uses, i.e., arable lands and possible farming management practices [organic (ORG) vs. conventional (CON)], and forest (FOR) sites; and (ii) to investigate the relationships among ciliate communities and abiotic parameters at the studied sites. Soil samples were collected twice from 10 sites (5 forest (FOR) (natural soils) and 5 arable lands under different agricultural management systems (3 ORG (minimum tillage) and 2 CON (sod seeding)). Ciliate communities were studied using qualitative (non-flooded Petri dish) and quantitative methods (ciliate counts from permanent slides). Soil chemical–physical (texture, CEC, N, OM, C/N) parameters were also measured. Qualitative ciliate analysis allowed us to identify a total of 59 species representing 33 genera, 20 families, 13 orders, and 7 classes. ORG sites were the richest in species followed by CON and FOR. Multivariate analysis showed statistically significant differences between natural sites (FOR) and agricultural sites, and between ORG and CON management farming systems. CCA analysis revealed a positive correlation between the ciliate species and silt, clay, and pH in ORG sites, and sand, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and CEC (cation exchange capacity) in FOR sites, suggesting the significance of these parameters in shaping the ciliate communities. Altogether, these results showed the bioindicative potential of ciliate communities in discriminating between natural sites (FOR) and arable lands, and their capacity to discriminate, at least preliminarily, between different soil management systems (ORG vs. CON). Furthermore, this study highlights the high diversity of soil ciliates and their response to habitat variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural expansion and intensification worldwide has caused a reduction in ecological infrastructures for insects, herbaceous plants, and vertebrate insectivores, among other organisms. Agriculture is recognized as one of the key influences in biodiversity decline, and initiatives such as the European Green Deal highlight the need to reduce ecosystem degradation. Among fruit crops, grapes are considered one of the most intensive agricultural systems with the greatest economic relevance. This study presents a compilation of management practices to enhance biodiversity performance, which applies generally to the agricultural sector and, in particular, to viticulture, concerning the diversity of plants, semi-natural habitats, soil management, and the chemical control strategies and pesticides used in agricultural cultivation. Through a critical review, this study identifies a set of recommendations for biodiversity performance and their corresponding effects, contributing to the dissemination of management options to boost biodiversity performance. The results highlight opportunities for future investigations in determining the needed conditions to ensure both biodiversity enhancement and productive gains, and understanding the long-term effects of innovative biodiversity-friendly approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the deposition rates (Td) of mineral aeolian sediments in a forest patch in the semiarid Pampas agroecosystem and to analyze the seasonal variability of such deposition. The average Td was 520.15 kg ha-1 year-1 with high interannual variability. In spring-summer, Td was higher than in autumn-winter. Air temperature and average maximum wind speed influenced Td more significantly. However, the soil cover and management of the agricultural fields surrounding the forest would determine the production of sediment from wind erosion and consequent deposition within the forest. These results show the importance of maintaining forest patches within the agricultural matrix in the semi-arid environment, since they retain eolian sediments that would eventually be deposited on the forest soil, minimizing the negative impacts of wind erosion processes on these ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of the postglacial period has managed to add degrade a substantial portion of the world's potential agricultural land. The soil loss and degradation that has repeatedly impacted regional societies around the world resulted from agricultural practices that increased the physical loss of soil (erosion), reduced soil organic matter, changed pH (acidification) or salinity, and disrupted or altered communities of soil life. In the coming century, as continued soil degradation threatens global food security while the global population keeps rising it is imperative that farmers develop and adopt soilhealth building (regenerative) practices to solve a problem that has plagued societies throughout history. Growing evidence suggests that agricultural systems that combine cover crops, reduced tillage, and diverse crop rotations can reduce erosion, enhance soil health and rebuild soil organic matter to cultivate beneficial soil life and harvest both economic and environmental benefits. In the coming post-oil world, global food security would benefit from a global effort to promote soil restoration to help addresses the challenge of sustainably feeding the world, increase soil-based carbon sequestration, protect on-farm biodiversity and reduce off-farm water pollution. Because soil security sets a solid foundation for global food security, agricultural policies and subsidies should be reformed to encourage farmers to adopt regenerative, soil-building practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractUnderstanding the complex interplay between soil erosion, nutrient variability, land use and topography is crucial for sustainable agriculture. However, attempts to link these environmental factors with food security got less attention. This study examined the relationship between soil erosion, nutrient variation and the effects on food security in Gibe III dam area. Data were collected using structured questionnaire from 384 households, focus group discussion and Key informant interviews. A logit and food balance sheet models were employed for survey data analysis. Twenty-seven soil samples were taken from three land uses. Two-way Anova was used for statistical analysis of soil data. Results showed that 84% of the farmers perceived soil erosion. Food security had significantly associated with family size, extension services and slope at 5%. Food-secure and insecure households consumed 3102.922 and 1072.995 kcal on average, respectively. CEC was highest in grazing land (31 C mol kg−1) followed by forestland (26.4 C mol kg−1) and lowest in crop land (24.2 C mol kg−1). AP was highest (5.4 mg kg−1) in forest land followed by crop land (2.9 mg kg−1) while lowest (2 mg kg−1) in grazing land. The interaction effect of land use and slope on soil organic matter was significant [F(4, 18) = 93, p = .05], with partial eta squared of 0.95, total nitrogen [F(4, 18) = 47.4, p = .05] (partial eta squared = 0.91) and bulk density [F(4, 18)= 4.7, p = .05] (partial eta squared = 0.5). Sand varied in cropland (65.33%) followed by grazing land (62.67%) compared to forestland. Sustainable land use management should be implemented.

Implementing "soil health" means sustainable management of agricultural soils, avoiding toxicities, and sensible use of resources to minimize waste. In this context, the use of plastic in agriculture in form of plastic products, the application of polymers and additives in fertilizers, and plastic input through littering and tyre wear demands our special attention. Uncertainty and open questions relating to effects of plastic and its degradation products such as microplastic (MP) on the soil environment, the soil biota, and human health partly result from the lack of robust and standardized detection and measurement methods. Also, environmental, economic, and societal problems around MPs in soil cannot be adequately addressed due to lack of coordination among the various relevant players and initiatives in research and policy. NETmicroplastic (www.net-microplastic.eu) responds to the need of connecting among a fragmented research & innovation and policy landscape by creating a community‐supported environment. The network fosters provision of solid data for science‐based impact assessment of MP in soil together with much‐needed technological innovations, including biodegradable alternatives to conventional plastic. Here, we reflect upon a number of action fields that are key to the NETmicroplastic initiative from small to large‐scale perspectives. In addition, we portray the overall awareness situation around MP in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the historical variability in annual average precipitation in the northwest region of Mexico, aiming to evaluate the cumulative impact of precipitation on soil degradation and associated risks posed by rainfall. Despite being known as "The Agricultural Heart of Mexico", the region's soil has experienced significant damage to its granulometric structure due to unpredictable rainfall patterns attributed to climate change. Sixteen historical series of average annual rainfall were analyzed as stationary stochastic processes for spectral analysis. The results revealed exponential decay curves in each radial spectrum, indicating a linear relationship between frequency and amplitude. These curves identified initial impulses correlated with moments of severity for structural damages caused by rainfall-induced degradation. The degradation process, exacerbated by water stress, accelerates, as evidenced by maps illustrating approximately 75% soil damage. In the context of climate change and the uncertainty surrounding soil responses to extreme meteorological events, understanding this phenomenon becomes crucial. Recognizing the dynamic nature of soil responses to environmental stressors is essential for effective soil management. Emphasizing the need to employ numerical processes tailored to new environmental considerations related to observed soil damages is crucial for sustainable soil management practices in any region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a special issue of the journal Horticulturae focused on the topic of horticultural plant nutrition, fertilization, and soil management. It highlights the challenges of feeding a growing population without increasing the area under cultivation and the need for sustainable and efficient soil management systems. The issue includes research papers on topics such as the impact of iron toxicity on tomato and marigold crops, nitrogen deficiency stress in banana seedlings, the potential of neem leaf extract as a natural nitrification inhibitor, and the use of biofertilizers and nanotechnology in horticultural crops. The document also suggests future research directions, including exploring crop responses to stress, advancements in fertilizer technologies, and the development of optimized bioformulations. [Extracted from the article]

The enzymatic activity of soil arylsulfatase and β-glucosidase enzymes are biological parameters used to measure the biological activity of soils, an important tool for identifying disturbances in agricultural systems, as they are more sensitive to differentiate changes in soil management when compared to physical and chemical attributes. Thus, the aim was to evaluate arylsulfatase and β-glucosidase levels in different succession systems. Soil samples were collected in agricultural areas with 5 years of experimentation, with four treatments: (1) soybean/corn + brachiaria (Urochloa ruzizienses), (2) soybean/corn, (3) soybean/brachiaria (Urochloa ruzizienses) and (4) soybean/millet. Routine chemical analyses were performed, and the determination of β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase was carried out according to the p-nitrophenyl colorimetric method. As a result, both enzymes presented higher average values in treatment 3. In the biological IQS, treatment 3 differed from treatments 1 and 2. Under the study circumstances, the use of soil with soybean, corn, millet and brachiaria crops provided adequate sustainability conditions, providing high arylsulfatase and β-glucosidase levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The viticulture sector faces unprecedented challenges due to ongoing environmental changes. Climate change is causing widespread disruption to ecosystems and agricultural practices around the world. Wine-producing regions in particular are expected to face reduced precipitation. and increased evapotranspiration, resulting in decreased soil moisture levels. These conditions have adverse effects on vine phenology, growth and yield. Furthermore, vines suffer morphological, anatomical and physiological disturbances, resulting in compromised water relations, decreased photosynthetic activity, hormonal imbalances and disturbances in cellular defense signalling networks. Collectively, these factors lead to reduced grape vigour, productivity and quality, significantly impacting the composition, microbiology, chemistry and sensory characteristics of the wine. Furthermore, the increasing soil degradation and desertification, exacerbated by climate change, represents a serious threat to the sustainability of viticulture. Soil degradation factors include losses from surface runoff, depletion of organic matter, deterioration of soil structure, loss of biodiversity and contamination with toxic chemicals. Declining soil health can harm crop sustainability, affecting both the yield and composition of grapes, especially under nutrient deficient conditions. To face these challenges and strengthen viticultural resilience, holistic approaches are being adopted that consider environmental, social and economic dimensions to promote sustainability and competitiveness. Promising soil management strategies include practices such as cover crops and soil amendments. At the canopy level there is a focus on different adaptation strategies such as training systems, the use of plant growth regulators and physical barriers. Adopting a multi-faceted approach that includes sustainable soil management and adaptive canopy strategies is vital to sustaining and advancing the wine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Monitoring temporal trends in soil properties under rice paddy ecosystems is key for efficient soil management interventions toward sustainable and climate-smart rice production. The objectives of this study were to thoroughly investigate the temporal variations of measured soil properties and evaluate the changes in carbon stocks and soil fertility over a 12-year period under intensively managed rice paddy fields. Methods: A total of 2110 sampling points in paddy rice fields under the same agronomic management were identified. Composite soil samples from the topsoil (0 – 15 cm depth) were collected from each sampling point in each sampling year (2007, 2011, 2015, and 2019) and comprehensively analysed. Results: After 12 years of intensive rice cultivation, soil organic matter significantly increased from 25 g kg−1 to 29.3 g kg−1, with an annual rate of change of 0.33 – 0.34 g kg−1. Within the 12-year period, available phosphorus significantly increased from 130.87 to 140.80 mg kg−1, with a rate of change of 0.83 – 0.95 mg kg−1 year−1. The C stocks increased in the subsequent years with a relative change ratio of 0.94 and 3.91% in 2015 and 2019, respectively. Conclusion: In a span of 12 years, intensive rice cultivation resulted in an increase in soil fertility. Among the identified soil factors, soil pH, organic carbon, exchangeable calcium, and available silicate were positively associated with soil fertility improvement. This study is crucial for the development of sustainable soil management interventions and climate-smart agricultural systems in intensively cultivated rice paddy ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses desertification in Kazakhstan's Akdala region, aiming to propose sustainable solutions by examining the effects of various plants on soil properties and nutrient dynamics. Desertification poses a threat to land productivity in arid areas, and this research aims to determine its impact on soil and identify plants for mitigation. Field experiments over three years in the Akdala region utilized crops such as rice, corn, soybean, sudan grass, and sorghum to assess their influence on key soil parameters. Results revealed diverse effects on soil bulk density, agronomically valuable aggregates, water-stable aggregates, labile and total organic carbon, easily hydrolyzable nitrogen, nitrate, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium. While no significant differences in bulk density were observed among crops, variations in surface and subsurface soil layers emphasized the importance of depth-specific considerations. Sorghum stood out as a particularly influential crop, significantly increasing labile and total organic carbon levels, highlighting its potential role in enhancing soil quality. The experiments were conducted on the fields of "Birlik" LLP in the Balkhash district of the Almaty region from 2015 to 2017. The chosen crops, each with distinct characteristics, provided a comprehensive understanding of their impact on soil dynamics. Advanced techniques for soil sampling and analyses ensured accurate measurements of various soil parameters. The study site's sharply continental climate, marked by temperature variations, snowy winters, and hot, dry summers, added complexity to the investigation due to its influence on plant growth and soil interactions. In conclusion, this comprehensive study offers valuable insights into the intricate relationships between different crops and soil parameters for combating desertification. The findings contribute significantly to the development of sustainable soil management practices, providing a foundation for identifying suitable crops for soil improvement in arid regions. By understanding how different plants impact soil properties, this research supports informed decision-making in agricultural practices, promoting the long-term sustainability of farming in regions vulnerable to desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agricultural practice is considered as main factor affecting land degradation in several regions in Vietnam. However, there are limited studies relating to degraded soil properties and their soil fertility. This paper aimed to evaluate the degradation of agricultural soil under different land management practices. Methods: A total of 80 samples at 0-10 cm of agricultural soil were collected to analyze selected physicochemical properties. The group of degradation soil properties was classified based on their soil fertility using principal component analysis. Result: The results showed that physicochemical properties in agricultural soil along coastal regions were relatively lower than in hilly regions/secondary forests. High ratio of C:N in agricultural soil was because of degradation. The organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous contents were low in the soil in lowland areas indicating a high level of degradation (1.43%, 0.09% and 0,04%, respectively). The samples classified into four groups (G1, G2, G3, G4) using principal component analysis indicated differences in soil properties due to degradation. Insufficient and excessive application of inorganic fertilizer could be a further reason affecting the status of soil properties. Overall, soil physicochemical properties indicated poor conditions for agriculture systems, thereby, careful soil management is the primary solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Investigating the mineralogical compositions of soils under different geological formations becomes imperative for maximizing agricultural productivity and ensuring the long-term viability of agricultural practices. Therefore, studies were carried out on mineral compositions and diversities of soils developed over the Basement complex rock, Coastal plain sands and Ewekoro formations in Ogun state Nigeria. A total of nine profile pits (three per location) of 2 m × 1 m × 2 m size were dug in all the three locations. Soil samples were collected from the pedogenic horizons of each profile pits in replicates into a well labeled polyethylene bag. Using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the mineral contents and their relative abundance, elemental compositions and morphologies of the fine sand, coarse silt and clay fractions of the soils at different topographic positions were identified, described and compared. Results obtained from XRD and SEM analyses exhibited similarities. The most abundant elements in the basement complex and Ewekoro pedon were oxygen, carbon and silicon whereas in the coastal plain sand pedon, oxygen, carbon and aluminum were the most abundant element. The presence of mixed-layer illite, mica, kaolinite, quartz, hematite, anatase, goethite, and chlorite at varying degrees was observed in the pedons developed on these geological formations, although kaolinite and quartz dominated the soil matrix. The mineralogical complexity of the pedons followed the order of basement complex > coastal plain sand > Ewekoro formation. Profiles developed on the Ewekoro formation exhibited the highest degree of weathering, as evidenced by their chemical properties and mineralogical compositions. The petrographic evaluation of the three geological formations revealed that all pedons were rich in quartz and exhibited varying degrees of mineral complexity and maturation. The overlapping and distinct characteristics among the geologies indicated different stages of weathering. By using the mineral maturity index, profiles developed over the basement complex rock and the coastal plain sand could be regarded as sub-matured and this could have contributed significantly to the native fertility of these soils and profiles from the Ewekoro formation were the most weathered. The use of Ewekoro formation for agriculture would necessitate significant investments in agro-inputs and sound principles of soil management through integrated soil fertility management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new idea called "smart agriculture" enables farms to be managed using cutting-edge technology like IoT, AI, robotics, drones, etc. The goal is to maximize the use of the resources at hand while producing more crops of higher quality and quantity. Crop output growth is mostly dependent on the fertility and moisture content of the soil. In the past, different fertilizers were added to the soil to boost its nutrients, but this process took time and labour from humans. Subsequently, as technology advanced, the data gathered from IoT devices was processed via cloud computing. Fog computing provides a solution to the significant latency associated with cloud server location that is remote. The main goal of this research is to create a fog-assisted recommendation model that can be applied to the future prediction of soil moisture content and NPK. When combined with agricultural systems, machine learning algorithms provide a proactive, data-driven method for maximizing resource management and soil health. It offers a succinct overview of how to forecast crop growth through the use of hybrid machine learning algorithms on the IFogsim platform to enhance soil quality and irrigation efficiency. Moreover, it lessens soil erosion and increases soil stability. In the mining sector, the suggested technique is helpful for protecting against structural deformities and stabilizing slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil mineralization, the process of organic to inorganic N which balances the N uptake by crop and N loss to environment, was always quantified by short-term (one day to thirty weeks) incubation experiment. However, the residuary effect of fertilization for N mineralization, especially manure application, is long-term existed, which is important and thought to be shaped by fertilization, soil properties, and climate. Here, we defined and examined dynamic shifts in long-term N mineralization (LT-Nmin) between the first decade and later period after treated with no-fertilizer, conventional fertilizer with/without manure, fertilizer with stover return, in six typical agricultural zones over multiple decades. Soil total N (TN) and available N (AN) increased at rates of 10.1–58.2 mg· kg-1·yr-1 and 1.41–4.13 mg· kg-1·yr-1, respectively, by manure application at five sites, suggesting that manure enhanced both soil N storage and availability. The LT-Nmin rate, defined as slope of the correlation between soil AN and TN indicated that AN increased by 70–81 mg per gram of TN increase, regardless of fertilization. Considering the fertilization period, the LT-Nmin rate with manure application were higher in the first decade (42–181 mg·g-1) than those in later period (33–92 mg·g-1) at all sites. Variance partitioning analysis showed that soil properties contributed 35 % to LT-Nmin in the first decade and increased to 45 % in the later period, while climatic conditions contributed 19 % first, but 8 % in the later period. Structural equation modeling suggested that LT-Nmin was directly affected by annual temperature, with a standardized path coefficient of 0.86 in the first decade and 0.45 in the later period. These results showed that the residual N in soil was mineralized with a high rate in the first decade after fertilization and then slowed down, and the interactions between climate and soil had an enhanced impact on LT- Nmin in later years of fertilization. This context-dependent understanding of interactions between soil properties, N cycling, and climate can thus inform soil management strategies to improve N availability and reduce the N loss to environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mediterranean farming systems, the semi-arid conditions and agricultural ecosystems have made site-specific management an important approach. This method aims to understand and handle the variability of soil properties and crop management, particularly through the utilization of geospatial information and accessible technology. Over three years in a 30 ha experimental field located in the Alentejo region (Portugal), crop establishment was monitored using data from soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), remote sensing (Sentinel-2), and in situ soil sampling. The procedure began with Step 1, involving the acquisition of soil spatial information and spatial interpolation. Subsequently, in Step 2, management zones (MZs) for soil characteristics were delineated using a combination of ECa measurements and soil analysis, and Step 3 spanned over three years of gathering meteorological data and crop remote sensing measurements. In Step 4, site-specific crop MZs were delineated by vegetation indexes (VIs). This article aims to increase the importance of in situ and remote assessments to more accurately identify areas with different productive potential. Results showed three MZs based on the percentage of sand, ECa, altimetry, exchangeable calcium, and exchangeable calcium properties, validated by crop VIs (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index (NDRE), and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)) over time. Although there are many sensorial techniques available for site-specific management, this paper emphasizes a methodology for the farmer to identify different MZs combining remote and in situ evaluations, supporting new opportunities for a more rational use of natural resources. Based on soil parameters, three site-specific management areas could be selected. NDMI was the index that best explained the MZs created according to soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comprehensively evaluate the impact of agricultural management practices on soil productivity, it is imperative to conduct a thorough analysis of soil bacterial ecology. Deep‐banding nutrient‐rich amendments is a soil management practice that aims to improve plant growth and soil structure by addressing the plant‐growth constraints posed by dense‐clay subsoils. However, the response of bacterial communities to deep‐banded amendments has not been thoroughly studied. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a controlled‐environment column experiment to examine the effects of different types of soil amendments (poultry litter, wheat straw + chemical fertiliser and chemical fertiliser alone) on bacterial taxonomic composition in simulated dense‐clay subsoils. We evaluated the bacterial taxonomic and ecological group composition in soils beside and below the amendment using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and robust statistical methods. Our results indicate that deep‐banded amendments alter bacterial communities through direct and indirect mechanisms. All amendments directly facilitated a shift in bacterial communities in the absence of growing wheat. However, a combination of amendments with growing wheat led to a more pronounced bacterial community shift which was distinct from and eclipsed the direct impact of the amendments and plants alone. This indirect mechanism was evidenced to be mediated primarily by plant growth and hypothesised to result from an enhancement in wheat root distribution, density and rhizodeposition changes. Therefore, we propose that subsoil amendments regardless of type facilitated an expansion in the rhizosphere which engineered a substantial plant‐mediated bacterial community response within the simulated dense‐clay subsoils. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering the complex and synergistic interactions between soil physicochemical properties, plant growth and bacterial communities when assessing agricultural management strategies for improving soil and plant productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current and future stakeholders and decision‐makers involved in agricultural soil management need to develop soil‐related skills to meet the challenges of food security and global change in the coming decades. The aim of this study was to identify professional profiles related to the management, conservation and restoration of agricultural soils on the basis of a European stakeholder survey and to relate these profiles to specific and generic skills. Stakeholders from 24 European countries, selected by the national hubs of the European Joint Programme on agricultural soil management, were invited to propose soil‐related professional profiles that they considered important to develop over the next 20 years. They were then asked to identify up to 15 specific or generic skills that they considered necessary for each profile. In total, 299 stakeholders proposed 1–3 professional profiles each, in 20 languages, for a total of 786 profiles ranging from the bachelor to doctoral level. After translation into English and grouping by expertise, 60 profiles were identified and classified as 'traditional', 'specialised' or 'innovative'. Innovative profiles were related to the inclusion of soil in fields that do not currently provide soil‐related education (e.g., communication, mediation, economics, law, land‐use planning, architecture, data science). Correspondence analysis based on the number of times a skill was considered necessary for a given profile led to the grouping of the 60 initial profiles into 10 clusters of profiles that required similar skills: these 10 clusters of profiles were described, and their necessary skills were identified. The clusters illustrate the need to broaden the scope of soil science and the variety of professions that can address soil‐related issues and require knowledge about soils. Ultimately, this list of soil‐related professional profiles and their necessary skills could help revise existing higher‐education curricula or create new curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil plays a central role in most aspects of human societies, and there is a large body of literature about sustainable soil management. Nevertheless, soil is currently facing degradation arising from different threats, which undermines sustainable development globally. In order to design effective research and policy strategies, it is necessary to identify the current knowledge level about sustainable soil management. This study summarises the key findings from a systematic stocktake of available knowledge about agricultural soil management practices in 23 European countries, which included the identification of soil management practices in use, the associated impacts and the soil challenges addressed. The aim of the study was to understand the current state of knowledge about the impacts of soil management practices, investigated and/or implemented across Europe. The results were analysed at the European level and were also grouped into European Regions and Environmental Zones. Key findings from this study were the identification of knowledge gaps that are key to climate mitigation and adaptation. There is a knowledge gap about soil management practices to avoid greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils, as the few reported studies evidence the complexity of the processes governing these emissions. Further knowledge is needed on the impact of tillage practices on long‐term carbon storage and distribution along the soil profile, as the reported knowledge was not consensual about carbon storage in deeper soil layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of land's agricultural potential, through a land capability evaluation, delves into its innate limitations, crop suitability, and responses to soil management. In regions where agriculture reigns supreme, socio-economic development is inexorably linked to the agricultural sector, making the optimal utilization of land resources an imperative pursuit. The pursuit of this objective is underpinned by the selection of new agricultural areas and the determination of which crops thrive in specific locations, for which the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method emerges as an ideal choice. This comprehensive research endeavour revolves around the intricate interplay of climatic, edaphic, fertility, topographical, and socioeconomic determinants. Within this intricate web, a total of 15 determinants play a pivotal role, including precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (PET), soil texture, drainage, soil organic-carbon, nitrogen content, pH, clay content, river proximity, land use/land cover (LULC), slope, temperature, social suitability, irrigation density, and elevation. To weigh these determinants, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) comes into play, ultimately revealing that the dominant influences on land capability stem from the realms of climate and soil. The watershed's terrain analysis revealed a distinct suitability contrast: 168 km2 highly suitable, 181.3 km2 moderate, and 429 km2 low. The eastern and northeastern sectors were notably promising. Rigorous validation, using the ROC curve, confirmed the reliability and precision. The process yielded an impressive 83.2% AUC, unequivocally confirming the assessment's remarkable accuracy and dependability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to propose a multidimensional model capable of evaluating, in a participatory method, the pressures agricultural production systems cause to aquatic ecosystems. The model was structured with information compiled from scientific articles, doctoral theses, public documents, and field research performed with the participation of stakeholders through interviews, questionnaires, and group evaluations. The evaluation matrix combines seven criteria and twenty-five sub-criteria with different weights to evaluate two main aspects: (i) land occupation and soil management and (ii) agricultural waste production and disposal. The model was tested in 14 agricultural farms, representing four productive arrangements, in a large watershed (2400 km2) in southern Brazil. The geophysical characteristics of the site (18.3%), land use and occupation (28.2%), management practices (soil and water) (25.4%), manure and fertilizers (12.6%), pesticides (14.1%), agricultural waste and discards (1.4%) were the criteria and their respective weights used in the structure of the proposed evaluation model. The evaluation showed that the combination of the fragility of cultivated environments and the absence of conservation practices represented the greatest risks (72.9%) to maintaining the sound environmental conditions of aquatic ecosystems. For future research, it is recommended that a cost-effectiveness analysis be carried out to evaluate environmental conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Approximately 5% of the total emissions (0.11 Gt CO2 and GWP-AR5) originate in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), a representative agricultural region in Southern Brazil. This study assessed SOCS (soil organic C stocks) in Latossolos of the Planalto of RS, with up-to-date data obtained from recent field campaigns and legacy data, and relate these SOC stocks to environmental variables. A literature search identified 195 documents with SOCS in layers 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm. The mean SOCS (0-30 cm) in the Latossolos was significantly higher (73.6 Mg ha-1) than the suggested IPCC default (55 Mg ha-1). The highest stocks (237 ± 39 Mg ha-1) were measured in uncultivated Latossolos Brunos in the 0-100 cm layer, especially at higher altitudes and lower mean annual temperature. The most frequently occurring soil Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico-LVdf (25% of the Planalto), also had high SOCS. Surprisingly Latossolos Vermelho Distrófico (LVd) also had high SOCS, in spite of the coarser texture. The estimated SOCS in Latosoolos of the Planalto is 419.9 Tg C, 36% larger than reported previous studies. We concluded that, despite significant land use changes, soils of this region maintain large SOCS which had been underestimated in previous studies.