Search

Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial, toxicity and cleaning effectiveness of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and maleic acid (MA) alone and combined with cetrimide (CTR). Methodology: Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were assessed on Chinese hamster cells V79 using the MTT, clonogenic and micronucleus assays, respectively. The bacterial inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively) were determined on a strain of Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrobial tests were performed on a biofilm model after treatment with the chelating agents by using a biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) assays. Quantification of cell biomass and percentage of live and dead cells in the biomass were assessed for each group. The percentage reduction of accumulated hard-tissue debris (AHTD) after root canal preparation and final irrigation protocols was evaluated by micro-CT. Statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance (anova), Bonferroni test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn’s multiple comparison test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were used. Results: Cetrimide alone as well as in combination with EDTA and MA at dilutions of 1/10 and 1/100 was significantly more toxic as compared to untreated controls (P

Aim and objective The purpose of this work is to investigate by electromyographic (EMG) surface analysis whether and how the variations in the occlusion due to the correction of the posterior crossbite using a rapid palatal expander (RPE) is accompanied by changes in the activity of the elevator muscles in the pediatric patients. Background Posterior crossbite is a disgnathic jaw relationship common in patients undergoing growth. In the last 10 years, several studies demonstrated the effectiveness and reproducibility of surface EMG in the objective evaluation of temporal muscle and masseter activity and how this evidence can be an interesting aid in dental clinical practice. Case description The case subject BF is an 11-year-old boy with a right I class relationship and a left II class relationship treated with a rapid palatal expansion protocol with a turn of the transversal screw twice a day (0.25 mm each turn) for a week. In this case report, EMG was used to evaluate the temporal muscle and masseter activity immediately before, immediately after, and 4 months after the RPE protocol. Conclusion Four months after the treatment, a condition of well-being and neuromuscular equilibrium such as that of starting was preserved. Clinical significance Electromyography is a noninvasive exam which evaluates the masticatory muscle activity by facial application of electrodes on masseter and temporal muscles. It can be an interesting aid in orthodontic clinical practice to evaluate preservation of a good muscular balance following orthodontic and orthognathic movements. How to cite this article Maddalone M, Nanussi A, Varisco M, et al. Electromyographic Evaluation of Masticatory Muscles in a Young Patient with Crossbite Treated with Rapid Palatal Expander: A Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2020;21(11):1279–1283.

Introduction: Alveolar split crest is an established surgical technique to enable implant insertion into narrow and atrophic alveolar crest. This surgical technique is adopted to position standard or large implants so that postextractive anatomy compromises with this attempt. The aim of this study was to evaluate the horizontal alveolar bone augmentation and its stability along time with a minimally invasive flapless technique. Materials and methods: Twenty-four implants were inserted in 10 patients during a 15-month period. Clinical parameters such as horizontal bone augmentation, intrasurgical complications, patient morbidity, implant loss, and vertical bone loss (VBL) were recorded in the first 3 years after surgery. Using cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT), alveolar bone width was measured for both implants position and bone reconstructions. 6 months later, at the time of implant integration, a new low-dose CBCT was performed. Implant survival (IS) and VBL were evaluated radiographically for 3 years. Results: The initial bone thickness measured on the ridge is between 0.82 mm and 5.40 mm (average 2.43 mm), after the split crest the bone width is between 4.65 mm and 8.09 mm (average 6.39 mm). This leads to an increase in the alveolar bone width of between 0.80 mm and 6.01 mm (average 3.71 mm) on the ridge. No implant was lost at 3 years, and all implants are stable at the end of the study. Three years after the surgery, controls showed a VBL of between 0.0 mm and 1.2 mm (average 0.63 mm) around the inserted implants. These parameters suggest using a flapless technique to reduce bone resorption around the implant neck. Conclusion: A minimally invasive approach allows to reduce the surgical trauma and postsurgical discomfort. The complete vascular supply is maintained, the bone resorption is reduced, and the connective epithelium does not undergo postsurgical retraction, achieving the full maintenance of the residual keratinized gingiva. Clinical significance: A technique such as split crest can be a valid option to avoid autologous or heterologous bone grafts.

Aim The aim of this work is to investigate the quality of root canal seals obtained by comparing two bioceramic cements, GuttaFlow bioseal and BioRoot RCS, focusing on the presence of voids created during the canal obturation procedure. Materials and methods The voids are analyzed using a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) device. The study will be performed using images of the endodontic space before and after filling of a selected group of elements. Furthermore, the average thickness of the cement, the average quantity of gutta-percha compared to the total shaped volume, and the average quantity of the two cements, GuttaFlow bioseal and BioRoot RCS, with respect to the total shaped volume were considered. The apical, middle, and coronal thirds have been investigated in a sectorial manner. Images have been analyzed using a CT-An™ software and visualized through a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the slices by the software CT-Vol™. Shapiro-Wilk test/Test D'Agostino-Pearson/Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to ensure the reliability of results. Results No significant differences were observed in the amount of gutta-percha compared to the shaped volume between the GuttaFlow bioseal group and BioRoot RCS. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of voids. Conclusion The data obtained from this study allowed to conclude that the samples filled with GuttaFlow bioseal and BioRoot RCS have a similar seal capacity since no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups. No sample showed the absence of voids within the root canal obturation. Clinical significance Even if the two cements tested showed differences in terms of void volume and ability to fill thin spaces, they should be considered both acceptable and equivalent in terms of clinical sealing ability.

Aim Digital orthopantomography (OPT) is usually the first examination step in supervising an incoming patient. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the most refined and affordable method to search for different dental lesions. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of OPT and CBCT in detecting periapical lesions in different dental groups. Materials and methods An OPT and a CBCT scan of the dental arches of 45 patients were examined. The presence of AP was pointed out for OPT and CBCT. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and accuracy were calculated for OPT, using CBCT as the reference standard. Results OPT showed low sensitivity (40.0), positive predictive value (90.4), negative predictive value (90.0), accuracy (90.0), and high specificity (99.2). It was found to have higher sensitivity in the lower front and premolar areas, while the lowest was found in the upper molar area. Conclusions OPT can be used for endodontic diagnosis in the lower central and premolar sections, but CBCT plays a decisive role in the evaluation of molar areas and in the endodontic treatment planning, when a close relationship between apex and important anatomical structures exists. Clinical significance CBCT exposes the patient to higher doses of radiations when compared with OPT, but CBCT, with its more selective sensitivity and the possibility to offer a three-dimensional (3D) rendering of dental and periodontal structures, is an elective choice for uncertain cases and for specific dental areas.

Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of vertical peri-implant resorption around implants inserted with an inclination increased more than 10° at a distance of at least 1 year from insertion. Materials and methods For the realization of the study, a sample consisting of 47 patients for a total of 115 implants was selected. We excluded all those subjects whose conditions could have compromised the outcome of the treatment. An orthopantomography of the dental arches was made using Orthophos XG 3D Sirona at time T0 (at the end of definitive insertion of prosthesis) and at time T1 (at least 1 year after T0) with the aim of an individualized positioner. In this study, all the implants with inclination equal to or greater than 10° were subdivided into three groups, and the implants with inclination between 0 and 10 were used as control sample. Results In group I, there is a statistically significant difference in at least one of the two sides (distal one) between T0 and T1. In groups II and III, there is a statistically significant difference in the degree of bone resorption on the mesial side with respect to distal side. In group IV, a statistically significant difference on both sides was evidenced. The implant survival at a distance of 1 year was equal to 100% of cases. Conclusion Surgeons must take into account the possibility that an increase in inclination of implants may lead to a more rapid resorption of bone mesially or distally. Clinical significance The direction of the prosthetic load transmitted to the fixture is a variable that could influence the degree of reabsorption of both mesial and distal bone structures according to both laboratory and clinical data.

Aim The purpose of this research is to analyze and compare the dental and skeletal changes induced by two functional devices, Andreasen Activator and Clark's twin block, on the sagittal and vertical plane, by means of cephalometric analysis, of the lateral cephalograms prescribed at the beginning and at the end of the treatment for a second skeletal class, first division with normal or deep bite. Materials and methods Twenty patients, 8 females and 12 males, fulfilling criteria for inclusion, were divided randomly into two groups: group I was treated with Andreasen activator, the second group with Clark's twin block. The duration of the therapy was about 18 months plus less 2 months. Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs were analyzed using angular (SNA, SNB, ANB, SnaSnp-GoGn angles), linear (Sna-Snp, Co-Gn, Co-Go, Go-Gn) skeletal parameters and dental one (U1-SnaSnp angle, L1-GoGn angle, Overjet and Overbite). To evaluate the posttreatment changes in the single groups and between them, paired and unpaired t-test was used. Results In both of the two groups analyzed, all the sagittal and vertical, angular and linear, skeletal measurements appear to be increased in a statistically significant way, except SNA angle and the distance Sna-Snp. Regarding the dental parameters, in the group treated with Andreasen activator, only Overjet and Overbite showed statistically significant differences. On the other hand, twin block induced statistical changes about Overjet, Overbite and also U1/SnaSnp, but not about L1/GoGn. The advancement of the mandible determines a greater prominence of the chin and lower lip, an increment of the labial mental angle and a reduction of the convexity of the profile. Also, the decrease of the overjet and, consequently, of the dental exposure improve the esthetic appearance of the patient's face. Conclusion Both functional treatments showed a lower jaw advanced on the sagittal plane and increased in size. In the upper jaw no significant changes were observed. It was also evident a dental compensation both on sagittal and vertical planes. Clinical significance The functional devices studied, Andreasen activator and twin block, seem to obtain more skeletal than dental results when the patients were treated at the peak of pubertal growth. How to cite this article Baccaglione G, Rota E, Ferrari M, et al. Second Class Functional Treatment: Andreasen Activator vs Twin Block. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(2):144-149.

This study aimed to assess ex vivo the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), as compared to operative microscope, for evaluating pulp chamber size. A total of forty teeth were extracted for periodontal reasons and a horizontal section was done at the most apical level of the cement–enamel junction. The pulp chamber was photographed using a digital camera connected to an optical microscope. Then, the tooth was scanned with CBCT and the horizontal slide matching the anatomical section of pulp chamber was digitally stored. The pulp chamber section area was measured through image analysis software. The two methods provided similar results, either for monoradicular (P=0.14) or multiradicular teeth (P=0.93). Correlation was statistically significant (P&nbsp

Aim The development of a class II malocclusion is usually related to a reduced oropharyngeal airway space. In order to prevent airway obstruction, functional appliances are commonly used for orthodontic therapy. The aim of the article is to verify if these appliances could positively influence oropharyngeal diameters preventing the onset of future respiratory disorders. Materials and methods A group of 10 patients treated at the Dental Clinic of San Gerardo Hospital in Monza with mandibular activator was selected. Ten similar untreated class II subjects with retrognathic mandible were used as control group. The cephalometric tracings were made on lateral teleradiographs of the skull before and after the active therapy with functional devices for the treated group and before and after growth peak for the control one. Descriptive statistical analysis was calculated for all the cephalometric values in both study cases and control group using Excel worksheet. The data distribution was evaluated with Shapiro-Wilk test and the in-between group discrepancies were evaluated with Mann-Whitney U test. Results At T1 period, both case and control groups showed a class II pattern. At T2 period, the study group shows an improvement in bones relationship with reduced ANB angles and OVJ measurements. The control group otherwise did not show any important changes in maxillo-mandibular discrepancies. The airway size increased in either group in most cases. No significant differences between the treated and control groups were detected for airway size neither in the upper, middle, nor lower level at the T1-T2 interval. Conclusion The upper airway values did not show any significant discrepancies between the two groups during the observation period. Clinical significance Functional devices were effective in solving class II relationships, but there is no evidence of successful breathing disorders prevention by using mandibular activators, probably due to the stability of airway tissues reached in pubertal age in both groups.

Objectives The main purpose was to evaluate the recurrence rate after surgery for antrochoanal polyps (ACPs) in children; secondly, we have analyzed the rate of recurrence for different types of surgery and the risk factors involved. Methods We performed a systematic review searching PubMed and MEDLINE databases including English-language published studies from June 1989 to October 2017 regarding surgical treatment of ACPs in children. Results We included thirteen studies, eight were retrospective and five prospective, with 285 participants, the mean rate of recurrence after ACPs surgery was 15.0% (95% CI:11.0–20.0). Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was the main type of surgery used for primary cases (75.4%) followed by the combined approach i.e. FESS with a transcanine sinusoscopy or mini Caldwell-Luc (14%), the Caldwell-Luc (CWL) (8%) and simple polypectomy (SP) (2.8%). Our analysis has demonstrated a significant reduction of recurrences using the combined approach 0% (95% CI: 0.0–8.0) compared with FESS 17.7% (95% CI: 12.8–23.4) or SP 50% (95% CI:15.7–84.3) (p .05). The analysis of the possible risk factors involved in recurrences are inconclusive. Conclusion Recurrences of ACPs in children are still high. The endoscopic sinus surgery is considered the first choice for primary treatment, whilst the external approach may be a valid option in case of recurrence. It seems that the combined approach could reduce recurrence rates in selected patients that cannot be completely managed with endoscopy.

Aim Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws (ORNJs) is aseptic bone necrosis that develops in post-irradiated bone tissue of patients who underwent radiotherapy for head-neck tumors. The present study aims to clinically assess the regenerative ability of the ozone in the form of oil-based gel applied to the exposed bone area in the treatment of ORNJ. Materials and methods Eight patients who underwent radio- therapy for the treatment of cervical or neck cancer were diagnosed with ORN of the jaws at our Department, for a total of 11 sites of necrotic bone exposure (3 patients were diagnosed with more than one site of osteoradionecrosis). In the therapeutic protocol, the exposed bone lesion and osteomucosal margin were cleaned with manual debridement. Then the ORN lesion was treated with topical applications of ozone delivered as oil suspension (Ozosan® - Sanipan, Clivio, Italy) on the exposed bone for 10 minutes. The application was repeated each week until movement of the necrotic fragment was noted Results: In six patients on 8 (75%) lesions resolved with complete mucosal healing with 3 to 19 ozone applications. Total sequestration of the necrotic bone with spontaneous expulsion was observed. One patient improved his conditions shifting from a stage B2S1 to B1S1 according to He et al. classification. A patient only worsened his conditions with treatment. No toxicity was reported or observed. Conclusion These results showed the efficacy of ozone oil suspensions in the non-invasive treatment of ORN, probably related to its properties of stimulation of local revascularization and antibacterial activity, and the good tolerability of the related protocol used. Clinical significance The use of this kind of medication should be included in ORNJ treatments as effective, noninvasive and self-administered.

Aim: The aim of this work was to evaluate if the use of a silicone device for muscular rebalancing (Alifix®) can be useful in treating of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) of muscular origin and improving the electromyographic indexes of the chewing muscles. Materials and methods: Thirteen patients (11 F and 2 M aged between 24 years and 65 years) with TMD of muscular origin according to diagnostic criteria (DC)/TMD were involved. At the first visit (T0), each patient reported the pain intensity of masseters and temporal muscles. A surface electromyography (EMG) was performed using Teethan® (Teethan S.p.A.) and then Alifix® was delivered instructing the patient on its use. Each subject was visited again after 1 month (T1) and 2 months (T2). New EMG had been made at T1 and T2, and patients were asked again to report the pain intensity. Statistical analysis was calculated between T0 and T1, T1 and T2, and T0 and T2 for all EMG, and muscle pain measurements by Wilcoxon test with statistical significance p < 0.05. Results: Regarding the pain values between T0 and T1, T1 and T2, and T0 and T2, the difference is statistically significant, since the intensity of pain between T0 and T2 is decreased, if not disappeared, in 90% of cases. The use of Alifix® also determined a gradual improvement in the values of the EMG indexes, which, however, is not statistically significant. Conclusion: The effectiveness of Alifix® is demonstrated clinically but not at an instrumental level. Further studies involving a larger sample and taking longer therapy duration are needed. Clinical significance: Alifix® works by improving the blood circulation of the muscle, which allows the removal of catabolites with a consequent reduction of the algic symptomatology and promotes a greater supply of oxygen. It also encourages a conversion of IIA type muscle fibers into slow-twitch type I fibers that are more resistant to neuromuscular fatigue

Aim Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the most refined and affordable method available today for the examination of an incoming patient for different dental pathologies. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the significance of some factors influencing the prevalence of apical periodontitis. Materials and methods An ortopantomography (OPT) and CBCT scan of the dental arches were examined for each of the selected 45 patients. The presence of apical periodontitis (AP) was compared for CBCT and OPT examination. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and accuracy were calculated for CBCT, using OPT as a reference. The impact of protective/risk factors on the development of AP was examined. Results CBCT showed higher sensitivity (250%), predictive values (111%), accuracy (111%), and specificity (101%) than OPT. It was found to have higher sensitivity in all the dentition areas, especially where empty anatomical spaces or more radiotransparent structures have a strict relationship with the tooth apex and periapical structures like upper front area, premolar areas, and, especially, in the upper molar area. The prevalence of AP increased from 16 to 17% in the case of insufficient conservative restoration or 25% in the case of microleakage, 35-42% in the case of prosthetic restoration, 56-67% for posts, and 60 and 85%, respectively, for inadequate endodontic treatment and missed canals. Conclusion CBCT plays a decisive role in the evaluation of molar areas and in the endodontic treatment planning, when a close relationship between the apex and important anatomical structures exists. Different risk factors with different relevance are identified. Clinical significance As CBCT-examined results show, coronal restorations are moderate-risk factors, while insufficient endodontic treatments and posts are high-risk factors for the development of AP.

Persistent hiccup can conceal life-threatening clinical conditions of highly heterogeneous nature. Here, we report a case of a persistent hiccup that has been temporally associated with dental implant insertion in a patient with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. This 67-year-old patient underwent dental implant in area 36 and the procedure was performed without acute complications. A prolonged hiccup started ~48 h after the procedure: it failed to respond to several medications and it lasted for ~18 days, after which it spontaneously disappeared. Brain imaging and neurological examination were conducted in order to rule out organic conditions, even though all the investigations resulted to be negative. We suggest that the surgical procedure might have triggered a prolonged reflex activation. Knowledge about this complication of oral surgery procedure might be useful for avoiding unnecessary hospitalization or diagnostic tests.

Background Lateral approach to maxillary sinus floor elevation (LSFE) with autologous bone grafts and simultaneous implant insertion is a widespread technique for prosthetic rehabilitation of the atrophic maxilla. Purpose To analyze implant survival and autologous bone graft resorption after LSFE, in patients with at least 5 years follow-up. Materials and methods Thirty-three patients (mean age 56 years, range 46-68 years) who had undergone LSFE with intraoral autologous bone graft from mandibular ramus and simultaneous implant insertion were included. A minimum of 5 years of follow-up was required. The total peri-implant bone height was measured at mesial and distal aspects of the implants immediately after surgery (T0) and after a period ranging from 5 to 11.5 years after surgery (mean 7.65 ± 1.80 years) (T1) on digital panoramic and periapical radiographs. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used to compare bone graft height at T0 and T1. The influence of patient-, surgery-, and implant-related factors on the outcomes was investigated. Results Of the 58 implants placed, no one was lost. All prostheses were in function, and no biological or mechanical complications occurred. The residual ridge height at the involved sites averaged 6.48 ± 1.72 mm. The mean bone height at grafted regions was 12.05 ± 2.47 mm at T0 and 12.13 ± 2.39 mm at T1 (not statistically significant). Marginal bone level change at T1 averaged -1.22 ± 1.60 mm. None of the evaluated factors significantly affected the results. Conclusion Autologous bone grafts from intraoral donor sites display excellent volume stability over time that may contribute to optimal outcomes of the procedure.

Introduction Guided bone regeneration (GBR) aims to restore adequate bone volume for the placement of implants in an ideal location. In this article, we analyze different surgical techniques for tissue management during GBR and a modified partialthickness surgical approach. Materials and methods In a year's time span, five patients were enrolled in the study: Four women and one man (aged 44–59 years). In four patients, a GBR with simultaneous implant placement was adopted, whereas in another patient, a delayed implant placement was done. The flap was of full thickness and overturned on the side palatal with the aim of a retractor, thus exposing the bone crest. The graft material was covered and protected with a resorbable collagen membrane (Geistlich Bio- Gide®, Switzerland). The periosteal layer of the flap was then positioned above the resorbable membrane without traction. The sutures as vertical mattress were then positioned. Each patient received an intramuscular betamethasone dose (4 mg/50 kg) and antibiotic therapy for 7 days (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 1 gm every 12 hours) and was instructed to maintain oral hygiene and appropriate wound cleaning. The patients were recalled at different times to monitor the healing. Results No cases of tissue dehiscence were observed during the period of wound healing. One patient, however, showed a delayed exposure 4 months after surgery. This occurrence was managed without complications for the patient. Conclusion The design of proposed flap seems to be effective in controlling the risk of dehiscence during the healing time in the GBR. The vascular supply was rarely compromised. The results we obtained are encouraging even if further studies on this technique are needed. Clinical significance Lateral partial-thickness flaps seem to be effective in controlling tissue tension and consequently the risk of dehiscence. The incision vestibularly performed should favor the soft tissue healing. How to cite this article Porcaro G, Busa A, Bianco E, Caccianiga G, Maddalone M. Use of a Partial-thickness Flap for Guided Bone Regeneration in the Upper Jaw. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1117-1121.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare, by means of micro–computed tomography imaging, the shaping ability of ProTaper Next (PTN) and the novel HyFlex EDM (HFEDM) instruments. Methods Forty teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups and prepared with PTN or HFEDM. Root canal transportation and centering ratio were evaluated in mesiodistal and buccolingual directions at 5 levels (at the midpoint of the apical, middle, and coronal thirds and at the boundaries between them). Variations in volume, surface, and cross-sectional shape were measured for the apical, middle, and coronal thirds. The null hypotheses were that no differences existed between the 2 groups. The D'Agostino-Pearson test (α=.05) was conducted to assess the normality of the data sets. The distributions were compared by using the Mann-Whitney test (α=.05). Results Statistically significant differences (P&nbsp

Oral manifestations are often present in all types of leukaemia, and are particularly severe in children. Oral diseases may result as complications of aggressive cytotoxic therapy. On the other hand, oral diseases that are already present in the oral cavity could be aggravating the patient?s general condition and lead to serious life-threatening infections. The aim of this paper was to highlight the importance of preventive measures in maintaining oral health, as well the measures for controlling oral disorders onset during the course of illness and applied therapy in children with acute leukaemia. All preventive measures that include proper, regular hygiene and intervention depend on the patient?s haematological status and general health condition, and are performed with the consultation and approval of the haematologists-in-charge. The preventive program can be implicated in three stages; before the beginning of cytotoxic therapy, during active cytotoxic therapy and after cytotoxic therapy. Having in mind that oral disease can influence general treatment in children with acute leukaemia dramatically, developing protocols on the implementation of all measures of oral prevention and treatment is mandatory.

Acute leukaemia is the most common form of chilhood cancer. The aim of this paper was to underline the importance of oral manifestations in children with acute leukaemia. The disease and its treatment can directly or indirectly affect oral health. Oral manifestations are gingival inflammation and enlargement. Leukaemic cells are capable of infiltrating the gingiva and the deeper periodontal tissues which leads to ulceration and infection of oral tissues. Gingival bleeding is a common sign in patients with leukaemia. Symptoms include local lymphadenopathy, mucous membrane Petechiae and ecchymoses. Cytotoxic drugs have direct effects like mucositis, involving atrophy, desquamation and ulceration of the mucosa, with increasing the risk for local and systemic infections. Leukaemia can directly influence dental care and dental treatment, while oral lesions may have life-threatening consequences. Knowledge and skills among dentists may also not be adequate to treat children with acute leukaemia. It is therefore imperative that all stomatologists be aware of dental problems that occur in leukaemia in order to be able to effectively carry out appropriate measures to mitigate these problems.