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Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments: Scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects
- Source :
- Progress in Oceanography, Progress in Oceanography, Elsevier, 2019, 172, pp.89-107. ⟨10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.006⟩
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2019.
-
Abstract
- Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments are a relatively recent development in ocean acidification research, designed to address the need for in situ, long-term, community level experiments. FOCE studies have been conducted across different marine benthic habitats and regions, from Antarctica to the tropics. Based on this previous research we have formed some core operating principles that will aid those embarking on future FOCE experiments. FOCE studies have potential to provide important insight into the effects of ocean acidification that can add to or refine conclusions drawn from laboratory or single species studies because they are conducted in situ on intact assemblages. Scaling up from sub-organismal and individual effects to also include indirect impacts on the ecosystem and ecosystem services, make FOCE experiments essential in filling in current knowledge gaps in our understanding of ocean acidification. While FOCE systems are complex, relatively costly, and somewhat difficult to operate, the challenges they pose are tractable and they have proven to be a useful approach in ocean acidification research. The aim of this paper is to draw from the experiences of past FOCE experiments and provide practical advice for designing, building and operating a FOCE experiment. Some of the most important recommendations include: field testing the system design; having a backup power supply; using replicate treatment enclosures; monitoring and maintaining the chemistry appropriately; allowing sufficient time to achieve near CO2 equilibrium conditions; and having a scientific focus with a core set of hypotheses. Future FOCE experiments could focus on longer durations, multiple factors, and testing more intact benthic marine communities and ecosystems. We hope this paper will encourage further FOCE deployments and experiments, as well as provide some guidelines to improve future FOCE studies and advance ocean acidification research.
- Subjects :
- 0106 biological sciences
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes
Aquatic Science
01 natural sciences
Ecosystem services
Single species
14. Life underwater
[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
[SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Core set
Community level
business.industry
010604 marine biology & hydrobiology
Environmental resource management
Geology
Ocean acidification
Replicate
[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society
Benthic habitat
Oceanography
13. Climate action
Sufficient time
Environmental science
business
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 00796611
- Volume :
- 172
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Progress in Oceanography
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....aacb72b9e5ef28af1e4114f57f781411
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.006