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Which are the subjective feelings and objective risks of driving in an automatic mode when holding the steering wheel or not holding it? Two conditions of simulated driving of a partially automated car have been tested (hands-on and hands-off), in two situations of driving on highways including critical events forcing the driver to take over. The user subjective experiences were compared: the situation awareness, feelings of safety, control, attention, on-board activities, psychological and physical comfort were analyzed on the basis of in-depth interviews right after the activity. For the critical situations designed, the performance results indicate a negative impact of the hands-off condition on the takeover. The hands-off condition is appreciated for its comfort and the multi-activity it allows, but the hands-on condition is objectively and subjectively safer in critical situations.

This study investigates pedestrian street-crossing decision-making to better appreciate both the complexity and the dynamics of this activity by analyzing the cognitive, emotional and social processes involved in such situations. We consider street-crossing decision-making in the context of situational awareness (Endsley’s model) by exploring other variables that may influence the decision-making: time pressure, emotions and social influence. Twenty participants were included in the study. They were instructed to negotiate two 1 km-routes in a large city using a paper map. After each route, they were invited to participate in an elicitation interview. A time pressure context was added for half of the participants. The originality of the method was based on the mixed approach of observable variables (video recordings from the viewpoint of the pedestrian and of an external observer) and the subjective experience of the street crossing by the pedestrian (e.g., perception, thoughts, feelings, anticipation) according to the situation’s dynamics. In total, the data included 67 elicited and recorded street crossings. The data indicated that approximately one-third of the street-crossing decisions were risky. In our observations, street-crossing decision-making was modulated by street-crossing habits, the environment configuration, the social influence, the learning of the road situation and the vehicle behavior. This study accounts for the complexity of street-crossing, the related risk and its links with feelings.

This paper initiates a dialogue between the sustainable system-of-systems (SSoS) approach and one particular situated approach of activity analysis within francophone activity-centered ergonomics (FACE). This paper explores the possible cross-fertilizations between FACE and SSoS in coping with the challenge of enlargement which ergonomists have to face in order to address sustainability issues. We present how the SSoS model and FACE have currently considered the challenges of sustainable development and the theoretical-methodological principles that frame their approaches. Then, eight topics of dialogue are introduced and debated in order to open the dialogue between the two approaches where emerging lines of convergence are generated. We conclude by further discussing the complementarity between FACE and SSoS in the objectives of their approaches and the levels analysed by each approach, and by highlighting the importance of taking into account the emergent and complex aspects of systems. One possible way forward might be to “situate the sustainable system-of-systems” while also “systemizing systems of sustainable situations” for the future.

Preserving older pedestrians&rsquo, navigation skills in urban environments is a challenge for maintaining their quality of life. However, the maps that are usually used by older pedestrians might be unsuitable to their specificities and the existing digital aids do not consider older people&rsquo, s perceptual and cognitive declines or user experience. This study presents a rich description of the navigation experience of older pedestrians either with a visual (augmented reality glasses), auditory (bone conduction headphones), or a visual and haptic (smartwatch) wearable device adapted to age-related declines. These wearable devices are compared to the navigation aid older people usually use when navigating the city (their own digital or paper map). The study, with 18 participants, measured the navigation performance and captured detailed descriptions of the users&rsquo, experience using interviews. We highlight three main phenomena which impact the quality of the user experience with the four aids: (1) the shifts in attention over time, (2) the understanding of the situation over time, and (3) the emergence of affective and aesthetic feelings over time. These findings add a new understanding of the specificities of navigation experience by older people and are discussed in terms of design recommendations for navigation devices.

International audience; Concevoir des aides à la navigation pour les piétons âgés peut être un support pour leur autonomie au quotidien. Nous présentons ici en détails l’expérience de navigation de piétons âgés avec deux dispositifs portatifs de guidage : des lunettes de réalité augmentée et un casque à conduction osseuse. Cette étude, auprès de 18 personnes, met en regard des mesures de performances et une description riche de l’expérience vécue, grâce à des entretiens d’explicitation. Trois phénomènes semblent impacter l’expérience de navigation: (1) la transformation de l’attention périphérique, (2) la contextualisation de l’information, et (3) l’émergence d’émotions au cours du trajet. Cette étude contribue à mieux comprendre la navigation des piétons âgés. Les résultats sont discutés en termes de recommandations de conception.; Designing navigation aids for older pedestrians could help them stay autonomous in their daily activities. Here we present a rich description of the navigation experience of older pedestrians either with visual (augmented reality glasses) or auditory (bone conduction headphones) wearable devices adapted to age- related declines. In a study with 18 participants we measured the navigation performance and applied the Explicitation Interview Technique to capture detailed descriptions of the users’ experience. We highlight three main phenomena which impact the quality of the user experience with the two devices: (1) the transformation of the peripheral awareness, (2) the contextualization of information, and (3) the emergence of feelings along the route. This study adds a new understanding of the navigation experience by older people and is discussed in terms of design recommendations for navigation devices.

Preserving older pedestrians' navigation skills in urban environments is a challenge for maintaining their quality of life. However, existing aids do not take into account older people's perceptual and cognitive declines nor their user experience, and they call upon sensory modalities that are already used during walking. The present study was aimed at comparing different guidance instructions using visual, auditory, and haptic feedback in order to identify the most efficient and best accepted one(s). Sixteen middle-age (non-retired) adults, 21 younger-old (young-retired) adults, and 21 older-old (old-retired) adults performed a navigation task in a virtual environment. The task was performed with visual feedback (directional arrows superimposed on the visual scenes), auditory feedback (sounds in the left/right ear), haptic feedback (vibrotactile information delivered by a wristband), combinations of different types of sensory feedback, or a paper map. The results showed that older people benefited from the sensory guidance instructions, as compared to the paper map. Visual and auditory feedbacks were associated with better performance and user experience than haptic feedback or the paper map, and the benefits were the greatest among the older-old participants, even though the paper-map familiarity was appreciated. Several recommendations for designing pedestrian navigation aids are proposed.

We tested a new methodology called “guided imaginary projection” (GIP) to support people in projecting themselves into the use of emergent services, in order to gather information about their probable subjective experience with the future service. For the purpose of the study, the targeted service was ‘dynamic’ carpooling, a mobility service geolocated for short distance and immediate travel, still rarely used. We aimed to collect information about the sources of comfort and discomfort imagined by non-users. 24 interviews were conducted to evaluate the method. The population was divided in two groups, the projection group and the non-projection group. Our hypothesis is that if the projection group had a more complete projected form of experience of the service, this group should produce more elements about the sources of comfort and discomfort of the dynamic carpooling compared to others. The results indicate that the projection group’s interviews lasted significantly longer and contained significantly more elements of comfort and discomfort than the non-projection group. We also analysed the types of discourse used during the GIP to evaluate the degree of projection: imaginary-embodied, imaginary-analytical, or general discourse. At the end we discuss the results, limits and perspectives.

A confident interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles will be a milestone in the acceptability of the use of these new vehicles. The automated vehicle should be able to offer the pedestrian a safe and non-uncertain street-crossing situation. The aim of the study was to perform an analysis of the activity of street-crossing, focusing on the decision-making in a natural environment.

Designing navigation aids for older pedestrians could help them stay autonomous in their daily activities. Here we present a description of the navigation experience of older pedestrians either with a visual (augmented reality glasses) or an auditory (bone conduction headset) wearable device providing guidance messages adapted to age-related declines. The study, with 18 participants, analyses the navigation performance and users' experience using explicitation interviews. We highlight that sharing attention, trusting the system temporality and experiencing the discretion of the device are the main concerns for older people, impacting the quality of their user experience. These findings are discussed in terms of design recommendations for digital devices.

Recent research and developments in HCI allow imagining what kind of sensory devices could be used for pedestrian navigation in the future. This study was aimed at questioning participants' expectations for their future pedestrian mobility and the acceptability of five futuristic sensory devices (a smart lens, vibrating clothes, a music app, an olfactory plug and a smart map). Results mainly highlighted an apparent mismatch between participants' expectations (looking at the surroundings and walking safely) and prospective acceptability of the devices (map is preferred while requiring attention sharing). Thus, the relevance of the common acceptability criteria for prospective research about navigation aids and sensory wearables was discussed.

L’article presente une articulation fine de donnees, extraites d’une part d’enregistrement video d’interactions analysees dans la perspective de l’Analyse Conversationnelle, extraites d’autre part d’entretiens d’auto-confrontation analyses dans une perspective de Psychologie Ergonomique d’inspiration phenomenologique. Sont donc triangules un point de vue en troisieme personne et un point de vue en premiere personne. L’objectif est une comprehension approfondie de ce qui se passe pendant un moment d’activite, de saisir le flux d’actions, de perceptions, de sens et d’etats emotionnels qui s’y deroule. Le corpus etudie correspond a des interactions lors de situations de covoiturages, ce type de partage de services entre inconnus devenant de plus en plus frequent et presentant des caracteristiques specifiques qu’il est interessant de mettre a jour. Trois phenomenes specifiques du covoiturage entre inconnus sont degages et illustres chacun par un cas : l’organisation temporelle normative des conversations, le choix de la place dans la voiture comme un accomplissement collaboratif pour eviter les tensions, et l’attente de cadrage de la part du conducteur pour aider a comprendre la situation. Des extraits videos transcrits et des extraits d’auto-confrontation « explici­tante » sont analyses. Ces analyses micro soulignent l’interet d’une articulation des donnees et methodes et precise la complementarite de ces deux cadres methodo­logiques ainsi que l’apport de chacun d’eux.

Designing a navigation aid adapted to older pedestrians' specificities could help in preserving their autonomy. Indeed, older people rely on walk for their daily journeys more than any other people. But cognitive and perceptive abilities may decline with aging and impair the pedestrian mobility. This study was aimed at comparing visual, auditory and haptic guidance messages among older pedestrians. Navigation performance and user experience (UX) were taken into account. Time to destination and rate of correct responses were measured in a pedestrian navigation simulator. Post-activity interviews were used to question participants' perceptions, feelings and hesitations. Results showed great performance and UX for visual messages, whereas results were mixed for haptic messages.

L’article s’interesse aux echanges dans les communautes de pratique virtuelles dediees aux professionnels. L’objectif de l’etude est de savoir si ces echanges favorisent non seulement le partage de connaissances mais aussi le partage d’emotions. Treize fils de discussions issus de deux forums de professionnels de l’education ont ete analyses sur la base de la grille proposee par Bales (1950). Les resultats mettent en evidence la presence, dans chaque discussion, d’interactions epistemiques avec et sans emotion et d’interactions socio-emotionnelles. On observe un pattern de sequence d’interaction entre initiateur et reactant de l’ordre de la similarite d’une experience emotionnelle negative en lien avec un aspect pratique du metier. Ce phenomene traduit l’empathie trouvee dans les communautes de soutien virtuelles. Enfin, trois profils de dynamiques interactionnelles ont ete degages : (a) evolution constante des trois types d’interaction avec une predominance de partage de connaissances sans emotion ; (b) dominance des interactions epistemiques sans emotion puis un entrelacement des differents types d’interaction ; (c) entrelacement des trois types d’interaction tout au long des echanges. Ces differents resultats sont discutes au regard de la litterature sur les communautes en ligne.

L’étude se situe dans la perspective de l’ergonomie constructive (Falzon, 2013) et cherche à savoir si le forum d’enseignants du primaire étudié est une ressource qui permet le développement du pouvoir d’agir des participants, et à quelles conditions ceux-ci s’engagent sur le forum (facteurs de conversion - Fernagu-Oudet, 2012 ; Sen, 2001). Le pouvoir d’agir est envisagé sous l’angle du développement des pratiques (dimension constructive) et du développement du bien-être (dimension émotionnelle). Trois méthodes complémentaires de recueil de données ont été mises en place : (1) un questionnaire diffusé sur le forum EDP (quatre-vingts participants), (2) neuf entretiens d’auto-confrontation basés sur les traces écrites des discussions, et (3) vingt fils de discussions sélectionnés sur le forum. Une analyse de contenu a été réalisée sur l’ensemble des données à partir des catégories proposées par Mollo et Nascimento (2013) concernant les effets bénéfiques de l’activité réflexive, ainsi que des catégories liées à la dimension émotionnelle (témoignage de soutien émotionnel et amélioration de l’expérience émotionnelle). Les résultats mettent en évidence l’apport développemental des échanges au niveau de l’élaboration collective d’outils pédagogiques, de règles de métier, de savoirs et de savoir-faire. Le versant émotionnel est présent dans tous les échanges. Deux facteurs de conversion ont été identifiés : l’anonymat de l’identité réelle et la présence d’une communauté de pairs bienveillante, réactive et partageant les mêmes pratiques. Les résultats sont discutés au regard du développement de la pratique et du bien-être des professionnels, ainsi que des conditions nécessaires pour qu’un tel développement puisse avoir lieu au sein même des établissements. The study explores whether the primary school teachers’ forum for education professionals (EDP) is a resource that develops the empowerment of participants, and if so, under what conditions (conversion factors - Fernagu-Oudet, 2012 ; Sen, 2001). The power to act is examined from the standpoint of developing practices and well-being. We employed three complementary methods : (1) a questionnaire posted on the EDP forum (eighty participants), (2) nine self-confrontation interviews based on written traces of these discussions, and (3) twenty discussion threads on the forum. A content analysis from the categories proposed by Mollo and Nascimento (2013) was performed (beneficial effects of reflexive activity, and emotional dimension). The results highlight the developmental contribution of exchanges, specifically for the collective development of educational tools, profession rules, and knowledge. The emotional aspect is present in all exchanges. The study also revealed two conversion factors : a) anonymity and b) the presence of a reactive and benevolent community of peers sharing the same practices. The results are discussed in relation to the development of the practices and well-being of professionals, and to the conditions for such a development taking place within schools.

International audience; Based on the analysis of ‘‘real’’ Second Life meetings data, in educational and professional settings, our objective is to understand the actual uses of this kind of Virtual World and more particularly, the interactive frames constructed in SL meetings and their interrelation with uses of communication media. The originality of our analytical framework stems from the combination of two perspec- tives: a third view perspective based on analyses of observational data and a first view perspective based on users’ reports on their experience in SL. Our results high- light: boundaries between serious and recreational regis- ters; avatar’s expression and attribution of feelings to the person ‘‘behind’’; spatial positioning as indicators and constructors of roles and engagement; management of communication fluidity and joint focus; narrowing of communication media used for task focus content; emerging mediation role for management of fractured exchanges.

International audience; We know that the systems which are trusted by the users are more often used, especially in a risky situation where they need to delegate control, but we still ignore largely which are the factors which improve trust in the systems. Our issue here was to explore if the way we present the system to the users will have an effect on their confidence in it. In this study, we had nine subjects using for the first time a Cruise Control System on open road; before, we present the system to them in three different ways: a function-oriented written presentation (G1); a use-oriented written presentation, “augmented” with difficult situations (G2); a use-oriented film presentation (3). They evaluate their trust in the system on scales before the whole experiment, after the presentation and after the real use. At the end, they also have self-confrontation interviews, where they see the video of their driving and describe their activity, strategies and feelings. We then develop quantitative and qualitative analysis of trust, linked with specific situations of action. Our results indicate that the presentation of instructions lowers the evaluation of trust (and of efficiency) that conductors have a priori; they had constructed an a priori representation of a CCS that is rather idealistic, and realise, after reading of the instructions, and above all after having watched a film, that its use is not so obvious as they had previously thought There is thenceforth a drop in trust that nevertheless goes up again after use of the system during driving We remark, from qualitative analyses of use experience of the regulator in real driving conditions that this drop in trust in the system does not inhibit subjects in their use, and in particular, for subjects who have watched a film of projection into use They know more of the functions of the system in driving conditions, they produce less distorted reconstruction of the functioning, and they have a deeper level of understanding of the system

ECCE 2015 - European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics, VARSOVIE, POLOGNE, 01-/07/2015 - 03/05/2017; Since a decade in ergonomics, comfort has been increasingly investigated with a focus on its psychological dimensions, based on the idea that comfort is an enjoyable, pleasant and relaxed psychological state felt by a person who is interacting with its surroundings. In contrast, discomfort is a tense and unpleasant state linked to negative emotions and sensations. We examine the various factors related to psychological comfort and discomfort experienced by users in different transport modes situations. From the literature we identified the following sources of comfort/discomfort: social relationship, safe/unsafe feeling, variable time control, attentional charge and possible multiactivity, need for control and social image. Our research question is twofold. On one hand, we want to specify situations of comfort/discomfort experienced by users. On the other hand, we aim at developing projective techniques to help users in anticipating the comfort/discomfort experience as well as their adhesion and reticence to change towards innovative ecological-friendly modes.

We outline in this paper the way we consider the process of reflection based on reflective tools: long or short processes, triggered by interpretation and emotions, and not separated from action. This perspective is linked to a specific methodology investigating the lived experience of the users and their biography. Some examples from energy regulation situations are developed.

L’article s’interesse au bien-etre au travail et cherche a savoir si les forums sont un nouvel outil pour l’ameliorer. L’etude presentee explore le vecu subjectif de participants a des forums de discussions entre professionnels de l’education. Il se centre sur les attentes et l’etat emotionnel des participants. L’enjeu est de mettre en evidence les decalages entre ce qui est socialement partage dans les echanges ecrits et ce qui de l’ordre de l’intime, exprime en entretien. Pour ce faire, des entretiens d’auto-confrontation avec des relances d’entretien d’explicitation bases sur les traces ecrites de discussion ont ete realises aupres de neuf participantes au forum. Les resultats montrent que le partage d’experience, notamment emotionnel, et le soutien emotionnel personnalise sont les deux types de soutien les plus attendus et les plus apprecies. La dimension emotionnelle est ainsi tres presente dans la satisfaction du soutien. Pour autant, dans les echanges ecrits, certaines emotions telles que la honte, la culpabilite et le mal-etre ne sont pas communiquees. Le besoin de decharge emotionnel et de soutien psychologique sont des attentes systematiquement masquees dans les messages ecrits, et parfois transformees en demande de conseils. On observe que les reactants inferent les attentes de soutien psychologique de l’initiateur grâce au devoilement de soi emotionnel. Ils vont ensuite manifester ce type de soutien a travers un mode de soutien qu’eux-memes attendent ou qui les a deja aides par le passe. Les resultats sont discutes au regard de la theorie de la communication hyperpersonnelle proposee par Walther (1996).

International audience; The well-known experiments of Nisbett and Wilson lead to the conclusion that we have no introspective access to our decision-making processes. Johansson et al. have recently developed an original protocol consisting in manipulating covertly the relationship between the subjects' intended choice and the outcome they were presented with: in 79,6% of cases, they do not detect the manipulation and provide an explanation of the choice they did not make, confirming the findings of Nisbett and Wilson. We have reproduced this protocol, while introducing for some choices an expert guidance to the description of this choice. The subjects who were assisted detected the manipulation in 80% of cases. Our experiment confirms Nisbett and Wilson's findings that we are usually unaware of our decision processes, but goes further by showing that we can access them through specific mental acts.

Resume L’activite renvoie generalement a ce qui est mis en œuvre par des personnes pour accomplir leurs tâches dans des contextes de travail ou dans le cadre d’usages d’objets techniques du quotidien. Depuis quelques annees, on note un interet croissant pour la notion d’experience subjective, particulierement dans le domaine de l’interaction Homme-Machine. En ergonomie et en psychologie de l’activite, cet interet a produit des approches theoriques et methodologiques variees de l’experience subjective. La relation entre l’experience subjective et l’activite a cependant ete peu etudiee a ce jour. Les liens entre ces concepts sont plus ou moins clairs, et la notion d’experience subjective est souvent mal comprise. Une des contributions de cet article est de clarifier les liens entre l’experience vecue, caracterisee selon une approche phenomenologique, et l’activite. Dans cette perspective, l’experience vecue d’une activite est definie comme le flux d’actions, emotions, pensees et sensations perceptives qui emergent dans le cours de l’activite et dont le sujet est, ou peut etre rendu reflexivement conscient. A partir de cette definition, sont examinees les methodes qui nous paraissent les plus pertinentes pour documenter l’experience vecue (autoconfrontation et entretien d’explicitation) et l’on montre comment l’analyse detaillee de celle-ci nous renseigne de facon significative pour la comprehension de l’activite.

Online forum give people new opportunities to interact with each other. It is a new mean of coping with problems at work. This paper reports an investigation of interaction structures within two forums on the web (general and specialized), examining different ways to expose a problem and different manifestations of social support. Results reveal two structures: > and >. Authors of discussions may use different processes, using more or less expressions of their emotions. Helpers can show their support by sharing similar experiences, or providing opinion-advice and opinion-analysis on the situation or the solution, with or without emotional support. The analytical method was tested on seven conversations and it will be extended to further conversations. This research will contribute to propose recommendations to improve social support forums for professionals and to know if this type of support is satisfying for the participants.

Con el fin de evaluar la utilización de nuevas tecnologías de comunicación, en donde no solamente los procesos cognoscitivos sino que los procesos afectivos son pertinentes. En este artículo esta descrito el interés en estudiar la dimensión subjetiva de las emociones de los utilizadores por un método experimental, basado en la descripción de lo vivido por los utilizadores. Un estudio de caso describe la utilización efectiva de un instrumento de comunicación audio y vídeo para las interacciones móviles a distancia. Los datos, obtenidos por entrevistas profundas (explicitación y auto-confrontación) y el registro en vídeo de la actividad, son analizados en término de movimientos emocionales de los utilizadores durante tres secuencias de interacción. El aná lisis de estos datos pone en evidencia la inconfortable disimetría generada por la herramienta en el control de la exploración visual, la dificultad en seguir los movimientos imprevisibles del otro, y la compensación de estados afectivos co-ocurrentes. La discusión desarrolla el aporte de una metodología experimental para estudiar la emergencia de afectos y su papel funcional durante la actividad, mirando la acción y la decisión., Ce texte est une version française du texte anglais The relevance of experiential methodology: a case study of mediated interaction (soumis).Afin d’évaluer l’utilisation de nouvelles technologies de communication, non seulement les processus cognitifs mais également les processus affectifs sont pertinents. Dans cet article est décrit l’intérêt d’étudier la dimension subjective des processus cognitifs et émotionnels des utilisateurs par une méthode expérientielle basée sur la description de leur vécu par les utilisateurs. Une étude de cas décrit l’utilisation effective d’un instrument de communication audio et vidéo pour les interactions mobiles à distance. Les données, obtenues par des entretiens approfondis (explicitation et autoconfrontation) et l’enregistrement vidéo de l’activité, sont analysées en termes de mouvements cognitifs et émotionnels des utilisateurs durant trois séquences d’interaction. L’analyse de ces données met en évidence l’inconfortable dissymétrie générée par l’outil dans le contrôle de l’exploration visuelle, la difficulté à suivre les mouvements imprévisibles de l’autre, et la compensation d’états affectifs co-occurents. La discussion développe l’apport d’une méthodologie expérientielle pour étudier l’émergence des affects et leur rôle fonctionnel pendant l’activité, en regard de l’action et de la décision.

Le travail cooperatif se realise a travers des interactions communicatives qui permettent d'atteindre un certain niveau de comprehension mutuelle pour coordonner les actions ou aboutir a des decisions negociees. La comprehension mutuelle est complexe de par l'heterogeneite des participants qui entraine l'impredictabilite et l'incertitude des interpretations. Nous posons ici que la cooperation chronique est encore plus complexe parce que le souvenir des interactions cooperatives precedentes est une source supplementaire de difference entre les contextes cognitifs des participants. Nous avons etudie le souvenir d'interactions cooperatives dans quatre situations collaboratives differentes. L'analyse indique un oubli massif du contenu verbal et un rappel plus aise des positionnements relationnels, des structures interactionnelles et des emotions.