1. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
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Bixby, Honor, Bentham, James, Zhou, Bin, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Paciorek, Christopher J., Bennett, James E., Taddei, Cristina, Stevens, Gretchen A., Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Khang, Young-Ho, Soric, Maroje, Gregg, Edward W., Miranda, J. Jaime, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Savin, Stefan, Sophiea, Marisa K., Iurilli, Maria L. C., Solomon, Bethlehem D., Cowan, Melanie J., Riley, Leanne M., Danaei, Goodarz, Bovet, Pascal, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Hambleton, Ian R., Hayes, Alison J., Ikeda, Nayu, Kengne, Andre P., Laxmaiah, Avula, Li, Yanping, McGarvey, Stephen T., Mostafa, Aya, Neovius, Martin, Starc, Gregor, Zainuddin, Ahmad A., Abarca-Gomez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A., Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul, Hamid, Zargar Abdul, Garba, Jamila Abubakar, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J., Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Agdeppa, Imelda A., Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadvand, Alireza, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Ajlouni, Kamel, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M., Ali, Mohamed M., Ali, Osman, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Othman, Amani Rashed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N., Amouyel, Philippe, Amuzu, Antoinette, Bo, Lars, Anderssen, Sigmund A., Angquist, Lars H., Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araujo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E., Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K., Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K., Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F., Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdicova, Maria, Azevedo, Ana, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha V., Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L., Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, Jose R., Barbagallo, Carlo M., Barcelo, Alberto, Barkat, Amina, Barros, Aluisio J. D., Barros, Mauro V. G., Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M., Batista, Rosangela L., Battakova, Zhamilya, Batyrbek, Assembekov, Baur, Louise A., Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Bettiol, Heloisa, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K., Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Biehl, Anna, Lele, Elysee Claude Bika, Bikbov, Mukharram, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J., Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B., Bjorkelund, Cecilia, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M., Boehm, Bernhard O., Boeing, Heiner, Boggia, Jose G., Boissonnet, Carlos P., Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bopp, Matthias, Borchini, Rossana, Borghs, Herman, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn C. E., Brajkovich, Imperia, Branca, Francesco, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, Joao, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M., Brian, Garry R., Brinduse, Lacramioara, Bruno, Graziella, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, Cabrera de Leon, Antonio, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, Jose, Can, Gamze, Can, Gunay, Candido, Ana Paula C., Canete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V., Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardoso, Viviane C., Carlsson, Axel C., Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Maria J., Casanueva, Felipe F., Casas, Juan-Pablo, Caserta, Carmelo A., Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cesar, Juraci A., Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique W., Chan, Queenie, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K., Chaturvedi, Nishi, Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheng, Yiling J., Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Cho, Yumi, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G., Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Claessens, Frank, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C., Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C., Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L., Crampin, Amelia C., Crujeiras, Ana B., Cruz, Juan J., Cucu, Alexandra, Cui, Liufu, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Damsgaard, Camilla T., Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M., D'Arrigo, Graziella, Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, De Curtis, Amalia, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, de Oliveira, Paula Duarte, De Ridder, Karin, de Rooij, Susanne R., De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D., Dehghan, Abbas, Delisle, Helene, Delpeuch, Francis, Dennison, Elaine, Deschamps, Valerie, Dhana, Klodian, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F., Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Diaz, Alejandro, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Ha T. P., Dobson, Annette J., Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Donoso, Silvana P., Doering, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, d'Orsi, Eleonora, Doua, Kouamelan, Drygas, Wojciech, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine A., Duda, Rosemary B., Duleva, Vesselka, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dumith, Samuel C., Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Eddie, Ricky, Egbagbe, Eruke E., Eggertsen, Robert, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Eliasen, Marie, Elliott, Paul, Engle-Stone, Reina, Erasmus, Rajiv T., Erem, Cihangir, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G., Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fall, Caroline H., Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Mohammad R., Felix-Redondo, Francisco J., Ferguson, Trevor S., Fernandes, Romulo A., Fernandez-Berges, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrari, Marika, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferrer, Eldridge, Ferrieres, Jean, Fijalkowska, Anna, Fink, Gunther, Fischer, Krista, Flores, Eric Monterubio, Foeger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Forslund, Ann-Sofie, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M., Francis, Damian K., Franco, Maria do Carmo, Franco, Oscar H., Frontera-Juan, Guillem, Fuchs, Flavio D., Fuchs, Sandra C., Fujita, Yuki, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galeone, Daniela, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P., Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gates, Louise, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Ghasemian, Anoosheh, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gill, Tiffany K., Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldsmith, Rebecca A., Goltzman, David, Goncalves, Helen, Gonzalez, Angel R., Gonzalez-Chica, David A., Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, Gonzalez-Leon, Margot, Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P., Gonzalez-Villalpando, Maria-Elena, Gottrand, Frederic, Graca, Antonio Pedro, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, Dusan, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G., Gregor, Ronald D., Grodzicki, Tomasz, Grontved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Gudmundsson, Elias F., Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L., Gulliford, Martin C., Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc, Guo, Xiuhua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C., Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurzkowska, Beata, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A., Haghshenas, Rosa, Halkjaer, Jytte, Hardy, Rebecca, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, He, Jiang, He, Yuna, Heidinger-Felso, Regina, Heinen, Mirjam, Hejgaard, Tatjana, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henriques, Ana, Hernandez Cadena, Leticia, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera, Victor M., Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Heshmat, Ramin, Hill, Allan G., Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C., Hobbs, Michael, Hofman, Albert, Hopman, Wilma M., Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R., Hormiga, Claudia M., Horta, Bernardo L., Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Htay, Thein Thein, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, Jose Maria, Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac, Huisman, Martijn, Husseini, Abdullatif, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Ibarluzea, Jesus M., Ibrahim, Mohsen M., Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim, Ikram, M. Arfan, Irazola, Vilma E., Ishida, Takafumi, Islam, Muhammad, Ismail, Aziz al-Safi, Ivkovic, Vanja, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jaaskelainen, Tuija, Jackson, Rod T., Jacobs, Jeremy M., Jaddou, Hashem, Jafar, Tazeen, James, Kenneth, Jamil, Kazi M., Jamrozik, Konrad, Janszky, Imre, Janus, Edward, Jarani, Juel, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jelakovic, Ana, Jelakovic, Bojan, Jennings, Garry, Jeong, Seung-Lyeal, Jiang, Chao Qiang, Jimenez, Ramon O., Joffres, Michel, Johansson, Mattias, Jokelainen, Jari J., Jonas, Jost B., Jorgensen, Torben, Joshi, Pradeep, Jovic, Dragana P., Jozwiak, Jacek, Juolevi, Anne, Jurak, Gregor, Juresa, Vesna, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kafatos, Anthony, Kajantie, Eero O., Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kamaruddin, Nor Azmi, Kameli, Yves, Kapantais, Efthymios, Karki, Khem B., Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Katz, Joanne, Katzmarzyk, Peter T., Kauhanen, Jussi, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kazakbaeva, Gyulli, Keil, Ulrich, Keinan-Boker, Lital, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Kelishadi, Roya, Kelleher, Cecily, Kemper, Han C. G., Kerimkulova, Alina, Kersting, Mathilde, Key, Timothy, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalili, Davood, Khateeb, Mohammad, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Kheiri, Bahareh, Khosravi, Alireza, Khouw, Ilse M. S. L., Kiechl, Stefan, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula, Killewo, Japhet, Kim, Jeongseon, Kim, Yeon-Yong, Klimont, Jeannette, Klumbiene, Jurate, Knoflach, Michael, Koirala, Bhawesh, Kolle, Elin, Kolsteren, Patrick, Koenig, Jurgen, Korpelainen, Raija, Korrovits, Paul, Korzycka, Magdalena, Koskinen, Seppo, Kouda, Katsuyasu, Kovacs, Viktoria A., Kowlessur, Sudhir, Koziel, Slawomir, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kriemler, Susi, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Krokstad, Steinar, Kromhout, Daan, Kruger, Herculina S., Kubinova, Ruzena, Kuciene, Renata, Kuh, Diana, Kujala, Urho M., Kujundzic, Enisa, Kulaga, Zbigniew, Kumar, R. Krishna, Kunesova, Marie, Kurjata, Pawel, Kusuma, Yadlapalli S., Kuulasmaa, Kari, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Quang Ngoc La, Laamiri, Fatima Zahra, Laatikainen, Tiina, Lachat, Carl, Laid, Youcef, Tai Hing Lam, Morovic, Maja Lang, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Larijani, Bagher, Latt, Tint Swe, Laugsand, Lars E., Lauria, Laura, Lazo-Porras, Maria, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Le Port, Agnes, Le, Tuyen D., Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lee, Paul H., Lehtimaki, Terho, Lemogoum, Daniel, Levitt, Naomi S., Lilly, Christa L., Lim, Wei-Yen, Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lin, Xu, Lind, Lars, Linneberg, Allan, Lissner, Lauren, Litwin, Mieczyslaw, Liu, Jing, Loit, Helle-Mai, Lopes, Luis, Lopez, Tania, Lopez-Garcia, Esther, Lorbeer, Roberto, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Jose Eugenio, Luksiene, Dalia, Lundqvist, Annamari, Lundqvist, Robert, Lunet, Nuno, Lytsy, Per, Ma, Guansheng, Ma, Jun, Machado-Coelho, George L. L., Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M., Machi, Suka, Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J., Magriplis, Emmanuella, Maire, Bernard, Majer, Marjeta, Makdisse, Marcia, Malekzadeh, Fatemeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rahul, Malyutina, Sofia, Maniego, Lynell V., Manios, Yannis, Mann, Jim I., Manzato, Enzo, Margozzini, Paula, Markaki, Anastasia, Markey, Oonagh, Ioannidou, Eliza Markidou, Marques, Larissa Pruner, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Marrugat, Jaume, Martin, Rosemarie, Martin-Prevel, Yves, Martorell, Reynaldo, Martos, Eva, Marventano, Stefano, Masoodi, Shariq R., Mathiesen, Ellisiv B., Mathur, Prashant, Matijasevich, Alicia, Matsha, Tandi E., Mazur, Artur, Mbanya, Jean Claude N., McFarlane, Shelly R., Mckee, Martin, McLachlan, Stela, McLean, Rachael M., McLean, Scott B., McNulty, Breige A., Yusof, Safiah Md, Mediene-Benchekor, Sounnia, Medzioniene, Jurate, Mehdipour, Parinaz, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Meisfjord, Jorgen, Meisinger, Christa, Menezes, Ana Maria B., Menon, Geetha R., Mensink, Gert B. M., Mereke, Alibek, Meshram, Indrapal I., Metspalu, Andres, Meyer, Haakon E., Mi, Jie, Michaelsen, Kim F., Michels, Nathalie, Mikkel, Kairit, Miller, Jody C., Minderico, Claudia S., Francisco Miquel, Juan, Mirkopoulou, Daphne, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Misigoj-Durakovic, Marjeta, Mistretta, Antonio, Mocanu, Veronica, Modesti, Pietro A., Moghaddam, Sahar Saeeidi, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed, Mostafa K., Mohammad, Kazem, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mohanna, Salim, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd, Mohebi, Farnam, Moitry, Marie, Molbo, Drude, Mollehave, Line T., Moller, Niels C., Molnar, Denes, Momenan, Amirabbas, Mondo, Charles K., Monterrubio, Eric A., Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K., Moon, Jin Soo, Moreira, Leila B., Morejon, Alain, Moreno, Luis A., Morgan, Karen, Morin, Suzanne, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Moschonis, George, Mossakowska, Malgorzata, Mota, Jorge, Mota-Pinto, Anabela, Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel, Motta, Jorge, Msyamboza, Kelias P., Mu, Thet Thet, Muc, Magdalena, Mugosa, Boban, Muiesan, Maria Lorenza, Mukhtorova, Parvina, Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina, Murphy, Neil, Mursu, Jaakko, Murtagh, Elaine M., Milanovic, Sanja Music, Musil, Vera, Nabipour, Iraj, Naderimagham, Shohreh, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidu, Balkish M., Nakamura, Harunobu, Namesna, Jana, Nang, Ei Ei K., Nangia, Vinay B., Nankap, Martin, Narake, Sameer, Nardone, Paola, Nauck, Matthias, Navarrete-Munoz, Eva Maria, Neal, William A., Nelis, Keiu, Nelis, Liis, Nenko, Ilona, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Chung T., Nguyen, Nguyen D., Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis E., Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Nishtar, Sania, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A., Norat, Teresa, Norie, Sawada, Noto, Davide, Al Nsour, Mohannad, Nurk, Eha, Nyirenda, Moffat, Obreja, Galina, Ochoa-Aviles, Angelica M., Oda, Eiji, Oh, Kyungwon, Ohara, Kumiko, Ohtsuka, Ryutaro, Olafsson, Orn, Anselmo Olinto, Maria Teresa, Oliveira, Isabel O., Oltarzewski, Maciej, Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Onat, Altan, O'Neill, Terence W., Ong, Sok King, Ono, Lariane M., Ordunez, Pedro, O'Reilly, Dermot, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Ana P., Ortiz, Pedro J., Osler, Merete, Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M., Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A., Overvad, Kim, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Padez, Cristina, Pagkalos, Ioannis, Pahomova, Elena, Pajak, Andrzej, Palli, Domenico, Palloni, Alberto, Palmieri, Luigi, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Arvind, Panza, Francesco, Papandreou, Dimitrios, Park, Soon-Woo, Parnell, Winsome R., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Pascanu, Ionela M., Patel, Nikhil D., Pecin, Ivan, Pednekar, Mangesh S., Peer, Nasheeta, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Peltonen, Markku, Pereira, Alexandre C., Perez, Cynthia M., Perez-Farinos, Napoleon, Peters, Annette, Petersmann, Astrid, Petkeviciene, Janina, Petrauskiene, Ausra, Peykari, Niloofar, Son Thai Pham, Pierannunzio, Daniela, Pigeot, Iris, Pikhart, Hynek, Pilav, Aida, Pilotto, Lorenza, Pistelli, Francesco, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Plans-Rubio, Pedro, Poh, Bee Koon, Pohlabeln, Hermann, Pop, Raluca M., Popovic, Stevo R., Porta, Miquel, Portegies, Marileen L. P., Posch, Georg, Poulimeneas, Dimitrios, Pouraram, Hamed, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Alison J., Price, Jacqueline F., Puder, Jardena J., Pudule, Iveta, Puhakka, Soile E., Puiu, Maria, Punab, Margus, Qasrawi, Radwan F., Qorbani, Mostafa, Tran Quoc Bao, Radhika, Madhari S., Radic, Ivana, Radisauskas, Ricardas, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mahmudur, Raitakari, Olli, Raj, Manu, Rajkumar, Hemalatha, Rakhmatulloev, Sherali, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramke, Jacqueline, Ramos, Elisabete, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rampal, Sanjay, Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna, Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A., Rasmussen, Mette, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M., Regecova, Valeria, Revilla, Luis, Ribas-Barba, Lourdes, Ribeiro, Robespierre, Riboli, Elio, Rigo, Fernando, Rinaldo, Natascia, de Wit, Tobias F. Rinke, Rito, Ana, Ritti-Dias, Raphael M., Rivera, Juan A., Robitaille, Cynthia, Rodrigues, Daniela, Rodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Maria, Rodriguez-Villamizar, Laura A., Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa, Romaguera, Dora, Rosengren, Annika, Rouse, Ian, Roy, Joel G. 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H., Stathopoulou M.G., Staub K., Stavreski B., Steene-Johannessen J., Stehle P., Stein A.D., Stergiou G.S., Stessman J., Stockl D., Stocks T., Stokwiszewski J., Stratton G., Stronks K., Strufaldi M.W., Sturua L., Suarez-Medina R., Sun C.-A., Sundstrom J., Sung Y.-T., Sunyer J., Suriyawongpaisal P., Swinburn B.A., Sy R.G., Sylva R.C., Szponar L., Tai E.S., Tammesoo M.-L., Tamosiunas A., Tan E.J., Tang X., Tanser F., Tao Y., Tarawneh M.R., Tarp J., Tarqui-Mamani C.B., TaxovaBraunerova R., Taylor A., Tchibindat F., Tebar W.R., Tell G., Tello T., Theobald H., Theodoridis X., Thijs L., Thuesen B.H., Ticha L., Timmermans E.J., Tjonneland A., Tolonen H.K., Tolstrup J.S., Topbas M., Topor-Madry R., Tormo M.J., Tornaritis M.J., Torrent M., Toselli S., Traissac P., Trichopoulos D., Trichopoulou A., Trinh O.T.H., Trivedi A., Tsao Y.-H., Tshepo L., Tsigga M., Tsugane S., Tulloch-Reid M.K., Tullu F., Tuomainen T.-P., Tuomilehto J., Turley M.L., Tynelius P., Tzotzas T., Tzourio C., Ueda P., Ugel 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Woodward M., Wu F.C., Wu J., Wu S., Xu H., Xu L., Yamborisut U., Yan W., Yang L., Yang X., Yang Y., Yardim N., Yaseri M., Ye X., Yiallouros P.K., Yngve A., Yoosefi M., Yoshihara A., You Q.S., You S.-L., Younger-Coleman N.O., Yusoff A.F., Zaccagni L., Zafiropulos V., Zamani F., Zambon S., Zampelas A., Zamrazilova H., Zapata M.E., Zaw K.K., Zdrojewski T., ZeljkovicVrkic T., Zeng Y., Zhao D., Zhao W., Zheng W., Zheng Y., Zholdin B., Zhou M., Zhu D., Zhussupov B., Zimmermann E., ZunigaCisneros J., Ezzati M., Bixby H, Bentham J, Zhou B, Di Cesare M, Paciorek CJ, Bennett JE, Taddei C, Stevens GA, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Carrillo-Larco RM, Khang Y-H, Sorić M, Gregg EW, Miranda JJ, Bhutta ZA, Savin S, Sophiea MK, Iurilli MLC, Solomon BD, Cowan MJ, Riley LM, Danaei G, Bovet P, Chirita-Emandi A, Hambleton IR, Hayes AJ, Ikeda N, Kengne AP, Laxmaiah A, Li Y, McGarvey ST, Mostafa A, Neovius M, Starc G, Zainuddin AA, Abarca-Gómez L, Abdeen ZA, Abdrakhmanova S, Abdul Ghaffar S, Abdul Hamid Z, Abubakar Garba J, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Acosta-Cazares B, Adams RJ, Aekplakorn W, Afsana K, Agdeppa IA, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Agyemang C, Ahmad MH, Ahmad NA, Ahmadi N, Ahmadvand A, Ahrens W, Ajlouni K, AlBuhairan F, AlDhukair S, Al-Hazzaa HM, Ali MM, Ali O, Alkerwi A, Al-Othman AR, Al-Raddadi R, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Aly E, Amarapurkar DN, Amouyel P, Amuzu A, Andersen LB, Anderssen SA, Ängquist LH, Anjana RM, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Araújo J, Ariansen I, Aris T, Arku RE, Arlappa N, Aryal KK, Aspelund T, Assah FK, Assunção MCF, Aung MS, Auvinen J, Avdicová M, Azevedo A, Azizi F, Azmin M, Babu BV, Baharudin A, Bahijri S, Baker JL, Balakrishna N, Bamoshmoosh M, Banach M, Bandosz P, Banegas JR, Barbagallo CM, Barceló A, Barkat A, Barros AJD, Barros MVG, Bata I, Batieha AM, Batista RL, Battakova Z, Batyrbek A, Baur LA, Beaglehole R, Bel-Serrat S, Ben Romdhane H, Benedics J, Benet M, Berkinbayev S, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Bernotiene G, Bettiol H, Bhagyalaxmi A, Bharadwaj S, Bhargava SK, Bi H, Bi Y, Biehl A, Bika Lele EC, Bikbov M, Bista B, Bjelica DJ, Bjerregaard P, Bjertness E, Bjertness MB, Björkelund C, Blokstra A, Bo S, Bobak M, Boddy LM, Boehm BO, Boeing H, Boggia JG, Boissonnet CP, Bonaccio M, Bongard V, Bopp M, Borchini R, Borghs H, Braeckevelt L, Braeckman L, Bragt MCE, Brajkovich I, Branca F, Breckenkamp J, Breda J, Brenner H, Brewster LM, Brian GR, Brinduse L, Bruno G, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Bugge A, Buoncristiano M, Burazeri G, Burns C, Cabrera de León A, Cacciottolo J, Cai H, Cama T, Cameron C, Camolas J, Can G, Cândido APC, Cañete F, Capanzana MV, Capuano E, Capuano V, Cardoso VC, Carlsson AC, Carmuega E, Carvalho MJ, Casanueva FF, Casas J-P, Caserta CA, Celikcan E, Censi L, Cesar JA, Chamukuttan S, Chan AW, Chan Q, Chaturvedi HK, Chaturvedi N, Che Abdul Rahim N, Chen C-J, Chen F, Chen H, Chen S, Chen Z, Cheng C-Y, Cheng YJ, Chetrit A, Chikova-Iscener E, Chiolero A, Chiou S-T, Chirlaque M-D, Cho B, Cho Y, Christensen K, Christofaro DG, Chudek J, Cifkova R, Cilia M, Cinteza E, Claessens F, Clarke J, Clays E, Concin H, Confortin SC, Cooper C, Coppinger TC, Costanzo S, Cottel D, Cowell C, Craig CL, Crampin AC, Crujeiras AB, Cruz JJ, Cucu A, Cui L, Dallongeville J, Damasceno A, Damsgaard CT, Dankner R, Dantoft TM, D’Arrigo G, Dasgupta P, Dastgiri S, Dauchet L, Davletov K, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, De Curtis A, de Gaetano G, De Henauw S, de Oliveira PD, De Ridder K, de Rooij SR, De Smedt D, Deepa M, Deev AD, Dehghan A, Delisle H, Delpeuch F, Dennison E, Deschamps V, Dhana K, Dhimal M, Di Castelnuovo AF, Dias-da-Costa JS, Diaz A, Dika Z, Djalalinia S, Do HTP, Dobson AJ, Donati MB, Donfrancesco C, Donoso SP, Döring A, Dorobantu M, Dorosty AR, d’Orsi E, Doua K, Drygas W, Duan JL, Duante CA, Duda RB, Duleva V, Dulskiene V, Dumith SC, Dzerve V, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Eddie R, Egbagbe EE, Eggertsen R, Eiben G, Ekelund U, El Ati J, Eldemire-Shearer D, Eliasen M, Elliott P, Engle-Stone R, Erasmus RT, Erem C, Eriksen L, Eriksson JG, Escobedo-de la Peña J, 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Gualdi-Russo E, Gudmundsson EF, Gudnason V, Guerrero R, Guessous I, Guimaraes AL, Gulliford MC, Gunnlaugsdottir J, Gunter M, Guo X, Guo Y, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Gureje O, Gurzkowska B, Gutierrez L, Gutzwiller F, Hadaegh F, Hadjigeorgiou CA, Haghshenas R, Halkjær J, Hardy R, Hari Kumar R, Hassapidou M, Hata J, Haugsgjerd T, He J, He Y, Heidinger-Felso R, Heinen M, Hejgaard T, Hendriks ME, Henriques A, Hernandez Cadena L, Herrala S, Herrera VM, Herter-Aeberli I, Heshmat R, Hill AG, Ho SY, Ho SC, Hobbs M, Hofman A, Hopman WM, Horimoto ARVR, Hormiga CM, Horta BL, Houti L, Howitt C, Htay TT, Htet AS, Htike MMT, Hu Y, Huerta JM, Huhtaniemi IT, Huidumac Petrescu C, Huisman M, Husseini A, Huu CN, Huybrechts I, Hwalla N, Hyska J, Iacoviello L, Ibarluzea JM, Ibrahim MM, Ibrahim Wong N, Ikram MA, Irazola VE, Ishida T, Islam M, Ismail A-S, Ivkovic V, Iwasaki M, Jääskeläinen T, Jackson RT, Jacobs JM, Jaddou H, Jafar T, James K, Jamil KM, Jamrozik K, Janszky I, Janus E, Jarani J, Jarvelin M-R, Jasienska G, Jelakovic A, Jelakovic B, Jennings G, Jeong S-L, Jiang CQ, Jimenez RO, Joffres M, Johansson M, Jokelainen JJ, Jonas JB, Jørgensen T, Joshi P, Jovic DP, Józwiak J, Juolevi A, Jurak G, Juresa V, Kaaks R, Kafatos A, Kajantie EO, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kamaruddin NA, Kameli Y, Kapantais E, Karki KB, Kasaeian A, Katibeh M, Katz J, Katzmarzyk PT, Kauhanen J, Kaur P, Kavousi M, Kazakbaeva G, Keil U, Keinan-Boker L, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Kelishadi R, Kelleher C, Kemper HCG, Kerimkulova A, Kersting M, Key T, Khader YS, Khalili D, Khateeb M, Khaw K-T, Kheiri B, Khosravi A, Khouw IMSL, Kiechl S, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Killewo J, Kim J, Kim Y-Y, Klimont J, Klumbiene J, Knoflach M, Koirala B, Kolle E, Kolsteren P, König J, Korpelainen R, Korrovits P, Korzycka M, Koskinen S, Kouda K, Kovacs VA, Kowlessur S, Koziel S, Kratzer W, Kriemler S, Kristensen PL, Krokstad S, Kromhout D, Kruger HS, Kubinova R, Kuciene R, Kuh D, Kujala UM, Kujundzic E, Kulaga Z, Kumar RK, Kunešová M, Kurjata P, 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M, McLachlan S, McLean RM, McLean SB, McNulty BA, Md Yusof S, Mediene-Benchekor S, Medzioniene J, Mehdipour P, Meirhaeghe A, Meisfjord J, Meisinger C, Menezes AMB, Menon GR, Mensink GBM, Mereke A, Meshram II, Metspalu A, Meyer HE, Mi J, Michaelsen KF, Michels N, Mikkel K, Miller JC, Minderico CS, Miquel JF, Mirkopoulou D, Mirrakhimov E, Misigoj-Durakovic M, Mistretta A, Mocanu V, Modesti PA, Moghaddam SS, Mohajer B, Mohamed MK, Mohammad K, Mohammadifard N, Mohan V, Mohanna S, Mohd Yusoff MF, Mohebi F, Moitry M, Molbo D, Møllehave LT, Møller NC, Molnár D, Momenan A, Mondo CK, Monterrubio EA, Monyeki KDK, Moon JS, Moreira LB, Morejon A, Moreno LA, Morgan K, Morin S, Mortensen EL, Moschonis G, Mossakowska M, Mota J, Mota-Pinto A, Motlagh ME, Motta J, Msyamboza KP, Mu TT, Muc M, Mugoša B, Muiesan ML, Mukhtorova P, Müller-Nurasyid M, Murphy N, Mursu J, Murtagh EM, Milanovic SM, Musil V, Nabipour I, Naderimagham S, Nagel G, Naidu BM, Nakamura H, Námešná J, Nang EEK, Nangia VB, Nankap M, Narake S, Nardone P, Nauck M, Navarrete-Muñoz EM, Neal WA, Nelis K, Nelis L, Nenko I, Nervi F, Nguyen CT, Nguyen ND, Nguyen QN, Nieto-Martínez RE, Ning G, Ninomiya T, Nishtar S, Noale M, Noboa OA, Norat T, Norie S, Noto D, Nsour MA, Nurk E, Nyirenda M, Obreja G, Ochoa-Avilés AM, Oda E, Oh K, Ohara K, Ohtsuka R, Olafsson Ö, Olinto MTA, Oliveira IO, Oltarzewski M, Omar MA, Onat A, O’Neill TW, Ong SK, Ono LM, Ordunez P, O’Reilly D, Ornelas R, Ortiz AP, Ortiz PJ, Osler M, Osmond C, Ostojic SM, Ostovar A, Otero JA, Overvad K, Owusu-Dabo E, Paccaud FM, Padez C, Pagkalos I, Pahomova E, Pająk A, Palli D, Palloni A, Palmieri L, Pan W-H, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Panza F, Papandreou D, Park S-W, Parnell WR, Parsaeian M, Pascanu IM, Patel ND, Pecin I, Pednekar MS, Peer N, Peixoto SV, Peltonen M, Pereira AC, Pérez CM, Perez-Farinos N, Peters A, Petersmann A, Petkeviciene J, Petrauskiene A, Peykari N, Pham ST, Pierannunzio D, Pigeot I, Pikhart H, Pilav A, Pilotto L, Pistelli F, Pitakaka F, Piwonska A, Plans-Rubió P, Poh BK, Pohlabeln H, Pop RM, Popovic SR, Porta M, Portegies MLP, Posch G, Poulimeneas D, Pouraram H, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Pradeepa R, Price AJ, Price JF, Puder JJ, Pudule I, Puhakka SE, Puiu M, Punab M, Qasrawi RF, Qorbani M, Quoc Bao T, Radhika MS, Radic I, Radisauskas R, Rahman M, Raitakari O, Raj M, Rajkumar H, Rakhmatulloev S, Ramachandra Rao S, Ramachandran A, Ramke J, Ramos E, Ramos R, Rampal L, Rampal S, Rao KM, Rascon-Pacheco RA, Rasmussen M, Redon J, Reganit PFM, Regecová V, Revilla L, Ribas-Barba L, Ribeiro R, Riboli E, Rigo F, Rinaldo N, Rinke de Wit TF, Rito A, Ritti-Dias RM, Rivera JA, Robitaille C, Rodrigues D, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Rodriguez-Perez MC, Rodríguez-Villamizar LA, Rojas-Martinez R, Rojroongwasinkul N, Romaguera D, Rosengren A, Rouse I, Roy JGR, Rubinstein A, Rühli FJ, Ruidavets J-B, Ruiz Moreno E, Ruiz-Betancourt BS, Russo P, Rust P, Rutkowski M, Sabanayagam C, Sachdev HS, Safiri S, Saidi O, Salanave B, Salazar-Martinez E, Salmerón D, Salomaa V, Salonen JT, Salvetti M, Sánchez-Abanto J, Sandjaja, Sans S, Santa-Marina L, Santos DA, Santos IS, Santos O, Santos R, Sanz SS, Saramies JL, Sardinha LB, Sarrafzadegan N, Saum K-U, Savva S, Savy M, Scazufca M, Schaffrath Rosario A, Schargrodsky H, Schienkiewitz A, Schindler K, Schipf S, Schmidt CO, Schmidt IM, Schöttker B, Schultsz C, Schutte AE, Sebert S, Sein AA, Selamat R, Sember V, Sen A, Senbanjo IO, Sepanlou SG, Sequera V, Serra-Majem L, Servais J, Shalnova SA, Sharma SK, Shaw JE, Shengelia L, Shibuya K, Shimizu-Furusawa H, Shin DW, Shin Y, Siani A, Siantar R, Sibai AM, Silva AM, Silva DAS, Simon M, Simons J, Simons LA, Si-Ramlee K, Sjöberg A, Sjöström M, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Slusarczyk P, Smeeth L, Snijder MB, So H-K, Sobngwi E, Söderberg S, Soekatri MYE, Soemantri A, Solfrizzi V, Sonestedt E, Song Y, Sørensen TIA, Sossa Jérome C, Soumaré A, Spinelli A, Spiroski I, Staessen JA, Stamm H, Stathopoulou MG, Staub K, Stavreski B, Steene-Johannessen J, Stehle P, Stein AD, 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Vanderschueren D, Vanuzzo D, Varela-Moreiras G, Varona-Pérez P, Vatten L, Vega T, Veidebaum T, Velasquez-Melendez G, Velika B, Veronesi G, Verschuren WMM, Victora CG, Viegi G, Viet L, Vineis P, Vioque J, Virtanen JK, Visser M, Visvikis-Siest S, Viswanathan B, Vlasoff T, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Voutilainen A, Voutilainen S, Vrijheid M, Vrijkotte TGM, Wade AN, Wagner A, Waldhör T, Walton J, Wan Bebakar WM, Wan Mohamud WN, Wanderley RS, Jr, Wang M-D, Wang Q, Wang X, Wang YX, Wang Y-W, Wannamethee SG, Wareham N, Weber A, Weerasekera D, Weghuber D, Wei W, Whincup PH, Widhalm K, Widyahening IS, Wiecek A, Wijga AH, Wilks RJ, Willeit J, Willeit P, Wilsgaard T, Wojtyniak B, Wong JE, Wong TY, Wong-McClure RA, Woo J, Woodward M, Wu FC, Wu J, Wu S, Xu H, Xu L, Yamborisut U, Yan W, Yang L, Yang X, Yang Y, Yardim N, Yaseri M, Ye X, Yiallouros PK, Yngve A, Yoosefi M, Yoshihara A, You QS, You S-L, Younger-Coleman NO, Yusoff AF, Zaccagni L, Zafiropulos V, Zamani F, Zambon S, Zampelas A, Zamrazilová H, Zapata ME, Zaw KK, Zdrojewski T, Zeljkovic Vrkic T, Zeng Y, Zhao D, Zhao W, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Zholdin B, Zhou M, Zhu D, Zhussupov B, Zimmermann E, Zuñiga Cisneros J, Ezzati M, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K. [0000-0002-8339-9285], APH - Societal Participation & Health, APH - Aging & Later Life, Epidemiology and Data Science, Public and occupational health, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, and APH - Personalized Medicine
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Male ,Rural Population ,obesity ,Obesity, body mass index ,Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna ,Letter ,Urban Population ,Epidemiology ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,humanos ,body-mass index ,adolescente ,Geographic Mapping ,Sex Factor ,países desarrollados ,Rural Health ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.03.09 [https] ,systematic analysis ,Body Mass Index ,países en desarrollo ,80 and over ,risk factors ,Age Factor ,physical-activity ,mediana edad ,mapeo geográfico ,Aged, 80 and over ,anciano ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.18 [https] ,dieta ,Age Factors ,health ,adulto ,Middle Aged ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,adulto joven ,[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,estado nutricional ,nutrition ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,NUTRITION ,Female ,HEALTH ,pooled analysis ,Diet, Healthy ,worldwide trends ,Human ,Developed Countrie ,Adult ,Adolescent ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.03.04 [https] ,FOOD SYSTEM ,Socio-culturale ,Nutritional Status ,URBAN ,Aged ,Developed Countries ,Developing Countries ,Humans ,Obesity ,Sex Factors ,Urban Health ,Young Adult ,POOLED ANALYSIS ,Developing Countrie ,MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES ,SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS ,Urban rural Obesity Body-Mass-Index ,obesidad ,Middle-income countries ,food system ,urban ,weight ,Healthy ,Science & Technology ,índice de masa corporal ,Diet ,PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY ,WORLDWIDE TRENDS ,Risk factors ,[SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,[SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,WEIGHT - Abstract
Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories., This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust. H.B. was supported by a Medical Research Council Doctoral Training Partnership Studentship, J.B. by a Royal Society Research Grant, and M.D.C. by an Academy of Medical Sciences Springboard Award. We thank L. Jaacks, B. Popkin, S. Sundberg and W. Willett for recommendations of relevant citations. The authors are responsible for the views expressed in this Letter and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated.
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- 2019