Search

Financial literacy is the knowledge about financial product and services. It is also defined as financial management skills that one should have in order to reach financial welfare, especially for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of income, educational level, gender, age, and length of business on the financial literacy level of MSMEs in Tangerang City. This study used quantitative methods and used Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling as the sampling technique with 100 MSMEs as a sample. It was conducted in 11 subdistricts in Tangerang City - Tangerang, Batuceper, Larangan, Karawaci, Cibodas, Cipondoh, Pinang, Ciledug, Karang Tengah, Neglasari, and Periuk. The study used Multiple Linear Regression as an analysis technique. Based on the analysis carried out using the SPSS application, the results showed that: (i) the financial literacy index of MSMEs in Tangerang City was an average of 76.15%; (ii) income has a positive and significant influence on financial literacy level on MSMEs in Tangerang City; (iii) education level has a positive and significant influence on the financial literacy level; (iv) gender has no significant influence on the financial literacy level; (v) age has a positive and significant influence on the financial literacy level; and (vi) the length of business has a positive and significant influence on financial literacy level. The implication of this study are: MSMEs can increase their financial literacy level by making monthly financial records using digital technology and increase their ability to adapt with financial technology. Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprise Office can conduct more financial literacy workshop and increase MSMEs' access to technology and financial product and services in order to increase financial literacy level of MSMEs in Tangerang city so that MSMEs can reach financial welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment for cervical cancer includes surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Quite a lot of cancer sufferers who go to hospitals receive radiation therapy. The diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer is always accompanied by psychological challenges, namely anxiety, which causes sleep pattern disturbances in the patient. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between age, education level, anxiety level, and sleep patterns in cervical cancer patients undergoing external radiotherapy treatment. Method: The research method used a cross sectional approach design by collecting data on independent variables and dependent variables. The sampling technique in this research used Total Sampling. The sample consisted of 20 cervical cancer respondents who underwent external radiation, then the data collected was processed using the Spearmen Rho test. Results: Based on the research results, it was found that only anxiety level was related to sleep pattern (r = .519, p < .05). Meanwhile, age and education level have no relationship with sleep patterns. Conclusion: The anxiety level of cervical cancer patients in facing external radiotherapy treatment can affect their sleep patterns, so understanding is needed by a health worker to reduce the patient's anxiety.

Background: Studies argue that knowledge about motives for physical activity participation can inform activities, initiatives and interventions to promote physical activity. However, most of these studies are based on small sample sizes and only include participants within a few selected types of PA. Further, they have not examined the consistency of individuals' motives across different activity types. As a result, this article examines RQ1: the most prevalent motives, RQ2: the association of motives with activity type and social background characteristics, and RQ3: the consistency of motives across different activity types. Methods: We utilised data from a survey of physical activity participation among 163,000 adult Danes (aged 15 + years). In the survey, the participants were asked about their participation in thirteen activity types and about their motives for practising the activity types they reported to do at least weekly. The motive items were operationalised based on the eight dimensions in the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS). We conducted analyses of mean values and standard deviations as well as multilevel regression analyses. Results: We identified large differences in the importance of different motives for physical activity participation. The three most important motives were psychological condition (M = 4.54), physical condition (M = 4.48) and enjoyment (M = 4.36). We also found significant associations between motives and activity types in particular, but also between motives and social background characteristics (gender, age and educational level). For instance, we found that compared to running, physical condition was a much less important motive in outdoor activities (b = -3.01), activities on water (b = -2.44) and street sports (b = -2.38). Finally, our analysis showed how individuals' motives are not consistent across different activity types. Conclusions: Our study contributes to the literature on motives for physical activity participation by using a large sample of individuals and by differentiating motives according to a wide range of activity types. The results underline the need to study motives in relation to activity types, as there are large differences in the prevalence of different motives. Our findings suggest that motives are not consistent across activity types, but rather they develop in an interplay between the individual and the activity type practised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The greatly increased global use of plastic has serious negative environmental consequences. This study aims to analyse the influence of environmental attitudes, personal norms, social norms, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics on consumers' intention to reduce plastic packaging in different groups of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs) in Germany. Data on plastic packaging use for food, clothing, cosmetics, cleaning goods, and furniture were collected from 299 German families in a four-stage survey. The findings show differing consumer intentions to reduce plastic packaging between food products and other FMCG. In particular, environmental attitudes can differentiate between consumer groups with high and low intentions to reduce plastic packaging in nearly all the product groups analysed, while social norms, gender and age only show statistically significant differences in some product groups. Personal norms did not contribute to group differentiation in any of the groups of FMCG analysed. The results are helpful for managers of FMCGs to develop more ecological packaging solutions in the future and for state authorities to derive political activities in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The literature has demonstrated how the relationship between cognitive or emotional intelligence and age exhibits an inverted-U-shape and that this decline can be mitigated by an individual's cognitive reserve (CR). Rather less is known, however, about the pattern of changes in cognitive empathy or the ability to recognize the thoughts or feelings of others. Objectives: The aim of the present study was firstly to analyze the effect of age, gender, and CR (measured through educational level), on the capacity to show cognitive empathy. Secondly, we aimed to evaluate what type of relationship—linear or quadratic—exists between age and cognitive empathy. We finally aimed to analyze the moderator role of educational level on the relationship between age and cognitive empathy. Participants: Totally, 902 Spanish adults aged between 18 and 79 years (M = 43.53, SD = 11.86; 57% women). Measurements: Participants were asked to indicate their educational level (primary, high school, or college education) and their cognitive empathy was assessed using the Eyes test. Results: Women scored higher than men on cognitive empathy. Participants with a college education had higher scores on cognitive empathy than those with a lower educational level. Additionally, the relationship between age and cognitive empathy fit an inverted-U-shaped curve, consistent with the data found for cognitive and emotional intelligence. Finally, the age-related decrease in cognitive empathy appeared to be mitigated by a higher educational level, but only in those individuals aged 35 years and above. Limitations and clinical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental anxiety among patients is a significant impediment leading to delayed or incomplete dental treatment. Understanding the determinants of dental anxiety is crucial, given the potential variations in causative factors across different regions due to cultural diversity and past dental experiences. In light of limited available data and cultural heterogeneity, this study aimed to explore the correlation between age, gender, educational level, socio-economic status, and residence with dental anxiety among patients seeking care at a teaching dental hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 375 patients attending a private teaching hospital was conducted, with dental anxiety assessed using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. Exclusion criteria involved patients with known anxiety disorders or a history of intellectual disabilities. Results: The findings demonstrated a statistically significant gender-based difference in dental anxiety (p-value: 0.00), with a majority of females exhibiting anxiety levels ranging from moderate to extreme. Additionally, a significant association was observed between socio-economic status and dental anxiety (p-value: 0.03), revealing lower levels of dental anxiety among individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds compared to those from middle and upper socio-economic strata. However, no significant differences were identified in dental anxiety concerning age, educational level, and residence (urban/rural). Conclusion: The study concludes that targeted anxiety reduction protocols should be prioritized for female patients and those belonging to the upper socio-economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We study from a multidimensional perspective the different factors that help prevent the development of cognitive impairment in old aging. Methods: This study analyzed in 300 elderly subjects the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR), physical reserve (PR) and motivational reserve (MR) with cognitive impairment. This study also takes into consideration different variables (sex, age, educational level, and institutionalization) that might affect the results in the different types of reserves (CR, physical and MR) and cognitive impairment. Results: The results show that people with a higher cognitive reserve, physical reserve and motivational reserve have less cognitive impairment. Discussion: Therefore, it is important to consider measuring the CR as a variable to diagnose neurodegenerative illnesses but it is also essential to consider the physical state and physical activity, as well as the motivational dimension. With the cognitive reserve and sex variables no significant differences were observed. Age had a negative effect on strategic flexibility, but those with higher CR had better cognitive flexibility and the educational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forma y Funcion is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionWe study from a multidimensional perspective the different factors that help prevent the development of cognitive impairment in old aging.MethodsThis study analyzed in 300 elderly subjects the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR), physical reserve (PR) and motivational reserve (MR) with cognitive impairment. This study also takes into consideration different variables (sex, age, educational level, and institutionalization) that might affect the results in the different types of reserves (CR, physical and MR) and cognitive impairment.ResultsThe results show that people with a higher cognitive reserve, physical reserve and motivational reserve have less cognitive impairment.DiscussionTherefore, it is important to consider measuring the CR as a variable to diagnose neurodegenerative illnesses but it is also essential to consider the physical state and physical activity, as well as the motivational dimension. With the cognitive reserve and sex variables no significant differences were observed. Age had a negative effect on strategic flexibility, but those with higher CR had better cognitive flexibility and the educational.

Background: The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension in Malaysia is 17.2%, which is higher compared to the known case of hypertension (13.1%) reported in 2015. For every two people diagnosed with hypertension, there will be three persons with undiagnosed hypertension; the trend has not changed since 2011. This study aimed to determine the determinants of undiagnosed hypertension among urban community of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 206 participants in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from the ongoing Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) project. The samples with complete variable data were taken from the second year of follow-up, starting Jan 2014 till Dec 2015, through convenience sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, simple logistic regression, and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Multivariable logistic regression showed that only four determinants were associated with undiagnosed hypertension which were the age group of 35 to 49 yr old (aOR: 5.9, 95% CI: 1.8; 19.1), secondary education level (aOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1; 4.6), normal BMI (aOR: 5.1, 95% CI: 1.5; 16.6), and non-diabetes mellitus (aOR: 5.5, 95% CI: 2.5; 12.0). Conclusion: The determinants of undiagnosed hypertension in this study showed that low-risk groups of hypertension were highly underdiagnosed. The low-risk group of hypertension was easily approached at their working place. Thus, routine health screening and awareness campaigns should be emphasized substantially at the working place to detect undiagnosed hypertension. Early detection will be beneficial as early management can be initiated to prevent further complications.

Abstract Background: Caesarean section surgery is a delivery procedure performed for mothers who want to give birth with complications. The recovery process from caesarean section surgery will vary from one person to another. Several factors can affect the recovery duration of caesarean section surgery, including education level, age, history of caesarean section surgery, motivation given by health workers, early mobilization provided by health workers, and others. Objective: This study aimed to analyse the relationship between education level, age, history of caesarean section surgery, and recovery duration of post-operative caesarean section surgery. Methods: The research design used is descriptive-analytic research with a cross-sectional approach. This research was carried out from May 5, 2021, until June 15, 2021, in the Recovery Room of the General Hospital of Jasem, Sidoarjo. The sampling technique used is incidental sampling, so the number of respondents obtained in this study is 50. The research instrument used was medical records to determine the level of education, age and history of caesarean section surgery. In addition, the researchers also used the Bromage Scale to evaluate the duration of recovery from post-operative caesarean section surgery. The statistical test used was the Spearmen Rho test with a significance level of < .05 using SPSS 21. Results: This study showed a relationship between age and history of caesarean section surgery (p-value < .05, r = .310). The results of this study also showed that there was a relationship between age and history of caesarean section surgery with duration of recovery of post-operative caesarean section surgery (p-value < .05, r = .356; p-value < .001, r = .603, respectively). Conclusion: This study found that health workers are expected to consider age and history of caesarean section surgery in the recovery process of post-operative caesarean section surgery patients.

The Aim: To Determine any relationship, if exists, between the patient's mental attitude with age, sex, educational level and the number of missing teeth. Method: This study based on case sheet information of 270 patients. The age ranged (20_60) years. The clinical data were correlated, frequencies and percentages with age, gender, the level of education, and the missing teeth with mental attitude of the patient. Result: the largest number was for philosophic patients (212) followed by exacting patients (38), then hysterical (12), and the least number was indifferent patients (8). The female philosophic percentage (43%) was more than male, also for exacting patient the female was more percentage (7.40%) thane exacting male. About the relation between the mental attitude and the age, the largest percentage was group (3) philosophic patient followed by group (4) then group (2) and group (1) and the least for group (5). The number of educated philosophic patient was more than non-educated, also indifferent educated patient more than indifferent non-educated, while the exacting and hysterical patient, the noneducated was more. In all the four house mental attitude class, the number of patient with missing teeth more than 5 teeth was more than patient with missing teeth less than 5 teeth. Conclusion: There is an increase in philosophic patients followed by exacting patients then hysterical and the least number was indifferent patients. The female philosophic percentage was more than male, also for exacting patient the female was more percentage than exacting male. The largest percentage of age group was group (3) philosophic patient followed by group (4). The number of educated philosophic patient was more than non-educated, also indifferent educated patient more than indifferent non-educated. The number of patient with missing teeth more than 5 teeth was more than patient with missing teeth less than 5 teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: After some decades with an increasing incidence of borderline ovarian tumors, more recent studies have observed that the incidence rate seems to be leveling off or declining. In this study, we describe the incidence of borderline ovarian tumors in Denmark 1997-2018 by histology, age at diagnosis and educational level.Material and Methods: All borderline ovarian tumors registered in the Danish Pathology Registry during 1997-2018 were identified and individual-level educational information was retrieved from nationwide registers. Age-standardized incidence rates were estimated according to histology, age at diagnosis and educational level. To investigate incidence trends over time, the average annual percentage change and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression.Results: We identified 3927 women with borderline ovarian tumors during the study period, of which 1997 (50.9%) were serous and 1743 (44.4%) were mucinous. The age-standardized incidence rate of serous borderline ovarian tumors did not change significantly over calendar time (average annual percentage change = -0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.13 to 0.88). For mucinous tumors, the age-standardized incidence rate was also relatively stable during the first half of the study period, followed by a decrease from 2.56 to 1.25 per 100 000 person-years between 2007-2011 and 2017-2018. Over the entire study period, the incidence rate of mucinous borderline tumors declined on average by 2.91% (95% CI -4.24 to -1.51) per year. The incidence of both types of borderline ovarian tumors seemed to be highest among women with a low educational level. Over calendar time, the incidence of mucinous tumors decreased in all educational groups, whereas the incidence of serous tumors decreased exclusively in women with a high educational level. Time trends did not differ markedly by age at diagnosis.Conclusions: In Denmark, the incidence of serous borderline ovarian tumors was stable during 1997-2018, whereas the incidence of mucinous borderline ovarian tumors decreased. The incidence rates of both types of borderline ovarian tumors tended to be highest among women with a low educational level throughout the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrity is the foundational basis of the accounting profession. Recently, corporate scandals exposed the accounting profession to great pressure of regulators and public. Understanding the ethical values of accounting students is very crucial for improving the integrity of accounting profession. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between ethical perception and monetary ethics of accounting students. In order to answer the research question, three hypotheses were examined. Information required to measure ethical perception and monetary ethics was gathered through Forsyth’s Ethical Position Questionnaire (1980) and Tang’s Money Ethic Scale (1992) respectively. The sample was consisted of 375 students majoring in Accounting that were examined in 2015. The findings showed that the students' ethical perception was independent of their monetary ethics. Furthermore, age and educational level of students were not associated with their monetary ethics and ethical perception. Additionally, the results revealed that the students' gender was related to their monetary ethics, while no relation with their ethical perceptions was found.

This study examined the socioeconomic factors that affect domestic tourism in Mombasa, Nairobi and Nakuru with a view of addressing them in order to improve domestic tourism consumption in Kenya. The study targeted 600 respondents from among those who had participated or intended to participate in domestic tourism, using a questionnaire as the tool for data collection. It investigated a sample of a cross-section of the tourist stakeholders and through questionnaires schedules, obtained data from respondents consisting of those who had participated or intended to participate in domestic tourism. The respondents from the tourist industry players in the regions was selected using purposive and stratified random sampling methods. A total of 558 respondents out of 600 filled out the instruments at a response rate of 93%. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics . It was established that the level of education (86%) and income (76%) were the major contributing factors in domestic tourism consumption .this is where data was extracted for analysis and the researcher then made statistical The study findings indicated that the level of education was a major contributing factor in domestic tourism with 86% of participants having a middle level education, and above. Age was found to have a significant impact on the level of participation in domestic tourism. Education level was found to have a positive influence on participation in domestic tourism.

The purpose of the present cross-cultural study was to explore the relationships of second and foreign language teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in terms of their gender, age group, and educational level in two countries, Spain and Iran. The study was based on a sample of 318 language teachers and 307 language students in Iran and Spain. Data collection was carried out through two online questionnaires (108 items) for both teachers and students. To make a sound decision, the researchers decided to utilize the Delphi methodology, which was originally established in order to diagnose the beneficiary of technologies. In the data analysis phase, descriptive, t test and one-way ANOVA analyses were performed to find the answers of the research questions. The findings of the study revealed that there is no difference between the attitudes of Iranian and Spanish towards CALL in terms of gender, age and educational matter. Finally, pedagogical implications and recommendations for further research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) has shown strong evidence of acceptability, reliability, validity and invariance for gender, whereas there is mixed evidence of invariance by culture and age and the literature has not explored the roles of marital status and educational level. The SWLS should be invariant by marital status and educational level to be able to compare scores between groups. We aimed to explore the invariance of the SWLS by marital status and educational level.Method: A convenience sample of 726 Spanish adults participated in a survey. We tested a one-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis. We tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the factorial structure of the SWLS by gender, age, marital status and level of education.Results: The results show a scalar invariance by gender and educational level and a partial scalar invariance by marital status. Women and individuals in a relationship show greater subjective well-being while no differences are observed among people with different educational levels.Discussion: The SLWS is valid for comparisons between genders, age, educational levels but not for marital status. It is essential to verify its invariance to interpret mean differences and significance values appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to understand the role of individual characteristics such as age, gender and education of healthy adults on working memory abilities, as conceptualized in the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad. The sample comprised 302 adults aged from 18 to 65 with different educational backgrounds. Participants were submitted to a protocol of established neuropsychological tests that were selected to assess the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad. The results revealed that these factors influenced working memory abilities differentially. Education level influenced all the three components in the same direction. Individuals with higher academic qualifications have better performance in tests assessing the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad, whereas age affected performance in the task evaluating the central executive. Age and gender also influenced the performance in tasks related to visuospatial sketchpad in the sense that younger individuals or men reveal better visual and spatial abilities as conceptualized in the visuospatial sketchpad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To test the association between cognitive performance and APOE genotype, and to assess potential modifications of this association by sociodemographic and neuroanatomical factors in a sample of 74 healthy elders. Methods: Firstly, we explored the isolated role of the APOE ɛ4 genotype (i.e., APOE4) in different neuropsychological tests, and then the effects of its interaction with sociodemographic (i.e., age, gender, and educational level) and neuroanatomical (i.e., hippocampal volumes) variables. Subsequently, we performed the same analyses after dividing the sample into two subgroups according to their Mini-Mental State Examination scores (control-high group ≥29 and control-low group < 29). Results: In the whole group, APOE4 carriers exhibited a significantly poorer execution in several cognitive domains including global cognitive functioning, episodic memory, verbal fluency, and naming. This effect was more noticeable in older and less educated subjects. The separated analyses revealed that APOE4 carriers in the control-low group exhibited lower scores in global cognitive functioning and episodic memory, while no effects were observed in the control-high group. Neither gender nor hippocampal volumes showed a significant interaction effect with APOE genotype. Conclusions: Current results point out that APOE4 genotype influences healthy aged cognition, although factors such age or educational attainment seem to modulate its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Research on temporary employment as a risk factor for work disability due to depression is mixed, and few studies have measured work disability outcome in detail. We separately examined the associations of temporary employment with (i) the onset of work disability due to depression, (ii) the length of disability episodes, and (iii) the recurrence of work disability, taking into account the possible effect modification of sociodemographic factors. METHODS: We linked the prospective cohort study data of 107 828 Finnish public sector employees to national registers on work disability (>9 days) due to depression from January 2005 to December 2011. RESULTS: Disability episodes were longer among temporary than permanent employees after adjustment for age, sex, level of education, chronic somatic disease, and history of mental/behavioral disorders [cumulative odds ratio (COR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.25–51). The association between temporary employment and the length of depression-related disability episodes was more pronounced among participants with a low educational level (COR 1.95, 95% CI 1.54–2.48) and older employees (>52 years; COR 3.67, 95% CI 2.83–4.76). The association was weaker in a subgroup of employees employed for ≥50% of the follow-up period (95% of the original sample). Temporary employment was not associated with the onset or recurrence of depression-related work disability. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary employment is associated with slower return to work, indicated by longer depression-related disability episodes, especially among older workers and those with a low level of education. Continuous employment might protect temporary employees from prolonged work disability.

The World Health Organization (WHO) sees health as a resource for everyday life, a fundamental human right and, especially important for economists and social scientists, an essential component of the economic and social development of every modern society. Health determinants which could lead to better health outcomes can arise from both the social and economic side. The main goal of this paper is to exploit several cross-sectional socio-economic data sets available in Croatia to examine the extent to which individual health is related to certain demographic and economic determinants. In explaining health determinants, self-assessed health (SAH) was used as a measure of health on the individual level, and the proportional odds model was applied for the ordinal outcome variable. Controlling for age and other socio-demographic characteristics, education was seen as the single most important determinant of better health. Poor health on the individual level is probably highly correlated with low education and lowest income levels. Public policy-makers should be aware that measures targeted at vulnerable population subgroups might be effective at improving health in the population. However, the identification of a causal relationship between health outcome and its determinants is of crucial importance in the design of future policies.

Teachers’ Educational Qualification, Rank Level, Working Duration, Age, Working Mo­tivation, and Working Effectiveness The study investigated the effects of educational qualification, rank level, working duration and age on the elementary school teachers’ working motivation and working ef­fectiveness. The sample of the study consisted of 438 elementary school teachers in Malang which were selected through cluster sampling technique. The study was conducted using explanatory design in the form of causal model. The data were collected using questionnaire and documentation, and were analyzed descrip­tively employing structural equation technique. The study revealed that that the effect of the educational qualification, rank level, working duration and age on teachers’ working motivation and working effec­tiveness, both directly and indirectly, was not significant.

Background: Poisoning is a serious health problem in the world. In the intentional type, the person may attempt suicide by self-poisoning or may be poisoned by others in a criminal act. The present study was designed to investigate the causes and the frequency of poisoning cases referring to Loqman Hospital, Tehran, Iran, during summer 2010. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, age, gender, educational level, daily sleep duration, history of physical illness, and type of substance used for poisoning were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Of the 200 poisoned patients, 51% were male and 49% female. 60% of the patients were single. The patients’mean of age was 26.82 years. Minimum age was 14 years and maximum age was 77 years. Most of the patients were graduated from high school and 95.5% of them were living in large cities. Their parents were alive in most cases (92.2%) and 70.5% of them were the first to third child of their family. The person in charge of them was their parents in most cases. The mean daily sleep duration was 7 hours and 72% of the subjects did not have any physical illnesss. Also, 42% of the patients had history of cigarette smoking. Overall, 57% of the patients were poisoned by antidepressant drugs, 31% by narcotic compounds, and remaining 12% by unknown substances. Conclusion: Most poisoned cases by antidepressant drugs can be explained by a various of reasons such as availability of the drugs. The findings of this study necessitate more vigilance from physicians in prescribing drugs and community in educating people about drugs.

Introduction: Cochlear implantation can facilitate the development of communication skills in children with profound hearing loss. The objectives of our study were to determine the average ages at suspicion and diagnosis of hearing loss, amplification, intervention, and performing the cochlear implantation and to investigate the effects of the parents’ level of education and economic circumstances on the age of the child at cochlear implantation. Materials and Methods: The parents of 96 children with profound sensorineural hearing loss who had received a cochlear implant at Amir-Alam Cochlear Implant Center between 2008 and 2010 were asked to complete a survey. The survey included demographic information, and birth, medical, and hearing loss history of their child. Study data were obtained through the patient database in the Cochlear Implant Center and interviews with the parents. Results: The mean times between the age of the children at diagnosis of hearing loss and amplification, beginning the rehabilitation program, and performing the cochlear implantation were 4.05 (±0.86), 2.59 (±0.9), and 25.43 (±1.45) months, respectively; delays that were statistically significant (P≤0.004). In 47.9 percent of cases, the parents were the first people to suspect the occurrence of hearing loss in their child. Statistical analysis indicated that the age at cochlear implantation decreases as the educational level of the parents increases (P≤0.003). There was also a significant difference between parents’ economic circumstances and the age of cochlear implantation (P

Background: This paper presents the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in a given population of West Bengal and its relationship with their age, sex, socioeconomic status, educational background, and dietary habits. Also, the treatment needs on the basis of Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), which might be helpful for future planning of dental services. Materials and Methods: A sample of 22,452 individuals aged 15 years and above was selected using a random cluster sampling from the population. All the subjects sampled were weighed by age, sex, community, income group, educational level, diet pattern, and habitation. The WHO CPITN was used to assess the levels of periodontal condition and treatment needs. Results: Score 2 was most prevalent in all the groups. Periodontal disease is widespread in West Bengal and a positive relation appears to exist between age, sex, socio-economic status, education level, and dietary habits with periodontal status. Comprehensive oral hygiene instruction and dental prophylaxis need to be initiated. Conclusion: The data on periodontal conditions presented in this study are similar to data available from WHO on global oral health. These estimates are important for the future planning of dental services in the state.

Aims: This study investigated the association between literacy skills and self-reported health among Danish (n = 7284), Finnish (n = 5454), Norwegian (n = 4942) and Swedish (n = 4555) participants aged 16–65 years. Methods: Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between literacy skills and self-reported health after adjusting for sex, age and educational level. Results: Nordic participants aged 16–65 years with literacy skills at the lowest level reported sub-optimal health more often (28–37%) than those with literacy skills at the highest level (7–9%). After adjusting for sex, age and educational level, the likelihood of reporting sub-optimal health was 1.99–3.24 times as high for those with literacy skills at the lowest level as for those with literacy skills at the highest level. Conclusions:These results suggest that poor literacy skills increase the likelihood of experiencing poor health in the Nordic countries, even after controlling for educational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In past few decades, emotional intelligence (EI) has gained much popularity worldwide. Intelligence quotient alone is not enough in today's age for achieving success and hence for developing a person's ability, the fields of psychology and neurosciences have highlighted the importance of EI, which is a person's response toward feelings and emotions. In this study, relationship of various demographic variables with EI, as measured by Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire- Short Form, has been highlighted. The study has been conducted on a sample of 424 employees belonging to the Indian service sector. The results showed that demographic variables have an impact over EI. Organizations can take a cue from the study and adhere to diversity management practices to ensure financial gains and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ attributions of success and failure. It also set out to investigate whether these attributions vary by teachers’ age, teaching experience, gender and educational level. To do so, 200 EFL teachers were selected according to convenience sampling among EFL teachers teaching English in Language Institutes in Mashhad and Tehran, two cities in Iran. The participants completed thelanguage teacher attribution scalemeasuring four attributions:teaching competency(TC),teacher effort(TE),student effort(SE)and institution supervision(IS). The present study yielded mixed results regarding English language teachers’ attributions of success and failure events. It was also found that these attributions vary by their age, teaching experience and educational level, but not by gender. The discussion and implications of the research are further presented with reference to the earlier findings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this research was to examine the role of fatigue, depression, and personality traits in males with and without multiple sclerosis (MS) and to investigate the influence of age and the numbers of years of education on these constructs. Participants were 30 males with MS and 30 males without MS from Shiraz City, Iran, who were selected following a sampling method. The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R), and a demographic questionnaire were applied. Resulting data showed that patients with MS had significantly higher fatigue, depression, and neuroticism compared to control group. Resulting data showed that patients without MS had higher levels of extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness compared with patients with MS. There was no significant effect for age and the numbers of years of education on fatigue and depression, nor on the Big Five personality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the formation process of CSR images from a customer perspective. It analyses the influence of company-CSR coherence, motivational attribution and corporate credibility in the way customers evaluate CSR images in the banking industry. It also describes the impact of customer gender, age and educational level on the formation of CSR images. Results show that CSR images are based on customer perceptions of the company-CSR coherence, the attribution of altruistic motivations and corporate credibility when developing CSR initiatives. The findings also demonstrate that gender, age and educational level do not allow identifying differences in the way customers construct CSR images. Thus, they are not useful in segmenting customers for the design of better CSR and communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that many demographic variables influence serotonin transporter (SERT) availability as assessed by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The aim of this study was to explore which demographic variables influenced the SERT availability most in a SPECT study with [ 123 I]ADAM. Ninety-five healthy volunteers were recruited. Age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, educational level, body mass index, seasonal change, and SERT availability were recorded and then analyzed by multivariate linear regression. Age was the only variable that was significantly associated with SERT availability (calculate: (midbrain−cerebellum)/cerebellum). Furthermore, the inverse correlation of age and SERT availability may be present only before the age of 47. Age should be a covariate in SERT-related neuroimaging analyses, particularly in participants under the age of 47 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Research on temporary employment as a risk factor for work disability due to depression is mixed, and few studies have measured work disability outcome in detail. We separately examined the associations of temporary employment with (i) the onset of work disability due to depression, (ii) the length of disability episodes, and (iii) the recurrence of work disability, taking into account the possible effect modification of sociodemographic factors. Methods: We linked the prospective cohort study data of 107 828 Finnish public sector employees to national registers on work disability (>9 days) due to depression from January 2005 to December 2011. Results: Disability episodes were longer among temporary than permanent employees after adjustment for age, sex, level of education, chronic somatic disease, and history of mental/behavioral disorders [cumulative odds ratio (COR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.25-1.51]. The association between temporary employment and the length of depression-related disability episodes was more pronounced among participants with a low educational level (COR 1.95, 95% CI 1.54-2.48) and older employees (>52 years; COR 3.67, 95% CI 2.83-4.76). The association was weaker in a subgroup of employees employed for ≥50% of the follow-up period (95% of the original sample). Temporary employment was not associated with the onset or recurrence of depression-related work disability. Conclusions: Temporary employment is associated with slower return to work, indicated by longer depressionrelated disability episodes, especially among older workers and those with a low level of education. Continuous employment might protect temporary employees from prolonged work disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A growing body of research question the homogeneity of digital natives. [•] A assessment of the web 3.0 based on Internet reliability and SNSs is proposed. [•] A sample of 152 young people was interviewed by age and educational level. [•] Undergraduate increase the assessment of the web for academic and social purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The World Health Organization (WHO) sees health as a resource for everyday life, a fundamental human right and, especially important for economists and social scientists, an essential component of the economic and social development of every modern society. Health determinants which could lead to better health outcomes can arise from both the social and economic side. The main goal of this paper is to exploit several cross-sectional socio-economic data sets available in Croatia to examine the extent to which individual health is related to certain demographic and economic determinants. In explaining health determinants, self-assessed health (SAH) was used as a measure of health on the individual level, and the proportional odds model was applied for the ordinal outcome variable. Controlling for age and other socio-demographic characteristics, education was seen as the single most important determinant of better health. Poor health on the individual level is probably highly correlated with low education and lowest income levels. Public policy-makers should be aware that measures targeted at vulnerable population subgroups might be effective at improving health in the population. However, the identification of a causal relationship between health outcome and its determinants is of crucial importance in the design of future policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study was to standardize the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. With regard to this goal, the study analyzes differences in sexism as a function of gender, age, and educational level, exploring the correlations among the scales of the inventory and their factor structure. The sample comprises 5313 participants (2581 men and 2795 women), aged 14 to 70 years, from the Basque Country (Spain). The results confirm significantly higher scores in the men in hostile sexism in all age groups, and in benevolent sexism up to 54 years of age. Sexism increases with age but not linearly; a high score was observed between 14 and 18 years of age, which progressively decreased until the age of 54, and it subsequently increased, with the highest scores observed between 64 and 70 years of age. Inverse relations between sexism and educational level were found. The correlations between the two forms of sexism and the factor structure of the test were confirmed. The study contributes normative data to assess sexism in the Basque Country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine outpatient injuries before and after deployments of elements of the 10th Mountain Division to Afghanistan (n = 505 men) and the 1st Cavalry Division to Iraq (n = 3242 men). Study design: Observational. Methods: The military units provided a list of deployed soldiers, and soldiers' outpatient medical encounters were obtained from the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Cumulative injury incidence was examined for two consecutive 90-day periods before the deployments (Periods 1-2) and two consecutive 90-day periods after the deployments (Periods 3-4). Results: Both groups showed post-deployment increases in the overall incidence of injury (Afghanistan group = 14.1%, 14.1%, 16.4, 23.4%; Iraq Group = 15.1%, 12.4%, 35.4%, 43.4%; Periods 1-4, respectively). Soldiers with pre-deployment injuries were 1.4-3.0 times more likely to experience post-deployment injuries. Conclusions: This study found a post-deployment increase in the incidence of outpatient injury. Also, soldiers with pre-deployment injuries were more likely to experience post- deployment injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]