Author: "Plymouth Marine Laboratory" / Topic: 13. climate action - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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98 results on '"Plymouth Marine Laboratory"'

1. Consistency of Satellite Climate Data Records for Earth System Monitoring

Author: Emilio Chuvieco, Michael Buchwitz, Thomas Popp, Victoria Bennett, Ulrika Willén, Benoit Meyssignac, Stefan G. H. Simis, Frank Paul, Wouter Dorigo, Shubha Sathyendranath, Philippe Ciais, Shaun Quegan, Rainer Hollmann, Christopher J. Merchant, Annett Bartsch, Carsten Brockmann, Thomas Lavergne, Tracy Scanlon, Fabrice Ardhuin, Ana Bastos, Richard G. Jones, Michaela I. Hegglin, Darren Ghent, Marc Schröder, Jacqueline Boutin, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), University of Reading (UOR), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation [Wien], Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geography [Zürich], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), School of Mathematics and Statistics [Sheffield] (SoMaS), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Zurich, and Popp, Thomas
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Climate change, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Task (project management), Consistency (database systems), Climate records, 1902 Atmospheric Science, 910 Geography & travel, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Remote sensing, Satellite observations, Metadata, Interdependence, Earth system science, 10122 Institute of Geography, 13. Climate action, Key (cryptography), Satellite, Data mining, Atmosphäre, computer
Abstract: Climate data records (CDRs) of essential climate variables (ECVs) as defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) derived from satellite instruments help to characterize the main components of the Earth system, to identify the state and evolution of its processes, and to constrain the budgets of key cycles of water, carbon, and energy. The Climate Change Initiative (CCI) of the European Space Agency (ESA) coordinates the derivation of CDRs for 21 GCOS ECVs. The combined use of multiple ECVs for Earth system science applications requires consistency between and across their respective CDRs. As a comprehensive definition for multi-ECV consistency is missing so far, this study proposes defining consistency on three levels: 1) consistency in format and metadata to facilitate their synergetic use (technical level); 2) consistency in assumptions and auxiliary datasets to minimize incompatibilities among datasets (retrieval level); and 3) consistency between combined or multiple CDRs within their estimated uncertainties or physical constraints (scientific level). Analyzing consistency between CDRs of multiple quantities is a challenging task and requires coordination between different observational communities, which is facilitated by the CCI program. The interdependencies of the satellite-based CDRs derived within the CCI program are analyzed to identify where consistency considerations are most important. The study also summarizes measures taken in CCI to ensure consistency on the technical level, and develops a concept for assessing consistency on the retrieval and scientific levels in the light of underlying physical knowledge. Finally, this study presents the current status of consistency between the CCI CDRs and future efforts needed to further improve it.
Published: 2020

2. North Atlantic warming over six decades drives decreases in krill abundance with no associated range shift

Author: Martin Edwards, Geraint A. Tarling, Angus Atkinson, Michael T. Burrows, Eric Goberville, Alistair Lindley, Pierre Hélaouët, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research [India] (CSIR), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Krill, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), QH301-705.5, Biogeography, Climate Change, Population Dynamics, Medicine (miscellaneous), Structural basin, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Latitude, Abundance (ecology), Animals, 14. Life underwater, Biology (General), Continuous Plankton Recorder, Atlantic Ocean, Ecosystem, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, biology, Arctic Regions, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Climate-change ecology, Fishes, Temperature, biology.organism_classification, Oceanography, Habitat, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Euphausiacea
Abstract: In the North Atlantic, euphausiids (krill) form a major link between primary production and predators including commercially exploited fish. This basin is warming very rapidly, with species expected to shift northwards following their thermal tolerances. Here we show, however, that there has been a 50% decline in surface krill abundance over the last 60 years that occurred in situ, with no associated range shift. While we relate these changes to the warming climate, our study is the first to document an in situ squeeze on living space within this system. The warmer isotherms are shifting measurably northwards but cooler isotherms have remained relatively static, stalled by the subpolar fronts in the NW Atlantic. Consequently the two temperatures defining the core of krill distribution (7–13 °C) were 8° of latitude apart 60 years ago but are presently only 4° apart. Over the 60 year period the core latitudinal distribution of euphausiids has remained relatively stable so a ‘habitat squeeze’, with loss of 4° of latitude in living space, could explain the decline in krill. This highlights that, as the temperature warms, not all species can track isotherms and shift northward at the same rate with both losers and winners emerging under the ‘Atlantification’ of the sub-Arctic., Martin Edwards et al. use data spanning from 1958–2017 from the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey of the North Atlantic Ocean to examine krill distribution and abundance in conjunction with sea surface temperatures and show a 50% decline in surface krill abundance with no associated range shift. These data show that where the northern and southern distributions were previously separated by 8° of latitude, they are now separated by 4°, indicating a warming-induced range constriction.
Published: 2021

3. Fast local warming is the main driver of recent deoxygenation in the northern Arabian Sea

Author: Shafer Smith, Michael Mehari, Muchamad Al Azhar, Zouhair Lachkar, Marina Lévy, Center for Prototype Climate Modeling, New York University [Abu Dhabi], NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences [New York] (CIMS), New York University [New York] (NYU), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stratification (water), Forcing (mathematics), Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, Life, QH501-531, Hindcast, 14. Life underwater, Deoxygenation, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, QH540-549.5, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Monsoon of South Asia, QE1-996.5, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geology, Sea surface temperature, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Thermocline
Abstract: The Arabian Sea (AS) hosts one of the most intense oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world. Observations suggest a decline in O2 in the northern AS over the recent decades accompanied by an intensification of the suboxic conditions there. Over the same period, the local sea surface temperature has risen significantly, particularly over the Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf, hereafter the Gulf), while summer monsoon winds may have intensified. Here, we simulate the evolution of dissolved oxygen in the AS from 1982 through 2010 and explore its controlling factors, with a focus on changing atmospheric conditions. To this end, we use a set of eddy-resolving hindcast simulations forced with winds and heat and freshwater fluxes from an atmospheric reanalysis. We find a significant deoxygenation in the northern AS, with O2 inventories north of 20∘ N dropping by over 6 % per decade between 100 and 1000 m. These changes cause an expansion of the OMZ volume north of 20∘ N at a rate of 0.6 % per decade as well as an increase in the volume of suboxia and the rate of denitrification by 14 and 15 % per decade, respectively. We also show that strong interannual and decadal variability modulate dissolved oxygen in the northern AS, with most of the O2 decline taking place in the 1980s and 1990s. Using a set of sensitivity simulations we demonstrate that deoxygenation in the northern AS is essentially caused by reduced ventilation induced by the recent fast warming of the sea surface, including in the Gulf, with a contribution from concomitant summer monsoon wind intensification. This is because, on the one hand, surface warming enhances vertical stratification and increases Gulf water buoyancy, thus inhibiting vertical mixing and ventilation of the thermocline. On the other hand, summer monsoon wind intensification causes a rise in the thermocline depth in the northern AS that lowers O2 levels in the upper ocean. Our findings confirm that the AS OMZ is strongly sensitive to upper-ocean warming and concurrent changes in the Indian monsoon winds. Finally, our results also demonstrate that changes in the local climatic forcing play a key role in regional dissolved oxygen changes and hence need to be properly represented in global models to reduce uncertainties in future projections of deoxygenation.
Published: 2021

4. Sediment reworking by the burrowing polychaete Hediste diversicolor modulated by environmental and biological factors across the temperate North Atlantic. A tribute to Gaston Desrosiers

Author: Patrick Gillet, Ronnie N. Glud, Gary T. Banta, Erik Kristensen, Martin Solan, Renald Belley, Robert C. Aller, Anthony Maire, Jonas S. Gunnarsson, Michael J. Townsend, Franck Gilbert, Philippe Cuny, Lois Calder, Stina Lindqvist, Xavier de Montaudouin, Emma Michaud, Stephen Widdicombe, Judith R. Renz, Luca Giorgio Bellucci, Stefan Hulth, Karl Norling, Philippe Archambault, Jasmin A. Godbold, Susanne P. Eriksson, Stefan Forster, Nils Volkenborn, Georges Stora, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Roskilde University, Institut des Sciences de la MER de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Québec-Océan, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Istituto di Scienze Marine [Bologna] (ISMAR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), University of Rostock, Mer, molécules et santé (MMS UCO), Université Catholique de l'Ouest (UCO)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of Southampton, Nordic Centre of Earth Evolution (NORDCEE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology [Gothenburg], Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmosphere [Hamilton] (NIWA), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Functional response group, Aquatic Science, Intraspecific variation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Bioturbation, Sediment reworking, Hediste diversicolor, Functional effect group, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, BioturbationSediment reworking, Organic matter, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Nereis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Biomass (ecology), biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Sediment, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Oceanography, chemistry, Ecosystèmes, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Particle mixing and irrigation of the seabed by benthic fauna (bioturbation) have major impacts on ecosystem functions such as remineralization of organic matter and sediment-water exchange. As a tribute to Prof. Gaston Desrosiers by the Nereis Park association, eighteen laboratories carried out a collaborative experiment to acquire a global snapshot of particle reworking by the polychaete Hediste diversicolor at 16 sites surrounding the Northern Atlantic. Organisms and soft sediments were collected during May – July at different geographical locations and, using a common laboratory protocol, particulate fluorescent tracers (‘luminophores’) were used to quantify particle transport over a 10-day period. Particle mixing was quantified using the maximum penetration depth of tracers (MPD), particle diffusive coefficients (Db), and non-local transport coefficients (r). Non-local coefficients (reflecting centimeter scale transport steps) ranged from 0.4 to 15 yr−1, and were not correlated across sites with any measured biological (biomass, biovolume) or environmental parameters (temperature, grain size, organic matter). Maximum penetration depths (MPD) averaged ~10.7 cm (6.5–14.5 cm), and were similar to the global average bioturbation depth inferred from short-lived radiochemical tracers. MPD was also not correlated with measures of size (individual biomass), but increased with grain size and decreased with temperature. Biodiffusion (Db) correlated inversely with individual biomass (size) and directly with temperature over the environmental range (Q10 ~ 1.7; 5–21 °C). The transport data were comparable in magnitude to rates reported for localized H. diversicolor populations of similar size, and confirmed some but not all correlations between sediment reworking and biological and environmental variables found in previous studies. The results imply that measures of particle reworking activities of a species from a single location can be generally extrapolated to different populations at similar conditions.
Published: 2021

5. ACIX-Aqua: A global assessment of atmospheric correction methods for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 over lakes, rivers, and coastal waters

Author: Peter D. Hunter, Kohei Arai, Martin Ligi, Krista Alikas, Lino Augusto Sander de Carvalho, Leif G. Olmanson, Nima Pahlevan, Claudio Clemente Faria Barbosa, Simon Bélanger, Caren Binding, François Régis Martin-Lauzer, Sindy Sterckx, Moritz K. Lehmann, Thierry Tormos, Claudia Giardino, Daniela Gurlin, Yongzhen Fan, Evangelos Spyrakos, Stefan G. H. Simis, Nathalie Reynaud, Kerstin Stelzer, Susanne Kratzer, Natascha Oppelt, François Steinmetz, Mark Warren, Yanqun Pan, Andrew N. Tyler, Joji Ishikaza, Brandon I Smith, Tristan Harmel, Quinten Vanhellemont, Mariano Bresciani, Ronghua Ma, Antoine Mangin, Steef Peters, Sundarabalan V. Balasubramanian, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), GeoSensing and Imaging Consultancy (GeoSI), Tartu Observatory, Saga University [Japon], National Institute for Space Research [Sao José dos Campos] (INPE), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente [Napoli] (IREA-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Napoli] (CNR), Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), Stevens Institute of Technology [Hoboken], Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Stirling, Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research [Nagoya] (ISEE), Nagoya University, Stockholm University, University of Waikato [Hamilton], Nanjing Institute of Geography Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Minnesota System, Kiel University, Arctus Inc. (ARCTUS), Water Insight, Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), HYGEOS (SARL), Brockmann Consult, Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek [Mol] (VITO), Pôle Écla - écosystèmes lacustres (ECLA), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Office français de la biodiversité (OFB), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2014/23903-9, European Project: 730066,H2020-EU.2.1.6.3. - Enabling exploitation of space data, H2020-EU.2.1.6.1.2. - Boost innovation between space and non-space sectors,EOMORES(2016), European Project: 776480,H2020-EU.3.5.5. - Developing comprehensive and sustained global environmental observation and information systems ,MONOCLE(2018), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric correction, Soil Science, Geology, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, 010309 optics, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 14. Life underwater, Computers in Earth Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; Atmospheric correction over inland and coastal waters is one of the major remaining challenges in aquatic remote sensing, often hindering the quantitative retrieval of biogeochemical variables and analysis of their spatial and temporal variability within aquatic environments. The Atmospheric Correction Intercomparison Exercise (ACIX-Aqua), a joint NASA – ESA activity, was initiated to enable a thorough evaluation of eight state-of-the-art atmospheric correction (AC) processors available for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 data processing. Over 1000 radiometric matchups from both freshwaters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs) and coastal waters were utilized to examine the quality of derived aquatic reflectances (̂ρ w ). This dataset originated from two sources: Data gathered from the international scientific community (henceforth called Community Validation Database, CVD), which captured predominantly inland water observations, and the Ocean Color component of AERONET measurements (AERONET-OC), representing primarily coastal ocean environments. This volume of data permitted the evaluation of the AC processors individually (using all the matchups) and comparatively (across seven different Optical Water Types, OWTs) using common matchups. We found that the performance of the AC processors differed for CVD and AERONET-OC matchups, likely reflecting inherent variability in aquatic and atmospheric properties between the two datasets. For the former, the median errors in ̂ρ w (560) and ̂ρ w (664) were found to range from 20 to 30% for best-performing processors. Using the AERONET-OC matchups, our performance assessments showed that median errors within the 15–30% range in these spectral bands may be achieved. The largest uncertainties were associated with the blue bands (25 to 60%) for best-performing processors considering both CVD and AERONET-OC assessments. We further assessed uncertainty propagation to the downstream products such as near-surface concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chla) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Using satellite matchups from the CVD along with in situ Chla and TSS, we found that 20–30% uncertainties in ̂ρ w (490 ≤ λ ≤ 743 nm) yielded 25–70% uncertainties in derived Chla and TSS products for top-performing AC processors. We summarize our results using performance matrices guiding the satellite user community through the OWT-specific relative performance of AC processors. Our analysis stresses the need for better representation of aerosols, particularly absorbing ones, and improvements in corrections for sky- (or sun-) glint and adjacency effects, in order to achieve higher quality downstream products in freshwater and coastal ecosystems.
Published: 2021

6. Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments: Scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects

Author: Ana M. Queirós, Levente Bodrossy, T. Erin Cox, Jonathan S. Stark, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Emily C. Shaw, Jeroen Ingels, Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia, K. Headley, Frédéric Gazeau, William Kirkwood, Mark Milnes, James P. Barry, Steven Whiteside, Stephen Widdicombe, David I. Kline, Glenn Johnstone, Nicholas P. Roden, John W. Runcie, James Black, Edward T. Peltzer, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore], Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Marine Biology Department, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Linguistics Department (Linguistics-Georgetown), Georgetown University, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Single species, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Core set, Community level, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, Geology, Ocean acidification, Replicate, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Benthic habitat, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Sufficient time, Environmental science, business
Abstract: Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments are a relatively recent development in ocean acidification research, designed to address the need for in situ, long-term, community level experiments. FOCE studies have been conducted across different marine benthic habitats and regions, from Antarctica to the tropics. Based on this previous research we have formed some core operating principles that will aid those embarking on future FOCE experiments. FOCE studies have potential to provide important insight into the effects of ocean acidification that can add to or refine conclusions drawn from laboratory or single species studies because they are conducted in situ on intact assemblages. Scaling up from sub-organismal and individual effects to also include indirect impacts on the ecosystem and ecosystem services, make FOCE experiments essential in filling in current knowledge gaps in our understanding of ocean acidification. While FOCE systems are complex, relatively costly, and somewhat difficult to operate, the challenges they pose are tractable and they have proven to be a useful approach in ocean acidification research. The aim of this paper is to draw from the experiences of past FOCE experiments and provide practical advice for designing, building and operating a FOCE experiment. Some of the most important recommendations include: field testing the system design; having a backup power supply; using replicate treatment enclosures; monitoring and maintaining the chemistry appropriately; allowing sufficient time to achieve near CO2 equilibrium conditions; and having a scientific focus with a core set of hypotheses. Future FOCE experiments could focus on longer durations, multiple factors, and testing more intact benthic marine communities and ecosystems. We hope this paper will encourage further FOCE deployments and experiments, as well as provide some guidelines to improve future FOCE studies and advance ocean acidification research.
Published: 2019

7. Correcting a major error in assessing organic carbon pollution in natural waters

Author: Yongqin Liu, Chen He, Jia Sun, Tang Kai, Gerhard J. Herndl, Helmuth Thomas, Quan Shi, Zongqing Lv, Wei-Jun Cai, Jianning Wang, Nianzhi Jiao, Ruanhong Cai, Paul S. Hill, Fanglue Jiao, Rui Wang, David A. Hutchins, Bethanie R. Edwards, Carol V. Robinson, Yao Zhang, Qiang Zheng, Xilin Xiao, John Batt, Marlon R. Lewis, Xingyu Huang, Bixi Guo, Luca Polimene, Jihua Liu, Julie LaRoche, Farooq Azam, Douglas W.R. Wallace, Rui Zhang, Louis Legendre, Curtis A. Suttle, Hugh L. MacIntyre, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), Xiamen University, Shandong University, Dalhousie University [Halifax], University of California [Berkeley], University of California, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of Delaware [Newark], China University of Petroleum, University of Vienna [Vienna], Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Utrecht University [Utrecht], University of Southern California (USC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Norwich] (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)-University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia (UBC), Institut für Küstenforschung / Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Pollution, Biochemical oxygen demand, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Environmental Studies, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Dissolved organic carbon, Organic matter, 14. Life underwater, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, chemistry.chemical_classification, Total organic carbon, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Aquatic ecosystem, Chemical oxygen demand, SciAdv r-articles, Carbon sink, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Research Article
Abstract: A widely used method is found to overestimate organic pollution in natural waters, and an alternative method is proposed., Microbial degradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic environments can cause oxygen depletion, water acidification, and CO2 emissions. These problems are caused by labile DOC (LDOC) and not refractory DOC (RDOC) that resists degradation and is thus a carbon sink. For nearly a century, chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been widely used for assessment of organic pollution in aquatic systems. Here, we show through a multicountry survey and experimental studies that COD is not an appropriate proxy of microbial degradability of organic matter because it oxidizes both LDOC and RDOC, and the latter contributes up to 90% of DOC in high-latitude forested areas. Hence, COD measurements do not provide appropriate scientific information on organic pollution in natural waters and can mislead environmental policies. We propose the replacement of the COD method with an optode-based biological oxygen demand method to accurately and efficiently assess organic pollution in natural aquatic environments.
Published: 2021

8. Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) growth modelling and indicators for offshore aquaculture in Europe under climate change uncertainty

Author: Susan Kay, Laurent Barillé, Stefano Ciavatta, Bela H. Buck, Stephanie C. J. Palmer, Pierre Gernez, Mer, molécules et santé (MMS UCO), Université Catholique de l'Ouest (UCO)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Oyster, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Climate change, Marine spatial planning, Aquatic Science, Pacific oyster, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Fishery, 13. Climate action, Ecosystem model, biology.animal, Spatial ecology, media_common.cataloged_instance, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, European union, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: Aquaculture development in Europe, while critical to the European Union (EU) Blue Growth strategy, has stagnated over the past decades due largely to high competition for space in the nearshore coastal zone among potential uses and the lack of clear priorities, policy, and planning at EU and national scales. Broad Marine Spatial Planning, including the designation of Allocated Zones for Aquaculture, requires spatial data at the corresponding broad spatial scale, which has not been readily available, as well as model projections to assess potential impacts of climate change. Here, daily chlorophyll-a, water temperature, salinity, and current speed outputs from a marine ecosystem model encompassing the coastal North East Atlantic, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea (the pan-European POLCOMS-ERSEM model configuration) are used to drive a Dynamic Energy Budget growth model of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Areas broadly suitable for growth were identified using threshold tolerance range masking applied using the model variables mentioned above, as well as bathymetry data. Oyster growth time series were transformed into simplified indicators that are meaningful to the industry (e.g., time to market weight) and mapped. In addition to early-century indicator maps, modelling and mapping were also carried out for two contrasting late-century climate change projections, following representative concentration pathways 4.5 and 8.5. Areas found to have good oyster growth potential now and into the future were further assessed in terms of their climate robustness (i.e., where oyster growth predictions are comparable between different future climate scenarios). Several areas within Europe were highlighted as priority areas for the development of offshore Pacific oyster cultivation, including coastal waters along the French Atlantic, the southern North Sea, and western Scotland and Ireland. A large potential growth hot spot was also identified along northwestern Africa, associated with a cool, productive upwelling coastal zone. The framework proposed here offers a flexible approach to include a large range of ecological input data, climate and ecosystem model scenarios, aquaculture-related models, species of interest, indicator types, and tolerance thresholds. Such information is suggested to be included in more extensive spatial assessments and planning, along with further socioeconomic and environmental data.
Published: 2021

9. A community perspective on the concept of marine holobionts: current status, challenges, and future directions

Author: Laura Núñez Pons, Alexey Vorobev, Ezequiel M. Marzinelli, Derek J. Skillings, Ehsan Kayal, François H. Lallier, Enora Briand, Eve Toulza, Tilmann Harder, Paco Cárdenas, Willem Stock, Fabrice Not, José Pintado, Johan Decelle, Marc André Selosse, Claire M. M. Gachon, Jean-Christophe Auguet, Mónica Medina, Sarah M. Griffiths, Damien Eveillard, Ulisse Cardini, Arite Bigalke, Mahasweta Saha, Catherine Leblanc, Soizic Prado, Elena Kazamia, Simon M. Dittami, Shinichi Sunagawa, Aschwin H. Engelen, Enrique Arboleda, Teresa Maria Morganti, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (LBI2M), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Uppsala University, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Photosymbiose, Physiologie cellulaire et végétale (LPCV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre of Marine Sciences [Faro] (CCMAR), University of Algarve [Portugal], Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Combinatoire et Bioinformatique (COMBI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Scottish Marine Institute, School of Science and the Environment (Manchester Metropolitan University), University of Bremen, Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) (IBENS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia, Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering [Singapore] (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science (USIMS), The University of Sydney, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Vigo, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), University of Gdańsk (UG), University of Pennsylvania, University of Ghent, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), CEA / Institut de Biologie François Jacob / Génoscope, 2, Rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry cedex, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Phycotoxines (PHYC), Dynamiques des Écosystèmes Côtiers (DYNECO), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Combinatoire et Bioinformatique (LS2N - équipe COMBI), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Fédération de recherche de Roscoff (FR2424), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [INFO.INFO-OH]Computer Science [cs]/Other [cs.OH], Biodiversity, DIVERSITY, lcsh:Medicine, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, CORAL-REEF FISH, Evolutionsbiologi, Evolution, Symbiosis, Host-microbiota interactions, Marine holobionts, Dysbiosis, SponGES, MICROORGANISMS, Sociology, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, General Neuroscience, Deep-sea Sponge Grounds Ecosystems of the North Atlantic: an integrated approach towards their preservation and sustainable exploitation, Environmental resource management, General Medicine, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Holobiont, Engineering ethics, Current (fluid), General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Ecology (disciplines), Complex system, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Marine Biology, BACTERIAL INTERACTIONS, Community perspective, ECOLOGY, 010603 evolutionary biology, Microbiology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, PLANT, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Evolutionary Biology, Horizon 2020, business.industry, Experimental model, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:R, ANIMALS, Biology and Life Sciences, Grant Agreement No 679849, MICROBIOME, 13. Climate action, General Biochemistry, European Union (EU), [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], business, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: 34 pages, 4 figures.-- Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0, Host-microbe interactions play crucial roles in marine ecosystems. However, we still have very little understanding of the mechanisms that govern these relationships, the evolutionary processes that shape them, and their ecological consequences. The holobiont concept is a renewed paradigm in biology that can help to describe and understand these complex systems. It posits that a host and its associated microbiota with which it interacts, form a holobiont, and have to be studied together as a coherent biological and functional unit to understand its biology, ecology, and evolution. Here we discuss critical concepts and opportunities in marine holobiont research and identify key challenges in the field. We highlight the potential economic, sociological, and environmental impacts of the holobiont concept in marine biological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences. Given the connectivity and the unexplored biodiversity specific to marine ecosystems, a deeper understanding of such complex systems requires further technological and conceptual advances, e.g., the development of controlled experimental model systems for holobionts from all major lineages and the modeling of (info)chemical-mediated interactions between organisms. Here we propose that one significant challenge is to bridge cross-disciplinary research on tractable model systems in order to address key ecological and evolutionary questions. This first step is crucial to decipher the main drivers of the dynamics and evolution of holobionts and to account for the holobiont concept in applied areas, such as the conservation, management, and exploitation of marine ecosystems and resources, where practical solutions to predict and mitigate the impact of human activities are more important than ever, This paper is based on the results of a foresight workshop funded by the EuroMarine network, Sorbonne University, and the UMRs 8227 and 7144 of the Roscoff Biological Station. Ezequiel M. Marzinelli was funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP180104041), and José Pintado Valverde was funded by the Galician Innovation Agency (IN607A 2017/4). The work of Simon M. Dittami ad Catherine Leblanc was funded by the ANR project IDEALG (ANR-10-TBR-04). Claire M.M. Gachon, Catherine Leblanc, and SimonMDittami received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 624575 (ALFF). The work of Fabrice Not was funded by the ANR project IMPEKAB (ANR-15-CE02-001). Ulisse Cardini was funded by the Research Council of Lithuania project INBALANCE (09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0069). Johan Decelle was supported by the CNRS and the ATIP-Avenir program, the LabEx GRAL (ANR-10-LABX-49-01) and Pôle Dittami et CBS from the University of Grenoble Alpes. Paco Cardenas received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the SponGES project (grant agreement No. 679849). Elena Kazamia was funded by a Marie Curie Individual Fellowship (Horizon 2020, IRONCOMM). Aschwin H Engelen was supported by Portuguese national funds from FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology through projects UID/Multi/04326/2019 and UIDB/04326/2020
Published: 2021

10. Assessment of a regional physical–biogeochemical stochastic ocean model. Part 2: Empirical consistency

Author: Vassilios Vervatis, Pierre De Mey-Frémaux, Stefano Ciavatta, Nadia Ayoub, Sarantis Sofianos, Robert J. W. Brewin, John Karagiorgos, Université d'Athènes (UOA), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), Stochastic modelling, Mesoscale meteorology, ensembles, Forcing (mathematics), Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Consistency (statistics), Computer Science (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, Statistical physics, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 010505 oceanography, Anomaly (natural sciences), phytoplankton functional types, prior error covariances, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Bay of Biscay, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Errors-in-variables models, stochastic modelling, array modes
Abstract: International audience; In this Part 2 article of a two-part series, observations based on satellite missions were used to evaluate the empirical consistency of model ensembles generated via stochastic modelling of ocean physics and biogeochemistry. A high-resolution Bay of Biscay configuration was used as a case study to explore the model error subspace in both the open and coastal ocean. In Part 1 of this work, three experiments were carried out to generate model ensembles by perturbing only physics, only biogeochemistry, and both of them simultaneously. In Part 2 of this work, empirical consistency was checked, first by means of rank histograms projecting the data onto the model ensemble classes, and second, by pattern-selective consistency criteria in the space of “array modes” defined as eigenvectors of the representer matrix. Rank histograms showed large dependency on geographical region and on season for sea surface temperature (SST), sea-level anomaly (SLA), and phytoplankton functional types (PFT), shifting from consistent model-data configurations to large biases because of model ensemble underspread. Consistency for SST array modes was found to be verified at large, small and coastal scales soon after the ensemble spin-up. Array modes for the along-track sea-level showed useful consistent information at large scales and at the mesoscale; for the gridded SLA was verified only at large scale. Array modes showed that biogeochemical model uncertainties generated by stochastic physics, were effectively detected by PFT measurements at large scales, as well as at mesoscale and small-scale. By contrast, perturbing only biogeochemistry, with an identical physical forcing across the ensemble, limits the potential of PFT measurements at detecting and possibly correcting small-scale biogeochemical model errors. When an ensemble was found to be inconsistent with observations along a particular direction (here, an array mode), a plausible reason is that other error processes must have been active in the model, in addition to the ones at work across the ensemble.
Published: 2021

11. Correction: Kulk et al. Primary Production, an Index of Climate Change in the Ocean: Satellite-Based Estimates over Two Decades. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 826

Author: Žarko Kovač, Hafsteinn G. Gudfinnsson, James Dingle, Marta Estrada, Mini Raman, Gavin H. Tilstone, Trevor Platt, Tomonori Isada, Bangqin Huang, Katherine Richardson, Takashi Yoshikawa, Heather A. Bouman, Willem H. van de Poll, Gemma Kulk, Natalia González-Benítez, Bror Jönsson, Ken Furuya, Emilio Marañón, Shubha Sathyendranath, Francisco G. Figueiras, Thomas J. Jackson, Kristinn Gudmundsson, Vivian A. Lutz, Julia Uitz, Martina A. Doblin, Patrick D. Rozema, Valeria Segura, Marcel Babin, Virginie van Dongen-Vogels, Robert J. W. Brewin, European Space Agency, Simons Foundation, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, media_common.quotation_subject, Index (typography), 0211 other engineering and technologies, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Art, 01 natural sciences, n/a, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14. Life underwater, primary production, phytoplankton, photosynthesis, ocean-colour remote-sensing, climate change, Humanities, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: A Corrigendum on Primary Production, an Index of Climate Change in the Ocean: Satellite-Based Estimates over Two Decades.-- Special Issue Feature Paper Special Issue on Ocean Remote Sensing.-- 13 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables by Kulk, Gemma; Platt, Trevor; Dingle, James; Jackson, Thomas; Jönsson, Bror F.; Bouman, Heather A.; Babin, Marcel; Brewin, Robert; Doblin, Martina; Estrada, Marta; Figueiras, F. G.; Furuya, Ken; González, Natalia; Gudfinnsson, Hafsteinn G.; Gudmundsson, Kristinn; Huang, Bangqin; Isada, Tomonori; Kovač, Žarko; Lutz, Vivian A.; Marañón, Emilio; Raman, Mini; Richardson, Katherine; Rozema, Patrick D.; Poll, Willem H. van de; Segura, Valeria; Tilstone, Gavin H.; Uitz, Julia; Dongen-Vogels, Virginie van; Yoshikawa, Takashi; Sathyendranath, Shubha. (2021).Remote Sensing 12(5): 826 (2020). doi: 10.3390/rs12050826.-- pecial Issue Feature Paper Special Issue on Ocean Remote Sensing.-- 13 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, Since the article “Primary Production, an Index of Climate Change in the Ocean: Satellite-Based Estimates over Two Decades” by Kulk et al. [1] was published, we discovered an error in the code of the primary production model, which crept in when the code was updated from the original version described by Platt and Sathyendranath (1988), Sathyendranath et al. (1995) and Longhurst et al. (1995) ([2,31,52] in [1]). The main error in the code led to a time interval for the integration of daily water-column primary production that was shorter than it should have been. As a consequence, daily surface irradiance and hence primary production were systematically underestimated by 20–25% for the entire time series. We also discovered that the Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) products of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that were used to scale the daily light cycle were rounded down for 2003–2019 (MODIS years), which led to an additional but small underestimation of daily surface irradiance. In addition to addressing these errors, we have included a merged time series of the PAR product to remove inter-sensor biases (as described in the corrected text of Appendix B; see below). The main corrections increased our estimate of global annual primary production on average by +23.9% between 1998 and 2018, while the correction of the rounding error in the PAR products increased global annual primary production between 2003 and 2018 by +0.9%. Inclusion of the merged PAR product in the primary production model caused a −0.25% decrease in global annual primary production between 1998 and 2002 and a +0.08% increase between 2003 and 2010 (relative to the aforementioned +23.9% increase for the entire time series). Our estimate of global annual primary production between 1998 and 2018 now is 48.7 to 52.5 Gt C y−1 instead of the published estimate of 38.8 to 42.1 Gt C y−1. Although this is a substantial increase in the estimate of primary production, the results of the sensitivity analysis in which the photosynthesis versus irradiance parameters were varied by ±1 standard deviation and, importantly, the observed trends in regional and global annual primary production are largely unchanged. We therefore consider the outcomes of the study still valid after the corrections. We also note that our corrected estimate of global annual primary production is still within the range of earlier reports (32.0–70.7 Gt C y−1 [5,104] in [1]). The corrected paragraphs, tables and figures appear below. All references mentioned below can be found in the original article [1]. The corrections affect a number of results, but the nature of the corrections is largely the same: the magnitude of primary production has increased significantly everywhere, whereas the trends have been affected only marginally, and the major conclusions remain unchanged, except for the magnitude of marine primary production. The authors apologise for any inconvenience caused. The original article has been updated, This research was funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) Living Planet Fellowship programme (PICCOLO, G.K.), the Simons Foundation grant Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES, number 549947, S.S.) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council National Capability funding for the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT, G.H.T.). This paper is a contribution to the Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) and Biological Pump and Carbon Exchange Processes (BICEP) projects of ESA. Additional support from the National Centre for Earth Observations (UK) is also gratefully acknowledge, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)
Published: 2021

12. Fast local warming of sea-surface is the main factor of recent deoxygenation in the Arabian Sea

Author: Zouhair Lachkar, Marina Lévy, Michael Mehari, Muchamad Al Azhar, Shafer Smith, Center for Prototype Climate Modeling, New York University [Abu Dhabi], NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences [New York] (CIMS), New York University [New York] (NYU), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: Monsoon of South Asia, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Surface warming, Stratification (water), Limiting, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Hindcast, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Thermocline, Deoxygenation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Arabian Sea (AS) hosts one of the most intense oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world. Observations show a decline of O2 in the northern AS over the recent decades accompanied by an intensification of the suboxic conditions there. Over the same period, the local sea-surface temperature has risen significantly, particularly over the Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf, hereafter the Gulf), while summer monsoon winds have intensified. Here, we reconstruct the evolution of dissolved oxygen in the AS from 1982 through 2010 and explore its controlling factors, with a focus on changing atmospheric conditions. To this end, we use a set of eddy-resolving hindcast simulations forced with observation-based winds and heat and freshwater fluxes. We find a significant deoxygenation in the northern AS with O2 inventories north of 20° N dropping by over 2 % decade-1 and 7 % decade-1 in the top 200 m and the 200–1000 m layer, respectively. These changes cause an increase in the volume of suboxia and the rate of denitrification by 10 % decade-1 and 13 % decade-1, respectively. Using a set of sensitivity simulations we demonstrate that deoxygenation in the northern AS is essentially caused by a reduced ventilation induced by the recent fast warming of the sea surface, in particular in the Gulf. Concomitant summer monsoon wind intensification contributes to deoxygenation at depth and in the upper ocean north of 20° N but enhances oxygenation of the upper ocean elsewhere. This is because surface warming enhances vertical stratification, thus limiting ventilation of the intermediate ocean, while summer monsoon wind intensification causes the thermocline depth to rise in the northern AS and deepen elsewhere, thus contributing to lowering O2 levels in the upper 200 m in the northern AS and increasing it in the rest of the AS. Our findings confirm that the AS OMZ is strongly sensitive to upper-ocean warming and concurrent changes in the Indian monsoon winds. Finally, our results also demonstrate that changes in the local climatic forcing play a key role in regional dissolved oxygen changes and hence need to be properly represented in global models to reduce uncertainties in future projections of deoxygenation.
Published: 2020

13. Towards an End-to-End Analysis and Prediction System for Weather, Climate, and Marine Applications in the Red Sea

Author: Siva Reddy Sanikommu, Samuel Kortas, Jose Carlos Sanchez-Garrido, Ashok Karumuri, Charls Antony, Yixin Wang, Fengchao Yao, Robert J. W. Brewin, Georgios Krokos, Hari Prasad Dasari, Mohamad Mazen Hittawe, Shubha Sathyendranath, Boujemaa Ait-El-Fquih, Yesubabu Viswanadhapalli, Bruce D. Cornuelle, Sabique Langodan, Sarantis Sofianos, Mohammed Abed Hammoud, Omar M. Knio, Samah El Mohtar, Pierre F. J. Lermusiaux, Edriss S. Titi, Raju Attada, Daquan Guo, Shanas Razak, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, Armin Köhl, Shehzad Afzal, T. R. Akylas, Marie-Fanny Racault, Kostas Tsiaras, Rui Sun, Ravi Kumar Kunchala, Luigi Cavaleri, George Zodiatis, Olivier Le Maitre, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Habib Toye, Leila Issa, George S. Triantafyllou, Trevor Platt, Mohamad El Gharamti, Jingyi Ma, Naila Mohammed Fathi Raboudi, Ivana Cerovecki, Yasser Abualnaja, Khaled Asfahani, Lily G C Genevier, Thang M. Luong, Lawrence J. Pratt, Elamurugu Alias Gokul, Srinivas Desamsetti, Ibrahim Hoteit, Bilel Hadri, Markus Hadwiger, Panagiotis Vasou, Issam Lakkis, Myrl C. Hendershott, Peng Zhan, Vassilis P. Papadopoulos, Dionysios E. Raitsos, Matthew R. Mazloff, John A. Gittings, Clint Dawson, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Saudi Aramco, University of Exeter, Istituto di Scienze Marine [Venezia] (ISMAR-CNR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, National Center for Medium Range Weather ForecastingNational Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Universidad de Málaga [Málaga] = University of Málaga [Málaga], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Université d'Hyderabad, University of Hamburg, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Lebanese American University (LAU), American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), Uncertainty Quantification in Scientific Computing and Engineering (PLATON), Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - Ecole Polytechnique (CMAP), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), University of Colorado [Boulder], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Texas A&M University [College Station], Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory [Tirupathi] (NARL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Coastal & Marine Research Laboratory, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory [Tirupati] (NARL), Titi, Edriss [0000-0002-5004-1746], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 13 Climate Action, Atmospheric Science, Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Environmental resource management, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Prediction system, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, 7 Affordable and Clean Energy, 14. Life underwater, 020701 environmental engineering, business, Biological oceanography, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Red Sea, home to the second-longest coral reef system in the world, is a vital resource for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Red Sea provides 90% of the Kingdom’s potable water by desalinization, supporting tourism, shipping, aquaculture, and fishing industries, which together contribute about 10%–20% of the country’s GDP. All these activities, and those elsewhere in the Red Sea region, critically depend on oceanic and atmospheric conditions. At a time of mega-development projects along the Red Sea coast, and global warming, authorities are working on optimizing the harnessing of environmental resources, including renewable energy and rainwater harvesting. All these require high-resolution weather and climate information. Toward this end, we have undertaken a multipronged research and development activity in which we are developing an integrated data-driven regional coupled modeling system. The telescopically nested components include 5-km- to 600-m-resolution atmospheric models to address weather and climate challenges, 4-km- to 50-m-resolution ocean models with regional and coastal configurations to simulate and predict the general and mesoscale circulation, 4-km- to 100-m-resolution ecosystem models to simulate the biogeochemistry, and 1-km- to 50-m-resolution wave models. In addition, a complementary probabilistic transport modeling system predicts dispersion of contaminant plumes, oil spill, and marine ecosystem connectivity. Advanced ensemble data assimilation capabilities have also been implemented for accurate forecasting. Resulting achievements include significant advancement in our understanding of the regional circulation and its connection to the global climate, development, and validation of long-term Red Sea regional atmospheric–oceanic–wave reanalyses and forecasting capacities. These products are being extensively used by academia, government, and industry in various weather and marine studies and operations, environmental policies, renewable energy applications, impact assessment, flood forecasting, and more.
Published: 2020

14. Past and Future Grand Challenges in Marine Ecosystem Ecology

Author: Angel Borja, Jesper H. Andersen, Christos D. Arvanitidis, Alberto Basset, Lene Buhl-Mortensen, Susana Carvalho, Katherine A. Dafforn, Michelle J. Devlin, Elva G. Escobar-Briones, Christian Grenz, Tilmann Harder, Stelios Katsanevakis, Dongyan Liu, Anna Metaxas, Xosé Anxelu G. Morán, Alice Newton, Chiara Piroddi, Xavier Pochon, Ana M. Queirós, Paul V. R. Snelgrove, Cosimo Solidoro, Michael A. St. John, Heliana Teixeira, AZTI - Tecnalia, Institute of Food and Resource Economics [Copenhagen] (IFRO), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), University of Salento [Lecce], Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Macquarie University, C2O Consulting, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), University of Bremen, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), East China Normal University [Shangaï] (ECNU), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Medio Marino, IEO Gijón-Xixón, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research [Faro] (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Water Resources Unit [Ispra], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC)-European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Cawthron Institute, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Memorial University of Newfoundland [St. John's], Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), CESAM (UIDB/50017/2020+UIDP/50017/2020), Borja, A., Andersen, J. H., Arvanitidis, C. D., Basset, A., Buhl-Mortensen, L., Carvalho, S., Dafforn, K. A., Devlin, M. J., Escobar-Briones, E. G., Grenz, C., Harder, T., Katsanevakis, S., Liu, D., Metaxas, A., Moran, X. A. G., Newton, A., Piroddi, C., Pochon, X., Queiros, A. M., Snelgrove, P. V. R., Solidoro, C., S, t. John M. A., Teixeira, H., University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada] (MUN), and Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology (disciplines), [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Ocean Engineering, ecosystem health assessment, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, ecosystem-based management, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Political science, Marine ecosystem, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, global change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Grand Challenges, biodiversity, Sustainable development, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Ecosystem health, Scope (project management), human pressures, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental ethics, 15. Life on land, Ecosystem-based management, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, ecosystem service, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ecosystem functioning, conservation and protection, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ecosystem services
Abstract: Frontiers in Marine Science launched the Marine Ecosystems Ecology (FMARS-MEE) section in 2014, with a paper that identified eight grand challenges for the discipline (Borja, 2014). Since then, this section has published a total of 370 papers, including 336 addressing aspects of those challenges. As editors of the journal, with a wide range of marine ecology expertise, we felt it was timely to evaluate research advances related to those challenges; and to update the scope of the section to reflect the grand challenges we envision for the next 10 years. This output will match with the United Nations (UN) Decade on Oceans Science for Sustainable Development (DOSSD; Claudet et al., 2020), UN Decade of Ecosystems Restoration (DER; Young and Schwartz, 2019), and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs; Visbeck et al., 2014). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2020

15. Primary Production, an Index of Climate Change in the Ocean: Satellite-Based Estimates over Two Decades

Author: Natalia González-Benítez, Kristinn Gudmundsson, Julia Uitz, Žarko Kovač, Bangqin Huang, Heather A. Bouman, Hafsteinn G. Gudfinnsson, Mini Raman, Katherine Richardson, Ken Furuya, Patrick D. Rozema, Bror Jönsson, Vivian Alicia Lutz, Marcel Babin, Virginie van Dongen-Vogels, Gemma Kulk, Marta Estrada, Shubha Sathyendranath, James Dingle, Valeria Segura, Thomas Jackson, Francisco G. Figueiras, Martina A. Doblin, Willem H. van de Poll, Tomonori Isada, Robert J. W. Brewin, Gavin H. Tilstone, Trevor Platt, Takashi Yoshikawa, Emilio Marañón, European Space Agency, Simons Foundation, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Exeter, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Xiamen University, Hokkaido Information University, University of Split, Universidade de Vigo, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), University of Groningen [Groningen], Australian Institute of Marine Science [Townsville] (AIMS Townsville), Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), and Ocean Ecosystems
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 2417.05 Biología Marina, 2510.01 Oceanografía Biológica, OCEAN-COLOUR REMOTE-SENSING, SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, CLIMATE CHANGE, PHYTOPLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, Irradiance, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Standard deviation, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https], Water column, primary production, phytoplankton, photosynthesis, ocean-colour remote-sensing, climate change, PHYTOPLANKTON, PRIMARY PRODUCTION, Temporal scales, lcsh:Science, LIGHT, GROWTH, NATURAL ASSEMBLAGES, Climate change, Photosynthesis, MANUKAU HARBOR, Phytoplankton, Production (economics), SPECIES COMPOSITION, 14. Life underwater, PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARAMETERS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 0203 Classical Physics, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, 0909 Geomatic Engineering, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, 2502.9 Cambio climático, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, MARINE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, SPRING PHYTOPLANKTON, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology
Abstract: Special Issue Feature Paper Special Issue on Ocean Remote Sensing.-- 27 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, 2 appendixes.-- Correction: Kulk et al. Primary Production, an Index of Climate Change in the Ocean: Satellite-Based Estimates over Two Decades. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 826. doi: 10.3390/rs13173462, Primary production by marine phytoplankton is one of the largest fluxes of carbon on our planet. In the past few decades, considerable progress has been made in estimating global primary production at high spatial and temporal scales by combining in situ measurements of primary production with remote-sensing observations of phytoplankton biomass. One of the major challenges in this approach lies in the assignment of the appropriate model parameters that define the photosynthetic response of phytoplankton to the light field. In the present study, a global database of in situ measurements of photosynthesis versus irradiance (P-I) parameters and a 20-year record of climate quality satellite observations were used to assess global primary production and its variability with seasons and locations as well as between years. In addition, the sensitivity of the computed primary production to potential changes in the photosynthetic response of phytoplankton cells under changing environmental conditions was investigated. Global annual primary production varied from 38.8 to 42.1 Gt C yr −1 over the period of 1998–2018. Inter-annual changes in global primary production did not follow a linear trend, and regional differences in the magnitude and direction of change in primary production were observed. Trends in primary production followed directly from changes in chlorophyll-a and were related to changes in the physico-chemical conditions of the water column due to inter-annual and multidecadal climate oscillations. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis in which P-I parameters were adjusted by ±1 standard deviation showed the importance of accurately assigning photosynthetic parameters in global and regional calculations of primary production. The assimilation number of the P-I curve showed strong relationships with environmental variables such as temperature and had a practically one-to-one relationship with the magnitude of change in primary production. In the future, such empirical relationships could potentially be used for a more dynamic assignment of photosynthetic rates in the estimation of global primary production. Relationships between the initial slope of the P-I curve and environmental variables were more elusive, This research was funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) Living Planet Fellowship programme (PICCOLO, G.K.), the Simons Foundation grant Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES, number 549947, S.S.) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council National Capability funding for the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT, G.H.T.). This paper is a contribution to the Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) and Biological Pump and Carbon Exchange Processes (BICEP) projects of ESA. Additional support from the National Centre for Earth Observations (UK) is also gratefully acknowledge, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)
Published: 2020

16. The impacts of ocean acidification on marine trace gases and the implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate

Author: Philip Williamson, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Stephen D. Archer, Jörg Schwinger, Laurent Bopp, Kitack Lee, Martin Johnson, Marion Gehlen, Frances E. Hopkins, Robert A. Duce, Martine Lizotte, Hema Naik, Cliff S. Law, Oliver Andrews, Fiona Seh-Lin Keng, Andrew P. Rees, Gillian Malin, Tim Jickells, J. Colin Murrell, Nadine Goris, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Isabelle Dadou, Peter S. Liss, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), School of Geographical Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [College Station], Texas A&M University [College Station], Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), University of Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie], National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Groupe de Recherche sur les Enjeux de la Communication (GRESEC), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research [India] (CSIR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Malaya = Universiti Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie] (UM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ocean observations, atmospheric chemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Mathematics, Effects of global warming on oceans, General Physics and Astronomy, ocean acidification, Review Article, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, biogeochemistry, 14. Life underwater, climate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Subject Areas: atmospheric chemistry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, General Engineering, Biogeochemistry, Ocean acidification, marine trace gases, oceanography Keywords: ocean acidification, Trace gas, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Upwelling, Dimethyl sulfide
Abstract: Surface ocean biogeochemistry and photochemistry regulate ocean–atmosphere fluxes of trace gases critical for Earth's atmospheric chemistry and climate. The oceanic processes governing these fluxes are often sensitive to the changes in ocean pH (or p CO 2 ) accompanying ocean acidification (OA), with potential for future climate feedbacks. Here, we review current understanding (from observational, experimental and model studies) on the impact of OA on marine sources of key climate-active trace gases, including dimethyl sulfide (DMS), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), ammonia and halocarbons. We focus on DMS, for which available information is considerably greater than for other trace gases. We highlight OA-sensitive regions such as polar oceans and upwelling systems, and discuss the combined effect of multiple climate stressors (ocean warming and deoxygenation) on trace gas fluxes. To unravel the biological mechanisms responsible for trace gas production, and to detect adaptation, we propose combining process rate measurements of trace gases with longer term experiments using both model organisms in the laboratory and natural planktonic communities in the field. Future ocean observations of trace gases should be routinely accompanied by measurements of two components of the carbonate system to improve our understanding of how in situ carbonate chemistry influences trace gas production. Together, this will lead to improvements in current process model capabilities and more reliable predictions of future global marine trace gas fluxes.
Published: 2020
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17. Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO2 on the north-west European shelf

Author: Evin McGovern, Abdirahman M Omar, Brian M. Stewart, Wilhelm Petersen, Helen S. Findlay, Thanos Gkritzalis, Matthew P. Humphreys, André Cattrijsse, Nathalie Lefèvre, Philip D. Nightingale, Tobias Steinhoff, Jonathan Sharples, Susan E. Hartman, Yoana G. Voynova, David A. Pearce, Arne Körtzinger, Steven van Heuven, Truls Johannessen, Meike Becker, Jean-Philippe Gac, Richard Sanders, Bertrand Chapron, Vassilis Kitidis, Tom Hull, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Pamela Walsham, Peter E. Land, Antoine Grouazel, Denis Diverrès, Naomi Greenwood, Caroline Kivimäe, Mario Hoppema, Mark Warren, Are Olsen, Ute Schuster, Yann Bozec, Ian Ashton, Ian Brown, Siv K. Lauvset, Triona McGrath, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), University of Exeter, University of Oxford, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Instrumentation, Moyens analytiques, Observatoires en Géophysique et Océanographie (IMAGO), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 264879,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,CARBOCHANGE(2011), European Project: 654410,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,JERICO-NEXT(2015), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Isotope Research
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, FLUXES, PCO(2), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Medicine, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Carbon cycle, CONTINENTAL-SHELF, CARBON-DIOXIDE, chemistry.chemical_compound, OCEAN, Dissolved organic carbon, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, TEMPERATURE, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, geography, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:R, Pelagic zone, TRENDS, AIR-SEA EXCHANGE, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Carbon dioxide, DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER, Environmental science, lcsh:Q
Abstract: Shelf seas play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and exporting carbon (C) to the open ocean and sediments. The magnitude of these processes is poorly constrained, because observations are typically interpolated over multiple years. Here, we used 298500 observations of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) from a single year (2015), to estimate the net influx of atmospheric CO2 as 26.2 ± 4.7 Tg C yr−1 over the open NW European shelf. CO2 influx from the atmosphere was dominated by influx during winter as a consequence of high winds, despite a smaller, thermally-driven, air-sea fCO2 gradient compared to the larger, biologically-driven summer gradient. In order to understand this climate regulation service, we constructed a carbon-budget supplemented by data from the literature, where the NW European shelf is treated as a box with carbon entering and leaving the box. This budget showed that net C-burial was a small sink of 1.3 ± 3.1 Tg C yr−1, while CO2 efflux from estuaries to the atmosphere, removed the majority of river C-inputs. In contrast, the input from the Baltic Sea likely contributes to net export via the continental shelf pump and advection (34.4 ± 6.0 Tg C yr−1).
Published: 2019

18. A tale of two gyres: Contrasting distributions of dissolved cobalt and iron in the Atlantic Ocean during an Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT-19)

Author: Neil J. Wyatt, Andrew P. Rees, Maeve C. Lohan, Paul J. Worsfold, Rachel U. Shelley, Glenn A. Tarran, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Plymouth] (SoGEES), Plymouth University, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (FSU | EOAS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, WET DEPOSITION, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, CATHODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY, Zonal and meridional, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Water column, SAHARAN DUST, Ocean gyre, Phytoplankton, TRACE-ELEMENTS, Photic zone, 14. Life underwater, Transect, WORLD OCEAN, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, WESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC, biology, Chemistry, ACL, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geology, biology.organism_classification, TROPICAL NORTH-ATLANTIC, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Prochlorococcus, RICA UPWELLING DOME, NITROGEN-FIXATION, CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION
Abstract: International audience; Cobalt (Co) and iron (Fe) are essential for phytoplankton nutrition, and as such constitute a vital link in the marine biological carbon pump. Atmospheric deposition is an important, and in some places the dominant, source of trace elements (TEs) to the global ocean. Dissolved cobalt (dCo) and iron (dFe) were determined along an Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT-19; Oct/Nov 2009) between 50°N and 40°S in the upper 150 m in order to investigate the behaviour and distribution of these two essential, bioactive TEs. During AMT-19, large differences in the distributions of dCo and dFe were observed. In the North Atlantic gyre provinces, extremely low mixed layer dCo concentrations (23 ± 9 pM) were observed, which contrasts with the relatively high mixed layer dFe concentrations (up to 1.0 nM) coincident with the band of highest atmospheric deposition (∼5–30°N). In the South Atlantic gyre, the opposite trend was observed, with relatively high dCo (55 ± 18 pM) observed throughout the water column, but low dFe concentrations (0.29 ± 0.08 nM). Given that annual dust supply is an order of magnitude greater in the North than the South Atlantic, the dCo distribution was somewhat unexpected. However, the distribution of dCo shows similarities with the distribution of phosphate (PO43−) in the euphotic zone of the Atlantic Ocean, where the North Atlantic gyre is characterised by chronically low PO4, and higher concentrations are observed in the South Atlantic gyre (Mather et al., 2008), suggesting the potential for a similar biological control of dCo distributions. Inverse correlations between dCo and Prochlorococcus abundance in the North Atlantic gyre provinces, combined with extremely low dCo where nitrogen fixation rates were highest (∼20–28°N), suggests the dominance of biological controls on dCo distributions. The contrasting dCo and dFe distributions in the North and South Atlantic gyres provides insights into the differences between the dominant controls on the distribution of these two bioactive trace metals in the central Atlantic Ocean.
Published: 2017

19. Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Author: Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith (Chair), Ananda Pascual, Samuel Djavidnia, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Marilaure Grégoire, Glenn Nolan, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Lotfi Aouf, Roland Aznar, T. H. Badewien, Arno Behrens, Maristella Berta, Laurent Bertino, Jeremy Blackford, Giorgio Bolzon, Federica Borile, Marine Bretagnon, Robert J.W. Brewin, Donata Canu, Paola Cessi, Stefano Ciavatta, Bertrand Chapron, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Boriana Chtirkova, Stefania Ciliberti, James R. Clark, Emanuela Clementi, Clément Combot, Eric Comerma, Anna Conchon, Giovanni Coppini, Lorenzo Corgnati, Gianpiero Cossarini, Sophie Cravatte, Marta de Alfonso, Clément de Boyer Montégut, Christian De Lera Fernández, Francisco Javier de los Santos, Anna Denvil-Sommer, Álvaro de Pascual Collar, Paulo Alonso Lourenco Dias Nunes, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Owen Embury, Pierpaolo Falco, Odile Fanton d'Andon, Luis Ferrer, David Ford, H. Freund, Manuel García León, Marcos García Sotillo, José María García-Valdecasas, Philippe Garnesson, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Marion Gehlen, Ana Genua-Olmedo, Gerhard Geyer, Andrea Ghermandi, Simon A. Good, Jérôme Gourrion, Eric Greiner, Annalisa Griffa, Manuel González, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Stéphane Isoard, John J. Kennedy, Susan Kay, Anton Korosov, Kaari Laanemäe, Peter E. Land, Thomas Lavergne, Paolo Lazzari, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux, Bruno Levier, William Llovel, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Vidar S. Lien, Leonardo Lima, Pablo Lorente, Julien Mader, Marcello G. Magaldi, Ilja Maljutenko, Antoine Mangin, Carlo Mantovani, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, J. Meyerjürgens, Alexandre Mignot, Robert McEwan, Carlos Mejia, Angélique Melet, Milena Menna, Benoît Meyssignac, Alexis Mouche, Baptiste Mourre, Malte Müller, Giulio Notarstefano, Alejandro Orfila, Silvia Pardo, Elisaveta Peneva, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Coralie Perruche, Monika Peterlin, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Nadia Pinardi, Yves Quilfen, Urmas Raudsepp, Richard Renshaw, Adèle Révelard, Emma Reyes-Reyes, M. Ricker, Pablo Rodríguez-Rubio, Paz Rotllán, Eva Royo Gelabert, Anna Rubio, Inmaculada Ruiz-Parrado, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Cosimo Solidoro, Emil V. Stanev, Joanna Staneva, Andrea Storto, Jian Su, Tayebeh Tajalli Bakhsh, Gavin H. Tilstone, Joaquín Tintoré, Cristina Toledano, Jean Tournadre, Benoit Tranchant, Rivo Uiboupin, Arnaud Valcarcel, Nadezhda Valcheva, Nathalie Verbrugge, Mathieu Vrac, J.-O. Wolff, Enrico Zambianchi, O. Zielinski, Ann-Sofie Zinck, Serena Zunino, Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Laboratoire d’Oéanographie Spatiale [Plouzané] (LOS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Organismo publico puertos del estado, Université de Liège, Météo France, Met Office Climate Research Division, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer (INSTM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Deltares system (NETHERLANDS), Deltares system, ARGANS, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Napoli] (CNR), AZTI - Tecnalia, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Universitat de Girona [Girona], Universitat de Girona (UdG), Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Istituto di Scienze Marine [Napoli] (ISMAR-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Parc Naturel Régional de Corse, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Rijkswaterstaat [Delft], ACRI, acri, Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Incheon National University, Alfred Wegener Institute [Potsdam], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), University of Gothenburg (GU), Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, University of the South Pacific (USP), Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Le Mans Université (UM), Inst Ciencias Mar, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Marine Ecosystems Modeling and Monitoring by Satellites (MEMMS), CLS, Departament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Loughborough University, AZTI-Tecnalia (Marine Research Division), AZTI-Tecnalia, Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Departament d'Oceanografía Física, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Sistema d’observació i predicció costaner de les Illes Balears (.) (SOCIB), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Processus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement - EA 3819 (PROTEE), Université de Toulon (UTLN), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Catalytic Spectroscopy Laboratory (CSIC), Institute of Catalysis and Petroleum Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Department of Animal Biology (Institute for Research on Biodiversity (IRBio)), University of Barcelona, Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), UMS 3343 (OSU), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer [Salammbô] (INSTM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Deltares [The Netherlands], Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biology [Zagreb], Faculty of Science [Zagreb], University of Zagreb-University of Zagreb, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, variability, HF radar, 010505 oceanography, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, salinity, 12. Responsible consumption, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The fundamental role of the ocean for life and well-being on Earth is more and more recognised at the highest political level. In 2015, the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development were adopted by world leaders. The SDG 14 ‘Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development’ is dedicated to the oceans. The mention of the ocean in the Paris Agreement signed in 2016 marked a decisive milestone. In 2018, the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) has been proclaimed (https://en.unesco.org/ocean-decade): The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO will gather ocean stakeholders worldwide behind a common framework to foster evidence-based policy-making. In fall 2019, the IPCC special report on ocean and cryosphere will be published, and will provide an opportunity to increase awareness and action before COP251 (already claimed as ‘Blue COP’).
Published: 2019

20. A Sustained Ocean Observing System in the Indian Ocean for Climate Related Scientific Knowledge and Societal Needs

Author: J. C. Hermes, Y. Masumoto, L. M. Beal, M. K. Roxy, J. Vialard, M. Andres, H. Annamalai, S. Behera, N. D’Adamo, T. Doi, M. Feng, W. Han, N. Hardman-Mountford, H. Hendon, R. Hood, S. Kido, C. Lee, T. Lee, M. Lengaigne, J. Li, R. Lumpkin, K. N. Navaneeth, B. Milligan, M. J. McPhaden, M. Ravichandran, T. Shinoda, A. Singh, B. Sloyan, P. G. Strutton, A. C. Subramanian, S. Thurston, T. Tozuka, C. C. Ummenhofer, A. S. Unnikrishnan, R. Venkatesan, D. Wang, J. Wiggert, L. Yu, W. Yu, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [TITECH Tokyo], Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), International Pacific Research Center (IPRC), School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM)-University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, MN2S, Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, Emerging technologies, Climate change, Ocean Engineering, integration, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Aquatic Science, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Oceanography, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, Environmental data, Goods and services, end-user connections and application, 14. Life underwater, sustained observing system, lcsh:Science, Indian Ocean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, End user, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, Geography, data, regional observing system, 13. Climate action, Transparency (graphic), Sustainability, interdisciplinary, IndOOS, lcsh:Q, end-user connections and applications, business
Abstract: International audience; The Indian Ocean is warming faster than any of the global oceans and its climate is uniquely driven by the presence of a landmass at low latitudes, which causes monsoonal winds and reversing currents. The food, water, and energy security in the Indian Ocean rim countries and islands are intrinsically tied to its climate, with marine environmental goods and services, as well as trade within the basin, underpinning their economies. Hence, there are a range of societal needs for Indian Ocean observation arising from the influence of regional phenomena and climate change on, for instance, marine ecosystems, monsoon rains, and sea-level. The Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS), is a sustained observing system that monitors basin-scale ocean-atmosphere conditions, while providing flexibility in terms of emerging technologies and scientific and societal needs, and a framework for more regional and coastal monitoring. This paper reviews the societal and scientific motivations, current status, and future directions of IndOOS, while also discussing the need for enhanced coastal, shelf, and regional observations. The challenges of sustainability and implementation are also addressed, including capacity building, best practices, and integration of resources. The utility of IndOOS ultimately depends on the identification of, and engagement with, end-users and decision-makers and on the practical accessibility and transparency of data for a range of products and for decision-making processes. Therefore we highlight current progress, issues and challenges related to end user engagement with IndOOS, as well as the needs of the data assimilation and modeling communities. Knowledge of the status of the Indian Ocean climate and ecosystems and predictability of its future, depends on a wide range of socio-economic and environmental data, a significant part of which is provided by IndOOS.
Published: 2019

21. Advancing Marine Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Reanalyses and Forecasts as Tools for Monitoring and Managing Ecosystem Health

Author: Katja Fennel, Marion Gehlen, Pierre Brasseur, Christopher W. Brown, Stefano Ciavatta, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alessandro Crise, Christopher A. Edwards, David Ford, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Marilaure Gregoire, Emlyn Jones, Hae-Cheol Kim, Julien Lamouroux, Raghu Murtugudde, Coralie Perruche, the GODAE OceanView Marine Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction Task Team, Department of Oceanography [Halifax] (DO), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Service des Installations de Grenoble (SIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics (OGS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ocean observations, Biogeochemical cycle, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, reanalysis, Climate change, Ocean Engineering, forecasting, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, climate projection, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, Ecosystem health, business.industry, biogeochemical model, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Environmental resource management, Biogeochemistry, scenario, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Social ecological model, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, ecological model, business
Abstract: International audience; Ocean ecosystems are subject to a multitude of stressors, including changes in ocean physics and biogeochemistry, and direct anthropogenic influences. Implementation of protective and adaptive measures for ocean ecosystems requires a combination of ocean observations with analysis and prediction tools. These can guide assessments of the current state of ocean ecosystems, elucidate ongoing trends and shifts, and anticipate impacts of climate change and management policies. Analysis and prediction tools are defined here as ocean circulation models that are coupled to biogeochemical or ecological models. The range of potential applications for these systems is broad, ranging from reanalyses for the assessment of past and current states, and short-term and seasonal forecasts, to scenario simulations including climate change projections. The objectives of this article are to illustrate current capabilities with regard to the three types of applications, and to discuss the challenges and opportunities. Representative examples of global and regional systems are described with particular emphasis on those in operational or pre-operational use. With regard to the benefits and challenges, similar considerations apply to biogeochemical and ecological prediction systems as do to physical systems. However, at present there are at least two major differences: (1) biogeochemical observation streams are much sparser than physical streams presenting a significant hinderance, and (2) biogeochemical and ecological models are largely unconstrained because of insufficient observations. Expansion of biogeochemical and ecological observation systems will allow for significant advances in the development and application of analysis and prediction tools for ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems, with multiple societal benefits.
Published: 2019

22. Synthesis of Ocean Observations Using Data Assimilation for Operational, Real-Time and Reanalysis Systems: A More Complete Picture of the State of the Ocean

Author: Stefano Ciavatta, Arthur Vidard, Jim Cummings, Matthew Martin, Sergey Frolov, Anna Teruzzi, Peter R. Oke, Andrea Storto, Bruce D. Cornuelle, Anthony T. Weaver, Magdalena Balmaseda, Pierre F. J. Lermusiaux, Santha Akella, Paolo Oddo, Laurent Bertino, Andrew M. Moore, Hernan G. Arango, Computer Laboratory [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, IMSG@National Center for Environmental Predictions, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation - Science and Technology Organisation (CMRE - STO), CSIRO Marine and Atmosphere Research [Hobart], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Mathematics and computing applied to oceanic and atmospheric flows (AIRSEA), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), CERFACS, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ocean observations, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, ensembles, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Data assimilation, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, data assimilation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, calculus of variations, modeling, 13. Climate action, Systems engineering, lcsh:Q, Kálmán filters, [MATH.MATH-OC]Mathematics [math]/Optimization and Control [math.OC], State (computer science), Kalman filters
Abstract: International audience; Ocean data assimilation is increasingly recognized as crucial for the accuracy of real-time ocean prediction systems and historical re-analyses. The current status of ocean data assimilation in support of the operational demands of analysis, forecasting and reanalysis is reviewed, focusing on methods currently adopted in operational and real-time prediction systems. Significant challenges associated with the most commonly employed approaches are identified and discussed. Overarching issues faced by ocean data assimilation are also addressed, and important future directions in response to scientific advances, evolving and forthcoming ocean observing systems and the needs of stakeholders and downstream applications are discussed.
Published: 2019

23. Prediction of unprecedented biological shifts in the global ocean

Author: Angus Atkinson, Sanae Chiba, James E. Cloern, S. Fonda-Umani, Charles H. Greene, Eric Goberville, Philip C. Reid, Lars Stemmann, Richard R. Kirby, Saskia A. Otto, Grégory Beaugrand, Alessandra Conversi, Martin A. Edwards, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Istituto di Scienze Marine [Bologna] (ISMAR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), University of Trieste, The Secchi Disk Foundation, Cornell University [New York], Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), University of Hamburg, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), and Università degli studi di Trieste = University of Trieste
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecosystem ecology, Niche, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Zooplankton, Latitude, 03 medical and health sciences, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Marine biology, 0303 health sciences, Climate-change ecology, Northern Hemisphere, Pelagic zone, REGIME SHIFTS, CLIMATE-CHANGE, MARINE ECOSYSTEM, IMPACTS, VULNERABILITY, BIODIVERSITY, DIVERSITY, PRESSURE, ATLANTIC, ECOLOGY, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, Climate-change impacts, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract: International audience; Impermanence is an ecological principle1 but there are times when changes occur nonlinearly as abrupt community shifts (ACSs) that transform the ecosystem state and the goods and services it provides2. Here, we present a model based on niche theory3 to explain and predict ACSs at the global scale. We test our model using 14 multi-decadal time series of marine metazoans from zooplankton to fish, spanning all latitudes and the shelf to the open ocean. Predicted and observed fluctuations correspond, with both identifying ACSs at the end of the 1980s4,5,6,7 and 1990s5,8. We show that these ACSs coincide with changes in climate that alter local thermal regimes, which in turn interact with the thermal niche of species to trigger long-term and sometimes abrupt shifts at the community level. A large-scale ACS is predicted after 2014—unprecedented in magnitude and extent—coinciding with a strong El Niño event and major shifts in Northern Hemisphere climate. Our results underline the sensitivity of the Arctic Ocean, where unprecedented melting may reorganize biological communities5,9, and suggest an increase in the size and consequences of ACS events in a warming world.
Published: 2019

24. SEASTAR : a mission to study ocean submesoscale dynamics and small-scale atmosphere-ocean processes in coastal, shelf and polar seas

Author: Gommenginger, Christine, Chapron, Bertrand, Hogg, Andy, Buckingham, Christian, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Eriksson, Leif, Soulat, Francois, Ubelmann, Clement, Ocampo-Torres, Francisco, Nardelli, Bruno Buongiorno, Griffin, David, Lopez-Dekker, Paco, Knudsen, Per, Andersen, Ole, Stenseng, Lars, Stapleton, Neil, Perrie, William, Violante-Carvalho, Nelson, Schulz-Stellenfleth, Johannes, Woolf, Isern-Fontanet, Jordi, Ardhuin, Fabrice, Klein, Patrice, Mouche, Alexis, Pascual, Ananda, Capet, Xavier, Hauser, Daniele, Stoffelen, Morrow, Rosemary, Aouf, Lotfi, Breivik, Oyvind, Lee-Lueng, Johannessen, Johnny A., Aksenov, Yevgeny, Bricheno, Lucy, Hirschi, Joel, Martin, Adrien C. H., Adrian P., Nurser, George, Polton, Jeff, Wolf, Judith, Johnsens, Harald, Soloviev, Alexander, Jacobs, Gregg A., Collard, Groom, Steve, Kudryavtsev, Vladimir, Wilkin, John, Navarro, Victor, Babanin, Alex, Matthew, Siddorn, Saulter, Andrew, Rippeth, Tom, Emery, Bill, Maximenko, Nikolai, Romeiser, Roland, Graber, Hans, Azcarate, Aida Alvera, Hughes, Chris W., Vandemark, Doug, da Silva, Jose, Van Leeuwen, Peter Jan, Naveira-Garabato, Alberto, Gemmrich, Mahadevan, Amala, Marquez, Munro, Yvonne, Doody, Sam, Burbidge, Geoff, National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Centro de Investigacion Científica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Bologna] (CNR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing [Delft], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), National Space Institute [Lyngby] (DTU Space), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Planning [Aalborg], Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), Institut océanographique Bedford - Bedford Oceanographic Institute [Dartmouth, Canada] (IOB), Department or Ocean Engineering [Rio de Janeiro], Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institut für Küstenforschung / Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastruture and Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University [Edinburgh] (HWU), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), National Oceanographic Centre [Liverpool] (NOC ), Northern Research Institute Tromsø (NORUT), Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), OceanDataLab, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Satellite Oceanography Laboratory [St Petersburg] (SOLab), Russian State Hydrometeorological University [St.Petersburg] (RSHU), Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Starlab SLU [Barcelona, Spain], Department of Infrastructure Engineering [Melbourne], Melbourne School of Engineering [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Ocean Sciences [Menai Bridge], Bangor University, Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR), University of Colorado [Boulder], School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research (GHER), Université de Liège, Department of Earth Ocean and Ecological Sciences [Liverpool], University of Liverpool, College of Engineering and Physical Dciences [UNH Durham] (CEPS), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Departamento de Geociencias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territorio (DGAOT), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Victoria], University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Airbus Defence and Space Ltd [Portsmouth], Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation (UK), European Commission, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, and Universidade do Porto
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, air sea interactions, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Remote Sensing, Wind wave, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Cryosphere, lcsh:Science, Submesocale, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, geography.geographical_feature_category, marginal ice zone, dynamics, Ocean color, Climatology, coastal marginal ice zone, satellite, Air-sea interactions, coastal, Ocean Engineering, submesoscale, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Physics::Geophysics, along-track interferometry, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Along-track (AT) interferometry, Sea surface temperature, upper ocean dynamics, 13. Climate action, Polar seas, lcsh:Q, radar
Abstract: 7 pages, 2 figures, High-resolution satellite images of ocean color and sea surface temperature reveal an abundance of ocean fronts, vortices and filaments at scales below 10 km but measurements of ocean surface dynamics at these scales are rare. There is increasing recognition of the role played by small scale ocean processes in ocean-atmosphere coupling, upper-ocean mixing and ocean vertical transports, with advanced numerical models and in situ observations highlighting fundamental changes in dynamics when scales reach 1 km. Numerous scientific publications highlight the global impact of small oceanic scales on marine ecosystems, operational forecasts and long-term climate projections through strong ageostrophic circulations, large vertical ocean velocities and mixed layer re-stratification. Small-scale processes particularly dominate in coastal, shelf and polar seas where they mediate important exchanges between land, ocean, atmosphere and the cryosphere, e.g., freshwater, pollutants. As numerical models continue to evolve toward finer spatial resolution and increasingly complex coupled atmosphere-wave-ice-ocean systems, modern observing capability lags behind, unable to deliver the high-resolution synoptic measurements of total currents, wind vectors and waves needed to advance understanding, develop better parameterizations and improve model validations, forecasts and projections. SEASTAR is a satellite mission concept that proposes to directly address this critical observational gap with synoptic two-dimensional imaging of total ocean surface current vectors and wind vectors at 1 km resolution and coincident directional wave spectra. Based on major recent advances in squinted along-track Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry, SEASTAR is an innovative, mature concept with unique demonstrated capabilities, seeking to proceed toward spaceborne implementation within Europe and beyond, CG and AM received funding from the United Kingdom Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation SEASTAR+ project (Contract No. RP10G0435A02). PVL was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) CUNDA project 694509 under the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program
Published: 2019

25. Environmental risks associated with contaminants of legacy and emerging concern at European aquaculture areas

Author: Triantafyllos A. Albanis, Vasiliki Boti, Kevin V. Thomas, Yann Aminot, Marianne Köck-Schulmeyer, António Marques, Elena Botteon, Federico Ferrari, Lia Godinho, Stephen J. Sayfritz, James W. Readman, Marinella Farré, M. Silvia Díaz-Cruz, Damià Barceló, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Instituto Português de Investigação do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore [Roma] (Unicatt), University of Ioannina, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidade do Porto, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, European Commission, Diaz-Cruz, M. Silvia, Barceló, Damià, Diaz-Cruz, M. Silvia [0000-0003-3331-4076], and Barceló, Damià [0000-0002-8873-0491]
Subjects: Geologic Sediments, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Sewage, Aquaculture, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Sea, Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Atlantic Ocean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Fluorocarbons, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Sediment, Estuary, General Medicine, Contamination, Pollution, 6. Clean water, Aquaculture contaminants of legacy and emerging concern, Europe, Acrylates, Alkanesulfonic Acids, 13. Climate action, Personal care products, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Contaminants of legacy and emerging concern, Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, Ecotoxicity, business, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: The contamination of marine ecosystems by contaminants of emerging concern such as personal care products or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances is of increasing concern. This work assessed the concentrations of selected contaminants of emerging concern in water and sediment of European aquaculture areas, to evaluate their co-variation with legacy contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and faecal biomarkers, and estimate the risks associated with their occurrence. The 9 study sites were selected in 7 European countries to be representative of the aquaculture activities of their region: 4 sites in the Atlantic Ocean and 5 in the Mediterranean Sea. Musks, UV filters, preservatives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in at least one of the sites with regional differences. While personal care products appear to be the main component of the water contamination, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were mostly found in sediments. As expected, generally higher levels of personal care products were found in sewage impacted sites, urbanised coasts and estuaries. The risk assessment for water and sediment revealed a potential risk for the local aquatic environment from contaminants of both legacy and emerging concern, with a significant contribution of the UV filter octocrylene. Despite marginal contributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the total concentrations, PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) aqueous concentrations combined to its low ecotoxicity thresholds produced significant hazard quotients indicating a potential risk to the ecosystems., This study was financially supported by the SEA-on-a-CHIP project, funded from European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-OCEAN-2013) under grant agreement No. 614168. Antonio Marques is supported through the FCT Investigator program (IF).
Published: 2019

26. FluxEngine: A Flexible Processing System for Calculating Atmosphere–Ocean Carbon Dioxide Gas Fluxes and Climatologies

Author: Jean-Francois Piolle, Bertrand Chapron, Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy, Peter E. Land, Fanny Girard-Ardhuin, David K. Woolf, Frederic Paul, Jamie D. Shutler, Craig Donlon, University of Exeter, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Heriot-Watt University [Edinburgh] (HWU), Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, Earth observation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Ocean Engineering, Cloud computing, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Software, Climate records, Circulation/ Dynamics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Observational techniques and algorithms, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, NetCDF, Atmosphere-ocean interaction, Atm/Ocean Structure/ Phenomena, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, computer.file_format, Toolbox, Satellite observations, Greenhouse gases, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Applications, Environmental science, Satellite, business, computer
Abstract: The air–sea flux of greenhouse gases [e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2)] is a critical part of the climate system and a major factor in the biogeochemical development of the oceans. More accurate and higher-resolution calculations of these gas fluxes are required if researchers are to fully understand and predict future climate. Satellite Earth observation is able to provide large spatial-scale datasets that can be used to study gas fluxes. However, the large storage requirements needed to host such data can restrict its use by the scientific community. Fortunately, the development of cloud computing can provide a solution. This paper describes an open-source air–sea CO2 flux processing toolbox called the “FluxEngine,” designed for use on a cloud-computing infrastructure. The toolbox allows users to easily generate global and regional air–sea CO2 flux data from model, in situ, and Earth observation data, and its air–sea gas flux calculation is user configurable. Its current installation on the Nephalae Cloud allows users to easily exploit more than 8 TB of climate-quality Earth observation data for the derivation of gas fluxes. The resultant netCDF data output files contain >20 data layers containing the various stages of the flux calculation along with process indicator layers to aid interpretation of the data. This paper describes the toolbox design, which verifies the air–sea CO2 flux calculations; demonstrates the use of the tools for studying global and shelf sea air–sea fluxes; and describes future developments.
Published: 2016

27. Costs and benefits to European shipping of ballast-water and hull-fouling treatment: Impacts of native and non-indigenous species

Author: Ana M. Queirós, Frédérique Viard, David Stanley Smith, Lionel Santos, John D. D. Bishop, Melanie C. Austen, Gorka Merino, Erik Buisman, T.W. Fileman, Jose A. Fernandes, Thomas Vance, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Marine Biological Association (MBA UK), Marine Biological Association, DIVersité et COnnectivité dans le paysage marin côtier (DIVCO), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, LEI Wageningen UR, and Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Subjects: economic impact, 0106 biological sciences, Pollution, Ballast, Economics and Econometrics, Biofouling, media_common.quotation_subject, Introduced species, mitigation measures, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Shipping, Environmental protection, Mitigation measures, biofouling, ballast water, 14. Life underwater, Economic impact analysis, Ballast water, shipping, Green Economy and Landuse, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, Fouling, Cost–benefit analysis, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Maritime, Economic impact, Groene Economie en Ruimte, 13. Climate action, maritime, Non-indigenous species, Fuel efficiency, native, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Law, Native
Abstract: International audience; Maritime transport and shipping are impacted negatively by biofouling, which can result in increased fuel consumption. Thus, costs for fouling reduction can be considered an investment to reduce fuel consumption. Anti-fouling measures also reduce the rate of introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS). Further mitigation measures to reduce the transport of NIS within ballast water and sediments impose additional costs. The estimated operational cost of NIS mitigation measures may represent between 1.6% and 4% of the annual operational cost for a ship operating on European seas, with the higher proportional costs in small ships. However, fouling by NIS may affect fuel consumption more than fouling by native species due to differences in species’ life-history traits and their resistance to antifouling coatings and pollution. Therefore, it is possible that the cost of NIS mitigation measures could be smaller than the cost from higher fuel consumption arising from fouling by NIS.
Published: 2016

28. BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene

Author: Grace E. Frank, Alecia Bellgrove, Flaviana Maluf Souza, Fakhrizal Setiawan, Vladimir G. Onipchenko, Miguel Barbosa, J. Emmett Duffy, Robert A. Davis, Giselda Durigan, Jan Vanaverbeke, Ricardo Rocha, Ana Paula Savassi-Coutinho, Francis Neat, Emily H. Stanley, Erkki Pulliainen, Vinicius Castro Souza, Stephen F. Newton, N. A. Mil'chakova, Annika Hofgaard, James A. Nelson, Elisabeth J. Cooper, Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi, Sonja Wipf, Anders Enemar, Gabriel Barros Gonçalves de Souza, Claire Laguionie-Marchais, Dušan Adam, Robert N. L. Fitt, Christopher P. Bloch, Claus Bässler, Gediminas Vaitkus, Magdalena Błażewicz, Robert R. Twilley, Richard Condit, B.R. Ramesh, Chaolun Allen Chen, Grace E. P. Murphy, Kevin P. Robinson, Gal Badihi, Lars G. Rudstam, J. Jonathan Moore, David M. Paterson, Sarah R. Supp, Claire E. Widdicombe, Suzanne M. Remillard, Hans M. Verheye, Jill F. Johnstone, Claire H. Davies, Shane A. Blowes, Mark E. Harmon, Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Andrew J. Brooks, Gert Van Hoey, José Eduardo Rebelo, Anna Maria Fosaa, Tim S. Doherty, Jasper A. Slingsby, Francesco Pomati, Raphaël Pélissier, Ward Appeltans, José Manuel Arcos, Phaedra Budy, Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, Maria Teresa Zugliani Toniato, Anthony J. Richardson, Luiz Fernando Loureiro Fernandes, Christopher D. Stallings, Rowan Stanforth, David J. Kushner, A. A. Akhmetzhanova, Geraldo Antônio Daher Corrêa Franco, Alessandra Fidelis, Elizabeth Gorgone-Barbosa, Dave Watts, S.A. Tarigan, Timothy C. Bonebrake, Kent P. McFarland, Jonathan Belmaker, Shahar Malamud, Kamil Král, John D. Lloyd, Diane M. McKnight, Alessandra Rocha Kortz, Luise Hermanutz, Tore Johannessen, N. Ayyappan, Brian J. Bett, Haley Arnold, Fernando Rodrigues da Silva, Peter L. Meserve, Francisco Lloret, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Michael R. Willig, Linda A. Kuhnz, Esther Lévesque, Kwang-Tsao Shao, Sofía Sal, Robert D. Hollister, Andrew Rassweiler, Christoph F. J. Meyer, Jeffrey C. Oliver, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Graham J. Edgar, Jacek Siciński, Beatriz Salgado, Fábio Venturoli, Matt Bradford, Borgþór Magnússon, Edward Castañeda-Moya, Anne D. Bjorkman, Eric Post, Alain Paquette, Or Givan, Jonathan S. Lefcheck, Falk Huettmann, Fábio Lang da Silveira, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Thomas J. Valone, Sarah C. Elmendorf, Sinta Pardede, Esben Moland Olsen, Laura Siegwart Collier, Flavio Antonio Maës dos Santos, Andrew H. Baird, Cheol Min Lee, Robert B. Waide, Olivia Mendivil Ramos, David C. Lightfoot, Stefan B. Williams, Ute Jandt, David Janík, Stephen S. Hale, Robin Elahi, Andrew L. Rypel, S. K. Morgan Ernest, Jörg Müller, Gaius R. Shaver, Anna Jażdżewska, José Mauro Sterza, Maarten Stevens, Denise de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres, Dor Edelist, Martha Isabel Vallejo, Michael Paul Nelson, Conor Waldock, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Sally Sherman, Dustin J. Wilgers, Sharon K. Collinge, Kristen T. Holeck, Josep Peñuelas, Douglas A. Kelt, Tiago Egydio Barreto, Faye Moyes, Robert L. Schooley, Peter B. Reich, Jason Meador, Anders Michelsen, J. Paul Richardson, Sara J. Snell, Julio R. Gutiérrez, Chih-hao Hsieh, Gary D. Grossman, Hernando García, Ana Carolina da Silva, Kyle J. A. Zawada, Richard T. Holmes, John C. Priscu, Christine L. Huffard, Christian Rixen, William O. McLarney, Julia A. Jones, Anne Tolvanen, William A. Gould, Maite Louzao, Alejandro Pérez-Matus, Donald L. Henshaw, Kathleen L. Prudic, Herbert H. T. Prins, Helge Bruelheide, Catalina S. Ruz, Rui P. Vieira, Gary P. Thiede, Erin C. Keeley, James H. Brown, William R. Fraser, Pieter Provoost, Andrew S. Hoey, Robert J. Pabst, Kerry D. Woods, Fabiano Turini Farah, Nancy B. Rybicki, Sara E. Scanga, Trevor J. Willis, Daniel J. Metcalfe, Mark Williamson, Joshua S. Madin, Tasrif Kartawijaya, Brian J. McGill, Erica M. Sampaio, Shannan K. Crow, Stephen P. Hubbell, Jochen Schmidt, Daniel C. Reed, Steven Degraer, Laura H. Antão, Krzysztof Pabis, Christopher C. Koenig, Fernando Carvalho, Marcelo Vianna, Anne E. Magurran, Marc Estiarte, Rebecca Kinnear, Tracey Smart, Lesley T. Lancaster, Frank P. Day, Natalia Norden, Unai Cotano, Fábio Z. Farneda, Nelson Valdivia, Corinna Gries, Tomasz Wesołowski, Pedro Higuchi, Jungwon Kang, Randall W. Myster, Itai van Rijn, Oscar Pizarro, Michael L. Zettler, Simon Thorn, Thomas W. Sherry, Timothy E. Dunn, Tung-Yung Fan, Susan Boyd, Adrià López-Baucells, Tomáš Vrška, Tory J. Chase, Ruben Escribano, R. Williams, Carolina Mathias Moreira, John F. Chamblee, Con Quang Vu, Halvor Knutsen, Amanda E. Bates, Maria Dornelas, Kari Klanderud, Jorge Yoshio Tamashiro, Tom Moens, Sara L. Webb, Iain Matthews, Carl Van Colen, Chao-Yang Kuo, Caya Sievers, Faith A. M. Jones, Gary Haskins, Eric J. Woehler, J. Hans C. Cornelissen, Allen H. Hurlbert, Mia O. Hoogenboom, Pamela Hidalgo, Henry A. Ruhl, Brian S. Evans, Ørjan Totland, Lien Van Vu, Yzel Rondon Súarez, Gabriella Damasceno, Even Moland, John Harte, Andrew Naumov, Ethan P. White, Natália Macedo Ivanauskas, Systems Ecology, International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Oostende, Safety science group, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE), Department of Biology [Pisa], University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Management Unit of the Mathematical Model of the North Sea, Royal Belgian Insitute of Natural Sciences, Floresta Estadual Assis, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Polar Oceans Research Group [USA], Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), EWHALE Laboratory of Biology and Wildlife Department, Institute of Arctic Biology-University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, University of Lódź, Dept Ecol Evol Biol, Univ California SC (EEB-UCSC), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Département de chimie-biologie & Centre d’études nordiques [CANADA], Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Human Communication Technologies Research Laboratory (UBC), University of British Columbia (UBC), Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Department of Biology [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, Computer Laboratory [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Forest Research (CFR), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), The Centre for Applied Genomics, Toronto, University of Toronto-The Hospital for Sick Children-Department of Molecular Genetics-McLaughlin Centre, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur Oriental (COPAS), Universidad de Concepción [Chile], Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Biological Science [Tallahassee], Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Communication Systems Group [Zurich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Academia Sinica, Facultad Ciencias del Mar, universidad catolica del Norte, Marine Biology Section, Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Department of Avian Ecology, Wrocław University, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Dornelas, Maria, University of St Andrews. School of Biology, University of St Andrews. Fish Behaviour and Biodiversity Research Group, University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland, University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Sustainability Institute, University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews. Sediment Ecology Research Group, University of St Andrews. Centre for Higher Education Research, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Tel Aviv University (TAU), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Flødevigen Research Station (IMR), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids)-University of Toronto-Department of Molecular Genetics-McLaughlin Centre, Universidad de Concepción - University of Concepcion [Chile], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), University of Wrocław [Poland] (UWr), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Toronto-The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids)-Department of Molecular Genetics-McLaughlin Centre, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Dornelas M., Antao L.H., Moyes F., Bates A.E., Magurran A.E., Adam D., Akhmetzhanova A.A., Appeltans W., Arcos J.M., Arnold H., Ayyappan N., Badihi G., Baird A.H., Barbosa M., Barreto T.E., Bassler C., Bellgrove A., Belmaker J., Benedetti-Cecchi L., Bett B.J., Bjorkman A.D., Blazewicz M., Blowes S.A., Bloch C.P., Bonebrake T.C., Boyd S., Bradford M., Brooks A.J., Brown J.H., Bruelheide H., Budy P., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Moya E., Chen C.A., Chamblee J.F., Chase T.J., Siegwart Collier L., Collinge S.K., Condit R., Cooper E.J., Cornelissen J.H.C., Cotano U., Kyle Crow S., Damasceno G., Davies C.H., Davis R.A., Day F.P., Degraer S., Doherty T.S., Dunn T.E., Durigan G., Duffy J.E., Edelist D., Edgar G.J., Elahi R., Elmendorf S.C., Enemar A., Ernest S.K.M., Escribano R., Estiarte M., Evans B.S., Fan T.-Y., Turini Farah F., Loureiro Fernandes L., Farneda F.Z., Fidelis A., Fitt R., Fosaa A.M., Daher Correa Franco G.A., Frank G.E., Fraser W.R., Garcia H., Cazzolla Gatti R., Givan O., Gorgone-Barbosa E., Gould W.A., Gries C., Grossman G.D., Gutierrez J.R., Hale S., Harmon M.E., Harte J., Haskins G., Henshaw D.L., Hermanutz L., Hidalgo P., Higuchi P., Hoey A., Van Hoey G., Hofgaard A., Holeck K., Hollister R.D., Holmes R., Hoogenboom M., Hsieh C.-H., Hubbell S.P., Huettmann F., Huffard C.L., Hurlbert A.H., Macedo Ivanauskas N., Janik D., Jandt U., Jazdzewska A., Johannessen T., Johnstone J., Jones J., Jones F.A.M., Kang J., Kartawijaya T., Keeley E.C., Kelt D.A., Kinnear R., Klanderud K., Knutsen H., Koenig C.C., Kortz A.R., Kral K., Kuhnz L.A., Kuo C.-Y., Kushner D.J., Laguionie-Marchais C., Lancaster L.T., Min Lee C., Lefcheck J.S., Levesque E., Lightfoot D., Lloret F., Lloyd J.D., Lopez-Baucells A., Louzao M., Madin J.S., Magnusson B., Malamud S., Matthews I., McFarland K.P., McGill B., McKnight D., McLarney W.O., Meador J., Meserve P.L., Metcalfe D.J., Meyer C.F.J., Michelsen A., Milchakova N., Moens T., Moland E., Moore J., Mathias Moreira C., Muller J., Murphy G., Myers-Smith I.H., Myster R.W., Naumov A., Neat F., Nelson J.A., Paul Nelson M., Newton S.F., Norden N., Oliver J.C., Olsen E.M., Onipchenko V.G., Pabis K., Pabst R.J., Paquette A., Pardede S., Paterson D.M., Pelissier R., Penuelas J., Perez-Matus A., Pizarro O., Pomati F., Post E., Prins H.H.T., Priscu J.C., Provoost P., Prudic K.L., Pulliainen E., Ramesh B.R., Mendivil Ramos O., Rassweiler A., Rebelo J.E., Reed D.C., Reich P.B., Remillard S.M., Richardson A.J., Richardson J.P., van Rijn I., Rocha R., Rivera-Monroy V.H., Rixen C., Robinson K.P., Ribeiro Rodrigues R., de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres D., Rudstam L., Ruhl H., Ruz C.S., Sampaio E.M., Rybicki N., Rypel A., Sal S., Salgado B., Santos F.A.M., Savassi-Coutinho A.P., Scanga S., Schmidt J., Schooley R., Setiawan F., Shao K.-T., Shaver G.R., Sherman S., Sherry T.W., Sicinski J., Sievers C., da Silva A.C., Rodrigues da Silva F., Silveira F.L., Slingsby J., Smart T., Snell S.J., Soudzilovskaia N.A., Souza G.B.G., Maluf Souza F., Castro Souza V., Stallings C.D., Stanforth R., Stanley E.H., Mauro Sterza J., Stevens M., Stuart-Smith R., Rondon Suarez Y., Supp S., Yoshio Tamashiro J., Tarigan S., Thiede G.P., Thorn S., Tolvanen A., Teresa Zugliani Toniato M., Totland O., Twilley R.R., Vaitkus G., Valdivia N., Vallejo M.I., Valone T.J., Van Colen C., Vanaverbeke J., Venturoli F., Verheye H.M., Vianna M., Vieira R.P., Vrska T., Quang Vu C., Van Vu L., Waide R.B., Waldock C., Watts D., Webb S., Wesolowski T., White E.P., Widdicombe C.E., Wilgers D., Williams R., Williams S.B., Williamson M., Willig M.R., Willis T.J., Wipf S., Woods K.D., Woehler E.J., Zawada K., Zettler M.L., The Wellcome Trust, European Research Council, and University of St Andrews. Centre for Biological Diversity
Subjects: Data Papers, 0106 biological sciences, Range (biology), QH301 Biology, temporal, NERC, Biodiversity, Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP], BIALOWIEZA NATIONAL-PARK, special, computer.software_genre, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, species richness, SDG 15 - Life on Land, biodiversity, Global and Planetary Change, B003-ecology, Database, Ecology, Sampling (statistics), SIMULATED HERBIVORY, supporting technologies, LAND-BRIDGE ISLANDS, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, global, PRIMEVAL TEMPERATE FOREST, Geography, POPULATION TRENDS, turnover, Data Paper, SECONDARY FOREST, Evolution, ESTUARINE COASTAL LAGOON, 010603 evolutionary biology, QH301, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Behavior and Systematics, Anthropocene, spatial, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480, species richne, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, NE/L002531/1, ZA4450, Relative species abundance, ZA4450 Databases, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, RCUK, Biology and Life Sciences, DAS, 15. Life on land, DECIDUOUS FOREST, Taxon, Fish, 13. Climate action, MCP, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, LONG-TERM CHANGE, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, computer, BIRD COMMUNITY DYNAMICS, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480
Abstract: Motivation The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km2 (158 cm2) to 100 km2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm2). Time period and grain BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format .csv and .SQL., Global Ecology and Biogeography, 27 (7), ISSN:1466-822X, ISSN:1466-8238
Published: 2018

29. Evolving paradigms in biological carbon cycling in the ocean

Author: Nianzhi Jiao, Chuanlun Zhang, Louis Legendre, Ronald Benner, Carol V. Robinson, Hongyue Dang, Curtis A. Suttle, Luca Polimene, Farooq Azam, Uta Passow, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Archaea Geo-Omics, Southern University of Science and Technology [Shenzhen] (SUSTech), Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, Department of Biological Sciences [Columbia], University of South Carolina [Columbia], Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogeoscience (AWI), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (UBC EOAS), University of British Columbia (UBC), and Xiamen University
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth science, Global warming, Biogeochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Dissolved organic carbon, 14. Life underwater, Oceanic carbon cycle, Biological oceanography, Microbial loop, Carbon, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Carbon is a keystone element in global biogeochemical cycles. It plays a fundamental role in biotic and abiotic processes in the ocean, which intertwine to mediate the chemistry and redox status of carbon in the ocean and the atmosphere. The interactions between abiotic and biogenic carbon (e.g. CO2, CaCO3, organic matter) in the ocean are complex, and there is a half-century-old enigma about the existence of a huge reservoir of recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) that equates to the magnitude of the pool of atmospheric CO2. The concepts of the biological carbon pump (BCP) and the microbial loop (ML) shaped our understanding of the marine carbon cycle. The more recent concept of the microbial carbon pump (MCP), which is closely connected to those of the BCP and the ML, explicitly considers the significance of the ocean's RDOC reservoir and provides a mechanistic framework for the exploration of its formation and persistence. Understanding of the MCP has benefited from advanced ‘omics’ and novel research in biological oceanography and microbial biogeochemistry. The need to predict the ocean's response to climate change makes an integrative understanding of the BCP, ML and MCP a high priority. In this review, we summarize and discuss progress since the proposal of the MCP in 2010 and formulate research questions for the future.
Published: 2018

30. Submesoscale Rossby waves on the Antarctic circumpolar current

Author: Ricardo Torres, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, K. Adams, M. A. Stamper, Scott Bachman, John Taylor, Phil Hosegood, Taylor, John R [0000-0002-1292-3756], Stamper, Megan [0000-0001-5400-0063], Hosegood, Phil [0000-0002-4415-7152], Adams, Katherine [0000-0003-1478-5235], Torres, Ricardo [0000-0002-9035-2637], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Processus de couplage à Petite Echelle, Ecosystèmes et Prédateurs Supérieurs (PEPS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, National Environmental Research Council (standard grants NE/J010472/1 and NE/J009857/1), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Subduction, 010505 oceanography, Rossby wave, SciAdv r-articles, Stratification (water), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Circumpolar star, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Scotia sea, Protein filament, Eddy, 13. Climate action, 0405 Oceanography, 14. Life underwater, Research Articles, Research Article, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Submesoscale Rossby waves are found along the Antarctic circumpolar current where they drive strong vertical circulations., The eastward-flowing Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC) plays a central role in the global ocean overturning circulation and facilitates the exchange of water between the ocean surface and interior. Submesoscale eddies and fronts with scales between 1 and 10 km are regularly observed in the upper ocean and are associated with strong vertical circulations and enhanced stratification. Despite their importance in other locations, comparatively little is known about submesoscales in the Southern Ocean. We present results from new observations, models, and theories showing that submesoscales are qualitatively changed by the strong jet associated with the ACC in the Scotia Sea, east of Drake Passage. Growing submesoscale disturbances develop along a dense filament and are transformed into submesoscale Rossby waves, which propagate upstream relative to the eastward jet. Unlike their counterparts in slower currents, the submesoscale Rossby waves do not destroy the underlying frontal structure. The development of submesoscale instabilities leads to strong net subduction of water associated with a dense outcropping filament, and later, the submesoscale Rossby waves are associated with intense vertical circulations.
Published: 2018

31. Practical application of the Ecosystem Service Approach (ESA): lessons learned and recommendations for the future

Author: Tara Hooper, Rémi Mongruel, Nicola Beaumont, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer (AMURE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: recommendation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, GeneralLiterature_INTRODUCTORYANDSURVEY, coastal, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TD1-1066, Ecosystem services, lcsh:HD101-1395.5, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, uncertainty, Environmental planning, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Valuation (finance), Ecology, Uncertainty, Conceptual development, Recommendation, Management, Valuation, lcsh:Land use, Coastal, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Business, ecosystem services, valuation, management
Abstract: An Ecosystem Service Approach (ESA) is increasingly advocated for use in both environmental management and academic applications. However, despite extensive conceptual development, there are still very few examples of the effective use of the ESA for operational management. This contribution reports on the field application of the ESA at six marine and coastal case study sites. Each case study demonstrates a variation on an interdisciplinary approach to translate complex natural science data into ecosystem service terminology, and then explores the usefulness of this information in a management context. From these experiences 6 key recommendations are made to aid the future application of the ESA: (1) Invest resources in collective planning of ESA; (2) apply dynamic and connected approaches including multiple ES; (3) undertake ESA at a local scale; (4) employ interdisciplinary research; (5) work proactively and transparently with data gaps and uncertainty; (6) record ESA and resultant impact. For each recommendation an accompanying discussion of state of the art tools and methods is provided to promote their attainment.EDITED BY Evangelia Drakou
Published: 2018

32. Light Absorption by Suspended Particles in the Red Sea: Effect of Phytoplankton Community Size Structure and Pigment Composition

Author: Emanuele Organelli, Mustapha Ouhssain, Annick Bricaud, Burton H. Jones, Malika Kheireddine, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, History, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, phytoplankton pigments, Library science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Research vessel, Geochemistry and Petrology, Gratitude, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Suspended particles, Pigment composition, phytoplankton size, Red Sea, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Phytoplankton absorption, light absorption
Abstract: International audience; The light absorption properties of phytoplankton (a(ph)()) and nonalgal particles (a(nap)()) associated with phytoplankton pigments were analyzed across the Red Sea, in the upper 200 m depth, between October 2014 and August 2016. The contribution by nonalgal particles to the total particulate light absorption (a(ph)()+a(nap)()) was highly variable (2317% at 440 nm) and no relationship between a(nap)(440) and chlorophyll a concentration, [TChl a], was observed. Phytoplankton-specific phytoplankton absorption coefficients at 440 and 676 nm for a given [TChl a], a(ph)*(440), and (676) were slightly higher than those derived from average relationships for open ocean waters within the surface layer as well as along the water column. Variations in the concentration of photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments were noticeable by changes in phytoplankton community size structure as well as in (). This study revealed that a higher proportion of picophytoplankton and an increase in photoprotective pigments (mainly driven by zeaxanthin) tended to be responsible for the higher () values found in the Red Sea as compared to other oligotrophic regions with similar [TChl a]. Understanding this variability across the Red Sea may help improve the accuracy of biogeochemical parameters, such as [TChl a], derived from in situ measurements and ocean color remote sensing at a regional scale.
Published: 2018
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33. Integrated ecological-economic fisheries models : Evaluation, review and challenges for implementation

Author: Jan Horbowy, Elizabeth I. van Putten, Aniol Esteban, Rik C. Buckworth, Youen Vermard, Sarah Simons, Sophie Gourguet, Francois Bastardie, Rosa Mato-Amboage, Mathieu Merzéréaud, Siems Bossier, Steven Mackinson, Dorleta Garcia, Staffan Waldo, Bruce D. Mapstone, Olivier Guyader, Raúl Prellezo, Sean Pascoe, Daniel S. Holland, Paul Marchal, Stéphanie Mahévas, Clara Ulrich, Heleen Bartelings, Sonia Sanchez, Claire Macher, Ralf Doering, Didier Gascuel, Catherine M. Dichmont, Anton Paulrud, Éva E. Plagányi, Roy Deng, Rolf A. Groeneveld, Artur Palacz, L. Richard Little, Griffin Carpenter, J.M. Da-Rocha, Francesc Maynou, Michel Bertignac, Asbjørn Christensen, Rüdiger Voss, Jose A. Fernandes, Trevor Hutton, J. Rasmus Nielsen, Sigrid Lehuta, Eckhard Bethke, Hans Frost, Jörn Schmidt, Maciej T. Tomczak, Martin F. Quaas, Icarus Allen, Jordi Guillen, Jordi Lleonart, Villy Christensen, Katell G. Hamon, Eric Thunberg, Lars Ravn-Jonsen, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Olivier Thébaud, Loïc Gasche, Ayoe Hoff, Diana van Dijk, André E. Punt, DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), CSIRO Marine and Atmosphere Research [Hobart], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Washington [Seattle], Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Unité de recherche Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques (STH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Thünen-Institute of Sea Fisheries, New economics foundation, University of British Columbia (UBC), Universidate de Vigo, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), AZTI - Tecnalia, Écologie et Modèles pour l'halieutique (EMH), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer (AMURE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Scottish Pelagic Fishermen's Association, Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Manche Mer du nord, IFREMER Centre Manche Mer du Nord, (HMMN), Swedish Agency for Marine Water Management, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Stockholm University, Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universidade de Vigo, Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (IFREMER EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques (STH), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (EMH), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), and Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Performance and Impact Agrosectors, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Performance en Impact Agrosectoren, Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, Multidisciplinary approach, International Policy, Comparative model evaluation, Bio‐economic models, Ecology, Communication, Environmental resource management, Social dynamics, Ecologically sustainable development, Performance criteria and scales and risks, Bio-economic models, Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models, Marine spatial planning and cross‐sector management, Marine conservation, Use and acceptance and implementation and communication and flexibility and complexity, Performance criteria, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 5312.01 Agricultura, Silvicultura, Pesca, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 12. Responsible consumption, Scales and risks, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, bio-economic models, Internationaal Beleid, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Flexibility (engineering), marine spatial planning and cross-sector management, User Friendly, WIMEK, business.industry, Marine spatial planning and cross-sector management, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Marine spatial planning, Cross-sector management, Complexity, Integrated ecological-economic fisheries models, Fishery, Acceptance, 13. Climate action, Implementation, Sustainability, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, Fisheries management advice, Flexibility, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Milieueconomie en Natuurlijke Hulpbronnen
Abstract: Nielsen, J.R. ... et al.-- 29 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12232, Marine ecosystems evolve under many interconnected and area‐specific pressures. To fulfil society's intensifying and diversifying needs while ensuring ecologically sustainable development, more effective marine spatial planning and broader‐scope management of marine resources is necessary. Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models (IEEFMs) of marine systems are needed to evaluate impacts and sustainability of potential management actions and understand, and anticipate ecological, economic and social dynamics at a range of scales from local to national and regional. To make these models most effective, it is important to determine how model characteristics and methods of communicating results influence the model implementation, the nature of the advice that can be provided and the impact on decisions taken by managers. This article presents a global review and comparative evaluation of 35 IEEFMs applied to marine fisheries and marine ecosystem resources to identify the characteristics that determine their usefulness, effectiveness and implementation. The focus is on fully integrated models that allow for feedbacks between ecological and human processes although not all the models reviewed achieve that. Modellers must invest more time to make models user friendly and to participate in management fora where models and model results can be explained and discussed. Such involvement is beneficial to all parties, leading to improvement of mo‐dels and more effective implementation of advice, but demands substantial resources which must be built into the governance process. It takes time to develop effective processes for using IEEFMs requiring a long‐term commitment to integrating multidisciplinary modelling advice into management decision‐making
Published: 2018

34. Projecting changes in the distribution and productivity of living marine resources: A critical review of the suite of modelling approaches used in the large European project VECTORS

Author: Christos Arvanitidis, Myron A. Peck, Donata Melaku Canu, Loïc Gasche, Paolo Domenici, Marc Hufnagl, Andrea Cucco, Matteo Sinerchia, Morgane Travers-Trolet, Eva Chatzinikolaou, Etienne Rivot, Deiphine Nicolas, Paul Marchal, Marie Maar, Cosimo Solidoro, Momme Butenschön, John K. Pinnegar, Stéphanie Mahévas, Anne F. Sell, Paul J. Somerfield, Karen E. van de Wolfshaar, Jose A. Fernandes, Friedemann Keyl, Lorna R. Teal, Alexander Kempf, Klaus B. Huebert, Miranda C. Jones, Sébastien Rochette, Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Écologie et Modèles pour l'halieutique (EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Laboratoire Applications Géomatiques, Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (IFREMER EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), EU Cost Action FA1004 'Conservation Physiology', European Project: 266445,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-OCEAN-2010,VECTORS(2011), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (EMH), Service Applications Géomatiques (AG), and Dynamiques des Écosystèmes Côtiers (DYNECO)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Marine conservation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Species distribution, Ditribution, Aquatic Science, Biology, Distribution, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Modelling, Life history theory, Onderzoeksformatie, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Ecosystem model, Economic cost, 14. Life underwater, Productivity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Man-induced effects, Adaptive capacity, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, Resources, Habitat, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (FP7/2007-2013) within the Ocean of Tomorrow call under Grant Agreement No.266445 for the project Vectors of Change in Oceans and Seas Marine Life, Impact on Economic Sectors (VECTORS). This work is also a contribution to the EU Cost Action FA1004 "Conservation Physiology". PS acknowledges support from the UK Natural Environment Research Council and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [grant number NE/L003279/1, Marine Ecosystems Research Programme. The authors wish to thank Drs. Jason Link, Elizabeth Fulton and Oivind Fiksen as well as an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This work also benefitted from discussions among members of the ICES Working Group on Integrated Physical biological and Ecosystem Modelling (WGIPEM) and the ICES-PICES Strategic Initiative on Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems (SICCME). Academic press ltd- elsevier science ltd London Si Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography Iences, v367, p2979 Iences, v367, p1607; International audience; We review and compare four broad categories of spatially-explicit modelling approaches currently used to understand and project changes in the distribution and productivity of living marine resources including: 1) statistical species distribution models, 2) physiology-based, biophysical models of single life stages or the whole life cycle of species, 3) food web models, and 4) end-to-end models. Single pressures are rare and, in the future, models must be able to examine multiple factors affecting living marine resources such as interactions between: i) climate-driven changes in temperature regimes and acidification, ii) reductions in water quality due to eutrophication, iii) the introduction of alien invasive species, and/or iv) (over-)exploitation by fisheries. Statistical (correlative) approaches can be used to detect historical patterns which may not be relevant in the future. Advancing predictive capacity of changes in distribution and productivity of living marine resources requires explicit modelling of biological and physical mechanisms. New formulations are needed which (depending on the question) will need to strive for more realism in ecophysiology and behaviour of individuals, life history strategies of species, as well as trophodynamic interactions occurring at different spatial scales. Coupling existing models (e.g. physical, biological, economic) is one avenue that has proven successful. However, fundamental advancements are needed to address key issues such as the adaptive capacity of species/groups and ecosystems. The continued development of end-to-end models (e.g., physics to fish to human sectors) will be critical if we hope to assess how multiple pressures may interact to cause changes in living marine resources including the ecological and economic costs and trade-offs of different spatial management strategies. Given the strengths and weaknesses of the various types of models reviewed here, confidence in projections of changes in the distribution and productivity of living marine resources will be increased by assessing model structural uncertainty through biological ensemble modelling.
Published: 2018

35. Surface ocean carbon dioxide during the Atlantic Meridional Transect (1995–2013); evidence of ocean acidification

Author: Vassilis Kitidis, Ian Brown, Nicholas Hardman-Mountford, Nathalie Lefèvre, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, University of Oxford [Oxford], Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study, Deep chlorophyll maximum, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geology, Ocean acidification, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sea surface temperature, Oceanography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Ocean gyre, Carbon dioxide, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, Transect, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Here we present more than 21,000 observations of carbon dioxide fugacity in air and seawater (fCO(2)) along the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme for the period 1995-2013. Our dataset consists of 11 southbound and 2 northbound cruises in boreal autumn and spring respectively. Our paper is primarily focused on change in the surface-ocean carbonate system during southbound cruises. We used observed fCO(2) and total alkalinity (TA), derived from salinity and temperature, to estimate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH (total scale). Using this approach, estimated pH was consistent with spectrophotometric measurements carried out on 3 of our cruises. The AMT cruises transect a range of biogeographic provinces where surface Chlorophyll-alpha spans two orders of magnitude (mesotrophic high latitudes to oligotrophic subtropical gyres). We found that surface Chlorophyll-alpha was negatively correlated with fCO(2), but that the deep chlorophyll maximum was not a controlling variable for fCO(2). Our data show clear evidence of ocean acidification across 100 degrees of latitude in the Atlantic Ocean. Over the period 1995-2013 we estimated annual rates of change in: (a) sea surface temperature of 0.01 +/- 0.05 degrees C, (b) seawater fCO(2) of 1.44 +/- 0.84 mu atm, (c) DIC of 0.87 +/- 1.02 mu mol per kg and (d) pH of -0.0013 +/- 0.0009 units. Monte Carlo simulations propagating the respective analytical uncertainties showed that the latter were < 5% of the observed trends. Seawater fCO(2) increased at the same rate as atmospheric CO2.
Published: 2017

36. Ocean acidification impacts on nitrogen fixation in the coastal western Mediterranean Sea

Author: Lisa Al-Moosawi, M. E. Hogan, Kendra A. Turk-Kubo, Andrew P. Rees, Frédéric Gazeau, Samir Alliouane, Jonathan P. Zehr, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), and University of California (UC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Ocean acidification, Aquatic Science, Biology, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Mesocosm, Mediterranean sea, 13. Climate action, Nitrogen fixation, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, Diazotroph, Bay, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The effects of ocean acidification on nitrogen (N2) fixation rates and on the community composition of N2-fixing microbes (diazotrophs) were examined in coastal waters of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. Nine experimental mesocosm enclosures of ∼50 m3 each were deployed for 20 days during June–July 2012 in the Bay of Calvi, Corsica, France. Three control mesocosms were maintained under ambient conditions of carbonate chemistry. The remainder were manipulated with CO2 saturated seawater to attain target amendments of pCO2 of 550, 650, 750, 850, 1000 and 1250 μatm. Rates of N2 fixation were elevated up to 10 times relative to control rates (2.00 ± 1.21 nmol L−1d−1) when pCO2 concentrations were >1000 μatm and pHT (total scale)
Published: 2017

37. Determination of the absorption coefficient of chromophoric dissolved organic matter from underway spectrophotometry

Author: David McKee, Annick Bricaud, Robert J. W. Brewin, Francesco Nencioli, Rüdiger Röttgers, Catherine Mitchell, Gavin H. Tilstone, Emmanuel Boss, Emanuele Organelli, Ina Lefering, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strathclyde [Glasgow], School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Resolution (mass spectrometry), 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Optics, Spectrophotometry, 0103 physical sciences, Dissolved organic carbon, ddc:551, medicine, Range (statistics), 14. Life underwater, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Independent data, Atlantic Ocean, QC, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, chromophoric dissolved organic matter, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 13. Climate action, Attenuation coefficient, Ultrapure water, autonomous measurements, business
Abstract: Measurements of the absorption coefficient of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (a(y)) are needed to validate existing ocean-color algorithms. In the surface open ocean, these measurements are challenging because of low a(y) values. Yet, existing global datasets demonstrate that a(y) could contribute between 30% to 50% of the total absorption budget in the 400-450 nm spectral range, thus making accurate measurement of ay essential to constrain these uncertainties. In this study, we present a simple way of determining ay using a commercially-available insitu spectrophotometer operated in underway mode. The obtained a(y) values were validated using independent collocated measurements. The method is simple to implement, can provide measurements with very high spatio-temporal resolution, and has an accuracy of about0.0004 m(-1) and a precision of about 0.0025 m(-1) when compared to independent data (at 440 nm). The only limitation for using this method at sea is that it relies on the availability of relatively large volumes of ultrapure water. Despite this limitation, the method can deliver the a(y) data needed for validating and assessing uncertainties in ocean-colour algorithms. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America
Published: 2017

38. Inter-comparison of phytoplankton functional type phenology metrics derived from ocean color algorithms and Earth System Models

Author: Colleen B. Mouw, Julia Uitz, Toru Hirawake, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, Shovonlal Roy, Anna Cabré, Takafumi Hirata, Harish Vedantham, Tihomir S. Kostadinov, Robert J. W. Brewin, Annick Bricaud, Irina Marinov, Astrid Bracher, Department of Earth and Environmental Science [Philadelphia], University of Pennsylvania, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Ocean gyre, Phytoplankton, medicine, 14. Life underwater, Computers in Earth Sciences, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geology, Seasonality, medicine.disease, SeaWiFS, 13. Climate action, Ocean color, Climatology, Climate model, Satellite, Algorithm
Abstract: Ocean color remote sensing of chlorophyll concentration has revolutionized our understanding of the biology of the oceans. However, a comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of oceanic ecosystems requires the characterization of the spatio-temporal variability of various phytoplankton functional types (PFTs), which have differing biogeochemical roles. Thus, recent bio-optical algorithm developments have focused on retrieval of various PFTs. It is important to validate and inter-compare the existing PFT algorithms; however direct comparison of retrieved variables is non-trivial because in those algorithms PFTs are defined differently. Thus, it is more plausible and potentially more informative to focus on emergent properties of PFTs, such as phonology. Furthermore, ocean color satellite PFT data sets can play a pivotal role in informing and/or validating the biogeochemical routines of Earth System Models. Here, the phenological characteristics of 10 PFT satellite algorithms and 7 latest-generation climate models from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIPS) are inter compared as part of the International Satellite PFT Algorithm Inter-comparison Project. The comparison is based on monthly satellite data (mostly SeaWiFS) for the 2003-2007 period. The phonological analysis is based on the fraction of microplankton or a similar variable for the satellite algorithms and on the carbon biomass due to diatoms for the climate models. The seasonal cycle is estimated on a per-pixel basis as a sum of sinusoidal harmonics, derived from the Discrete Fourier Transform of the variable time series. Peak analysis is then applied to the estimated seasonal signal and the following phenological parameters are quantified for each satellite algorithm and climate model: seasonal amplitude, percent seasonal variance, month of maximum, and bloom duration. Secondary/double blooms occur in many areas and are also quantified. The algorithms and the models are quantitatively compared based on these emergent phenological parameters. Results indicate that while algorithms agree to a first order on a global scale, large differences among them exist; differences are analyzed in detail for two Longhurst regions in the North Atlantic: North Atlantic Drift Region (NADR) and North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre West (NASW). Seasonal cycles explain the most variance in zonal bands in the seasonally-stratified subtropics at about 30 latitude in the satellite PFT data. The CMIP5 models do not reproduce this pattern, exhibiting higher seasonality in mid and high-latitudes and generally much more spatially homogeneous patterns in phenological indices compared to satellite data. Satellite data indicate a complex structure of double blooms in the Equatorial region and mid-latitudes, and single blooms on the poleward edges of the subtropical gyres. In contrast, the CMIP5 models show single annual blooms over most of the ocean except for the Equatorial band and Arabian Sea. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published: 2017

39. Synergistic Exploitation of Hyper- and Multi-Spectral Precursor Sentinel Measurements to Determine Phytoplankton Functional Types (SynSenPFT)

Author: Svetlana N. Losa, Mariana A. Soppa, Tilman Dinter, Aleksandra Wolanin, Robert J. W. Brewin, Annick Bricaud, Julia Oelker, Ilka Peeken, Bernard Gentili, Vladimir Rozanov, Astrid Bracher, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Multispectral image, synergistic, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, phytoplankton functional type, Phytoplankton, Marine Science, 14. Life underwater, Sentinel, satellite retrievals, lcsh:Science, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing, Global and Planetary Change, Pixel, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Hyperspectral imaging, SCIAMACHY, 13. Climate action, Ocean color, Temporal resolution, lcsh:Q, Satellite
Abstract: International audience; We derive the chlorophyll a concentration (Chia) for three main phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) - diatoms, coccolithophores and cyanobacteria - by combining satellite multispectral-based information, being of a high spatial and temporal resolution, with retrievals based on high resolution of PI-I absorption properties derived from hyperspectral satellite measurements. The multispectral-based PI-I Chla retrievals are based on a revised version of the empirical OC-PFT algorithm applied to the Ocean Color Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) total Chla product. The PhytoDOAS analytical algorithm is used with some modifications to derive PI-I Chla from SCIAMACHY hyperspectral measurements. To combine synergistically these two PFT products (OC-P1-I and PhytoDOAS), an optimal interpolation is performed for each PI-I in every OC-P1-I sub-pixel within a PhytoDOAS pixel, given its Chla and its a priori error statistics. The synergistic product (SynSenPFT) is presented for the period of August 2002 March 2012 and evaluated against PFT Chla data obtained from in situ marker pigment data and the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model simulations and satellite information on phytoplankton size. The most challenging aspects of the SynSenPFT algorithm implementation are discussed. Perspectives on SynSenPFT product improvements and prolongation of the time series over the next decades by adaptation to Sentinel multi-and hyperspectral instruments are highlighted.
Published: 2017

40. A review of the LATEX project: mesoscale to submesoscale processes in a coastal environment

Author: Marion Kersale, Anne Petrenko, Francesco Nencioli, Francesco d'Ovidio, Andrea Doglioli, Z. Y. Hu, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), University of Cape Town, CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Processus de couplage à Petite Echelle, Ecosystèmes et Prédateurs Supérieurs (PEPS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Baroclinity, Mesoscale meteorology, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Cross shelf flux, Mediterranean sea, 14. Life underwater, Gulf of Lion, Submesoscale, Lagrangian, Northwestern mediterranean sea, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010505 oceanography, Continental shelf, Front (oceanography), Eddy, 13. Climate action, Anticyclone, Mesoscale, Climatology, Cross-shelf flux, Submarine pipeline, Northwestern Mediterranean sea
Abstract: International audience; The main objective of the LAgrangian Transport EXperiment (LATEX) project was to study the influence of coastal mesoscale and submesoscale physical processes on circulation dynamics, cross-shelf exchanges and biogeochemistry in the western continental shelf of the Gulf of Lion, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. LATEX was a five-year multidisciplinary project based on the combined analysis of numerical model simulations and multi-platform field experiments. The model component included a ten-year realistic 3D numerical simulation, with a 1 km horizontal resolution over the gulf, nested in a coarser 3 km resolution model. The in situ component involved four cruises, including a large-scale multidisciplinary campaign with two research vessels in 2010. This review concentrates on the physics results of LATEX, addressing three main subjects: 1) the investigation of the mesoscale to submesoscale processes. The eddies are elliptic, baroclinic and anticyclonic; the strong thermal and saline front is density-compensated. Their generation processes are studied; 2) the development of sampling strategies for their direct observations. LATEX has implemented an adaptive strategy Lagrangian tool, with a reference software available on the web, to perform offshore campaigns in a Lagrangian framework; 3) the quantification of horizontal mixing and cross-shelf exchanges. Lateral diffusivity coefficients, calculated in various ways including a novel technique, are in the range classically encountered for their associated scales. Cross-shelf fluxes have been calculated, after retrieving the near-inertial oscillation contribution. Further perspectives are discussed, especially for the ongoing challenge of studying submesoscale features remotely and from in situ data.
Published: 2017

41. Seasonal dynamics of light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the NW Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)

Author: Atsushi Matsuoka, David Antoine, Emanuele Organelli, Annick Bricaud, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Takuvik Joint International Laboratory ULAVAL-CNRS, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Light absorption budget, Chlorophyll a, Photobleaching, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Algal bloom, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colored dissolved organic matter, Mediterranean sea, Water column, chemistry, Chromophoric dissolved organic matter, 13. Climate action, Dissolved organic carbon, Phytoplankton, Mediterranean Sea, Light absorption time-series, 14. Life underwater, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: We analyze a two-year time-series of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) light absorption measurements in the upper 400 m of the water column at the BOUSSOLE site in the NW Mediterranean Sea. The seasonal dynamics of the CDOM light absorption coefficients at 440 nm (a(cdom)(440)) is essentially characterized by (i) subsurface maxima forming in spring and progressively reinforcing throughout summer, (ii) impoverishment in the surface layer throughout summer and (iii) vertical homogeneity in winter. Seasonal variations of the spectral dependence of CDOM absorption, as described by the exponential slope value (S-cdom), are characterized by highest values in summer and autumn at the surface and low values at the depths of a(cdom)(440) subsurface maxima or just below them. Variations of a(cdom)(440) are likely controlled by microbial digestion of phytoplankton cells, which leads to CDOM production, and by photochemical destruction (photobleaching), which leads to CDOM degradation. Photobleaching is also the main driver of S-cdom variations. Consistently with previous observations, a(cdom)(440) for a given chlorophyll a concentration is higher than expected from Case I waters bio-optical models. The total non-water light absorption budget shows that surface waters at the BOUSSOLE site are largely dominated by CDOM during all seasons but the algal bloom in March and April. These results improve the knowledge of CDOM absorption dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea, which is scarcely documented. In addition, they open the way to improved algorithms for the retrieval of CDOM absorption from field or satellite radiometric measurements. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2014

42. Substantial energy input to the mesopelagic ecosystem from the seasonal mixed-layer pump

Author: Robert J. W. Brewin, Luca Polimene, Hervé Claustre, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, James Dingle, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Total organic carbon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mixed layer, Mesopelagic zone, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, chemistry.chemical_element, Carbon cycle, 01 natural sciences, Deep sea, Biooceanography, Article, Oceanography, Marine chemistry, chemistry, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Satellite, 14. Life underwater, Carbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The ocean region known as the mesopelagic zone, which is at depths of about 100–1,000 m, harbours one of the largest ecosystems and fish stocks on the planet1, 2. Life in this region is believed to rely on particulate organic carbon supplied by the biological carbon pump3. Yet this supply appears insufficient to meet mesopelagic metabolic demands4, 5, 6. An additional organic carbon source to the mesopelagic zone could be provided by the seasonal entrainment of surface waters in deeper layers, a process known as the mixed-layer pump7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Little is known about the magnitude and spatial distribution of this process globally or its potential to transport carbon to the mesopelagic zone. Here we combine mixed-layer depth data from Argo floats with satellite estimates of particulate organic carbon concentrations to show that the mixed-layer pump supplies an important seasonal flux of organic carbon to the mesopelagic zone. We estimate that this process is responsible for a global flux of 0.1–0.5 Pg C yr−1. In high-latitude regions where the mixed layer is usually deep, this flux amounts on average to 23% of the carbon supplied by fast sinking particles, but it can be greater than 100%. We conclude that the seasonal mixed-layer pump is an important source of organic carbon for the mesopelagic zone.
Published: 2016

43. Uses of Innovative Modeling Tools within the Implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Author: Christian Möllmann, Guillem Chust, Suzanna Neville, Ana M. Queirós, Chiara Piroddi, Axel G. Rossberg, Yolanda Sagarminaga, Rodney M. Forster, Helena Veríssimo, Christian Wilson, Kieran Hyder, Marta Revilla, Laura Uusitalo, Nathalie Niquil, Ibon Galparsoro, Heliana Teixeira, Christopher P. Lynam, Letizia Tedesco, Joana Patrício, European Commission, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), European Commission [Brussels], Water Resources Unit [Ispra], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC)-European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), AZTI - Tecnalia, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Normandie Université (NU), University of Hamburg, University of Hull [United Kingdom], University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), and Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, marine management, lcsh:QH1-199.5, Good Environmental Status, Computer science, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, marine strategy framework directive, Ecosystem model, media_common.cataloged_instance, Marine Science, 14. Life underwater, European union, Decision-making, lcsh:Science, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Water Science and Technology, media_common, Global and Planetary Change, ecosystem modeling, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Scale (chemistry), Environmental resource management, ecosystem modelling, 15. Life on land, Directive, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Ecosystem-based management, indicators, 13. Climate action, Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), assessment cycle, lcsh:Q, business
Abstract: In Europe and around the world, the approach to management of the marine environment has developed from the management of single issues (e.g., species and/or pressures) toward holistic Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) that includes aims to maintain biological diversity and protect ecosystem functioning. Within the European Union, this approach is implemented through the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC). Integrated Ecosystem Assessment is required by the Directive in order to assess Good Environmental Status (GES). Ecological modeling has a key role to play within the implementation of the MSFD, as demonstrated here by case studies covering a range of spatial scales and a selection of anthropogenic threats. Modeling studies have a strong role to play in embedding data collected at limited points within a larger spatial and temporal scale, thus enabling assessments of pelagic and seabed habitat. Furthermore, integrative studies using food web and ecosystem models are able to investigate changes in food web functioning and biological diversity in response to changes in the environment and human pressures. Modeling should be used to: support the development and selection of specific indicators; set reference points to assess state and the achievement of GES; inform adaptive monitoring programs and trial management scenarios. The modus operandi proposed shows how ecological modeling could support the decision making process leading to appropriate management measures and inform new policy., This manuscript is a result of DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for understanding marine biological diversity and assessing good Environmental Status) project, funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme, “The Ocean of Tomorrow” Theme (grant agreement no. 308392), www.devotes-project.eu.
Published: 2016

44. Arctic in Rapid Transition: Priorities for the future of marine and coastal research in the Arctic

Author: Marcel Nicolaus, Alexey Pavlov, Carolyn Wegner, Mathilde Jacquot, Helen S. Findlay, Kathrin Keil, Michael Fritz, Ilka Peeken, Monika Kędra, Sanna Majaneva, Stefan Hendricks, Anna Nikolopoulos, Makoto Sampei, Kirstin Werner, Matt O'Regan, Angelika H. H. Renner, Nathalie Morata, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Akvaplan-Niva [Tromsø], Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies [Potsdam] (IASS), Norwegian Polar Institute, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Linnaeus University, Université de Brest (UBO), Stockholm University, Hiroshima University, and Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Future research priorities, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, future research priorities, Climate change, Aquatic Science, new methodologies, 01 natural sciences, Interdisciplinary, 14. Life underwater, Environmental planning, Biological sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, early career scientists, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Research planning, New methodologies, Early career scientists, Ecology, ACL, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Corporate governance, Variety (cybernetics), The arctic, Marine biodiversity, Oceanography, Arctic, 13. Climate action, interdisciplinary, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Understanding and responding to the rapidly occurring environmental changes in the Arctic over the past few decades require new approaches in science. This includes improved collaborations within the scientific community but also enhanced dialogue between scientists and societal stakeholders, especially with Arctic communities. As a contribution to the Third International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (ICARP III), the Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) network held an international workshop in France, in October 2014, in order to discuss high-priority requirements for future Arctic marine and coastal research from an early-career scientists (ECS) perspective. The discussion encompassed a variety of research fields, including topics of oceanographic conditions, sea-ice monitoring, marine biodiversity, land-ocean interactions, and geological reconstructions, as well as law and governance issues. Participants of the workshop strongly agreed on the need to enhance interdisciplinarity in order to collect comprehensive knowledge about the modern and past Arctic Ocean’s geo-ecological dynamics. Such knowledge enables improved predictions of Arctic developments and provides the basis for elaborate decision-making on future actions under plausible environmental and climate scenarios in the high northern latitudes. Priority research sheets resulting from the workshop’s discussions were distributed during the ICARPIII meetings in April 2015 in Japan, and are publicly available online.
Published: 2016

45. Impacts of ocean acidification in a warming Mediterranean Sea: An overview

Author: Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Frédéric Gazeau, Mine Cinar, Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe, Paulo A.L.D. Nunes, Nathalie Hilmi, Paula Moschella, Alain Safa, Patrizia Ziveri, Didier Sauzade, Carol Turley, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environment Laboratories (IAEA), International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] (IAEA), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), The World Bank, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Loyola University [Chicago], Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), The Mediterranean Science Commission (CIESM), Skill Partners, CAR/PB Centre d'Activités Régionales / Plan Bleu (CAR/PB), PNUE-PAM Plan d'Action pour la Méditerranée (PAM), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, and Centre Scientifique de Monaco
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Ecosystem vulnerability, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, warming, habitat loss, Fisheries, Aquatic Science, Mediterranean, Fish stock, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Acidification, acidification, Mediterranean sea, Aquaculture, Climate change, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecology, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean acidification, Pelagic zone, Habitat loss, 15. Life on land, Fishery, climate change, 13. Climate action, fisheries, ecosystem vulnerability, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, [SDV.TOX.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology, Warming, business, ecosystem services
Abstract: 11 pages, 6 figures, Mediterranean Sea fisheries supply significant local and international markets, based largely on small pelagic fish, artisanal fisheries and aquaculture of finfish (mainly seabass and seabream) and shellfish (mussels and oysters). Fisheries and aquaculture contribute to the economy of countries bordering this sea and provide food and employment to coastal communities employing ca 600,000 people. Increasing temperatures and heat wave frequency are causing stress and mortality in marine organisms and ocean acidification is expected to worsen these effects, especially for bivalves and coralligenous systems. Recruitment and seed production present possible bottlenecks for shellfish aquaculture in the future since early life stages are vulnerable to acidification and warming. Although adult finfish seem able to withstand the projected increases in seawater CO, degradation of seabed habitats and increases in harmful blooms of algae and jellyfish might adversely affect fish stocks. Ocean acidification should therefore be factored into fisheries and aquaculture management plans. Rising CO levels are expected to reduce coastal biodiversity, altering ecosystem functioning and possibly impacting tourism being the Mediterranean the world's most visited region. We recommend that ocean acidification is monitored in key areas of the Mediterranean Sea, with regular assessments of the likely socio-economic impacts to build adaptive strategies for the Mediterranean countries concerned, This study was conducted as part of the Centre Scientifique de Monaco research program, funded by the Government of the Principality of Monaco
Published: 2016

46. Key impacts of climate engineering on biodiversity and ecosystems, with priorities for future research

Author: Hans O. Pörtner, Emma Woods, Jeff A. Ardron, Rachel Warren, Oliver Schweiger, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Nicholas J. P. Owens, Josef Settele, Peter J. Irvine, Katrin Vohland, Tatsuya Amano, Jill Thompson, Stephen J. Hawkins, Nick Ostle, Eugene J. Murphy, Salvador E. Lluch-Cota, Mark van Kleunen, Erica Hendy, Steve Widdicombe, Phillip Williamson, Rebecca K. Smith, Andrew R. Watkinson, Frank M. Schurr, Robert J. Scholes, Wanda Born, R. Ian Perry, Eric P. Achterberg, Derek P. Tittensor, Pru N. Foster, Caitlin G. McCormack, Jason J. Blackstock, W. Daniel Kissling, Chris Vivian, Sarah Smith, William J. Sutherland, Department of Zoology [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies [Potsdam] (IASS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences Po (Sciences Po), School of Biological Sciences [Bristol], Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste [Mexico] (CONACYT-CIBNOR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Pacific Biological Station (PBS), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Pretoria] (CSIR), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Dalhousie University [Halifax], University of Konstanz, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Museum für Naturkunde [Berlin], Leibniz Institut für Evolutions und Biodiversitätsforschung, School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP), University College of London [London] (UCL), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Computational Geo-Ecology (IBED, FNWI), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecological forecasting, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology and Climatology, Solar radiation management, geoengineering, ddc:570, Aquatic biodiversity research, 11. Sustainability, 14. Life underwater, Ecosystem diversity, solar radiation management, carbon dioxide removal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Global warming, Environmental resource management, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, Ocean fertilization, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Earth Sciences, climate engineering, Environmental science, Climate engineering, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, ecosystems
Abstract: International audience; Climate change has significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystems. With slow progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate engineering (or ‘geoengineering’) is receiving increasing attention for its potential to limit anthropogenic climate change and its damaging effects. Proposed techniques, such as ocean fertilization for carbon dioxide removal or stratospheric sulfate injections to reduce incoming solar radiation, would significantly alter atmospheric, terrestrial and marine environments, yet potential side-effects of their implementation for ecosystems and biodiversity have received little attention. A literature review was carried out to identify details of the potential ecological effects of climate engineering techniques. A group of biodiversity and environmental change researchers then employed a modified Delphi expert consultation technique to evaluate this evidence and prioritize the effects based on the relative importance of, and scientific understanding about, their biodiversity and ecosystem consequences. The key issues and knowledge gaps are used to shape a discussion of the biodiversity and ecosystem implications of climate engineering, including novel climatic conditions, alterations to marine systems and substantial terrestrial habitat change. This review highlights several current research priorities in which the climate engineering context is crucial to consider, as well as identifying some novel topics for ecological investigation.
Published: 2016

47. Potential impacts of climate change on the primary production of regional seas: A comparative analysis of five European seas

Author: James Harle, Bettina A. Fach, Dhanya Pushpadas, Heather Cannaby, Icarus Allen, Laurent Bopp, Sarah Wakelin, Corinna Schrum, Momme Butenschön, Jason Holt, Baris Salihoglu, Yuri Artioli, Ute Daewel, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Advection, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Mesoscale meteorology, Climate change, Pelagic zone, Geology, Present day, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Phytoplankton, ddc:551, Bathymetry, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Regional seas are potentially highly vulnerable to climate change, yet are the most directly societally important regions of the marine environment. The combination of widely varying conditions of mixing, forcing, geography (coastline and bathymetry) and exposure to the open-ocean makes these seas subject to a wide range of physical processes that mediates how large scale climate change impacts on these seas’ ecosystems. In this paper we explore the response of five regional sea areas to potential future climate change, acting via atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial vectors. These include the Barents Sea, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Celtic Seas, and are contrasted with a region of the Northeast Atlantic. Our aim is to elucidate the controlling dynamical processes and how these vary between and within these seas. We focus on primary production and consider the potential climatic impacts on: long term changes in elemental budgets, seasonal and mesoscale processes that control phytoplankton’s exposure to light and nutrients, and briefly direct temperature response. We draw examples from the MEECE FP7 project and five regional model systems each using a common global Earth System Model as forcing. We consider a common analysis approach, and additional sensitivity experiments.Comparing projections for the end of the 21st century with mean present day conditions, these simulations generally show an increase in seasonal and permanent stratification (where present). However, the first order (low- and mid-latitude) effect in the open ocean projections of increased permanent stratification leading to reduced nutrient levels, and so to reduced primary production, is largely absent, except in the NE Atlantic. Even in the two highly stratified, deep water seas we consider (Black and Baltic Seas) the increase in stratification is not seen as a first order control on primary production. Instead, results show a highly heterogeneous picture of positive and negative change arising from complex combinations of multiple physical drivers, including changes in mixing, circulation and temperature, which act both locally and non-locally through advection.
Published: 2016

48. Retrieval of Colored Detrital Matter (CDM) light absorption coefficients in the Mediterranean Sea using field and satellite ocean color radiometry: Evaluation of bio-optical inversion models

Author: Annick Bricaud, Bernard Gentili, Vincenzo Vellucci, Emanuele Organelli, David Antoine, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Mediterranean sea, Carbon dynamics, 0103 physical sciences, Colored Detrital Matter, Mediterranean Sea, 14. Life underwater, Computers in Earth Sciences, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Colored dissolved organic matter, Bio-optical models, Geology, Inversion (meteorology), Ocean color inversion, SeaWiFS, Colored, 13. Climate action, Ocean color, Radiometry, Environmental science, Radiometric dating
Abstract: Quantifying Colored Detrital Matter (CDM) from satellite observations can improve our knowledge of carbon dynamics in coastal areas and the open oceans. Several bio-optical inversion models have been developed for this purpose. However, care must be taken when they are applied to waters where optical properties significantly differ from model assumptions, which is the case in the Mediterranean Sea. Algorithm testing and validation are thus required before routine use. Here, in situ radiometric measurements collected in the NW Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site) are used to evaluate three bio-optical inversion models that retrieve the CDM light absorption coefficients at 443 nm (a(cdm)(443)). Although all methods reproduced the CDM seasonal cycles at the surface, comparisons of predicted and in situ acdm(443) coefficients showed that the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm version 6 (QAAv6) and a locally-adapted version of the Garver-Siegel-Maritorena model (GSM-Med) were the two best algorithms. Applying these two models to SeaWiFS remote sensing reflectances, collected between 2003 and 2010, reproduced with good accuracy the acdm(443) coefficients retrieved from field radiometric measurements at the BOUSSOLE site, with seasonal patterns consistent with previous observations. Finally, bio-optical relationships derived from satellite-retrieved a(cdm)(443) and chlorophyll values confirmed the higher-than-average CDM contribution for a given chlorophyll concentration in the Mediterranean Sea as compared to many oceanic regions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published: 2016

49. A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications

Author: Richard Crout, Vittorio E. Brando, Timothy J Smyth, Mati Kahru, Hubert Loisel, Malcolm Taberner, Ray Barlow, Robert Arnone, Simon Bélanger, Giuseppe Zibordi, David Antoine, Hervé Claustre, Alex J. Poulton, Robert Frouin, Stuart W. Gibb, Michael Ondrusek, Michael S. Twardowski, Tiffany Moisan, Steve Groom, Heidi M. Sosik, Francisco P. Chavez, Stanford B. Hooker, Holger Klein, Richard W. Gould, Michel Repecaud, William M. Balch, Vanda Brotas, Kenneth J. Voss, David McKee, Elisabetta Canuti, André Valente, Susanne Kratzer, Jean-François Berthon, Carlos García-Soto, Kathryn Barker, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Marcel Robert Wernand, Sukru Besiktepe, Mike Grant, Shubha Sathyendranath, Brian Gregory Mitchell, Leonie O'Dowd, P. Jeremy Werdell, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre [Portugal] (MARE), Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida (ISPA), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida = University Institute of Psychological, Social and Life Sciences (ISPA), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa
Subjects: In situ, Bio optical, reflectance, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, irradiance, Remote sensing reflectance, nm, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Set (abstract data type), 0103 physical sciences, Ocean colour, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Environmental sciences, QC, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, lcsh:GE1-350, validation, Physics, GC, model, 010505 oceanography, lcsh:QE1-996.5, scattering, lcsh:Geology, waters, Metadata, products, 13. Climate action, Ocean color, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Satellite, atlantic, performance
Abstract: A compiled set of in situ data is important to evaluate the quality of ocean-colour satellite-data records. Here we describe the data compiled for the validation of the ocean-colour products from the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI). The data were acquired from several sources (MOBY, BOUSSOLE, AERONET-OC, SeaBASS, NOMAD, MERMAID, AMT, ICES, HOT, GeP&CO), span between 1997 and 2012, and have a global distribution. Observations of the following variables were compiled: spectral remote-sensing reflectances, concentrations of chlorophyll a, spectral inherent optical properties and spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients. The data were from multi-project archives acquired via the open internet services or from individual projects, acquired directly from data providers. Methodologies were implemented for homogenisation, quality control and merging of all data. No changes were made to the original data, other than averaging of observations that were close in time and space, elimination of some points after quality control and conversion to a standard format. The final result is a merged table designed for validation of satellite-derived ocean-colour products and available in text format. Metadata of each in situ measurement (original source, cruise or experiment, principal investigator) were preserved throughout the work and made available in the final table. Using all the data in a validation exercise increases the number of matchups and enhances the representativeness of different marine regimes. By making available the metadata, it is also possible to analyse each set of data separately. The compiled data are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.854832 (Valente et al., 2015).
Published: 2016

50. A neural network-based method for merging ocean color and Argo data to extend surface bio-optical properties to depth: Retrieval of the particulate backscattering coefficient

Author: Gd Dall'Olmo, Cédric Jamet, Hervé Claustre, Antoine Poteau, Catherine Schmechtig, Bernard Gentili, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Julia Uitz, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Surface (mathematics), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, neural network, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, ocean color, Geochemistry and Petrology, Robustness (computer science), Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, Argo, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Profiling (computer programming), global ocean, Artificial neural network, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, particulate backscattering coefficient, Particulates, Argo profiling float, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Ocean color, Environmental science, Satellite, Bio-Argo profiling float
Abstract: International audience; The present study proposes a novel method that merges satellite ocean color bio-optical products with Argo temperature-salinity profiles to infer the vertical distribution of the particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp). This neural network-based method (SOCA-BBP for Satellite Ocean-Color merged with Argo data to infer the vertical distribution of the Particulate Backscattering coefficient) uses three main input components: (1) satellite-based surface estimates of bbp and chlorophyll a concentration matched up in space and time with (2) depth-resolved physical properties derived from temperature-salinity profiles measured by Argo profiling floats and (3) the day of the year of the considered satellite-Argo matchup. The neural network is trained and validated using a database including 4725 simultaneous profiles of temperature-salinity and bio-optical properties collected by Bio-Argo floats, with concomitant satellite-derived products. The Bio-Argo profiles are representative of the global open-ocean in terms of oceanographic conditions, making the proposed method applicable to most open-ocean environments. SOCA-BBP is validated using 20% of the entire database (global error of 21%). We present additional validation results based on two other independent data sets acquired (1) by four Bio-Argo floats deployed in major oceanic basins, not represented in the database used to train the method; and (2) during an AMT (Atlantic Meridional Transect) field cruise in 2009. These validation tests based on two fully independent data sets indicate the robustness of the predicted vertical distribution of bbp. To illustrate the potential of the method, we merged monthly climatological Argo profiles with ocean color products to produce a depth-resolved climatology of bbp for the global ocean.
Published: 2016

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