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A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccobacillus-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain H23T48T, was isolated from the faecal sample of an oriental stork collected from the Seoul Grand Park Zoo in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Optimal growth of strain H23T48Twas observed at 30–37 °C, pH 8 and with 3 % (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain H23T48Twas closely related to the genusFlaviflexus, with 97.0 and 96.7 % sequence similarities toFlaviflexus salsibiostraticolaEBR4-1-2TandFlaviflexus huanghaiensisH5T, respectively. Strain H23T48Tpossessed MK-9(H4) as the major menaquinone and C16 : 0(42.4 %), C18 : 1 ω9c(31.3 %) and C14 : 0(17.7 %) as the major cellular fatty acids. The polar lipids included phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids, six unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycophospholipids. The amino acid composition of the cell-wall peptidoglycan wasl-alanine,l-lysine,d-glutamic acid,l-aspartic acid and glycine. The genomic G+C content of strain H23T48Tis 59.5 mol% and the average nucleotide identity value between H23T48TandF. salsibiostraticolaKCT C33148T(=EBR4-1-2T) is 75.5 %. Based on the obtained data, strain H23T48Trepresents a novel species of the genusFlaviflexus, for which the nameFlaviflexus ciconiaesp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H23T48T(=KCTC 49253T=JCM 33282T).

A novel, Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain H21T32T, was isolated from the faeces of an Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana. Cells formed cocci grouped in pairs, tetrads or conglomerates, and colonies on solid medium were pale yellow. Strain H21T32T belonged to the genus Jeotgalibaca , family Carnobacteriaceae , order Lactobacillales and class Bacilli . The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strain showed 97.06–97.34, 96.17–96.31 and 95.93–96.07 % similarity to the type strains of Jeotgalibaca arthritidis , J. porci and J. dankookensis , respectively. The strain grew at 10–37 °C (optimum temperature: 30 °C), with 0–7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum salinity: 0.5 %) and at pH 7–9 (optimum pH: 8). The main cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1 ω9c, C18 : 1 ω9c and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Respiratory quinones were not detected. Sugar components of the peptidoglycan were rhamnose, ribose and glucose. Amino acid components of the cell wall were l-alanine, d-glucose, l-lysine, glycine and aspartic acid. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 37.1 mol%. Average nucleotide identity between strain H21T32T and J. arthritidis CECT 9157T was 77.02 %, confirming that strain H21T32T represents a novel species of the genus Jeotgalibaca , for which the name Jeotgalibaca ciconiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H21T32T (=KCTC 33991T=JCM 33222T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, reddish-orange-coloured, gliding bacterial strain, designated L12M1T, was isolated from the gut of the Korean scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain L12M1T formed a monophyletic clade with the strains in the genus Flammeovirga and showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flammeovirga kamogawensis YS10T (98.66 %). The major cellular fatty acids of strain L12M1T were iso-C15 : 0 and C20 : 4ω6,9,12,15c. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major polyamines were spermidine, cadaverine and the minor polyamine was putrescine. The DNA G+C content was 32.1 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic results indicated that strain L12M1T represents a novel species of the genus Flammeovirga , for which the name Flammeovirga pectinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L12M1T (=KCTC 62750T=JCM 33169T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, obligate aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, and flagellated bacterium, designated S11R28T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a Korean shiner, Coreoleuciscus splendidus. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain S11R28T was identified as member of the genus Undibacterium in class Betaproteobacteria , and was closely related to Undibacterium parvum DSM 23061T (98.49 %). The isolate grew at 4–25 °C, pH 6–9, with 0 % (w/v) NaCl, and grew optimally at 20 °C, pH 8, in the absence of NaCl. The main cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 and summed features 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The strain possessed diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine as predominant polar lipids, and ubiquinone Q-8 as a respiratory quinone. The polyamine profile composed of 2-hydroxyputrescine, spermidine, putrescine, and benzoic acid. A genomic DNA G+C content was 51.4 mol%. The average nucleotide identity between strains S11R28T and U. parvum DSM 23061T was 78.66 %. Thus, Undibacterium piscinae can be considered a novel species within the genus Undibacterium with the type strain S11R28T (=KCTC 62668T=JCM 33224T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-violet-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain H11R3T, was isolated from the feces of Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana, collected from Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that H11R3T formed a monophyletic clade with Iodobacter fluviatilis DSM 3764T, Iodobacter arcticus DSM 100243T, and Iodobacter limnosediminis DSM 103822T, with sequence similarities of 98.8, 98.6 and 98.4 %, respectively. H11R3T grew optimally at 15 °C, pH 8, with 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8), and polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids, four unidentified phospholipids, and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 and C16 : 0, and the DNA G+C content of the genome is 48.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) value between strains H11R3T and I. fluviatilis NCTC 11159T (=DSM 3764T) is 83.7 %. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain H11R3T represents a novel species of the genus Iodobacter for which the name Iodobacter ciconiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H11R3T (=KCTC 62666T=JCM 33283T).

A novel bacterial isolate, designated as strain BM15T, was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a blood cockle, Tegillarca granosa, which was collected from the foreshore of Beolgyo-eup, Republic of Korea. Strain BM15T was Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic and short-rod-shaped. Optimum growth of the isolate occurred at 20 °C, in the presence of 4 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 6. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain BM15T belonged to the genus Paracoccus and had more than 97 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to ‘ Paracoccus zhejiangensis ’ J6 (97.40 % similarity) and Paracoccus lutimaris HDM-25T (97.04 %). The polar lipid profile of strain BM15T comprised phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The major cellular fatty acid (>20 %) was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c). The complete genome sequence of strain BM15T comprised 3,759,866 bp with 62.2 mol% G+C content. The results of the phylogenetic, phenotypic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain BM15T represents a novel species in the genus Paracoccus , for which the name Paracoccus tegillarcae is proposed. The type strain is BM15T (=KCTC 72032T=JCM 33289T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped, flagellated bacterial strain, designated AMac2203T, was isolated from the gut of the cinereous vulture, Aegypiusmonachus, collected from the Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Republic of Korea. Strain AMac2203T grew optimally at 15–25 °C, pH 7–8 and in the presence of 3–5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 97.4–97.9 % and 96.9–97.3 % sequence similarities of the 16S rRNA genes to its counterparts in Oceanisphaera profunda SM1222T and Oceanisphaera ostreae T-w6T, respectively. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) of strain AMac2203T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 0 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c, 33.6 %), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c, 24.5 %) and C16 : 0 (19.9 %). The primary isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8. Polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified amino lipid and an unidentified lipid. Based on complete genome sequencing of strain AMac2203T and the closest related type strain, O. profunda , the OrthoANI value is 77.5 %, which is below the 95 % cut-off for species demarcation. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain AMac2203T is 47.1 mol%. Thus, strain AMac2203T represents a novel species candidate of the genus Oceanisphaera . We propose the name Oceanisphaera avium sp. nov., with strain AMac2203T (=KCTC 62118T=JCM 32207T) as the type strain.

A novel coccus-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and aerobic bacterium, designated strain NSG39T, was isolated from the intestine of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the newly isolated strain NSG39T was closely related to Tessaracoccus flavus RP1T (98.0 %). The isolate grew at 15–37 °C, pH 7–9 and 0–4 % (w/v) salinity, with optimal growth at 30 °C, pH 8 and 0 % (w/v) salinity. The cell wall of the organism contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as a diagnostic diamino acid, and ribose, mannose, glucose and galactose as diagnostic sugars. The polar lipid comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, three glycolipids and four unidentified polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 (47.2 %). The major menaquinone was MK-9 (H4). The DNA G+C content of the isolate was 68.8 mol%. The genome-based orthologous average nucleotide identity value for strain NSG39T and T. flavus RP1T was 76.6 %. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and its biological characteristics, strain NSG39T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tessaracoccus , for which the name Tessaracoccus aquimaris is proposed. The type strain is NSG39T (=KACC 17540T=JCM 19289T).

A rod-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, motile and aerobic bacterium, designated LM2416T, was isolated from faeces of Lophuras winhoii living in Seoul Grand Park, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain LM2416T belonged to the genus Virgibacillus , sharing high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Virgibacillus necropolis LMG 19488T (99.0 %), Virgibacillus carmonensis LMG 20964T (98.4 %), Virgibacillus arcticus Hal 1T (98.3 %) and Virgibacillus flavescens S1-20T (97.9 %). The isolate grew at 10–30 °C, pH 6–7 and 0–20 % (w/v) NaCl. Optimal growth was observed at 30 °C, pH 6–7 and 10 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0. Polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unknown phospholipids and two unknown aminophospholipids. The main menaquinone was MK-7. Strain LM2416T had alanine, lysine, glutamic acid, glycine and aspartic acid as cell-wall amino acids and ribose as a cell-wall sugar. The whole genome sequences of strain LM2416T and V. necropolis KCTC 3820T were sequenced by PacBio RS II sequencing. The genome sequence-based G+C content of strain LM2416T was 39.5 mol%. The orthologous average nucleotide identity value, showing genetic relatedness between strain LM2416T and V. necropolis KCTC 3820T, was 78.3 %. Based on the phylogenetic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data presented in this study, strain LM2416T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus , for which the name Virgibacillus phasianinus is proposed. The type strain is LM2416T (=KCTC 33927T=JCM 32144T).

A strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and coccoid- or oval-shaped bacterium, designated strain KB1T, was isolated from a faecal sample of a patient with diverticulitis in South Korea. Degeneracies in the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KB1T were resolved by cloning, which yielded five different sequences with heterogeneity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KB1T formed a monophyletic branch with species in the genus Blautia , with highest sequence similarity to the type strain of Blautia producta (97.7–98.9 %), followed by Blautia coccoides (97.5–98.1 %). Strain KB1T was able to grow at temperatures of between 15 and 42 °C, with optimal growth at 37 °C, and in the presence of 20 % dehydrated bile. Acetic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid and fumaric acid were produced by strain KB1T from Gifu anaerobic medium broth as metabolic fermentation end-products. The major cellular fatty acids of strain KB1T were C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 dimethyl aldehyde. The DNA G+C content was 46.3 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value between strain KB1T and the type strain of B. producta was 84.1 %. On the basis of polyphasic analysis, strain KB1T represents a novel species in the genus Blautia , for which the name Blautia hominis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KB1T (=KCTC 15618T=JCM 32276T).

A novel coccus-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and facultative aerobic bacterium, designated strain D7T301T, was isolated from the small intestine of a marten, Martes flavigula, which was killed on the road in Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Grown on a tryptic soy yeast agar plate, colonies had a creamy colour and irregular form. The new isolate formed a monophyletic clade with Vagococcus penaei CD276T on a phylogenetic consensus tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The isolate grew optimally at 37 °C and pH 7 in the presence of 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The isolate was catalase- and oxidase-negative. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was type A4α l-Lys-d-Asp. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C14 : 0, and C16 : 1 ω9c. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7 (85.1 %). The DNA G+C content based on genome sequencing was 33.8 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value obtained from comparative genomic analysis between strain D7T301T and V. penaei CIP 109914T was 72.6 %. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic analyses, Vagococcus martis is proposed as a novel species of the genus Vagococcus . The type strain is D7T301T (=KCTC 21069T=JCM 31178T).

A novel bacterium, designated as strain AM134T, was isolated from the gut of a purple sea urchin (Heliocidaris crassispina) gathered from the coastal waters of Dokdo, Korea. Strain AM134T was Gram-stain-negative, both catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic and showed a rod-coccus cell cycle. Optimum growth occurred at 30 °C, in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain AM134T belonged to the genus Microbulbifer in the family Alteromonadaceae and had high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (>97 %) with Microbulbifer epialgicus F-104T (98.9 % similarity) and Microbulbifer variabilis Ni-2088T (98.6 % similarity). The polar lipid profile of strain AM134T was composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, three unidentified aminophospholipids, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified amino lipid and six unidentified lipids. The major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c) and C16 : 0. The DNA–DNA hybridization analysis showed that the strain shared less than 28 % genomic relatedness with Microbulbifer epialgicus DSM 18651T (27±3 %) and Microbulbifer variabilis ATCC 700307T (15±1 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 56.1 mol%. The results of the phylogenetic, phenotypic and genotypic analyses suggest that strain AM134T represents a novel species in the genus Microbulbifer , for which the name Microbulbifer echini is proposed. The type strain is AM134T (=KACC 18258T=JCM 30400T).

A novel Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium, designated strain TBS-100T, was isolated from the faeces of a crested ibis, Nipponia nippon. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the closest relative of TBS-100T was Flexivirga alba DSM 24460T with 97.11 % sequence similarity, and that strain TBS-100T belonged to the genus Flexivirga . The optimum growth conditions for strain TBS-100T were 30 °C, at a pH of 7 and in the presence of 0 % (w/v) NaCl. The primary cellular fatty acids of strain TBS-100T were anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The predominant isoprenoid quinones were MK-8 (H4) (70.2 %) and MK-8 (H6) (29.7 %). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, seven unidentified lipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The whole-cell sugars of strain TBS-100T were ribose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose and mannose. The peptidoglycan contained alanine, lysine, glutamic acid, glycine and aspartic acid. The DNA G+C content was 64.8 mol%. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain TBS-100T represents a novel species of the genus Flexivirga for which the name Flexivirga lutea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TBS-100T (=KCTC 39625T=JCM 31200T). In addition, an emended description of the genus Flexivirga is proposed.

A novel Proteus-like, Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain JS9T, was isolated from Korean fermented seafood, Jeotgal. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain JS9T belonged to the genus Proteus in the family Enterobacteriaceae. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of strain JS9T was to Proteus vulgaris KCTC 2579T (98.98 %) and the genomic DNA G+C content is 39.0 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization values were measured and strain JS9T showed

A novel strain, designated AM23T, was isolated from the gut of a purple sea urchin Heliocidaris crassispina collected from the coastal waters of the Korean island Dokdo. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain AM23T belonged to the genus Arthrobacter in the family Micrococcaceae and shared highest sequence similarity with Arthrobacter agilis DSM 20550T (98.77 %). Strain AM23T was catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and grew optimally at 20 °C, in the presence of 1 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7. The isolate was a Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, strictly aerobic and coccus-shaped bacterium. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The polar lipids of strain AM23T were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, one unidentified glycolipid and four unidentified lipids. The components of the cell-wall peptidoglycan were lysine, glutamic acid and alanine and the predominant cell-wall sugars were galactose, mannose, rhamnose and ribose. The major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone MK-9(H2). The genomic DNA G+C content was 67.3 mol% and the DNA–DNA hybridization values showed the strain shared less than 29 % genomic relatedness with A. agilis DSM 20550T. The results of the phylogenetic, phenotypic and genotypic analysis indicate that strain AM23T represents a novel species in the genus Arthrobacter, for which the name Arthrobacter echini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AM23T ( = KACC 18260T = DSM 29493T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, aerobic, beige-coloured and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain KHS02T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a Japanese flying squid, Todarodes pacificus, which was collected from the East Sea, Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KHS02T formed a monophyletic clade with Pseudahrensia aquimaris HDW-32T, with which it had the highest sequence similarity (98.67 %). Strain KHS02T grew optimally at pH 7 with 2 % (w/v) NaCl at 25 °C on marine broth 2216, but could not grow without Na+. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The major fatty acids (>10 % of the total) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c) and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipids of strain KHS02T comprised phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 58.6 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization showed that the isolate shared 16.2 ± 1.3 % (reciprocal, 15.7 ± 2.8 %) genomic relatedness with the type strain of the closest species. In conclusion, this isolate is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudahrensia, for which the name Pseudahrensia todarodis is proposed. The type strain is KHS02T ( = KACC 18257T = JCM 30419T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, obligately aerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium, designated strain CN1T, was isolated from the intestine of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. The optimum growth condition for strain CN1T was 25 °C, pH 7 and 0–1 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CN1T was in the genus Comamonas and that the nearest type strain was Comamonas koreensis YH12T with 98.65 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The primary cellular fatty acids of strain CN1T were summed feature 3 (comprised of C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (comprised of C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified lipid, an unidentified phospholipid and two aminophospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 65.5 mol%. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain CN1T represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas piscis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CN1T ( = KACC 18403T = JCM 30718T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain RSG39T, was isolated from the gut of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain RSG39T belonged to the genus Simplicispira in the class Betaproteobacteria and its highest sequence similarity was shared with S. psychrophila (98.4 %). The isolate grew optimally at 20 °C, at pH 7 and with 0 % (w/v) NaCl. The main respiratory quinone of the isolate was ubiquinone Q-8. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The polar lipids of the isolate were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and six unidentified lipids. The DNA–DNA hybridization values showed T represents a novel species of the genus Simplicispira, for which the name Simplocospira piscis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RSG39T ( = KACC 17539T = JCM 19291T).

Two strains, VM2412T and VR2415T, were isolated from the feces of an Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) living in Seoul Grand Park, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Cells of both strains were observed to be Gram-stain positive, non-motile, aerobic, catalase positive and oxidase negative. Growth was found to occur at 10-30°C, showing optimum growth at 30°C. The strains could tolerate up to 15% (w/v) NaCl concentration and grow at pH 6-9. The strains shared 99.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to each other but were identified as two distinct species based on 89.0-89.2% ANIb, 90.3% ANIm, 89.7% OrthoANI and 38.0% dDDH values calculated using whole genome sequences. Among species with validly published names, Brachybacterium ginsengisoli DCY80T shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with strains VM2412T (98.7%) and VR2415T (98.4%) and close genetic relatedness with strains VM2412T (83.3–83.5% ANIb, 87.0% ANIm, 84.3% OrthoANI and 27.8% dDDH) and VR2415T (82.8–83.2% ANIb, 86.7% ANIm, 83.9% OrthoANI and 27.2% dDDH). The major fatty acid of the two strains was identified as anteiso-C15:0 and the polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, presumptively phosphatidylethanolamine and three unidentified glycolipids. Strain VR2415T also produced an unidentified phospholipid. The cell walls of the two strains contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as diagnostic diamino acid and the whole cell sugars were ribose, glucose, and galactose. The strains contained MK-7 as their predominant menaquinone. The genomes of strains VM2412T, VR2415T, and B. ginsengisoli DCY80T were sequenced in this study. The genomic G+C contents of strains VM2412T and VR2415T were determined to be 70.8 and 70.4 mol%, respectively. A genome-based phylogenetic tree constructed using an up-to-date bacterial core gene set (UBCG) showed that the strains formed a clade with members of the genus Brachybacterium, supporting their taxonomic classification into the genus Brachybacterium. Based on phenotypic and genotypic analyses in this study, strains VM2412T and VR2415T are considered to represent two novel species of the genus Brachybacterium and the names Brachybacterium vulturis sp. nov. and Brachybacterium avium sp. nov. are proposed for strains VM2412T (=KCTC 39996T = JCM 32142T) and VR2415T (=KCTC 39997T = JCM 32143T), respectively.

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively aerobic, spore-forming, oxidase-positive, catalase- and DNase-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterial strain, AR23208T, was isolated from the gut of a cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), collected at Seoul Grand Park Zoo (Republic of Korea). Strain AR23208T grew optimally at 25–30 °C, at pH 7 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain AR23208T shared 98.2 and 97.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Tumebacillus algifaecis THMBR28T and Tumebacillus lipolyticus NIO-S10T, respectively. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) of strain AR23208T were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I) and anteiso-C15 : 0 and the primary isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, six unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid and ten unidentified lipids. The sugar components of the cell wall peptidoglycan were ribose and arabinose. The amino acids of the cell wall peptidoglycan were l-alanine, aspartic acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid, l-glutamic acid, glycine and l-lysine. The OrthoANI value based on the complete genome sequence of strain AR23208T and the closest related strain, T. algifaecis THMBR28T, was 80.4 %. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain AR23208T was 56.0 mol%. Based on the data presented in the current study, strain AR23208T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tumebacillus , for which the name Tumebacillus avium sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AR23208T (=KCTC 33929T=JCM 32188T).

A novel Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, non-motile, aerobic, saffron-coloured, rod-shaped bacterium that did not produce flexirubin-type pigments was designated strain EM7T and was distinct from other members of the genus Bizionia by produce carotenoid-type pigments and being able to grow independently of NaCl. Strain EM7T was isolated from the intestinal tract of an egg cockle, Fulvia mutica, which had been collected from the West Sea in Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain EM7T belonged to the genus Bizionia, and showed sequence similarity to Bizionia paragorgiae KMM 6029T (97.9 %) and Bizionia saleffrena HFDT (97.73 %). Growth occurred on marine agar 2216 at 0–25 °C (optimum, 20 °C) and at pH 6–9 (optimum, pH 7). Growth occurred in the presence of 0–10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2 %, w/v, NaCl). The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C16 : 0 3-OH. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-6. The polar lipids of strain EM7T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 34.8 mol%. Bizionia paragorgiae KMM 6029T and Bizionia saleffrena HFDT to Bizionia paragorgiae KCTC 12304T and Bizionia saleffrena CIP 108534T, respectively. Thus, it is proposed that the isolate represents a novel species, Bizionia fulviae sp. nov., with strain EM7T ( = KACC 18255T = JCM 30417T) as the type strain.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, strain PSPT56T, was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a pen shell (Atrina pectinata). Optimal growth of strain PSPT56Twas ascertained to occur at 30 °C, pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1–2 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain was catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω9c, C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8cand C17 : 0. Tuberculostearic acid was not present. The major cell-wall sugars were ribose, galactose, glucose and arabinose. Peptidoglycan amino acids weremeso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-8(H2). Strain PSPT56Tcontained phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified lipids and two unidentified amino-lipids. Mycolic acids were detected as constitutive components of the cell wall. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that strain PSPT56Twas most closely related toCorynebacterium testudinorisM935/96/4TandCorynebacterium felinumM714/95/5Twith 98.69 % and 97.01 % similarity, respectively. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments indicated less than 29.9 % relatedness to the phylogenetically closest species. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 67.6 mol%. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain PSPT56Trepresents a novel species within the genusCorynebacterium, for which the nameCorynebacterium atrinaeis proposed. The type strain is PSPT56T( = KACC 17525T = JCM 19266T).

A novel bacterium, designated strain WP70T, was isolated from the gut of a comb pen shell (Atrina pectinata) collected from the southern sea of Yeosu in Korea. The isolate was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain WP70T belonged to the genus Endozoicomonas . The highest level of sequence similarity (98.4 %) was shared with Endozoicomonas elysicola MKT110T. Optimal growth occurred in 2 % (w/v) NaCl at 30 °C and at pH 7. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The main respiratory quinone was Q-9. The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 50.5 mol% and DNA–DNA hybridization values indicated T represents a novel species of the genus Endozoicomonas , for which the name Endozoicomonas atrinae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WP70T ( = KACC 17474T = JCM 19190T).

A novel, Gram-staining-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium, strain WL80T, was isolated from the gut of an abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, collected from the northern coast of Jeju in Korea. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7–8 and with 1 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain WL80T fell within the cluster of the genus Actinomyces , with highest sequence similarity to the type strains of Actinomyces radicidentis (98.8 % similarity) and Actinomyces urogenitalis (97.0 % similarity). The major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω9c and C16 : 0. Menaquinone-10 (H4) was the major respiratory quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content of the isolate was 70.4 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization values with closely related strains indicated less than 7.6 % genomic relatedness. The results of physiological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain WL80T represents a novel species of the genus Actinomyces , for which the name Actinomyces haliotis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WL80T ( = KACC 17211T = JCM 18848T).

A novel Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain WM67T, was isolated from the gut of an abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) collected from the northern coast of Jeju Island in Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain WM67Tclustered in the genusPseudoruegeria, and the highest sequence similarity was shared withPseudoruegeria lutimaris(98.0 % similarity to the type strain). Optimal growth of the isolate occurred at 30 °C, pH 7–8 and with 1 % (w/v) NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7cand/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the major respiratory quinone. The polar lipids of strain WM67Tcomprised phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified glycolipid and three unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 66.5 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization indicated Pseudoruegeria. The physiological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain WM67Trepresents a novel species ofPseudoruegeria, for which the namePseudoruegeria haliotissp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WM67T( = KACC 17214T = JCM 18872T).

A Gram-negative, nonmotile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain LHW35(T), which belonged to the genus Paenibacillus, was isolated from marine sediment collected from the south coast of the Republic of Korea. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain LHW35(T) was most closely related to Paenibacillus taiwanensis G-soil-2-3(T) (97.2% similarity). The optimal growth conditions for strain LHW35(T) were 37°C, pH 6.0, and 0% (w/v) NaCl. The main isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and the major polyamine was spermidine. The diamino acid present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and C16:0. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified amino-hospholipids, unidentified phospholipids, and unidentified polar lipids. A DNA-DNA hybridization experiment using the type strain of P. taiwanensis indicated

A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium, strain C7T, was isolated from the gut of the butterfly Sasakia charonda. Strain C7T grew optimally at 20–25 °C, at pH 7–8 and with 1 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain was negative for oxidase activity but positive for catalase activity. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain C7T and Orbus hercynius CN3T shared 96.8 % similarity. The major fatty acids identified were C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 2 (comprising C14 : 0 3-OH/iso-C16 : 1). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The polar lipids of strain C7T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA extracted from strain C7T was 32.1 mol%. Taken together, the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses indicate that strain C7T represents a novel species of the genus Orbus , for which the name Orbus sasakiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C7T ( = KACC 16544T = JCM 18050T). An emended description of the genus Orbus is provided.

A Gram-negative, motile, facultatively anaerobic rod, designated A36T, was isolated from a dead ark clam found on the south coast of Korea. The isolate was catalase- and oxidase-negative. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain A36T was most closely related to Kistimonas asteriae KMD 001T, with which it shared 98.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain A36T grew optimally at 30–37 °C, with 1 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 8.0. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-9 (Q-9). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylserine, phosphoethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 2-OH) and C16 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content was 47.3 mol%. DNA–DNA relatedness between the isolate and K. asteriae JCM 15607T was T represents a novel species of the genus Kistimonas , for which the name Kistimonas scapharcae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A36T ( = KACC 16204T = JCM 17805T). An emended description of the genus Kistimonas is also provided.

A novel Gram-staining-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain LHW37T, was isolated from a dead ark clam collected on the south coast of Korea. The novel strain grew optimally at 37 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and with 2 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) and the predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the novel strain was most closely related to Neptunomonas japonica JAMM 0745T (97.1 % sequence similarity). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain LHW37T was 48.2 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness values recorded in hybridization experiments between the novel strain and its closest known relative were ≤18 %. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain LHW37T represents a novel species belonging to the genus Neptunomonas for which the name Neptunomonas concharum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LHW37T ( = KACC 15543T = JCM 17730T). An emended description of the genus Neptunomonas is also provided.

A novel Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, strain M97T, was isolated from marine sediment of a cage-cultured ark clam farm on the south coast of Korea. Strain M97T was positive for oxidase and catalase. Optimal growth occurred at 37 °C, with 1–2 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7–8. The main cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c, C12 : 0 3-OH and cyclo-C19 : 0ω8c. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, an unknown aminolipid and three unknown lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain M97T belongs to the genus Tropicimonas , with highest sequence similarity to Tropicimonas aquimaris DPG-21T (99.0 %). The DNA G+C content of strain M97T was 68.5 mol%. Mean DNA–DNA relatedness between strain M97T and T. aquimaris DPG-21T was 46±10 %. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and genotypic analyses, strain M97T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tropicimonas , for which the name Tropicimonas sediminicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M97T ( = KACC 15544T = JCM 17731T).

A novel strain, designated strain W113T, was isolated from the gut of an abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, which was collected from the northern coast of Jeju in Korea. The isolate was a Gram-staining-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium producing yellow-to-orange carotenoid-type pigments. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Actibacter in the family Flavobacteriaceae and it shared the highest sequence similarity with the type strain of Actibacter sediminis (98.8 % similarity). Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, at pH 7 and with 2 % (w/v) NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 G. Menaquinone-6 was the main respiratory quinone. The polar lipids of the isolate were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified amino lipids, and three unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 42.6 mol% and DNA–DNA hybridization values indicated that the strain shared T represents a novel species in the genus Actibacter , for which the name Actibacter haliotis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W113T ( = KACC 17209T = JCM 18868T).

A novel Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-motile, yellow-to-orange carotenoid-type-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain WP25T, was isolated from the intestine of a comb pen shell, Atrina pectinata, which was collected from the South Sea near Yeosu in Korea. The isolate grew optimally at 20 °C, at pH 7 and with 2 % (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain WP25T belonged to the genus Polaribacter in the family Flavobacteriaceae and the highest sequence similarity was shared with the type strain of Polaribacter sejongensis (98.5 %). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C15 : 1ω6c and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The main respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-6. The polar lipids of strain WP25T were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 31.2 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments indicated T represents a novel species in the genus Polaribacter , for which the name Polaribacter atrinae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain WP25T ( = KACC 17473T = JCM 19202T).

A novel Gram-negative, obligate aerobic, non-motile, and both coccobacillus- and bacillus-shaped bacterium, designated strain HYN18T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a honey bee (Apis mellifera). The isolate was oxidasenegative and catalase-positive. Strain HYN18T showed optimum growth at 25°C, pH 6–7, and in the presence of 1% (w/v) NaCl in trypticase soy broth medium. The isolate was negative for hydrolyses of starch, casein, gelatin and urea, indole production from tryptone and hemolysis on sheep blood agar. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and rpoB gene sequence showed that strain HYN18T was most closely related to Acinetobacter nectaris SAP 763.2T and A. boissieri SAP 284.1T with 98.3% and 98.1% similarity (16S rRNA gene), respectively, and 84.4% similarity with Acinetobacter nectaris SAP 763.2T (rpoB gene). The major cellular fatty acids were summed features 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c /C16:1ω6c ), C12:0 and C16:0. The main isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-9 (Q-9). The polar lipids of strain HYN18T were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 40.6 mol%. DNADNA hybridization experiments indicated less than 33 ± 10% relatedness to the closest phylogenetic species, Acinetobacter nectaris SAP 763.2T. Thus, the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses indicate that strain HYN18T is a novel species within the genus Acinetobacter, for which the name Acinetobacter apis is proposed. The type strain is HYN18T (=KACC 16906T =JCM 18575T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, yellow-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain WB5T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of an abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, collected from the northern coast of Jeju in Korea. The isolate grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7 and in the presence of 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain WB5T was clustered in the genus Cloacibacterium and shared the highest sequence similarity with C. normanense (98.2 % similarity). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. Menaquinone-6 was the major respiratory quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content was 29.6 mol%. The DNA–DNA hybridization values indicated Cloacibacterium . The results of physiological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses showed that strain WB5T represents a novel species of the genus Cloacibacterium , for which the name Cloacibacterium haliotis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WB5T ( = KACC 17210T = JCM 18869T).

A novel Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and lactic-acid-producing bacterium, designated strain ORL-24T, was isolated from the gut of the camel cricket,Diestrammena coreana. Optimal growth occurred at 37 °C, pH 8 and with 0 % (w/v) NaCl. The ratio ofl-lactate tod-lactate in strain ORL-24Twas 96 : 4. Lancefield antigen D was not detected. The strain was negative for oxidase activity and catalase activity. According to a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain ORL-24Twas most closely related to the type strain ofEnterococcus asini(96.9 % similarity). ComparativepheSandrpoAsequence analyses of strain ORL-24Tindicated that the strain belonged to the genusEnterococcus. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0and C18 : 1ω9c. The DNA G+C content was 41.3 mol%. Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain ORL-24Trepresents a novel species of the genusEnterococcus, for which the nameEnterococcus diestrammenaeis proposed. The type strain is ORL-24T( = KACC 16708T = JCM 18359T).

A novel Gram-negative, motile, and ovoid-shaped strain, LHWP3(T), which belonged to the family Planctomycetaceae in the phylum Planctomycetes, was isolated from a dead ark clam Scapharca broughtonii collected during a mass mortality event on the south coast of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate was most closely related to the type strain of Rhodopirellula baltica, with a shared 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 94.8%. The isolate grew optimally at 30°C in 4-6% (w/v) NaCl, and at pH 7. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). The dominant polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and unidentified polar lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16:0, C18:1 ω9c, and C18:0. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain LHWP3(T) was 53.0 mol%. Based on polyphasic taxonomic analyses, strain LHWP3(T) should be classified as a novel species in the genus Rhodopirellula in the family Planctomycetaceae, for which the name Rhodopirellula rosea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LHWP3(T) (=KACC 15560(T) =JCM 17759(T)).

A novel, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod- or coccoid-shaped bacterium, designated strain ORY33T, was isolated from the gut of a camel cricket (Diestrammena coreana). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain ORY33Tbelonged to the genusWeissella, with highest sequence similarity toWeissella koreensisS-5623T(97.7 %). The strain grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7 in the presence of 0 % (w/v) NaCl. Catalase and oxidase activities were negative. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ORY33Twas 45.1 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain ORY33Tand closely related members of the genusWeissellawere less than 27 %. The major fatty acids of strain ORY33Twere C18 : 1ω9c, C16 : 0and C14 : 0. Based on these phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses, strain ORY33Trepresents a novel species belonging to the genusWeissella, for which the nameWeisselladiestrammenaesp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ORY33T( = KACC 16890T = JCM 18559T).

A novel Gram-negative, non-motile, facultative anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain LEN33T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a butterfly (Mycalesis gotama). Strain LEN33T grew optimally at 37 °C in the presence of 1 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 9. The novel strain was oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. The major cellular fatty acids were C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and cyclo-C17 : 0. Strain LEN33T contained two unidentified lipids, three unidentified amino-phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain LEN33T was most closely related to Gibbsiella quercinecans FRB 97T and Gibbsiella dentisursi NUM 1720T, with 98.7 % similarities. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments indicated less than 40.7±2 % relatedness to the closest phylogenetic species, G. quercinecans FRB 97T. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 58.7 mol%. Phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analysis indicated that strain LEN33T represents a novel species within the genus Gibbsiella , for which the name Gibbsiella papilionis is proposed. The type strain is referred to as LEN33T ( = KACC 16707T = JCM 18389T). An emended description of the genus Gibbsiella is also proposed.

Strain LHWP2T, a novel, aerobic, budding, motile and ovoid bacterium belonging to the phylumPlanctomycetes, was isolated from a dead ark clam (Scapharca broughtonii) from the south coast of Korea. Strain LHWP2Tgrew optimally at 30 °C, in the presence of 4 % (w/v) NaCl, and at pH 7. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7cand/or C18 : 1ω6c(summed feature 8) and C18 : 1ω9c. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). The dominant polar lipid was identified as phosphatidylglycerol. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the novel strain was most closely related toBlastopirellula marinaDSM 3645T, with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 94.1 %. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain LHWP2Twas 49.5 mol%. Strain LHWP2Twas distinguished fromB. marinaDSM 3645Tbased on its optimum salinity, acid production from substrates, assimilation of substrates and DNA G+C content. Overall, these phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data suggest that strain LHWP2Tshould be classified as a novel species belonging to the genusBlastopirellula, for which the nameBlastopirellula cremeasp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LHWP2T( = KACC 15559T = JCM 17758T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, endospore forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain L10T, was isolated from marine sediment collected from the South Korean coast. The organism grew optimally under conditions of 30 °C, 1 % (w/v) NaCl and pH 6.0. It was oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain L10T was associated with the genus Paenibacillus and most closely related to Paenibacillus barcinonensis BP-23T (98.2 % similarity). The major fatty acids of strain L10T were iso-C14 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was the A1γ type, and the predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7. Strain L10T contained two unidentified lipids, an unidentified amino-phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 44 mol% and the DNA–DNA hybridization values with closely related strains were below 14±2 %. Based on phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic data, strain L10T should be classified as a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus . The name Paenibacillus oceanisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L10T ( = KACC 16203T = JCM 17814T).

A slightly halophilic, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile rod, designated TW15T, was isolated from an ark clam in South Korea. Growth occurred at 10–37 °C, with 1–5 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.0–10.0. Optimal growth occurred at 25–30 °C, with 2 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 8.0. Strain TW15T exhibited both oxidase and catalase activities. The major fatty acids of strain TW15T were summed feature 8 (consisting of C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The polar lipids of strain TW15T comprised phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified aminolipid and five unidentified lipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain TW15T was most closely related to Ruegeria lacuscaerulensis DSM 11314T (98.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). DNA–DNA relatedness with closely related strains was T represents a novel species of the genus Ruegeria , for which the name Ruegeria conchae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TW15T ( = KACC 15115T = JCM 17315T).

Two strains, designated TW92T and TW93, were isolated from marine sediment collected from the south coast of Korea. Cells of both strains were Gram-staining-negative, coccus-shaped, aerobic, motile and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Strain TW92T grew optimally in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl (range 1–5 %) while strain TW93 grew optimally in the presence of 1 % (w/v) NaCl (range 0–12 %), and both strains had an optimal growth temperature of 30 °C (range 4–37 °C). Strains TW92T and TW93 had the same optimum pH (pH 7), but differed in their ability to grow at pH 10. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that strains TW92T and TW93 were most closely related to Oceanisphaera donghaensis BL1T, with 98.8 % and 98.7 % similarity, respectively. Pairwise similarity between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains TW92T and TW93 was 99.9 %. The major fatty acids of both strains were summed features 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c/iso-C15 2-OH), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. Both strains possessed the ubiquinone Q-8 as the predominant respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol as the polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains TW92T and TW93 were 58.5 and 59.6 mol%, respectively. Genomic relatedness values based on DNA–DNA hybridization of strains TW92T and TW93 with related species were below 47 % and 31 %, respectively. DNA–DNA hybridization values between strains TW92T and TW93 were above 85 %. On the basis of a taxonomic study using polyphasic analysis, it is proposed that the two isolates represent a novel species, Oceanisphaera sediminis sp. nov., with strain TW92T ( = KACC 15117T = JCM 17329T) as the type strain and strain TW93 ( = KACC 15118 = JCM 17330) as an additional strain.

A novel Gram-positive, aerobic, motile, hemolytic, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium TW25(T) was isolated from a dead ark clam during a mass mortality event on the South coast of Korea. The strain grew optimally at 30°C, at pH 8-9, and with 1% (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain TW25(T) was associated with the genus Ornithinibacillus and that it was most closely related to the type strain of Ornithinibacillus californiensis (98.5% similarity). The dominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 and C16:0. The peptidoglycan amino acid type was A4β, containing L: -ornithine and D: -aspartic acid. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The G + C content of genomic DNA was 36.7 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with related strains revealed lower than 11 ± 3% relatedness. Based on this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain TW25(T) represents a novel species in the genus Ornithinibacillus, for which the name Ornithinibacillus scapharcae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TW25(T) (=KACC 15116(T) = JCM 17314(T)).

A Gram-positive, aerobic, rod- or coccus-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated DMZ1T, was isolated from soil of the Demilitarized Zone, South Korea. Strain DMZ1Tgrew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7–8 and with 1 % (w/v) NaCl. The isolate showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity withKnoellia aerolata5317S-21T(98.2 %). The cell-wall sugars were glucose and ribose. The peptidoglycan amino acids weremeso-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid and glycine. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0and iso-C14 : 0. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and five unknown phospholipids. The isolate did not contain mycolic acids. The DNA G+C content was 72.6 mol%. The isolate showed Knoellia. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and genotypic analysis indicated that strain DMZ1Trepresents a novel species of the genusKnoellia, for which the nameKnoellia locipacatisp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DMZ1T( = KACC 15114T = JCM 17313T).