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This study aimed to investigate the relationships between physical fitness and academic performance in youth handball players of different BMI classifications. Thirty-three male handball players (age: 10.3 ± 0.61 years; body mass: 47.1 ± 12.1 kg; height: 1.43 ± 0.09 m; BMI: 23.1 ± 4.37 kg/m2; body fat: 20.6 ± 6.27%) were recruited from the Qatar handball first league and were assigned to their BMI age-adjusted groups (i.e., normal weight, overweight, and obese). Measurements included anthropometric data (height, mass, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%BF), and physical performance tests: agility T-half test; squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ), 10 and 15 m sprint; medicine ball throw (MBT). Aerobic capacity was evaluated using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Academic achievement was assessed through school records of grades point average (GPA) of Mathematics, Science and Arabic. None academic performance parameter and four physical performance parameters (agility T-half: p = 0.035; CMJ: p = 0.001; SJ: p = 0.007; sprint 10 m: p = 0.028) were different between BMI related groups. In 43% (3/7) of performance parameters and all academic parameters, the normal weight group showed the highest performance level, whereas the overweight group had the best performance in both sprint tests. The obese group was only superior in the medicine ball throw, but not at the p < 0.05 level. A relevant relationship (r > 0.5) between academic and physical performance parameters was only found between Yo-Yo IR 1 and science (r = 0.548). A relevant correlation were found between CMJ and BMI (r = −0.569). The agility T-half test was correlated with CMJ (r = −0.614) and 10 m sprint (r = 0.523). These findings suggest being overweight or obese are related to science academic performance among schoolchildren athletes in Qatar. Possibly, a normal BMI could positively influence academic performance. Physical education teachers, staff, and administrators should be cognizant that health promotion interventions improving composition may have the additional potential to improve dimensions of academic performance.

This study investigated the relationship of body fat and fitness measures in schoolchild handball players. Twenty-eight young male handball players from handball first youth league volunteered for the present investigation (age: 10.9 ± 0.72 years; body mass: 54.8 ± 22.9 kg; height: 1.48 ± 0.10 m; body fat: 27.6 ± 9.23%). Measures included the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), jumping ability [squat and counter-movement jumps (SJ, CMJ)], and sprint tests (10 m, 15 m). Anthropometry was assessed by body mass, body mass index (BMI), and fat percentage (%BF). The power of the upper limb was measured as the total distance thrown overhead using a 2 kg medicine ball. Intrarater reliability for all parameters showed a coefficient of variation (CV) below 10% and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) above 0.75. All ICC were excellent (ICC ≥ 0.96). Reliability as shown by the CV differed between 1.0 (sprint 15 m) and 5.6 (sprint 10 m). With the exception of medicine ball throw, we found significant differences between non-obese and obese in all performance parameters. The differences ranged from ηp2 = 0.47 (sprint 10 m) to ηp2 = 0.09 (medicine ball throw). The two-step-linear regression analysis using the predictors body height and body weight (step 1) and body fat (step 2) showed a marked increase of explained variance by adding body fat. The largest r2 changes were calculated for sprint 10 m (0.54), CMJ (0.49), and sprint 15 m (0.42). The lowest influence of the predictors was observed for medicine ball throw (step 1: r2 = 0.03, step 2: r2 = 0.07). With the exception of sprint parameters (β-coefficient sprint 10 m: -0.74; β-coefficient sprint 20: -0.66), a decrease of %BF leads to a higher performance in all parameters. %BF in youth handball players should be an important concern for practitioners working in this team sport in contrast to the frequently used BMI. It seems sensible and appropriate to engage very young children in physical activities such as team handball in order to improve their physical fitness. Decrease in% body fat could be considered both as a training and nutritional target to enhance and optimize sport performance-related outcomes.

This study aimed to compare 10-to-12-year-old Qatari male athletes and assess body fat, body mass index, and physical fitness, as well as the difference of these measures between ages. Thirty-five youth handball players volunteered for the investigation and were divided into three groups: 12-year-old players (U12, n = 12), 11-year-old players (U11, n = 11), 10-year-old players (U10, n = 12). Anthropometry was assessed by body mass, body fat percentage (%BF), and body mass index (BMI). Measurements included the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), jumping ability (squat and countermovement jumps (SJ and CMJ, respectively)), and sprint tests (10 and 15 m). The power of the upper extremity was measured by a 2-kg overhead medicine ball throw for distance. Except for %BF (p = 0.387) and BMI (p = 0.070), all anthropometric and demographic parameters were different between age groups. The largest differences were found for body mass (p = 0.007) and body height (p = 0.008). Regarding fitness parameters, only the medicine ball throw (p = 0.022) was different between age groups (U10 vs. U12: p = 0.009, U11 vs. U12: p = 0.048). There was no difference between groups for jumping (CMJ: p = 0.586, SJ: p = 0.377), sprinting (10 m: p = 0.211, 15 m: p = 0.194) and Yo-Yo IR1 (p = 0.228). Body fat was the anthropometric parameter with the strongest relationship with physical performance in that lower body fat was related to superior jumping performance and sprint performance. In conclusion, except for %BF and BMI, all anthropometric parameters were different between U10, U11, and U12 handball players. For physical parameters, jumping, sprinting, and endurance performance were not different between age groups. From a practical perspective, coaches can use these findings as reference for the evaluation of their school-aged handball players, as well as for establishing performance goals.

We examined the relationships between body fat (BF) and field measures of physical fitness in adolescent handball players. Twenty nine players (age: 16.6 &plusmn, 1.72 years, body mass: 79.8 &plusmn, 17.0 kg, height: 1.70 &plusmn, 0.12 m, body fat: 27.7 &plusmn, 8.67%) from Qatar handball first league performed a series of anthropometric and fitness tests related to their performance in sprinting (i.e., 15 m and 30 m sprint), jumping (i.e., countermovement and squat jumps), throwing (i.e., 3 kg medicine ball seated front throw) and running (i.e., agility T-Half and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests). Significant differences between obese and non-obese groups, classified based on age-stratified %BF norms, were found, with the largest difference being attributed to aerobic performance on the Yo-Yo test. Results indicated no significant relationships between anthropometric variables and sprinting or jumping abilities. %BF predicted a significant 8&ndash, 15% portion in running performances of agility and aerobic capacity, while the latter were mainly explained by body height and mass. %BF was the only and strongest predictor of throwing performance, being an important determinant of performance in handball. Optimizing %BF should be considered as a training and nutrition goal in order to improve sport performance.

The aim of the study was to assess the validity and reliability of wearable body metric Hexoskin "smart shirt" in measuring heart rate (HR) at pre-exercise and during peak effort in a field test incorporating vigorous movements of the upper body. Measurements were recorded simultaneously using the Hexoskin and Polar Team Pro. Nine male professional handball players (age: 21.8 ± 2.4 years; weight: 83 ± 10.26 kg; height: 1.81 ± 0.09 m; and BMI: 25.17 ± 2.23) volitionally participated in the study by completing two 400 m shuttle run test trials (10 shuttles), each separated by a 48 to 72 h recovery period. Results indicated significant correlations between Hexoskin and Polar Team Pro system in pre-exercise HR. Hexoskin provided erroneous measurements in four of the nine athletes during peak effort. Subsequent correction yielded no consistency between the Polar Team Pro system and Hexoskin between the first and the second trial. Hexoskin showed significant reliability in pre-exercise HR. However, Hexoskin picked up excessive artifact during vigorous physical activity in four of the nine athletes rendering the results in these cases useless. Nevertheless, in athletes where artifact was not an issue, ICC yielded a good estimate. The main findings indicate that Hexoskin has good validity and reliability in measuring pre-exercise HR in handball players and hence may be used with high confidence in slow motion activities. However, vigorous physical activity with jarring multidirectional upper body movements posed a challenge for Hexoskin.

Purpose: Handball (Team Handball) is an intermittent and strenuous contact sport, the successful performance of which depends on frequent body contacts, and the ability to make repeated explosive muscular contractions required for jumping, acceleration, sprinting, turning, changing pace, and throwing a ball. Many studies have investigated the effect of resistance training (RT) in handball players, however with conflicting results. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the impact of RT on maximal strength (isometric and isokinetic strength), the power of both lower and upper limbs, and throwing velocity, in handball players. Methods: A comprehensive literature search yielded a pool of 18 studies, which were retained in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Results: A total of 275 handball players were included. The overall effect size (ES) of RT was 0.996 ([95%CI 0.827–1.165], p = 0.0000). At the multivariate meta-regression, the effect of publication year was significant, as well as the effects of country, gender, and level. The impact of RT on isokinetic strength was not significant (ES 0.079 [95%CI −0.060–0.219], p = 0.265), whereas the impact of RT on throwing (ES 1.360 [95%CI 0.992–1.728], p = 0.000) was significant, as well as the effects of RT on isometric strength (ES 0.398 [95%CI 0.096–0.700], p = 0.010), on maximal strength (ES 1.824 [95%CI 1.305–2.343], p = 0.000), and on power (ES 0.892 [95%CI 0.656–1.128], p = 0.000). Conclusions: RT has a significant impact in handball players. Handball coaches could design conditioning protocols and programs based on our results. However, due to a number of shortcomings, including the high, statistically significant heterogeneity among studies and the evidence of publication bias, further high-quality investigations are needed.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of circuit training on physical fitness in handball players. Subjects were randomly divided into a circuit strength training group (CT, n = 10) and a control group (CG, n = 9). Training sessions and matches were performed together, but during the 12-week intervention, the experimental group replaced part of the regular regimen with circuit strength training. Measures assessed in both groups before and after the intervention included: the agility T-half Test, the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, squat and counter-movement jumps, 15 m and 30 m sprints, and strength tests for the bench press, pull over, and the half squat. The upper limb bench press and pull-over tests along with the lower limb back half squat were performed using a 1-repetition maximum protocol. Based on the intraclass correlation coefficient and excluding the agility T-test (ICC = 0.72), we found excellent relative reliability for all variables (intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.85-0.96, SEM range: 0.03-3.00). For absolute reliability or coefficients of variation, 71% (5/7) of the variables were excellent (CV < 5%). The circuit strength training group showed significant interaction effects and relevant effect sizes for the 12-week training period (8/9, 89%), and the mean effect size for the CT was markedly higher (d = 1.3, range: 0.41 - 2.76) than in the CG (d = - 1.0, range: -0.73 - 0.29). The largest improvements were in the Yo-Yo test (d = 2.76) and the squat jump (d = 2.05). These results show that a 12-week circuit strength training program is an effective method to increase handball-related performance characteristics.

This study aimed to investigate relationships between peak power (PP) as measured by upper limb (PPUL) and lower limb (PPLL) force velocity tests, maximal upper limb force assessed by clean and jerk (1RMCJ) and snatch (1RMSE) exercises, estimates of local muscle volume and throwing ball velocity. Thirty elite male handball players volunteered for the investigation (age: 20.3 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 82.5 ± 10.5 kg; height: 1.85 ± 0,07 %; body fat: 13.1 ± 2.1 %). Lower and upper limb force velocity tests were performed on appropriately modified forms of a Monark cycle ergometer with measurement of PPUL and PPLL, and the corresponding respective maximal forces (F0UL and F0LL) and velocities (V0UL and V0LL). Snatched (SN) and clean and jerk (CJ) exercises were performed to one repetition maximum (1RM). Handball throwing velocity was measured with jump shot (JS) without run-up (TW) and 3 steps shot (T3 step). Muscle volumes of the upper and lower limbs were estimated with a standard anthropometric kit. The 1RM CJ proved to be the most important predictor for throwing velocity. All types of throwing showed a high correlation with this parameter (JS: r = 0.75; TW: r = 0.62; T3 step: r = 0.66). The highest relation was detected between jump shot and 1RM snatch technique (r = 0.82). The PPUL muscle volume correlated highly with PPUL absolute power (r = 0.70). In contrast, we did not find any comparable relations for the lower limb (muscle volume vs. PPUL absolute power: r = 0.07). Our results highlight the contribution of both lower and upper limbs to handball throwing velocity, suggesting the need for coaches to include upper and lower limb strength weightlifting exercises and power programs when improving the throwing velocity of handball players. Ziel der Studie war es, die Beziehungen zwischen der maximalen Ergometerleistung der oberen (PPUL) und unteren (PPLL) Extremität und der Maximalkraft (Umsetzen und Stoßen, olympisches Gewichtheben: Reißen) zur Wurfgeschwindigkeit und zum lokalen Muskelvolumen aufzuklären. 30 professionelle Handballspieler nahmen an der Untersuchung teil (Alter: 20,3 ± 2,1 Jahre; Gewicht: 82,5 ± 10,5 kg; Größe: 1,85 ± 0,07 m; Körperfett: 13,1 ± 2,1 %). Die Ergometrietests der oberen und unteren Extremität wurden auf einem modifizierten Ergometer (Monark-cycle) unter Messung der PPUL und PPLL durchgeführt. Hierbei wurden die maximalen Kräfte und Geschwindigkeiten ermittelt. Das 1RM wurde für die Testübungen olympisches Gewichtheben/Reißen (SN) sowie Umsetzen und Stoßen (CJ) bestimmt. Die maximalen Wurfgeschwindigkeiten wurden für 3 Wurftypen (Sprungwurf, Schlagwurf aus dem Stand, Schlagwurf aus der Bewegung (3 Schritte) mit Stemmschritt) gemessen. Überdies erfolgte die Messung der Muskelvolumina. Die Maximalkraftleistung in der Testübung Umsetzen und Stoßen erwies sich als wichtigster Prädiktor für die Wurfgeschwindigkeit. Alle Wurftypen korrelierten hoch mit den Maximalkraftparametern (Sprungwurf: r = 0,75; Schlagwurf/Stand: r = 0,62; Schlagwurf/Bewegung: r = 0,66). Die höchste Korrelation ließ sich für die Parameter Sprungwurf und SN berechnen (r = 0,82). Das Muskelvolumen der oberen Extremität korrelierte hoch mit der PPUL (r = 0,70). Im Gegensatz dazu fanden sich keine vergleichbaren Beziehungen zur unteren Extremität (Muskelvolumen untere Extremität vs. PPUL: r = 0,07). Die Ergebnisse bekräftigen die Notwendigkeit eines Maximalkrafttrainings im Bereich der oberen und unteren Extremität zum Zwecke der Erhöhung der Wurfgeschwindigkeit. Für die Trainingspraxis ergibt sich die Empfehlung, spezifische Kräftigungsprogramme in das Handballtraining zu integrieren.

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of a new basketball-specific complex test (BBCT) based on the ascertained match performance.Fourteen female professional basketball players (ages: 23.4 ± 1.8 years) performed the BBCT and a treadmill test (TT) at the beginning of pre-season training. Lactate, heart rate (HR), time, shooting precision and number of errors were measured during the four test sequences of the BBCT (short distance sprinting with direction changes, with and without a ball; fast break; lay-up parcours; sprint endurance test). In addition, lactate threshold (LT) and HR were assessed at selected times throughout the TT and the BBCT and over 6 (TT) or 10 (BBCT) minutes after the tests. The match performance score (mps) was calculated on specific parameters (e. g. points) collected during all matches during the subsequent season (22 matches). The mps served as the "gold standard" within the validation process for the BBCT and the TT.TT parameters demonstrated an explained variance (EV) between 0 % (HR recovery) and 11 % (running speed at 6 mmol/l LT). The EV from the BBCT was higher and ranged from 0 % (HR recovery 6 minutes after end of exercise) to 28 % (sprint endurance test after 8 of 10 sprints). Ten out of 21 BBCT parameters (48 %) and 2 out of 5 TT parameters (40 %) demonstrated an EV higher than 10 %. Average EV for all parameters was 12 % (BBCT) and 6 % (TT), respectively. The BBCT had a higher validity than the TT for predicting match performance. These findings suggest that coaches and scientists should consider using the BBCT testing protocol to estimate the match performance abilities of elite female players.Ziel der Studie war die Messung der Validität eines neuen basketballspezifischen Komplextests (BBCT) auf der Grundlage der ermittelten Spielleistung. 14 Basketballerinnen (Alter: 23,4 ± 1,8 Jahre) führten den BBCT und eine Laufbandleistungsdiagnostik (TT) zu Saisonbeginn durch. Innerhalb des BBCT wurden die Parameter Laktat, Herzfrequenz (HR), Zeit, Wurfgenauigkeit und technische Fehler erfasst. Der BBCT beinhaltet 4 Handlungsfolgen: Kurzdistanzsprint mit Richtungswechsel ohne und mit Ball, Fast Break, Korblegerparcours, Sprintausdauertest. Die Messparameter wurden unmittelbar vor dem BBCT sowie 2, 6 und 10 Minuten nach Testende erhoben. Beim TT erfolgte die Schwellenberechnung anhand der Laktat-Leistungs-Kurve. Die Spielwirksamkeit, die den „Goldstandard” (abhängige Variable) innerhalb des Validierungsprozesses (BBCT, TT) darstellte, wurde auf der Basis spezifischer Spielparameter (z. B. Punkte) berechnet. Die Spielparameter wurden über die gesamte Saison (22 Spiele) erhoben. Die Parameter des TT zeigten eine Varianzaufklärung (EV) zwischen 0 % (kardiale Erholung) und 11 % (Laufgeschwindigkeit an der 6 mmol/l-Schwelle). Die EV des BBCT war höher und bewegte sich zwischen 0 % (kardiale Erholung 6 Minuten nach Belastungsende) und 28 % (Sprintausdauertest nach 8 von 10 Sprints). 48 % (10/21) der BBCT-Parameter und 40 % (2/5) der TT-Parameter wiesen eine EV über 10 % auf. Im Mittel betrug die EV für alle Parameter 12 % (BBCT) bzw. 6 % (TT). Der BBCT hat, bezogen auf die Spielwirksamkeit im Basketball, eine größere Validität als der TT. Die Studienergebnisse sollten Trainer und Wissenschaftler ermuntern, den BBCT in die basketballspezifische Leistungsdiagnostik (LD) zu implementieren. Gleichzeitig sollte die LD immer im unmittelbaren Kontext zur Messung der Spielwirksamkeit stehen.

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between lower body muscular strength, anthropometric characteristics and several measures of explosive performance in elite team-handball players. 22 male elite team-handball players (age: 19.1 ± 1.7 years) were studied during the competitive season. Standard anthropometric and body composition measures included body mass index, lower limb and thigh muscle volume, and body fat percentage. Maximal leg strength was determined by a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) half back-squat. Vertical jump performance was assessed using a squat jump (SJ) and a counter movement jump (CMJ). Repeated shuttle-sprint ability (RSA) was tested by 6 (2 × 15 m) shuttle sprints with 20 s of active recovery intervals. The best time in a single shuttle sprint (30m; RSA The explained variance of 1-RM half-back-squats ranged from 0.2 % (RSA% Fatigue Index) to 70.1 % (CMJ). Four out of 8 variables (RSA Best Time, CMJ, SJ, throwing velocity of jump shoot) demonstrated an r The anthropometric characteristics and some physical performance tests are closely related to the maximal strength performance of handball players. Coaches should focus on maximal strength training programs for the lower limbs when seeking improvements in the throwing velocity and jump performance of handball players. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Muskelkraft der unteren Extremitäten, anthropometrischen Eigenschaften und mehreren Messgrößen der Explosivkraftleistung bei Handballspielern im Spitzensport zu untersuchen. 22 Leistungshandballer (Alter: 19,1 ± 1,7 Jahre) wurden während der Wettbewerbssaison untersucht. Als Standardgrößen für die anthropometrischen Messungen und die Körperzusammensetzung wurden der Body-Mass-Index, die Muskelvolumina der unteren Extremitäten und Oberschenkel sowie der prozentuale Körperfettanteil bestimmt. Die maximale Beinkraft wurde anhand des Wiederholungsmaximums (1-RM) von Halbkniebeugen gemessen. Die Beurteilung der Vertikalsprungleistung erfolgte durch einen Squat-Jump (SJ) und einen Counter-Movement-Jump (CMJ). Die Repeated-Shuttle-Sprint-Ability (RSA) wurde anhand von 6 Shuttle-Sprints (2 × 15 m) mit aktiven Erholungsintervallen von 20 s überprüft. Desweiteren wurden die Bestzeit im Single-Shuttle-Sprint (30m; RSA Die erklärte Varianz des 1-RM der Halbkniebeugen reichte von 0,2 % (RSA% Fatigue Index) bis 70,1 % (CMJ). 4 von 8 Variablen (RSA -Bestzeit, CMJ, SJ, Wurfgeschwindigkeit beim Jump-Shooting) zeigten ein r Die anthropometrischen Eigenschaften und einige physikalische Leistungstests sind bei Handballspielern eng mit der Maximalkraftleistung verbunden. Trainer, die Verbesserungen der Wurfgeschwindigkeit und Sprungleistung bei Handballspielern anstreben, sollten den Trainingsschwerpunkt auf ein Maximalkrafttraining für die unteren Extremitäten legen.

There are currently no longitudinal data describing the pre- and postoperative postural regulation and stability of patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate postural regulation and stability prior to and during rehabilitation following surgery of the ACL. Fifty-four physically active subjects (age: 30.5±10.9 years, 29 male subjects) were examined with the Interactive Balance System pre-, 6, and at 12 weeks following surgical reconstruction of the ACL using a hamstring tendon graft. The average period of time from injury to surgery was 27 days. Data were calculated with unifactorial and univariate analysis of variance. Significant effects were found for the somatosensory system (η2=0.115), stability indicator (η2=0.123), weight distribution index (η2=0.176), and synchronization (foot coordination) (η2=0.249). Involved side weight distribution (parameter: left) increased significantly (patients with left-sided/right-sided injury: η2=0.234/0.272). Load distribution to the heel remained stable during all three examination periods (η2=0.035 and η2=0.071), although a remarkable load at forefoot was observed. In seven out of 10 parameters partial effects were seen during the first 6 weeks after surgery. The results of this study indicated that injury of the ACL and subsequent surgical reconstructions result in postural regulation, with improvements in somatosensory system function, postural stability, weight distribution index, and foot coordination. Also, overloading of the injured side on the feet reduces significantly during rehabilitation. Thus, the initial phase of rehabilitation (weeks 1 to 6) seems to be more effective than the second period (weeks 6 to 12) postoperatively.

Hammami, M, Negra, Y, Billaut, F, Hermassi, S, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of lower-limb strength training on agility, repeated sprinting with changes of direction, leg peak power, and neuromuscular adaptations of soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(1): 37-47, 2018-We examined the effects on explosive muscular performance of incorporating 8 weeks strength training into the preparation of junior male soccer players, allocating subjects between an experimental group (E, n = 19) and a matched control group (C, n = 12). Controls maintained their regular training program, but the experimental group replaced a part of this schedule by strength training. Performance was assessed using running times (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 m), a sprint test with 180° turns (S180°), a 9-3-6-3-9 m sprint with backward and forward running (SBF), a 4 × 5 m sprint test with turns, repeated shuttle sprinting, repeated changes of direction, squat (SJ) and counter-movement (CMJ) jumping, back half-squatting, and a force-velocity test. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles was recorded during jumping. Two-way ANOVA showed significant gains in E relative to C during the straight sprint (all distances). Scores of E increased substantially (p ≤ 0.01) on S4 × 5 and SBF and moderately on S180°. Leg peak power, SJ, and CMJ were also enhanced, with significant increases in EMG activity. However, repeated-sprint parameters showed no significant changes. We conclude that biweekly strength training improves key components of performance in junior soccer players relative to standard in-season training.

Muscular strength and speed are critical physical factors in determining the technical and tactical skills of elite team handball players. This study thus investigated the effect of high-intensity muscular strength and sprint interval training (SIT) on lower limb explosive performance and anthropometric characteristics in 22 male handball athletes aged 20.2 ± 0.1 years. A training group (TG, n = 12) and a control group (CG, n = 10) were followed over 8 weeks parallel to regular handball training. The TG received combined additional high-intensity muscular strength and interval training twice per week during this period. The muscular training was comprised of 3 - 4 sets of 70 - 85 % of 1-RM (repetition maximum) of dynamic back half squat exercise; followed immediately by a short sprint program with 4, 5, and 6 maximal intensity repetitions of 30 m runs. Strength (1-RM of the half back-squat and bench press), first step (V1S), first 5 m (V5 m), squat jumps (SJ), counter movement jumps (CMJ) and the Modified Agility Test (MAT) were tested at the beginning and end of the study. Significant interaction effects (group × time) were observed for all parameters (η² range: 0.531 (MAT) to 0.829 (First 5 m)). All 10 parameters showed relevant intervention effects (d 0.5) in the TG (highest intervention effect: CMJ: d = 4.05), the mean effect size being d = 1.85. In contrast, scores for the CG either remained unchanged or decreased (d = -0.24). We conclude that combined high-intensity strength and sprint interval training during the competitive season should be recommended to elite male handball players as a means of improving handball-related performance characteristics without compromising other critical aspects of the individual's performance.Muskelkraft und Schnelligkeit sind entscheidende körperliche Faktoren bei der Ermittlung der technischen und taktischen Fähigkeiten von Handballspielern im Spitzensport. Daher untersuchte die vorliegende Studie die Wirkung von hochintensivem Muskelkraft- und Sprint-Intervall-Training (SIT) auf die Explosivkraftleistung der unteren Extremitäten sowie anthropometrische Eigenschaften bei 22 männlichen Handballsportlern im Alter von 20,2 ± 0,1 Jahren. Eine Trainingsgruppe (TG, n = 12) und eine Kontrollgruppe (CG, n = 10) wurden 8 Wochen lang parallel zu ihrem regulären Handballtraining nachverfolgt. Während dieses Zeitraums erhielt die TG zweimal pro Woche zusätzlich eine Kombination aus hochintensivem Muskelkraft- und Intervall-Training. Das Muskeltraining umfasste eine dynamische Übung mit Halbkniebeugen (70 – 85 % 1-RM (Wiederholungsmaximum), 3 – 4 Sätze) und unmittelbar im Anschluss ein kurzes Sprintprogramm aus 30-Meter-Läufen mit 4, 5 und 6 Wiederholungen maximaler Intensität. Zu Studienbeginn und -ende erfolgte eine Überprüfung der Parameter Kraft (1-RM von Halbkniebeuge und Bankdrücken), erster Schritt (V1S), erste 5 m (V5 m), Squat Jumps (SJ), Counter Movement Jumps (CMJ) und Modified Agility Test (MAT). Es fanden sich signifikante Interaktionseffekte (Gruppe × Zeit) für alle Parameter (η²-Bereich: 0,531 (MAT) bis 0,829 (erste 5 m)). Alle 10 Parameter zeigten relevante Interventionseffekte (d 0,5) in der TG (höchster Interventionseffekt: CMJ: d = 4,05) mit einer mittleren Effektgröße von d = 1,85. In der CG hingegen fanden sich gleichbleibende oder rückläufige Werte (d = –0,24). Schlussfolgerung: Männlichen Handballspielern im Spitzensport sollte während der Wettkampfsaison eine Kombination aus hochintensivem Kraft- und Sprint-Intervall-Training empfohlen werden, da diese die handballbezogenen Leistungsmerkmale verbessert, ohne andere entscheidende Aspekte der individuellen Leistung zu beeinträchtigen.

The purpose of this study was to examine the intra- and interrater reliability of measuring shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength among patients diagnosed with subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS). Twenty-five patients (14 female patients; mean age, 60.4± 7.84 years) diagnosed with SAIS were assessed to determine the intrarater reliability for glenohumeral ROM. Twenty-five patients (16 female patients; mean age, 60.4± 7.80 years) and 76 asymptomatic volunteers (52 female volunteers; mean age, 29.4± 14.1 years) were assessed for interrater reliability. Dependent variables were active shoulder ROM and isometric strength. Intrarater reliability was fair-to-excellent for the SAIS patients (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], 0.52-0.97; standard error of measurement [SEM], 4.4°-9.9° N; coefficient of variation [CV], 7.1%-44.9%). Based on the ICC, 11 of 12 parameters (92%) displayed an excellent reliability (ICC> 0.75). The interrater reliability showed fair-to-excellent results (SAIS patients: ICC, 0.13-0.98; SEM, 2.3°-8.8°; CV, 3.6%-37.0%; controls: ICC, 0.11-0.96; SEM, 3.0°-35.4°; CV, 5.6%-26.4%). In accordance with the intrarater reliability, glenohumeral adduction ROM was the only parameter with an ICC below 0.75 for both samples. Painful shoulder ROM in the SAIS patients showed no influence on the quality of reliability for measurement. Therefore, these protocols should be considered reliable assessment techniques in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of painful shoulder conditions such as SAIS.

Objective To obtain spatiotemporal and dynamic running parameters of healthy participants and to identify relationships between running parameters, speed, and physical characteristics. Method A dynamometric treadmill was used to collect running data among 417 asymptomatic subjects during speeds ranging from 10 to 24 km/h. Spatiotemporal and dynamic running parameters were calculated and measured. Results Results of the analyses showed that assessing running parameters is dependent on running speed. Body height correlated with stride length (r = 0.5), cadence (r = −0.5) and plantar forefoot force (r = 0.6). Body mass also had a strong relationship to plantar forefoot forces at 14 and 24 km/h and plantar midfoot forces at 14 and 24 km/h. Conclusion This reference data base can be used in the kinematic and kinetic evaluation of running under a wide range of speeds.

This project investigated the effect of incorporating 8 weeks of biweekly upper limb loaded plyometric training (using elastic bands) into the in-season regimen of handball players. Participants were randomly allocated to a control group (CG) (n = 15, age = 18.1 ± 0.5 years, body mass = 73.7 ± 13.9 kg), or an experimental group (EG) (n = 14, age = 17.7 ± 0.3 years, body mass = 76.8 ± 10.7 kg). The measurements obtained pre- and post-intervention included a cycle ergometer force–velocity test, ball throwing velocity in three types of throwing, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press and pull-over, and anthropometric estimates of the upper limb muscle volumes. The EG improved in absolute muscle power (W) (Δ23.3%, interaction effect p = 0.032 more than pre-intervention), relative muscle power (W·kg−1) (Δ22.3%, interaction effect p = 0.024), and all three types of ball throwing (Δ18.6%, interaction effect p = 0.019 on a jumping shot, Δ18.6%, interaction effect p = 0.017 on a three-step running throw, and Δ19.1%, interaction effect p = 0.046 on a standing throw). There was no interaction effect for the 1-RM bench press and pull-over performance. The upper limb muscle volumes remained unchanged in both groups. We concluded that adding biweekly elastic band plyometric training to standard training improves the muscle power and throwing velocity. Accordingly, such exercises should be adopted as a part of a pragmatic approach to handball training.

Hermassi, S, Schwesig, R, Aloui, G, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of short-term in-season weightlifting training on the muscle strength, peak power, sprint performance, and ball-throwing velocity of male handball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3309-3321, 2019-This study analyzed the effects of in-season weightlifting training, conducted biweekly for 12 weeks. Twenty-two male handball players were divided into experimental (age: 20.3 ± 0.5 years, height: 1.85 ± 0.04 m, and body mass: 86.3 ± 9.4 kg) and control (age: 20.1 ± 0.5 years, height: 1.81 ± 0.05 m, and body mass: 83.9 ± 10.3 kg) groups, and performance was assessed before and after the intervention. Peak power was determined by a cycle ergometer force-velocity test, a vertical squat jump, and a countermovement jump. Measures of 1 repetition maximal strength included bench press, back half-squats, snatch, and clean and jerk. Handball-throwing velocity was assessed by standing, running, and jump throws. The change of direction T-half test and sprint times over 5, 15, and 30 m were recorded by paired photocells. The intraclass correlation coefficient of all parameters exceeded 0.75. Significant training effects were seen for all sprint (3/3) and throwing (3/3) measures, but only 7/14 strength parameters and 3/10 jump parameters. The largest increases of performance were for snatch (η = 0.627; d = 2.85) and 15-m sprinting (η = 0.852; d = 2.73). Countermovement jump force showed a negative response (d = -0.62). Three other parameters (V0 power for the upper and lower limbs, countermovement jump power) showed only small effect sizes (d = 0.45, d = 0.31, and d = 0.23, respectively). We conclude that 12 weeks of biweekly in-season weight training improved the peak power, maximal strength, sprinting, and throwing in handball players, but that their jump performance did not increase with this kind of intervention. Scopus

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of combined resistance training including handball-specific drill (CRT) with resistance training excluding handball-specific drill training (NSDT). Twenty-two male handball players who studied physical education were randomly assigned to two groups: CRT (combined resistance training with sport-specific drill; n = 12) and NSDT (resistance training without any sport-specific drill training; n = 10). Over a 10-week period during the competitive season, the players performed a specific training program twice per week, which replaced their normal team handball training. The CRT regimen consisted of a combined (associated) resistance training and handball-specific drill, whereas the NSDT program consisted of a resistance training without handball-specific drill (dissociated). Pre- and post-test measures included squat jump and countermovement jumps, bench press, back half squats, throwing velocity during a 3-step jump throw, and a jump shot, repeated-sprint ability (six 2 × 15-m shuttle sprints) (RSA), medicine ball throw and anthropometric measurements. In both groups, significant intervention effects (d ≥ 1.0) were seen for all sprint (3/3), throwing (3/3) and jump (2/2) measures. Regarding maximal strength parameters, an effect size lower than 0.5 was only detected in the NSDT group for half back squats (d = 0.48). The largest effects were observed in the NSDT group for squat jump (d = 6.20) and medicine ball throw (d = 6.07). Interaction effects (group × time) were found for 50 % (5/10) of parameters. The greatest difference between groups regarding performance development over time was detected for jump shot (interaction effect: η² = 0.748). In contrast, there was no difference in performance development in both groups over time for RSA The current findings suggest that during the competitive season, 10 weeks of CRT with only two training sessions per week improved numerous measures of athletic performance in handball students of physical education. Such conditioning should be highly recommended as part of the annual training program of handball players. Ziel der Studie war es, die Wirksamkeit von kombiniertem Kraft- und Handballtraining (CRT) zu vergleichen mit der Wirksamkeit eines isolierten Krafttrainings ohne Handballspezifik (NSDT). 22 Handballer, die gleichzeitig ein Sportstudium absolvierten, wurden randomisiert den 2 Gruppen zugeteilt: CRT (n = 12) und NSDT (n = 10). Der Interventionszeitraum von 10 Wochen befand sich in der Wettkampfphase. Hierbei absolvierten die Spieler anstelle ihres normalen Mannschaftshandballtrainings 2-mal wöchentlich ein spezielles Trainingsprogramm. Die Diagnostik fand unmittelbar vor und nach dem 10-wöchigen Training statt und beinhaltete eine Sprungdiagnostik (Squat jump, Countermovement jump), eine Kraftdiagnostik (bench press, half back squats), eine Wurfdiagnostik (Schlagwurf aus der Bewegung, Sprungwurf, Medizinballwurf) sowie eine Sprintdiagnostik (6-mal 2 × 15 m shuttle sprints). In beiden Gruppen ließen sich signifikante Interventionseffekte (d≥ 1,0) für alle Sprintparameter (3/3), Wurfparameter (3/3) und Sprungparameter (2/2) ermitteln. Bezüglich der Maximalkraftparameter fand sich nur für die Testübung half back squats in der Kontrollgruppe (NSDT) eine Effektgröße unter 0,5 (d = 0,48). Die größten Effekte konnten in der Kontrollgruppe für die Parameter Squat jump (d = 6,20) und Medizinballwurf (d = 6,07) berechnet werden. Interaktionseffekte (Gruppe × Zeit) ließen sich für 50 % (5/10) der untersuchten Parameter ermitteln. Der größte Interaktionseffekt fand sich für die Sprungwurfgeschwindigkeit (η² = 0,748). Im Gegensatz dazu ließ sich für den Parameter RSA Die während der Saison erhobenen Studienergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass ein 2-maliges zusätzliches Krafttraining über einen Zeitraum von 10 Wochen die physische Leistungsfähigkeit von Handballern während des Sportstudiums erhöht. Insofern kann eine derartige Konditionierung im Rahmen des saisonalen Trainingsprogramms von professionellen Handballspielern empfohlen werden.

Handball performance is influenced by age, anthropometric characteristics, technical skills, tactical understanding, and physical abilities. The aims of this study were (i) to determine differences in anthropometric characteristics and physical performance between adolescent handball players across age categories, and (ii) to determine which anthropometric and maturity variables have the greatest relative importance in fitness for this sport. Seventy-nine male handball players drawn from a team in the elite Tunisian Handball league [U18 (n = 10); U17 (n = 12); U16 (n = 17); U15 (n = 18); and U14 (n = 22)] volunteered for the investigation. Assessments included sprint performances; change in direction tests (T-half test and Illinois modified test); jumping tests (squat jump; counter movement jump; countermovement jump with aimed arms; five-jump test); medicine ball throwing; handgrip force; back extensor force and selected anthropometric measurements. The individual’s age category affected all measurements, with U17 and U18 players showing larger body measurements and significantly better absolute results on all physical tests than U14, U15 and U16 contestants. Scores for the majority of physical performance tests were closely inter-correlated. We conclude that U17 and U18 players show significantly better absolute results than the younger players on all physical tests. Multiple linear regressions, using block-wise entry, indicate that age is the strongest predictor of jump and sprint performances. Several anthropometric characteristics, including body mass, standing height and lower limb length were closely correlated with performance test scores, but after allowing for age only body mass added to the prediction of jumping ability. The authors thank the ?Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Tunis, Tunisia? for the financial support. The authors also thank Associate Professor Ridha Aouedi, Ph.D. [Research Unit (UR17JS01) ?Sport Performance, Health and Society,? Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Sa?d, University of ?La Manouba?, Tunis, Tunisia] for the valuable statistical help. The publication of this article was funded by the Qatar National Library. Scopus

Aloui, G, Hammami, M, Fathloun, M, Hermassi, S, Gaamouri, N, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of an 8-week in-season elastic band training program on explosive muscle performance, change of direction, and repeated changes of direction in the lower limbs of junior male handball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1804-1815, 2019-The aim of this study was to examine the effects of incorporating 8 weeks of biweekly lower-limb elastic band training (knee and hip extension) into the in-season regimen of junior handball players. Study participants (30 men, aged 18.7 ± 0.8 years, body mass 81.1 ± 15.4 kg, height 1.82 ± 0.06 m, body fat: 15.5 ± 5.2%) were randomly assigned between control and experimental groups. Measures obtained before and after intervention included a cycle ergometer force-velocity test, force platform determinations of squat and countermovement jump characteristics, sprint times (5 and 30 m), repeated change-of-direction (RCOD) and change-of-direction (T-half, COD) tests, 1 repetition maximum (RM) half back squat, and anthropometric estimates of limb muscle volumes. Small to trivial improvements of experimental subjects relative to control subjects included peak power (p < 0.001), 1RM strength measures (p < 0.01), sprint times (p < 0.001 for 5 m; p < 0.05 for 30 m), COD (p < 0.01), and all RCOD parameters (p < 0.05) except the RCOD fatigue index. However, vertical jump parameters and limb volumes remained unchanged relative to controls. It may be concluded that adding biweekly elastic band training to a standard conditioning regimen yields small gains in measures that likely have an important influence on handball performance, particularly the ability to sprint, change direction, and make repeated changes of direction. Accordingly, such simple exercises can usefully be adopted as a component of handball training.

This study assessed the intra-rater reliability of an ice hockey-specific complex test (IHCT) that reflects the intense multidirectional and intermittent efforts required in ice hockey.Twenty professional players executed the IHCT twice over an interval of 2 days. Load parameters included a 10-m sprint, a 30-m transition with and without a puck, as well as slap and wrist shots. Stress parameters were lactate concentrations and heart rates.The intrarater reliability (ICC) ranged from 0.54 to 0.98 for load parameters, and from 0.26 to 0.87 for stress parameters. 33 % (3/9) of stress parameters and 82 % (18/22) of load parameters had an ICC 0.75. The largest limits of agreement were 41.6 for slap shot 1 after test and 50.4 for 6-min heart rate recovery. The smallest were 0.40 (10-m sprint without a puck) and 5.36 (resting lactate). The intra-rater reliability as shown by the coefficient of variation (CV) was lower for stress than for load parameters (mean CV: 13.4 vs. 4.7). 68 % (15/22) of load parameters and 11 % (1/9) of stress parameters showed a CV below 5 %.The IHCT is currently the only ice hockey-specific complex test with scientifically tested reliability and validity that can analyze performance under conditions similar to competition. It is suggested that coaches, fitness coaches and sports scientists explore use of this test as a valid tool to assess players' performance and the effectiveness of training interventions.Ziel der Studie war es, einen validierten eishockeyspezifischen Komplextest (IHCT), der eng am Anforderungsprofil der Sportart orientiert ist, hinsichtlich seiner Intrarater-Reliabilität zu prüfen.20 professionelle Eishockeyspieler absolvierten den IHCT im Abstand von 2 Tagen. Innerhalb des IHCT wurden sowohl Belastungsparameter (z. B. Sprintzeit 10 m und 30 m ohne und mit Puck, Schussgeschwindigkeit und -genauigkeit) als auch Beanspruchungsparameter (Laktat, Herzfrequenz) erfasst.Seitens der Belastungsparameter bewegte sich die Intrarater-Reliabilität (Intraclass-Korrelationskoeffizient (ICC)) zwischen 0,54 und 0,98. Für die Beanspruchungsparameter ließen sich ICC-Werte zwischen 0,26 und 0,87 berechnen. 33 % (3/9) der Beanspruchungsparameter und 82 % (18/22) der Belastungsparameter zeigten eine hohe Reliabilität (ICC 0,75). Die größten Limits of Agreement bewegten sich zwischen 41,6 (Schlagschuss 1 nach Test) und 50,4 (Erholungsherzfrequenz in Minute 6 nach Test). Die geringsten Differenzen wurden für den 10m-Sprint ohne Puck (0,40) und den Ruhe-Laktatwert (5,36) ermittelt. Auch auf der Basis des Coefficient of Variation (CV) war die Intrarater-Reliabilität für die Beanspruchungsparameter deutlich geringer als für die Belastungsparameter (CV: 13,4 vs. 4,7). 68 % (15/22) der Belastungsparameter und 11 % (1/9) der Beanspruchungsparameter wiesen einen CV unter 5 % auf.Der IHCT ist aktuell der einzige eishockeyspezifische Komplextest, der die sportartspezifische Leistungsfähigkeit unter wettkampfähnlichen Bedingungen testet und darüber hinaus einen wissenschaftlichen Reliabilitäts- und Validitätsnachweis besitzt. Die Testergebnisse sollten alle Akteure (Trainer, Sportwissenschaftler, Athletiktrainer, Leistungsdiagnostiker) in diesem Tätigkeitsfeld dazu ermutigen, ebenfalls sportartspezifisch zu testen, um die Leistungsfähigkeit der Spieler und die Wirksamkeit von Trainingsinterventionen valide beurteilen zu können.

Background This study assessed the validity of the handball-specific complex test (HBCT) and two non-specific field tests in professional elite handball athletes, using the match performance score (MPS) as the gold standard of performance. Methods Thirteen elite male handball players (age: 27.4±4.8 years; premier German league) performed the HBCT, the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery (YYIR) test and a repeated shuttle sprint ability (RSA) test at the beginning of pre-season training. The RSA results were evaluated in terms of best time, total time, and fatigue decrement. Heart rates (HR) were assessed at selected times throughout all tests; the recovery HR was measured immediately post-test and 10 minutes later. The match performance score was based on various handball specific parameters (e.g., field goals, assists, steals, blocks, and technical mistakes) as seen during all matches of the immediately subsequent season (2015/2016). Results The parameters of run 1, run 2, and HR recovery at minutes 6 and 10 of the RSA test all showed a variance of more than 10% (range: 11-15%). However, the variance of scores for the YYIR test was much smaller (range: 1-7%). The resting HR (r2=0.18), HR recovery at minute 10 (r2=0.10), lactate concentration at rest (r2=0.17), recovery of heart rate from 0 to 10 minutes (r2=0.15), and velocity of second throw at first trial (r2=0.37) were the most valid HBCT parameters. Conclusions Much effort is necessary to assess MPS and to develop valid tests. Speed and the rate of functional recovery seem the best predictors of competitive performance for elite handball players.

Hintergrund: In der Fusballleistungsdiagnostik (FLD) werden zumeist fusballunspezifische Tests verwendet. Neben der Fusballspezifik fehlt uberdies die wissenschaftliche Validierung anhand des Goldstandards Spielwirksamkeit. Auch seitens der Spielwirksamkeit selbst besteht aktuell ein eklatantes Forschungsdefizit. Fragestellung: Ziel der multizentrischen, prospektiven Diagnostikstudie war es, etablierte bzw. tradierte Tests der FLD anhand der Spielwirksamkeit (Goldstandard: Spielzeit) zu validieren. Methodik: Insgesamt wurden zwei Teams der 4. (n = 22) und 3. Liga (n = 24) prospektiv untersucht. Zunachst erfolgte zu Beginn der Vorbereitungsperiode die FLD (Tapping, Drop Jump, Counter Movement Jump, Tempodribbling, Laufbandstufentest). Anschliesend wurde die Spielwirksamkeit anhand des Surrogatparameters Spielzeit uber eine Halbserie (14 bzw. 25 Spiele) ermittelt sowie mit den Testleistungen in Beziehung gesetzt (lineare Regressionsanalyse). Ergebnisse: Alle Tests respektive Parameter erwiesen sich seitens der Spielwirksamkeit (Spielzeit) als nicht bedeutsam (r2 Schlussfolgerung: Die Testergebnisse zeigen sehr deutlich, wie wenig valide bzw. fusballrelevant die durchgefuhrten isolierten, fusballunspezifischen Tests sind. Diskutabel ist die Verwendung der Spielzeit als Surrogatparameter fur die Spielwirksamkeit. Gleichsam ist die Parametrisierung und Objektivierung der Spielwirksamkeit aktuell die vordringlichste Aufgabe im Rahmen der Qualifizierung der FLD. Erst das Vorhandensein eines aussagekraftigen Goldstandards ermoglicht die Validierung vorhandener Tests bzw. die Entwicklung neuer Testdesigns. Aktuell besitzt die FLD keine wissenschaftliche Legitimierung.

The purpose of this study was to determine the intraobserver reliability (IR) of the handball-specific complex test (HBKT) and the validity of the HBKT and nonspecific tests. Thirty experienced players (25.7 ± 3.9 years) executed the HBKT twice (time interval: 2 days). Lactate, heart rate (HR), time, throwing velocity and number of errors were measured. Afterwards, players' match performances (MPs) in 30 matches were evaluated using video analysis to compare it with the test parameters. Resting HR between first half and second half (r(2) = 0.26), standing long jump (r(2) = 0.18), jump and reach (r(2) = 0.16), and HR before second half (r(2) = 0.14) were proven to be the most valid tests or parameters. The amounts of explained variance concerning the MP of all other tests/parameters were below 10%. Overall, 41% (12/29) of the parameters showed a high relative intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.75) and absolute coefficient of variation (CV ≤ 5%) IR. Results suggest that the HBKT can be certified with an insufficient validity and a sufficient absolute (∅CV = 11.3%) and relative (∅ICC = 0.67) IR. The reasons could be insufficient tests or insufficient score of MP. The current findings suggest that the coaches and scientists should recognize a lot of effort is necessary to measure MP and to develop valid tests. Additional research should aim to connect test and MP with each other. Before a coach applies a test, he should thoroughly check whether the test is valid (gold standard: MP) and reliable. The frequent and long-term test application (very common argument of the coaches in practice) is not a proof of validity.

The purpose of our study was to find out the results of a training program based on the Olympic exercises (weightlifting), on the performance of strength and power in high-level table tennis players. Thirty elite table tennis players (age 18.05 ± 1.04 years) were randomly divided into a control group (CG; n = 15) and an experimental group (WRTG; n = 15). The last group followed a weightlifting training program for 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week during the competitive period. As for the control group, he pursued classical table tennis training. Before and after the 6-week training program, all players have conducted tests on sprint distance of 5 m, the vertical jump (squat jump and countermovement jump), strength hand grip, throwing medicine Ball, the 1-RM bench press and 1-RM 1/2 squat test. A slight raise in the 1-RM maximum strength of upper and lower limbs (respectively p < 0.05; 7.87 kg or 8.29% and p < 0.04; +10.7 kilograms or 17.75%) for the WRTG compared to CG this evolution was followed by an obvious changes in strength hand grip at the EG compared to CG (p < 0.01; 4.6 kg or 13.54% of development). According to the outcomes of our study, we can declare that a strength training program during three sessions per week during the competitive period, can lead to a developed strength in the maximum lower limb, the and vertical jump among the elite table tennis players. The identification such as results could be considered a reliable device for coaches and technicians concerned to develop the performance of their table tennis players.

Hermassi, S, Wollny, R, Schwesig, R, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of in-season circuit training on physical abilities in male handball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 944-957, 2019-This study analyzed the effects of a resistance-type circuit training (RCT) program (30-35 minutes, performed twice a week for 10 weeks) on male handball players. Twenty-two male players were divided into experimental (E; age 20.3 ± 0.5 years) and control groups (C; age 20.1 ± 0.5 years). Measures before and after RCT included squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of bench press, pull-over and back half-squats, throwing velocity (a 3-step running throw [RT], and a jump throw [JT]), repeated-sprint ability (six 2 × 15-m shuttle sprints with recording of best time for a single trial), anthropometric estimates of leg- and thigh-muscle volumes and mean thigh cross-sectional area (CSA), and a test of agility. The agility T-half test showed a significant interaction effect (p = 0.001; η = 0.422), with an intergroup difference in effect size (d) of 1.27 (dTG = 1.24 vs. dCG = -0.03). The SJ displayed no interaction effect. The interaction effects for half back squat (d = 2.73, η = 0.740) and CMJ (d = 3.76, η = 0.700) were large, but that for RT was smaller (η = 0.460) than that for JT (η = 0.745). The throwing velocity of C decreased for both measures, with negative effect sizes (d = -0.18 and d = -0.93, respectively). Upper-body, leg, and thigh-muscle volumes and thigh CSA increased significantly after resistance training. However, repeated-sprint parameters showed no significant changes. During the competitive season, 10 weeks of RCT with only 2 training sessions per week improved numerous measures of athletic performance in handball players, and such conditioning can be highly recommended as part of the annual training program for elite handball players.

Background Team handball is an intense ball sport with specific requirements on technical skills, tactical understanding, and physical performance. The ability of handball players to develop explosive efforts (e. g. sprinting, jumping, changing direction) is crucial to success. Objective The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of an in-season high-intensity strength training program on the physical performance of elite handball players. Materials and methods Twenty-two handball players (a single national-level Tunisian team) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG; n = 10) or a training group (TG; n = 12). At the beginning of the pilot study, all subjects performed a battery of motor tests: one repetition maximum (1-RM) half-squat test, a repeated sprint test [6 × (2 × 15 m) shuttle sprints], squat jumps, counter movement jumps (CMJ), and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. The TG additionally performed a maximal leg strength program twice a week for 10 weeks immediately before engaging in regular handball training. Each strength training session included half-squat exercises to strengthen the lower limbs (80 – 95 % of 1-RM, 1 – 3 repetitions, 3 – 6 sets, 3 – 4 min rest between sets). The control group underwent no additional strength training. The motor test battery was repeated at the end of the study interventions. Results In the TG, 3 parameters (maximal strength of lower limb: η² = 0.74; CMJ: η² = 0.70, and RSA best time: η² = 0.25) showed significant improvements, with large effect sizes (e. g. CMJ: d = 3.77). A reduction in performance for these same 3 parameters was observed in the CG (d = -0.24). Conclusions The results support our hypothesis that additional strength training twice a week enhances the maximal strength of the lower limbs and jumping or repeated sprinting performance. There was no evidence of shuttle sprints ahead of regular training compromising players’ speed and endurance capacities.

BACKGROUND This study assessed inter-relationships between shuttle and straight repeated-sprint ability tests and the relationship of each measure to anthropometric and explosive lower limb performance data in elite handball players. METHODS Twenty-two elite male handball players (18.9±0.2 years; body mass: 83.3±1.1 kg, height: 1.79±2.30 m, body fat: 12.8±0.2%) completed tests that included a lower limb force-velocity test of peak power (Wpeak), jumping ability (squat and counter-movement jumps; SJ, CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) half back squat, average sprint velocity over 5 m (V-5 m), peak velocity between 25-30 m (Vmax), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), and anthropometric determinations of cross-sectional areas and muscle volumes for leg and thigh muscles. Data were compared with performance on two repeated sprint tests; the straight test (6 × 30 m [RSA30]) and the intermittent test (6×[2×15 m] shuttle sprints [RSA15]). RESULTS V-5 m, 1-RM, and thigh and leg muscle cross-sectional areas and volumes showed relevant relationships to the shuttle RSA test (r2≥0.5). The Yo-Yo IR1 explained the largest percentage of variance in RSA15 total time (60%), and V-5 m also explained 56% of the variance in RSA15 total time. RSA15% fatigue was only related to 1-RM (explained variance: 58%), and the RSA30 test showed no useful correlations with any of the investigated predictors. Multiple-regression analyses using all physical tests explained 91% of the variance in RSA15 total time (P

This study assessed the impact of 8 weeks biweekly in-season weightlifting training on the strength, throwing ability, and body composition of healthy male handball players. Twenty players (age: 21.2 &plusmn, 0.7 years, height: 1.83 &plusmn, 0.08 m, body mass: 83.3 &plusmn, 7.5 kg, body fat: 13.2 &plusmn, 1.4%, upper limb muscle volume: 3.16 &plusmn, 0.16 L) were randomly allocated between experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. Measures of one-repetition maximal strength included bench press, pull-over, snatch, and clean and jerk. Throwing velocity was investigated by standing, running, and jump throws, and the power of the upper limbs was estimated from the total distance of a 3-kg medicine ball overhead throw. Muscle volumes were estimated anthropometrically. Training sessions comprised 3&ndash, 4 sets of explosive weightlifting exercise at 75%&ndash, 90% of 1RM (repetition maximum). Significant interaction effects (time x group) were found for all strength and throwing variables, ranging from &eta, p2 = 0.595 (pull-over) to &eta, p2 = 0.887 (medicine ball throw), with the largest between-group difference (more than 40%, &Delta, d = 6.65) and effect size (d = 6.44) for the medicine ball throw, and the smallest (about 23%, &Delta, d = 1.61) for the standing shot performance. Significant interaction effects were also detected for all anthropometric parameters (body mass: &eta, p2 = 0.433, body fat: &eta, p2 = 0.391, upper limb muscle volume: &eta, p2 = 0.920, with an almost 20% gain of muscle volume). It can be concluded that 8 weeks of biweekly in-season weightlifting training yielded substantial increases of muscle volume, maximal strength of the upper limbs, and ball throwing velocity in healthy handball players relative to their standard training program.

BACKGROUND We aimed to examine the validity of an ice hockey-specific complex test (IHCT) and nonspecific off-ice tests for sports performance. METHODS Eighteen professional athletes (27.4±6.0 years) underwent the IHCT, maximal strength squat tests, an endurance cycling test (PWC 170) and posturography during in the first week of the pre-seasonal training. The IHCT included parameters of load (e.g., 10-m and 30-m sprint, transition and weave agility without and with puck, slap and wrist shots before and after the test). The players were closely accompanied during the season of competition (seven months) in order to collect match performance data. Based on these data, we calculated a match performance score (MPS) for each player. RESULTS Stability indicator (r2=0.39), weave agility with puck (r2=0.39), maximal relative squat (r2=0.37) and frequency band F7-8 (r2=0.35) proved to be the most valid tests. However, with the MPS as dependent variable, 21 of 44 parameters tested (48%) explained 10% or more of variance. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that postural stability, cerebellar control mechanisms and concentric maximum leg strength are the most important predictors of MPS. Regarding IHCT, actions with the puck under fatigue conditions and the ability to recover quickly are highly relevant for ice hockey players.

Background The primary aim of the study was to examine the anthropometric characteristics as well as throwing and sprinting performance of professional handball players classified by playing position and competition level. Methods 21 male players (age: 25.2±5.1 years) from the first German handball league (FGL) and 34 male players (age: 26.1±4.1 years) from the third German handball league (TGL) were categorized as backs, pivots, wings and goalkeepers. Measurements included anthropometric data (height, mass and body mass index (BMI)), throwing and sprinting performance selected out of a complex handball test (HBCT), which was conducted twice (2 rounds). During the HBCT, the subjects performed two sprints (10, 20 m), two standing throws with run-up (ST) and four vertical jump throws (VJT) over a hurdle (20 cm) with and without precision for goal shot. Results The anthropometric data revealed a significantly (P=0.038 and η2=0.079) shorter body height for TGL than for FGL players. In the cohort of first league athletes the pivots were the tallest (1.98±0.04 m), backs in the third league showed the maximum body height (1.90±0.05 m). Regarding body mass, pivots were the heaviest players independent from the league membership. The FGL players showed a significantly (P 0.10) higher throwing velocity in all type of throws. Body height was significantly related to ST (r=0.53) and VJT (r=0.52) in the first round of HBCT but only for the FGL athletes. Throwing velocity was also correlated with BMI (r=-0.50) among the TGL players. Conclusions Substantial differences of body characteristics, throwing and sprinting performance between playing positions and competitive levels underline the importance of a careful scouting and position-specific training for professional handball players.

Background This study examined the effects of a 7-week in-season aerobic and high-intensity interval-training program on performance tests linked to successful handball play (e.g., repeated sprint and jumping ability). Methods Thirty participants (age 17.0±1.2 years, body mass 81.1±3.4 kg, height 1.82±0.07 m) performed a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), a squat (SJ) and a Countermovement Jump Test (CMJ), as well as a repeated Sprint Ability Test (RSA). From this, maximal aerobic speed (MAS, reached at the end of the Yo-Yo IR1), jumping ability, best time in a single sprint trial (RSAbest), total time (RSATT) and the performance decrement (RSAdec) during all sprints were calculated. Later, subjects were randomly assigned to a control group (CG; N.=15) performing their normal training schedule (5 weekly sessions of ~90 minutes of handball training) or an experimental group (EG; N.=15). The EG performed two 30 min sessions per week of high-intensity aerobic exercises at 100-130% of MAS in addition to their normal training schedule. Results A significant improvement in MAS (d=4.1), RSAbest (d=1.9), RSATT (d=1.5) and RSAdec (d=2.3) after the training period was demonstrated. Also, significant interaction effects (time x group) were found for all parameters as the EG significantly improved performances in all tests after training. The greatest interaction effects were observed in MAS (η2=0.811) and CMJ (η2=0.759). No relevant changes in test performances were found in the CG (mean d=-0.02). Conclusions These results indicate that individually speed-controlled aerobic and interval training is effective for improving specific handball performance.

BACKGROUND The aims of the study were to examine the anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of professional handball players classified by playing position. METHODS Twenty-one competitors (age: 25.2±5.1 years) were categorized as backs, pivots, wings or goalkeepers. Measures included anthropometrics (body height and mass), scores on the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (total distance covered, TD), repeated-sprint ability (6 repetitions of 2x15-m shuttle sprints with recording of best time for a single trial, RSAbest) and performance on a complex handball test (HBKT) of throw slap (TS) and throw jump (TJ) with and without precision. RESULTS The anthropometric data revealed a significantly lower body height for wings and pivots than for goalkeepers. Wings, pivots and goalkeepers were significantly shorter than backs, but had a similar BMI. The TD was greater for the wings (2.400 m) than for backs (1.832 m) and pivots (2.067m). Wings also achieved a better RSAbest (5.41 s) than backs (5.68 s) or pivots (5.82 s). Body height was significantly related to throw slap (TS) and jump (JT) (r=0.53, P

Schwesig, R, Hermassi, S, Wagner, H, Fischer, D, Fieseler, G, Molitor, T, and Delank, K-S. Relationship between the range of motion and isometric strength of elbow and shoulder joints and ball velocity in women team handball players. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3428-3435, 2016-The aims of this study were to investigate relationships between isometric strength and range of motion (ROM) of shoulder and elbow joints and compare 2 different team handball throwing techniques in women team handball. Twenty highly experienced women team handball players (age: 20.7 ± 2.9 years; body mass: 68.4 ± 6.0 kg; and height: 1.74 ± 0.06 m) participated in this study. The isometric strength (hand-held dynamometer) and ROM (goniometer) of shoulder and elbow joints were measured at the beginning of the preseasonal training. After clinical examination, the subjects performed 3 standing throws with run-up (10 m) and 3 jump throws over a hurdle (0.20 m). The mean ball velocity was calculated from 3 attempts and measured using a radar gun. The results showed that the ball velocity of the standing throw with run-up (vST) was significantly higher than that of the jump throw (vJT) (25.5 ± 1.56 vs. 23.2 ± 1.31 m·s; p0.001). Therefore, significant playing position effects (p = 0.021) were only found for ST. Goalkeepers (n = 2) had the lowest (22.6 ± 0.04 m·s) and backcourt players (n = 9), the highest (26.1 ± 1.36 m·s) vST. The retroversion strength in the shoulder was the only parameter with relevant correlations to both throws (vST: r = 0.52, and vJT: r = 0.43). Other relevant relationships to vJT were found for adduction strength shoulder (r = 0.55) and ROM flexion elbow (r = -0.54). The vST was only correlated to the glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. As a consequence, strength is more important than the ROM, and in addition to this, the shoulder, compared with the elbow, has a greater influence on the vST in highly experienced women team handball players.