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IF: 2.2 (Q2); International audience; During the last decades, rugby union focused on players’ physical development as the main way of performance optimization. Consequently, a tremendous amount of research attention has been devoted to better understanding the main training parameters, neglecting however to study the effects of physical conditioning on group dynamics. In the present research, a quasi-experimental design in ecological conditions was used to analyze the effects of effort intensity on social interactions, especially during the rest periods of physical training. Semiprofessional rugby union players (N = 61; Mage = 23.78, SD = 7.03 years) participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to four conditions consisting of three 5-min runs. With counterbalancing, the participant sample was divided into four groups. A control group ran at 50% Maximum Aerobic Speed (MAS) while the three experimental groups ran at three different effort intensities (80%, 90%, and 100% MAS) in a counterbalanced order (i.e., linear increase/linear decrease/and quadratic evolution of effort intensity). The results showed a positive relationship between effort intensity and the number of intragroup social interactions during rest periods, this result being accrued at the end of the training session. Interestingly, the results suggested that ending a conditioning session at 100% MAS after a linear progression of effort intensity might influence social identity mobility between different levels of self-abstraction, leading to more cooperation between group members. Overall, this research offers a psychosocial view of training effects that invites academics and coaches to consider effort intensity as a way to develop social bonding in rugby. Lay summary: This study supports the perspective that “working hard” during conditioning influence social interactions between players. As a consequence, our results suggest that conditioning may be a powerful approach to build a feeling of “us-ness” that participates in optimizing group dynamics, and ultimately, performance in rugby.

Objectives This research explored whether several subgroups of athletes representing distinct emotional trajectories could be shown to exist within the latent class growth analysis (LCGA) of pleasant and unpleasant sport emotions (anger, anxiety, dejection, excitement, happiness). A secondary aim was to explore whether athletes belonging to distinct emotional trajectories reported distinct scores of trait-emotional intelligence (EI) at time 1 (T1). Design A longitudinal three-wave measurement design (beginning, middle, and end of a competitive season) was used in the present study. Method A sample of 460 athletes completed the sport emotion questionnaire across three measurement times and the brief emotional intelligence scale at T1. Results Results of LCGAs showed five trajectories for anger, anxiety and happiness, and six trajectories for dejection and excitement. Furthermore, athletes belonging to distinct (adaptive or maladaptive) trajectories reported significantly different scores of EI. Conclusions LCGA results highlighted the athlete heterogeneity in longitudinal sport emotions. Higher scores of EI were reported by athletes belonging to adaptive emotional trajectories. These results could be used to help coaches and sport psychologists to identify athletes at risk of developing dysfunctional emotional trajectories across the competitive season. Moreover, this study suggested potential benefits of EI-centred interventions to help athletes to experience adaptive emotional trajectories. Finally, these results highlighted that heterogeneity in sport emotions must be accounted for in future research.

IF: 2.6 (Q1); International audience; We examined whether coach leadership behaviours predicted the intensity and direction of positive and negative affects experiencing during competition controlling for affects experienced within two hours before competition. A total of 296 athletes (33% female and 67% male; Mage = 21.61; SD = 6.32) voluntarily participated in the study. A partial least square path modelling (PLS-PM) approach was used to examine the relationships between the study variables. The results showed that coach social support significantly positively predicted the direction of negative affects during competition controlling for pre-competitive negative affect direction. Besides, results revealed that coach democratic behaviour marginally and negatively predicted Negative Affects direction during competition whereas coach autocratic behaviour marginally and negatively predicted Positive Affects intensity. Thus, coach social support emerged as an adaptive coaching behaviour. The usefulness of a longitudinal approach might reveal the multivariate experience of affects states and the manner to handle them from a coach leadership perspective.

IF 2018: 1.25 (Q2); International audience; In the field of emotion–performance relationship in achievement situations, the social dimensions of emotions have been understudied. Thus, recent advances highlighted the need to explore identity processes to know whether group belonging may influence individuals’ emotions and performance when they are involved in a task-group. The current study introduced an innovative approach to continuously capture the variability of emotions (pleasant and unpleasant), identity levels (personal and social) and performances (individual and collective) experienced during volleyball games. Six elite players (M = 20.14 years; SD = 1.25) volunteered to participate in this research. For the purpose of this study, a program based on the Mouse Paradigm methodological approach was elaborated. A total of 9461 momentary assessments (M = 1576.83 ± 94.38 per participant) was gathered for each of the aforementioned variables. Results of hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed a partial independence between social and personal identity, as well as an effect of identity levels on unpleasant emotions. Results also highlighted that neither identity levels nor emotions influenced individual performances. Taken together, these results were discussed in terms of theoretical and methodological advances that allow to deepen the understanding of emotions–performance relationships in the context of team-sports.

Davletyarova, K, Vacher, P, Nicolas, M, Kapilevich, LV, and Mourot, L. Associations between heart rate variability-derived indexes and training load: repeated measures correlation approach contribution. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study aimed to evaluate whether similar associations between indexes derived from heart rate variability (HRV) analyses and training load (TL) could be obtained by using the commonly used Pearson correlation technique and the repeated measures correlation (rmcorr). Fourteen well-trained swimmers (18.5 ± 1.6 years) participated. The training period lasted 4 weeks with a gradual increase in TL. Daily external TL (exTL) and internal TL (inTL) were summed to obtain a weekly TL, and HRV analyses were performed every Saturday morning. During the 4-week period, exTL and inTL increased (p < 0.05) together with a decrease (p < 0.05) in heart rate and an increase (p < 0.05) of cardiac parasympathetic indexes. No significant correlation was found using Pearson correlation while significant associations were found using rmcorr; considering exTL, positive (mean R-R interval [MeanRR], root mean square of differences between successive RR interval [RMSSD], low frequency [LF], high frequency [HF], instantaneous beat-to-beat variability [SD1], continuous beat-to-beat variability [SD2], SD1/SD2; r from 0.59 to 0.46, p value from

International audience; Given the positive influence of Emotional intelligence (EI) on sports performance, particular attention should be paid on how to improve it. Following promising results, previous research concluding that it was possible to improve EI via specific training programs also raised considerable debates. Indeed, previous EI training programs were very time consuming for participants. This lessens consequently their suitability with the schedule constraints of elite sport. While, in absence of sport psychologists, numerous coaches or physiologists try to work with players to improve their emotional competences, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of EI training programs fitting the schedule constraints of elite team sports, provided by three different EI trainers: the team’s coach, the team’s physiotherapist, and an expert in sport psychology. Young elite rugby union players (N=96) participated in this study. Based on schedule constraints imposed by the head coach of the French u18 rugby union national team, the program consisted in three 1hr group-based EI training sessions occuring the last three days before a game (1 per day). Linear Mixed Effects models showed that despite the constraining organizational challenge imposed by the coach, the intervention helped the players to increase some emotional competences at the trait level. Furthermore, a pairwise analysis showed that the type of emotional competencies developed depended on the status of the EI trainers. These findings highlight the suitability of a group-based approach in the training-week structure. They also point the way to EI improvement in a short period of time. Moreover, the specific influences of the EI trainer’s status on players’ EI development invite coaches and researchers to jointly combine their efforts in order to increase the EI training opportunities and to maximize the effects of their interventions. Together, these preliminary results provide first evidence facilitating the integration of such work in the preparation periods during international seasons.

International audience; Grounded in Lazarus’s (1999) cognitive motivational relational theory of emotions, this study aimed to explore longitudinal relationships between appraisals, everyday emotions related to the competitive environment and emotional regulation strategies during a competitive season. Forty adolescent soccer players (Mage = 15.8) involved in an intensive training centre from a professional club voluntarily participated to the study. A series of hierarchical linear modelling analyses were conducted upon the 9 measurement times to: (a) examine the relationships between appraisals (threat, challenge, loss), pleasant (happiness, excitement) and unpleasant (anxiety, dejection, anger) emotions, and emotional regulation strategies (adaptive and less adaptive); and (b) ascertain whether the relationships between appraisals and emotions were mediated by emotion regulation strategies. The results of the random coefficient regression models showed: (a) positive relationships between challenge appraisal, adaptive emotion regulation, and pleasant emotions as well as between threat and loss appraisals, less adaptive emotion regulation and unpleasant emotions; and (b) mediating effects of emotional regulation strategies in the appraisals – emotions relationships. As a whole, this study furthered knowledge base about the competitive environment in showing that appraisals, emotion regulation and emotions are intertwined psychological constructs in a dynamic relationship allowing athletes to continuously adjust to their constantly changing everyday demands.

This study aimed to investigate (1) the time-variations and (2) the repeated measures relationship between training load (TL) and psychological and physiological parameters and performance. Data were collected around 12-weeks of training in fifteen national swimmers. Psychological states were assessed using the RESTQ-36-R-Sport Questionnaire and the Sport Emotion Questionnaire. Subjects collected four saliva samples throughout the day at 1) 7 a.m. immediately after waking, 2) 30 min after waking, 3) 60 min after waking, and 4) 8 p.m., allowing us to calculate the area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg) and the sAA over cortisol ratio (AOC). Finally, heart rate variability was computed using a submaximal 5′-5′ running test. Time variations were analyzed throughout repeated measures ANOVA and repeated measures correlations were run using the “rmcorr” R package. Recovery-stress states and emotional markers showed quadratic curves, while parasympathetic markers showed linear trajectories over time. Significant associations over time were found between TL and recovery, stress, emotional states, lnRMSSD and the AOC. Taken together, these results provided evidence that psychological and physiological states do not follow the same dynamics (i.e., linear vs. quadratic vs. no variation) in the functional training periodization condition. Our study also provided evidence that recovery-stress states, emotional states, lnRMSSD, and the AOC were of interest due to their intra-individual associations around the time with TL.

IF2018: 2.81 (Q1); International audience; This research examined the time courses of emotions in sport settings (anxiety, dejection, anger, happiness, excitement) experienced by mountain ultra-marathon (MUM) runners within the month following a demanding MUM race and the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in these time courses. A six-wave one-month longitudinal design was used with one measurement point within two days before the race to measure EI and five time points within the month following the race to assess emotions experienced among a sample of 29 runners. Results of multilevel growth curve analyses showed significant linear decreases of dejection and anxiety and a significant linear increase of anger. EI was related to the intercept (level at the end of the MUM race) of happiness, excitement and dejection. Moreover the interaction of EI with time was associated with happiness, excitement and anger. This means that high and low emotional intelligent runners exhibited distinct trajectories of emotional intelligence within the month following the MUM race. Indeed, trait-EI appeared to have a protective role against stress process leading to emotional adjustment within the recovery period following an ultra-endurance event. As such, consultants and coaches could conduct specific program over the sport season designed to enhance trait-EI of MUM runners.

IF2018: 2.58 (Q1); International audience; Objectives: The aim of this study was to: (a) examine the time courses of runners’ recovery-stress states within the month following a demanding Mountain Ultra-Marathon (MUM) race; and (b) explore the role of primary and secondary appraisals in these trajectories. Design: A seven-wave one-month longitudinal design was used with one measurement point within two days before the race to measure appraisals and six time points within the month following the race to assess recovery-stress states experienced by athletes. Method: A multilevel growth curve analysis approach was used among a sample of 29 MUM runners. Results: Recovery-stress states were characterized by distinct trajectories during the month following MUM race. Results of multilevel growth curve analyses showed significant linear increases of general and total recovery, significant linear decreases of general, sport-specific and total stress and a positive quadratic effect of squared time (U shape over time) on specific recovery. Primary appraisal significantly positively predicted levels of sport-specific recovery, total, general and sport-specific stress and significantly negatively predicted total and general recovery. Secondary appraisal significantly negatively predicted total and general stress. Conclusions: This study provided insights into the role played by appraisals on the recovery-stress states experienced by MUM runners the month following a demanding MUM race. Operational strategies were suggested in order to optimize the recovery-stress balance and in turn psychological adaptation processes in response to an ultra-endurance race.

IF2019: 3.22 (Q1); International audience; Confinement experiments are essential to prepare long-term space exploration. The 180-day Chinese CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) study is unique in its design, including a closed-loop system and mid-mission simulation of Mars-like day-night cycle of 24 h 40 min for 36 days (days 72-108). Our aim was to study physiological and psychological consequences of this confinement in four healthy volunteers (one female). CELSS platform consisted of six interconnected modules including four greenhouses. Life support systems were controlled automatically. Body composition, fluid compartments, metabolic state, heart, large vessels, endothelial function, and muscle tone were studied using biological, functional, and/or morphological measurements. Behavioral activities were studied by ethological monitoring; psychological state was assessed by questionnaires. Body weight decreased by ∼2 kg mostly due to lean mass loss. Plasma volume and volume-regulating hormones were mostly stable. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) increased by 10-15%. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation decreased. Masseter tone increased by 6-14% suggesting stress, whereas paravertebral muscle tone diminished by 10 ± 6%. Behavioral flow reflecting global activity decreased 1.5- to 2-fold after the first month. Psychological questionnaires revealed decrease in hostility and negative emotions but increase in emotional adaptation suggesting boredom and monotony. One subject was clearly different with lower fitness, higher levels of stress and anxiety, and somatic signs as back pain, peak in masseter tone, increased blood cortisol and C-reactive protein. Comparison of CELSS experiment with Mars500 confinement program suggests the need for countermeasures to prevent increased IMT and endothelial deconditioning. Daily activity in greenhouse could act as countermeasure against psycho-physiological deconditioning.

This study aimed to examine how coping and defenses are related over time, using a two-wave cross-lagged panel design. Coping and defenses were assessed before and after a sport competition in a sample of 296 competitive athletes. Partial least squares path modeling results showed that (a) pre-competitive mature defenses predicted increases in the use of task-oriented coping during competition; (b) pre-competitive immature defenses predicted an increase in the use of disengagement-oriented coping during competition; and (c) pre-competitive task-oriented coping predicted an increase in the use of immature defenses during competition. Overall, our findings suggest that defenses predict the use of coping and conversely, that coping predicts the use of defenses in psychological adjustment to stressful situations. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Increasing evidence indicates that chronic stress, such as social isolation, plays an important role in the development of a variety of psychiatric and somatic disorders. Meanwhile, chronic stress imposed by prolonged isolation and confinement in the spacecraft is also one of the major concerns for the health of future interplanetary space travelers. Preclinical studies suggest that the peripheral endocannabinoid (eCB) system is involved in the regulation of the stress response and eCB signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of stress-related diseases. However, there are only few human studies addressing this topic, of which most focusing on patients who have already developed a certain type of disorder. It remains unknown whether chronic stress may affect eCB signaling in healthy humans. A 520-d isolation and confinement study simulating a flight to Mars provided an extraordinary chance to study the effects of prolonged stress in healthy humans. During the study period, the participants lived in confinement and could not meet their families, friends, or strangers for more than 500 days. We examined the impact of chronic exposure to isolation and confinement through monitoring their psychological state, brain cortical activity, sympathetic adrenal–medullary system response and eCB signaling response. We observed reduced positive emotion ratings, decreased brain cortical activities and high levels of catecholamine release, indicating that prolonged exposure to isolation and confinement stressors may bring about changes both psychologically and physiologically. Importantly, for eCB signaling response, blood concentrations of eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), but not anandamide (AEA), were significantly reduced (p < 0.001), suggesting that dysregulation of 2-AG signaling might be specifically implicated in the response to chronic stressors.;

IF: 3.631 (Q1); International audience; This study examined the trajectories of elite swimmers’ recovery-stress states and cardiac vagal-related markers during a 3-month training period preceding the national championship and their within-person relationships with perceived control. A Multilevel Growth Curve Analysis (MGCA) approach was used with 21 male elite swimmers. Four waves of assessments of psychological (stress, recovery, perceived control) and physiological (heart rate recovery, heart rate variability) markers were completed during a 3month training preparation leading to a major competition. Results of MGCA revealed (a) a significant positive linear effect of time (ie, linear increase over time) and a significant negative quadratic effect of time (ie, inverted U shape over time) on perceived stress whereas the opposite pattern of results was observed for perceived recovery; and (b) a significant positive linear effect of time for nHRR60. Both at level 1 (within-person level of analysis) and 2 (between-person level of analysis), perceived control was (a) positively associated with athletes’ perceived recovery and parasympathetic markers (ie, MeanRR; pNN50); and (b) negatively related to swimmers’ perceived stress. Results also indicated that within-person interactions of perceived control with time reached significance for general recovery and HRV. Finally, within-person interaction of perceived control with squared time reached significance for subjective sport-specific and total stress. Overall, this study provided insights into the key role played by perceived control on both psychological and physiological markers related to recovery-stress states’ levels during the 3-month training period preceding the national championship.

This study examined the trajectories of emotional states and their within-person synergies with perceived stress and recovery during a four-month training period preceding the French swimming championships. A Multilevel Growth Curve Analysis approach was used with 16 high level swimmers. Five waves of assessments of emotional states, perceived stress and recovery were completed. Results indicated that emotional states were characterized by distinct trajectories during the training period preceding a major competition. Specifically, significant positive linear effects of time (i.e., linear increase over time) and negative quadratic effects of squared time (i.e., inverted U shape over time) on anxiety, dejection and anger were observed, whereas the opposite pattern of results was found for happiness and excitement. Moreover, level 2 perceived stress and recovery (i.e., inter-individual predictors) were significantly associated with athletes’ unpleasant and pleasant emotional states respectively. At level 1, perceived recovery (i.e., intra-individual predictor) was positively associated with happiness and excitement and negatively related to anxiety, dejection and anger. Finally, within-person interactions of general stress and recovery with time and squared time reached significance for excitement, whereas within-person interactions of specific and total stress with time and squared time reached significance for anxiety. Overall, this study provided insights into the central role played by perceived stress and recovery on the emotional states experienced by high level swimmers. Operational strategies were suggested in order to optimize the stress-recovery balance and in turn the athletes’ emotional states during a complete training program.

International audience

Background: Psychological stress and recovery monitoring is a key issue for increasing athletes' health, well-being, and performance. This multi-study report examined changes and the dose–response relationships between recovery–stress psychological states, training load (TL), heart rate (HR), heart rate recovery (HRR), and heart rate variability (HRV) while providing evidence for the factorial validity of a short French version of the Recovery–Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-36-R-Sport). Methods: Four hundred and seventy-three university athletes (Study 1), 72 full expert swimmers (Study 2), and 11 national to international swimmers (Study 3) participated in the study. Data were analyzed through confirmatory factor analyses (Study 1), repeated ANOVAs and correlational analyses (Study 2), t tests and correlational analyses (Study 3). Results: Multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses showed that the RESTQ-36-R-Sport scores were partially invariant across gender, type of sport, and practice level (Study 1). A dose–response relationship was performed between TL and RESTQ-36-R-Sport scores during an ecological training program (Study 2). Finally, relationships were found between physiological (HRR) and psychological (RESTQ-36-R-Sport) states during an ecological tapering period leading to a national championship (Study 3). Conclusion: As a whole, these findings provided evidence for the usefulness of the short version of the RESTQ-36-R-Sport for regular monitoring to prevent potential maladaptation due to intensive competitive sport practice. Keywords: Adaptation, Confirmatory factor analysis, Heart rate variability, Monitoring, Recovery, Stress

International audience; Previous studies neglected the multivariate nature of the coping construct. The purposes of the current study were to: (a) identify coping profiles within a naturalistic achievement-related demanding situation (sport competition) characterized by an anticipatory and a performance stage, (b) examine the issue of consistency or change of coping profiles for the same individual over time (before and during competition), and (c) explore whether coping profiles were associated with key theoretical covariates from a transactional perspective of coping (intensity and directional interpretation of affective states). Latent profile transition analysis revealed 4 distinct coping profiles as a whole: low coping, active coping, high coping (T1 only), and moderate coping (T2 only) profiles. Coping profiles exhibited both stability and changes over time from an intraindividual perspective. Athletes from the low coping and moderate coping profiles were characterized by the worst and best psychological adjustment, respectively, as indicated by their scores on affective states. As a whole, a coping profile approach may prove useful in understanding coping as a dynamic system and have implications for intervention.

International audience; Research examining relevant variables that influence adherence to programmes designed to increase regular physical activity in the elderly is abundant. The purpose of the present review was to determine whether affective barriers associated with individuals’ expectations to engage in regular physical activity in the +65 years old had been considered and, if so how they were integrated in the development of such intervention programmes.Amongst the 1195 citations identified, eight studies only were retained. These studies highlighted interpersonal influence as a critical variable of the programmes promoting regular physical activity amongst the +65. Furthermore, findings suggest that the affective dimension and interpersonal emotional regulation need consideration when developing such programmes.; De nombreuses recherches se sont intéressées aux variables liées à l’adhésion des personnes vieillissantes envers l’activité physique. L’objectif de cette étude était de recenser les différents programmes de promotion de l’activité physique chez les personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus, afin de savoir si, et de quelle façon, les barrières affectives associées à l’idée de pratiquer une activité physique avaient été considérées dans la construction de ce type d’interventions. Les critères d’inclusion/exclusion ont permis de retenir huit des 1 195 citations soulignant principalement l’influence interpersonnelle comme variable incontournable de la réussite des programmes de promotion de l’activité physique, et suggérant une considération partielle de la dimension affective dans la lutte contre la sédentarité. Ensemble, ces résultats mettent en avant les intérêts scientifiques et appliqués d’une élaboration théorique de programmes de promotion basés sur la régulation émotionnelle interpersonnelle des personnes âgées.

In an exploratory study, the relationships between two major concepts in psychological adjustment, coping strategies, and defense mechanisms were investigated. Sport competition is an example of a real-world context in which people's responses to stressful situations can be investigated. The extent to which participants reported different uses of coping strategies and defense mechanisms was assessed in terms of performance. 26 elite kayakers were classified into one of two groups, depending on the discrepancy between their standard performance and their performance in competition. Correlations were found among the coping strategies of seeking social support, positive reappraisal/planful problem solving, and mature defenses and between the coping strategy of distancing/avoidance and immature defenses. The results of multivariate and univariate analyses confirmed a significantly different use of coping strategies and defense mechanisms between the two performance groups. In light of these findings, certain recommendations in terms of methodology and application are warranted. Coping strategies and defense mechanisms should be studied to improve adjustment to sport performance.

Jacalin is a plant lectin known to specifically induce the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in human. We demonstrate here that jacalin completely blocks human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro infection of lymphoid cells. Jacalin does not bind the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Besides other T cell surface molecules, it interacts with CD4, the high-affinity receptor to HIV. Binding of jacalin to CD4 does not prevent gp120-CD4 interaction and does not inhibit virus binding and syncytia formation. The anti-HIV effect of the native lectin can be reproduced by its separated alpha-subunits. More importantly, we have defined in the alpha-chain of jacalin a 14-amino acid sequence which shows high similarities with a peptide of the second conserved domain of gp120. A synthetic peptide corresponding to this similar stretch also exerts a potent anti-HIV effect. This peptide is not mitogenic for peripheral blood mononuclear cells and does not inhibit anti-CD3-induced lymphocyte proliferation. These results make jacalin alpha chain-derived peptide a potentially valuable therapeutic agent for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) from Schwanniomyces castellii SC-ADH 5P strain has been purified 54-fold by affinity chromatography on Cibacron-blue. The enzyme is monomeric and has a molecular weight of 45000. The kinetic studies show that the mechanism of reaction is only compatible with an ordered sequential mechanism in which the cofactor is the first fixed substrate. The enzyme was found to oxidize primary alcohols and aliphatic aldehydes. The presence of an “α” double bond increases the enzyme activity both for alcohols and aldehydes.

The purposes of the current study were to identify affective profiles of athletes both before and during the competition and to examine differences between these profiles on coping and attainment of sport goals among a sample of 306 athletes. The results of hierarchical (Ward’s method) and nonhierarchical (k means) cluster analyses revealed four different clusters both before and during the competition. The four clusters were very similar at the two measurement occasions: high positive affect facilitators (n = 88 and 81), facilitators (n = 75 and 25), low affect debilitators (n = 83 and 127), and high negative affect debilitators (n = 60 and 73). Results of MANOVAs revealed that coping and attainment of sport achievement goal significantly differed across the affective profiles. Results are discussed in terms of current research on positive and negative affective states.