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1. Reconstructing Mayaro virus circulation in French Guiana shows frequent spillovers

Author: Antoine Enfissi, Matthieu Najm, Sarah Bailly, Nathanaël Hozé, Dominique Rousset, Jessica Vanhomwegen, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, Camille Fritzell, Claude Flamand, Simon Cauchemez, Henrik Salje, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de Référence pour les Arbovirus - Laboratoire associé de Virologie [Cayenne, Guyane] (CNR), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité d'Epidémiologie, Environnement et Risques infectieux - Environment and Infectious Risks (ERI), Institut Pasteur [Paris], This study was supported by the 'European Regional Development Fund' under EPI-ARBO grant agreement (GY0008695), the 'Regional Health Agency of French Guiana', the 'National Center of Spatial Studies'. C.Fl. and C. Fr. acknowledge funding from Calmette and Yersin allocated by the 'Pasteur Institut Department of International Affairs'. N.H. and S.C. acknowledge financial support from the AXA Research Fund, the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (Grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under ZIKAlliance grant agreement No. 734548., We wish to thank Mirdad Kazanji (Institut Pasteur in French Guiana), Félix Djossou (Cayenne hospital center), Sandrine Fernandes-Pellerin (Institut Pasteur - CRT), and Léna Berthelot, Séverine Matheus, Laetitia Bremand, Bhety Labeau, David Moua, and Marine Rangon from the Arbovirus National Reference Center for their valuable contribution in the laboratory analyses. We thank Juliette Paireau and Quirine ten Bosch for insightful discussions., ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID,IBEID,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases'(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l’étude de l’Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 734548,ZIKAlliance(2016), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre National de Référence pour les Arbovirus - Laboratoire de Virologie [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Hozé, Nathanaël [0000-0002-3977-8966], Salje, Henrik [0000-0003-3626-4254], Rousset, Dominique [0000-0002-1473-3147], Manuguerra, Jean-Claude [0000-0002-5202-6531], Flamand, Claude [0000-0002-8064-445X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Statistical methods, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], viruses, General Physics and Astronomy, Rural Health, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Viral infection, MESH: Cross Reactions, 13/1, Seroepidemiologic Studies, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Arboviruses, MESH: Child, MESH: Communicable Diseases, Emerging, 692/308/174, Chikungunya, [MATH]Mathematics [math], Child, MESH: Alphavirus Infections, lcsh:Science, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Multidisciplinary, MESH: Middle Aged, article, virus diseases, Middle Aged, 631/114/2415, MESH: Infant, French Guiana, 3. Good health, [STAT]Statistics [stat], Geography, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Epidemiological Monitoring, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, Sylvatic cycle, Chikungunya virus, Adult, Adolescent, Science, 030106 microbiology, Cross Reactions, Arbovirus, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Virus, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, 692/699/255/2514, Environmental health, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Humans, Natural reservoir, Viral immunology, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, MESH: Humans, Alphavirus Infections, MESH: Child, Preschool, Infant, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, MESH: Adult, MESH: Chikungunya virus, General Chemistry, MESH: Rural Health, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, 030104 developmental biology, Immunoglobulin G, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, lcsh:Q, MESH: Epidemiological Monitoring, MESH: Female, Arboviruses, MESH: Antibodies, Viral
Abstract: Characterizing the circulation of Mayaro virus (MAYV), an emerging arbovirus threat, is essential for risk assessment but challenging due to cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Here, we develop an analytical framework to jointly assess MAYV epidemiology and the extent of cross-reactivity with CHIKV from serological data collected throughout French Guiana (N = 2697). We find strong evidence of an important sylvatic cycle for MAYV with most infections occurring near the natural reservoir in rural areas and in individuals more likely to go to the forest (i.e., adult males) and with seroprevalences of up to 18% in some areas. These findings highlight the need to strengthen MAYV surveillance in the region and showcase how modeling can improve interpretation of cross-reacting assays., Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arbovirus, but cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses makes analysis of its epidemiology difficult. Here, the authors develop an analytical framework to assess MAYV epidemiology and find evidence for an important sylvatic cycle and seroprevalences of up to 18% in some areas of French Guiana.
Published: 2020

2. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG at the first epidemic peak in French Guiana, July 2020

Author: Anais Perilhou, Elodie Boizon, Dominique Rousset, Nathalie Clement, Antoine Enfissi, Véronique Servas, Didier Musso, Thierry Carage, Félix Djossou, Céline Michaud, E. Beillard, Christelle Alves Sarmento, Stephanie Eustache, Sarah Bailly, Simon Cauchemez, Jean-François Carod, Samantha James, Mélanie Gaillet, Claude Flamand, Henrik Salje, Celine Tourbillon, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales [Kourou], Eurofins Labazur, Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly [Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane Française], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), This study was supported by the National Research Agency to CF, the 'European Regional Development Fund' (GY0027257) to CF, the 'Regional Health Agency of French Guiana' to CF and the « URGENCE COVID-19 » fundraising campaign of Institut Pasteur to CF., Unité d'Epidémiologie [Cayenne, Guyane française], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de virologie [Cayenne, Guyane française], Laboratoire de biologie médicale [Cayenne, Guyane française] (LBM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), This study was supported by the National Research Agency to CF, the 'European Regional Development Fund' (GY0027257) to CF, the 'Regional Health Agency of French Guiana' to CF and the « URGENCE COVID-19 » fundraising campaign of Institut Pasteur to CF. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript, We are grateful to all field workers, collaborators, technical and medical staff from Health Centers Department of Cayenne Hospital Center and biological laboratories and health centers involved in the EPI-COVID-19 project. We thank Bhety LABEAU, David MOUA, Laetitia BREMAND, Sylvie ALOEPOE, Elisabeth CHAN from Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Nathalie JOLLY from Clinical Core of the Center for Translational Research of Institut Pasteur. We also thank Sophie GAULIN, Lysiane ROMAIN, Véronique TOGNERI and Tadens MPWENE from La Liberté., ANR-20-COVI-0014,EPI-COVID-19,Étude de la transmission intra-ménage autour des cas confirmés de COVID-19 en Guyane(2020), Flamand, Claude [0000-0002-8064-445X], Beillard, Emmanuel [0000-0002-2546-7614], Michaud, Céline [0000-0001-5410-6298], Cauchemez, Simon [0000-0001-9186-4549], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Salje, Henrik [0000-0003-3626-4254]
Subjects: RNA viruses, Viral Diseases, Pulmonology, Coronaviruses, Physiology, RC955-962, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Antibodies, Viral, Serology, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, Medical Conditions, 0302 clinical medicine, Seroepidemiologic Studies, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, MESH: Child, Pandemic, MESH: COVID-19, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, [MATH]Mathematics [math], Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays, Child, Pathology and laboratory medicine, Virus Testing, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, MESH: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Middle Aged, Medical microbiology, Middle Aged, MESH: Infant, French Guiana, 3. Good health, Bioassays and Physiological Analysis, Infectious Diseases, Physiological Parameters, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Viruses, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, SARS CoV 2, Pathogens, Research Article, Adult, SARS coronavirus, Adolescent, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, Respiratory Disorders, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic Medicine, MESH: French Guiana, Humans, Seroprevalence, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Immunoassays, Enzyme Assays, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, Medicine and health sciences, MESH: Humans, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, Routine screening, Biology and life sciences, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, MESH: Child, Preschool, Body Weight, Organisms, Viral pathogens, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, Infant, Spike Protein, MESH: Adult, Covid 19, Microbial pathogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, Young population, Immunoglobulin G, Respiratory Infections, Immunologic Techniques, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Biochemical Analysis, business, MESH: Antibodies, Viral, Demography
Abstract: Background While Latin America has been heavily affected by the pandemic, only a few seroprevalence studies have been conducted there during the first epidemic wave in the first half of 2020. Methodology/Principal findings A cross-sectional survey was performed between 15 July 2020 and 23 July 2020 among individuals who visited 4 medical laboratories or 5 health centers for routine screening or clinical management, with the exception of symptomatic suggestive cases of covid-19. Samples were screened for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG directed against domain S1 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using the anti-SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from Euroimmun. Conclusions/Significance The overall seroprevalence was 15.4% [9.3%-24.4%] among 480 participants, ranging from 4.0% to 25.5% across the different municipalities. The seroprevalence did not differ according to gender (p = 0.19) or age (p = 0.51). Among SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, we found that 24.6% [11.5%-45.2%] reported symptoms consistent with COVID-19. Our findings revealed high levels of infection across the territory but a low number of resulting deaths, which can be explained by French Guiana’s young population structure., Author summary While Latin America has been heavily affected by the pandemic, only a few seroprevalence studies have been conducted there during the first epidemic wave in the first half of 2020. A cross-sectional survey was performed between 15 July 2020 and 23 July 2020 among individuals who visited 4 medical laboratories or 5 health centers for routine screening or clinical management, with the exception of symptomatic suggestive cases of covid-19. Samples were screened for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG using the anti-SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from Euroimmun. The overall seroprevalence was 15.4% [9.3%-24.4%] among 480 participants, ranging from 4.0% to 25.5% across the different municipalities. The seroprevalence did not differ according to gender (p = 0.19) or age (p = 0.51). Among SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, we found that 24.6% [11.5%-45.2%] reported symptoms consistent with COVID-19. Our findings revealed high levels of infection across the territory but a low number of resulting deaths, which can be explained by French Guiana’s young population structure.
Published: 2021

3. How Social Structure Drives the Population Dynamics of the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus, Phyllostomidae)

Author: Álvaro Aguilar Setién, Mailis Huguin, Benoit de Thoisy, Claudia Regina Silva, Anne Lavergne, Arielle Salmier, Nidia Aréchiga-Ceballos, Vincent Lacoste, Marguerite Delaval, Amandine Guidez, Isai Jorge de Castro, Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Association Kwata (Kwata), Kwata, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Office National des Forêts [Cayenne], Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá (IEPA), Estado do Amapa, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social [Mexico City, Mexico] (IMSS), Supported by Kwata NGO, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, DEAL Guyane, and Collectivité Territoriale de la Guyane., All field volunteers and owners and/or managers of capture sites are warmly acknowledged for their assistance in captures. In compliance with Advantages and Benefits Sharing policy in French Guiana, samples are kept in the tissue collection JAGUARS (http://kwata.net/la-collection-jaguars-pour-l-etude-de-la-biodiversite.html, and CITES reference: FR973A)
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Disease reservoir, 01 natural sciences, MESH: Rabies/transmission, Chiroptera, population dynamics, MESH: Chiroptera/virology, MESH: Disease Reservoirs/virology, MESH: Animals, Genetics (clinical), education.field_of_study, MESH: Chiroptera/physiology, biology, sociality, vampire bat, French Guiana, Female, Brazil, Biotechnology, Rabies, Wahlund effect, Population, MESH: Rabies/virology, Zoology, Desmodus rotundus, 010603 evolutionary biology, MESH: Rabies virus/physiology, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Chiroptera/genetics, MESH: French Guiana, Genetics, Animals, MESH: Social Behavior, structure, Social Behavior, education, Mexico, MESH: Mexico, Molecular Biology, Disease Reservoirs, Isolation by distance, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], MESH: Population Dynamics, biology.organism_classification, parasite spreading, MESH: Male, 030104 developmental biology, Rabies virus, Vampire bat, Biological dispersal, Philopatry, MESH: Brazil, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; Social systems are major drivers of population structure and gene flow, with important effects on dynamics and dispersal of associated populations of parasites. Among bats, the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) has likely one of the most complex social structures. Using autosomal and mitochondrial markers on vampires from Mexico, French Guiana, and North Brazil, from both roosting and foraging areas, we observed an isolation by distance at the wider scale and lower but significant differentiation between closer populations (
Published: 2017

4. Maripa Virus RNA Load and Antibody Response in Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, French Guiana

Author: Anne Lavergne, Hatem Kallel, Séverine Matheus, Claire Mayence, Dominique Rousset, Vincent Lacoste, Stéphanie Houcke, Benoit de Thoisy, Bhety Labeau, David Moua, Alexandre Roux, Damien Donato, Didier Hommel, Laetitia Bremand, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This study was supported in part by the Centre National de Référence des Hantavirus Laboratoire Associé financed by the Institut Pasteur de la Guyane and Santé Publique France (Saint-Maurice, France). This study benefited from the RESERVOIRS program, which is supported by the European Regional Development Fund and Fonds Européen de Developpement Régional, and received assistance from Région Guyane and Direction Régionale pour la Recherche et la Technologie and Investissement d’Avenir grants managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA ANR-10-LABEX-25-01)., We thank Sandrine Fernandes-Pellerin and Nathalie Jolly for their helpful expertise on ethics issues relevant to this study. In addition, we acknowledge Thierry Carage for his assistance., ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), and ANR-10-LABX-25-01/10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010)
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Orthohantavirus, Epidemiology, viruses, lcsh:Medicine, hantavirus, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/mortality, Medicine, MESH: Hantavirus / immunology, MESH: Aged, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, MESH: RNA, Viral/blood, Dispatch, MESH: Hantavirus/immunology, MESH: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/diagnosis, Middle Aged, Viral Load, MESH: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome / virology, French Guiana, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.IMM.IA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Adaptive immunology, arboviruses, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, RNA, Viral, Maripa virus, MESH: RNA, Viral / blood, Antibody, MESH: Viral Load, Viral load, Maripa Virus RNA Load and Antibody Response in Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, French Guiana, Adult, Microbiology (medical), MESH: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome / diagnosis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, MESH: Hantavirus/isolation & purification, Virus, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Diagnosis, Differential, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, MESH: Diagnosis, Differential, MESH: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome / mortality, MESH: French Guiana, MESH: Hantavirus / isolation & purification, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, MESH: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/virology, Aged, Hantavirus, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, MESH: Humans, business.industry, lcsh:R, RNA, MESH: Adult, antibody response, Virology, MESH: Male, 030104 developmental biology, Antibody response, biology.protein, business
Abstract: International audience; We report viral RNA loads and antibody responses in 6 severe human cases of Maripa virus infection (2 favorable outcomes) and monitored both measures during the 6-week course of disease in 1 nonfatal case. Further research is needed to determine prevalence of this virus and its effect on other hantaviruses.
Published: 2018

5. Vaccination coverage in the context of the emerging Yellow Fever threat in French Guiana

Author: Fabien Dubois, Sébastien Linares, Sarah Bailly, Camille Fritzell, Sandrine Fernandes Pellerin, Claude Flamand, Alhassane Toure, Mona Saout, Laurent Filleul, Naïssa Chateau, Mirdad Kazanji, Unité d'Epidémiologie [Cayenne, Guyane française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris], DEAL Guyane, Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], We thank all the field investigators, institutions and collaborators involved in the EPIARBO project., and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, European People, Viral Diseases, Overseas department, Vaccination Coverage, Latin Americans, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], RC955-962, Immigration, Social Sciences, Forests, Geographical locations, 0302 clinical medicine, Sociology, MESH: Demography, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, MESH: Child, Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethnicities, Public and Occupational Health, French People, [MATH]Mathematics [math], Child, Socioeconomics, MESH: Yellow Fever, media_common, MESH: Aged, Family Characteristics, education.field_of_study, Schools, MESH: Middle Aged, Ecology, Yellow Fever Vaccine, Yellow fever, MESH: Vaccination Coverage, Middle Aged, Vaccination and Immunization, Terrestrial Environments, French Guiana, 3. Good health, Europe, Vaccination, [STAT]Statistics [stat], Infectious Diseases, Geography, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Female, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Brazil, Research Article, Adult, MESH: Socioeconomic Factors, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, Immunology, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Context (language use), MESH: Disease Transmission, Infectious, Ecosystems, Education, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Yellow Fever, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, Disease Transmission, Infectious, medicine, MESH: Family Characteristics, Humans, education, Socioeconomic status, Aged, Demography, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, MESH: Child, Preschool, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biology and Life Sciences, MESH: Adult, South America, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, MESH: Yellow Fever Vaccine, Cross-Sectional Studies, 030104 developmental biology, Socioeconomic Factors, Population Groupings, Preventive Medicine, People and places, MESH: Female
Abstract: Background French Guiana, a French overseas department located in South America between Brazil and Surinam, is the only European territory geographically located in the Amazonian forest complex and is considered endemic for yellow fever (YF). In the context of the emergent threat of YF in Latin America, we conducted a large household cross-sectional survey from June to October 2017 to estimate vaccination coverage in the population and to determine associations with sociodemographic and geographical characteristics. Methodology/Principal findings In total, 1,415 households and 2,697 individuals were included from the 22 municipalities of French Guiana. YF vaccination coverage was estimated at 95.0% (95% CI: 93.4–96.2) in the entire territory but was spatially heterogeneous, with the lowest levels estimated in the western part of the territory along the Surinamese cross-border region, particularly in children under 16 years who were not enrolled in school, immigrant adults and disadvantaged populations with low socioeconomic indexes. Conclusions/Significance Despite the good vaccination coverage against YF in the general population of French Guiana resulting from the compulsory nature of YF vaccination for residents and travelers, there is an urgent need to improve vaccination coverage in vulnerable populations living in the northwestern part of the territory to limit the risk of transmission in the context of the emerging YF threat in South America. Despite the relative rarity of YF and the significant number of infectious and tropical diseases in French Guiana, clinicians should adopt a high index of suspicion for YF, particularly in vulnerable and at-risk populations., Author summary Yellow fever (YF) is the most severe arbovirus to circulate in the Americas. French Guiana, a French overseas department located in South America between Brazil and Surinam, is the only European territory geographically located in the Amazonian forest complex and is considered endemic for YF. We conducted a large general population survey from June to October 2017 to estimate vaccination coverage in the population and to identify target vulnerable populations for catch-up vaccination strategies. In total, 1,415 households and 2,697 individuals were included from the 22 municipalities of French Guiana. YF vaccination coverage was estimated at 95.0% (95% CI: 93.4–96.2) in the entire territory but was spatially heterogeneous, with the lowest levels estimated in the western part of the territory along the Surinamese cross-border region, particularly in children under 16 years who were not enrolled in school, immigrant adults and disadvantaged groups of populations with low socioeconomic indexes. Our findings showed that vaccination campaigns should be prioritized and adapted to improve vaccination coverage among vulnerable populations living in the northwestern part of the territory to limit the risk of transmission in the context of the emerging YF threat in South America. Despite the relative rarity of YF and the significant number of infectious and tropical diseases in French Guiana, clinicians should adopt a high index of suspicion for YF, particularly in vulnerable and at-risk populations.
Published: 2019

6. Decreased antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in French Amazonia

Author: Loïc Epelboin, S. Ouar-Epelboin, Emilie Mosnier, B. Moreau, G. Walter, Claire Baizet, Félix Djossou, CCSD, Accord Elsevier, Service d’Accueil des Urgences/SAMU/SMUR [Cayenne, Guyane Fraçaise], Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Université des Antilles - UFR des sciences médicales Hyacinthe Bastaraud (UA UFR SM), Université des Antilles (UA), Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [Cayenne, Guyanne Française], Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG)
Subjects: Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Antibiotics, MESH: Urinary Tract Infections, urologic and male genital diseases, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, Infection urinaire, BLSE, Ampicillin, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Epidemiology, MESH: Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Aged, 0303 health sciences, Urinary tract infection, MESH: Microbial Sensitivity Tests, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Middle Aged, Enterobacteriaceae, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, 3. Good health, Anti-Bacterial Agents, French Guiana, Community-Acquired Infections, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious Diseases, MESH: Community-Acquired Infections, MESH: Young Adult, Urinary Tract Infections, Female, medicine.drug, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, medicine.drug_class, Urinary system, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, MESH: Enterobacteriaceae, Guyane française, Internal medicine, MESH: Anti-Bacterial Agents, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Humans, Aged, Retrospective Studies, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Retrospective cohort study, MESH: Adult, MESH: Retrospective Studies, Emergency department, MESH: Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, biology.organism_classification, bacterial infections and mycoses, MESH: Male, ESBL, business, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have rarely been studied in the Amazon region. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of bacteria causing UTIs in French Guiana.Patients and methods: We performed a monocenter retrospective study of adults consulting at the emergency department of Cayenne Hospital in 2014 with a diagnosis of UTI. The bacterial species and resistance profile were described.Results: Two-hundred-and-eighty-nine patients presenting with UTI were included: 82 (28.4%) presented with cystitis, 166 (57.4%) with pyelonephritis, and 41 (14.2%) with male UTI. E. coli was predominant (74.1%), and had decreased susceptibility to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, fluoroquinolones, co-trimoxazole, and furans compared with data from metropolitan France. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) was isolated in 3.1% of E. coli and 31.6% of K. pneumoniae.Conclusions: Antibiotic susceptibility in UTI is lower than reported in metropolitan France without evidence for an excessive consumption of antibiotics.
Published: 2019

7. Impact of Zika Virus Emergence in French Guiana: A Large General Population Seroprevalence Survey

Author: Dominique Rousset, Juliette Paireau, Sarah Bailly, Félix Djossou, Antoine Enfissi, Jean-François Carod, Claude Flamand, Mirdad Kazanji, Séverine Matheus, Camille Fritzell, Henrik Salje, Léna Berthelot, J.-C. Manuguerra, Sandrine Fernandes-Pellerin, Simon Cauchemez, Sébastien Linares, Jessica Vanhomwegen, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence - Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Environnement et Risques infectieux - Environment and Infectious Risks (ERI), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (UMIT), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly [Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane Française], This study was supported by the European Regional Development Fund under EPI-ARBO grant agreement GY0008695, the Regional Health Agency of French Guiana, and the National Center of Spatial Studies. C. Fl. acknowledges financial support from the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales-Terre solide, Océan, Surfaces Continentales, Atmosphère fund (grant number CNES-TOSCA-4800000720) and funding from Calmette and Yersin allocated by the Pasteur Institut Department of International Affairs. S. C. acknowledges financial support from the AXA Research Fund, the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant number ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under ZIKAlliance grant agreement number 734548., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 734548,ZIKAlliance(2016), Salje, Henrik [0000-0003-3626-4254], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ROUSSET, Dominique, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, and A global alliance for Zika virus control and prevention - ZIKAlliance - 2016-10-01 - 2019-09-30 - 734548 - VALID
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Recombinant antigen, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Serology, Zika virus, 0302 clinical medicine, Seroepidemiologic Studies, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Child, Immunology and Allergy, MESH: Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Geography, Medical, Child, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Aged, education.field_of_study, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Middle Aged, Zika Virus Infection, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Population Surveillance, Viruses, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, Adult, Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Biology, Virus, MESH: Population Surveillance, Major Articles and Brief Reports, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, MESH: Zika Virus Infection, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, MESH: Geography, Medical, MESH: French Guiana, Seroprevalence, Humans, Serologic Tests, General population survey, education, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, seroprevalence study, general population survey, MESH: Serologic Tests, MESH: Child, Preschool, MESH: Adult, Serum samples, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Male, 030104 developmental biology, Cross-Sectional Studies, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Female, Demography
Abstract: Background Since the identification of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in May 2015, the virus has spread throughout the Americas. However, ZIKV burden in the general population in affected countries remains unknown. Methods We conducted a general population survey in the different communities of French Guiana through individual interviews and serologic survey during June–October 2017. All serum samples were tested for anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin G antibodies using a recombinant antigen-based SGERPAxMap microsphere immunoassay, and some of them were further evaluated through anti-ZIKV microneutralization tests. Results The overall seroprevalence was estimated at 23.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.9%–25.9%) among 2697 participants, varying from 0% to 45.6% according to municipalities. ZIKV circulated in a large majority of French Guiana but not in the most isolated forest areas. The proportion of reported symptomatic Zika infection was estimated at 25.5% (95% CI, 20.3%–31.4%) in individuals who tested positive for ZIKV. Conclusions This study described a large-scale representative ZIKV seroprevalence study in South America from the recent 2015–2016 Zika epidemic. Our findings reveal that the majority of the population remains susceptible to ZIKV, which could potentially allow future reintroductions of the virus., This study provides a consistent overview of a large-scale representative Zika virus (ZIKV) seroprevalence study in French Guiana, revealing that the majority of the population remains susceptible to ZIKV, which could potentially allow future reintroductions of the virus.
Published: 2019

8. Maternal-fetal transmission and adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women infected with Zika virus: prospective cohort study in French Guiana

Author: Najeh Hcini, Véronique Lambert, Anne Jolivet, David Baud, C. Pomar, Manon Vouga, Alice Panchaud, Léo Pomar, Guillaume Benoist, Gustavo Malinger, Dominique Rousset, Séverine Matheus, Gabriel Carles, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly [Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane Française], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais, Institut pluridisciplinaire de recherche appliquée dans le domaine du génie pétrolier (IPRADDGP), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], University of Geneva [Switzerland], Gestionnaire, Hal Sorbonne Université, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre National de Référence pour les Arbovirus - Laboratoire de Virologie [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center [Te Aviv], Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), We thank all involved personnel at the Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyannais (CHOG)., and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Infectious* / epidemiology, MESH: Risk Assessment, MESH: Zika Virus Infection / congenital, Zika virus, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, Pregnancy, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Prospective cohort study, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, biology, Obstetrics, Zika Virus Infection, MESH: Infant, Newborn, MESH: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Pregnancy Outcome, General Medicine, MESH: Zika Virus Infection / transmission, 3. Good health, French Guiana, MESH: Young Adult, Cohort, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, medicine.symptom, Cohort study, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Prenatal diagnosis, [SDV.MHEP.GEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Gynecology and obstetrics, Asymptomatic, Risk Assessment, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Humans, education, Epidemics, MESH: Epidemics, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Research, Infant, Newborn, MESH: Adult, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, MESH: Pregnancy Outcome, MESH: Prospective Studies, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, [SDV.MHEP.GEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Gynecology and obstetrics, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Zika Virus Infection / epidemiology, MESH: Female
Abstract: ObjectivesTo estimate the rates of maternal-fetal transmission of Zika virus, adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes, and subsequent rates of asymptomatic/symptomatic congenital Zika virus infections up to the first week of life.DesignCohort study with prospective data collection and subsequent review of fetal/neonatal outcomes.SettingsReferral centre for prenatal diagnosis of the French Guiana Western Hospital.ParticipantsPregnant women at any stage of pregnancy with a laboratory confirmed symptomatic or asymptomatic Zika virus infection during the epidemic period in western French Guiana. The cohort enrolled 300 participants and prospectively followed their 305 fetuses/newborns.Main outcome measuresRate of maternal-fetal transmission of Zika virus (amniotic fluid, fetal and neonatal blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and placentas); clinical, biological, and radiological outcomes (blindly reviewed); and adverse outcomes defined as moderate signs potentially related to congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), severe complications compatible with CZS, or fetal loss. Associations between a laboratory confirmed congenital Zika virus infection and adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes were evaluated.ResultsMaternal-fetal transmission was documented in 26% (76/291) of fetuses/newborns with complete data. Among the Zika virus positive fetuses/newborns, 45% (34/76) presented with no signs/complications at birth, 20% (15/76) with moderate signs potentially related to CZS, 21% (16/76) with severe complications compatible with CZS, and 14% (11/76) with fetal loss. Compared with the Zika virus positive fetuses/neonates, those that were identified as negative for Zika virus (215/291) were less likely to present with severe complications (5%; 10/215) or fetal loss (0.5%; 1/215; relative risk 6.9, 95% confidence interval 3.6 to 13.3). Association between a positive Zika virus test and any adverse fetal/neonatal outcome was also significant (relative risk 4.4, 2.9 to 6.6). The population attributable fraction estimates that a confirmed congenital Zika virus infection contributes to 47% of adverse outcomes and 61% of severe adverse outcomes observed.ConclusionIn cases of a known maternal Zika virus infection, approximately a quarter of fetuses will become congenitally infected, of which a third will have severe complications at birth or fetal loss. The burden of CZS might be lower than initially described in South America and may not differ from other congenital infections.
Published: 2018

9. Pregnancy Outcomes after ZIKV Infection in French Territories in the Americas

Author: Yoann Madec, Cécile Herrmann-Storck, Arnaud Fontanet, Bruno Hoen, Caroline Callier, Raymond Césaire, Dominique Rousset, Alice Monthieux, Cédric Laouénan, Manon Boullard, Anna L. Funk, Maylis Douine, S. Stegmann-Planchard, Benoit Tressières, Bruno Schaub, Fatiha Najioullah, Jean-Luc Voluménie, Eustase Janky, André Cabié, Gabriel Carles, Kinda Schepers, Samson Yassinguezo, Sylvie Cassadou, Vanessa Ardillon, Philippe Kadhel, Mathieu Nacher, Catherine Ryan, CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe], Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG), Maison de la Femme de la Mère et de l'Enfant [CHU de la Martinique] (MFME [Fort de France]), CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly [Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane Française], Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane - UFR des sciences médicales (UAG UFR SM), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Maladies infectieuses et tropicales dans la Caraïbe (MAITC EA 4537), CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre Hospitalier Louis Constant Fleming, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Center for Global Health Research and Education - Centre pour la Recherche et la Formation en Santé Mondiale (CGH), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Supported by the French Ministry of Health (Soutien Exceptionnel à la Recherche et à l’Innovation), by a grant (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) from Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases project, by the ZIKAlliance consortium (the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program), and by INSERM. This study is part of the ZIKAlliance consortium project., We thank the women who participated in this study, all the physicians, midwives, clinical research assistants, health officers, and epidemiologists who helped conduct this study in each of the French territories in the Americas: Myriam Atine, Lyderic Aubert, Marie Barrau, Kebe Beavogui, Christelle Celeste, Joelle Colat-Peyron, Elvire Couchy, Véronique Davidas, Lucetta Delver, Jacqueline Dubois, Stanie Gaete, Dorothée Harrois, Marie-Laure Lalanne-Mistrih, Mathilde Melin, Marie-France Mirane, Francelise Nadessein, Marie-Josée Pelczar, Véronique Plantier, Céline Rocquet, Magdalena Saint-Marc, Patrick Saint-Martin, Valérie Soter, Ingrid Soubdhan, Jennifer Taillefond, Lambo Velonasy, and Véronique Walter (Guadeloupe), Nicole Ambroisine, Gilda Belrose, Alain Blateau, Patricia Blondel, Isabelle Calmont, Valérie Decatrelle, Michèle Gueneret, Eugénie Jolivet, Isabelle Komla-Soukha, Corinne Plavonil, Marie-andrée Pyram, and Jean-Luc Voluménie (Martinique), Antoine Adenis, Audrey Andrieu, Luisiane Carvalho, Sandy Dabrowski, Céline Delorme, Maryvonne Dueymes, Aniza Fahrasmane, Arthur Felix, Hélène Hilderal, Anne Jolivet, Justine Krajewsky, Véronique Lambert, Thomas Lemaitre, Myriam Livain, Jérémie Pasquier, Marion Petit-Sinturel, Céline Pomar, Léo Pomar, and Stéphanie Rogier (French Guiana), and David Baud (University of Lausanne, Switzerland) and Rebecca Grant (Institut Pasteur de Paris, France) for their critical review of an earlier version of the manuscript., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), Jonchère, Laurent, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Université des Antilles (UA)-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microcephaly, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Chromosome Disorders, MESH: Amniotic Fluid, Zika virus, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, Pregnancy, MESH: Martinique, ZikV Infection, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Prospective cohort study, Guadeloupe, MESH: Cohort Studies, MESH: Chromosome Disorders, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, Zika Virus Infection, Obstetrics, MESH: Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy Outcome, Gestational age, MESH: Congenital Abnormalities, General Medicine, Middle Aged, French Guiana, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Fetal Diseases, MESH: Fetal Diseases, MESH: Young Adult, Cohort, Female, Pregnancy Trimesters, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, MESH: Zika Virus, Article, MESH: Microcephaly, Congenital Abnormalities, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Zika Virus Infection, MESH: French Guiana, Humans, MESH: Guadeloupe, Martinique, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Pregnancy outcomes, MESH: Adolescent, Fetus, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, MESH: Adult, Zika Virus, Amniotic Fluid, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Pregnancy Outcome, Confidence interval, 030104 developmental biology, business, MESH: Female, MESH: Pregnancy Trimesters
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND:The risk of congenital neurologic defects related to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has ranged from 6 to 42% in various reports. The aim of this study was to estimate this risk among pregnant women with symptomatic ZIKV infection in French territories in the Americas.METHODS:From March 2016 through November 2016, we enrolled in this prospective cohort study pregnant women with symptomatic ZIKV infection that was confirmed by polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay. The analysis included all data collected up to April 27, 2017, the date of the last delivery in the cohort.RESULTS:Among the 555 fetuses and infants in the 546 pregnancies included in the analysis, 28 (5.0%) were not carried to term or were stillborn, and 527 were born alive. Neurologic and ocular defects possibly associated with ZIKV infection were seen in 39 fetuses and infants (7.0%; 95% confidence interval, 5.0 to 9.5); of these, 10 were not carried to term because of termination of pregnancy for medical reasons, 1 was stillborn, and 28 were live-born. Microcephaly (defined as head circumference more than 2 SD below the mean for sex and gestational age) was detected in 32 fetuses and infants (5.8%), of whom 9 (1.6%) had severe microcephaly (more than 3 SD below the mean). Neurologic and ocular defects were more common when ZIKV infection occurred during the first trimester (24 of 189 fetuses and infants [12.7%]) than when it occurred during the second trimester (9 of 252 [3.6%]) or third trimester (6 of 114 [5.3%]) (P=0.001).CONCLUSIONS:Among pregnant women with symptomatic, PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection, birth defects possibly associated with ZIKV infection were present in 7% of fetuses and infants. Defects occurred more frequently in fetuses and infants whose mothers had been infected early in pregnancy. Longer-term follow-up of infants is required to assess any manifestations not detected at birth. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02916732 .).
Published: 2018

10. Successes and failures of sixty years of vector control in French Guiana: what is the next step?

Author: Yanouk Epelboin, Nausicaa Habchi-Hanriot, Amandine Guidez, Stanislas Talaga, Lanjiao Wang, Sarah C Chaney, Isabelle Dusfour, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc [Cayenne, Guyane française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)
Subjects: Insecticides, Mosquito Control, lcsh:QR1-502, Review, MESH: Chikungunya Fever, MESH: Dengue, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Microbiology, Dengue fever, Dengue, MESH: Health Education, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes aegypti, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Animals, Anopheles darlingi, 030212 general & internal medicine, Chikungunya, Socioeconomics, Health Education, MESH: Yellow Fever, MESH: Mosquito Control, Vector control, biology, Zika Virus Infection, Yellow fever, insecticide resistance, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Geography, MESH: Mosquito Vectors, Microbiology (medical), lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Malaria, vector control, Mosquito Vectors, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Zika Virus Infection, Yellow Fever, MESH: French Guiana, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Humans, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Malaria, MESH: Insecticides, Culicidae, Insecticide resistance, Chikungunya Fever, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Culicidae
Abstract: International audience; Since the 1940s, French Guiana has implemented vector control to contain or eliminate malaria, yellow fever, and, recently, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Over time, strategies have evolved depending on the location, efficacy of the methods, development of insecticide resistance, and advances in vector control techniques. This review summarises the history of vector control in French Guiana by reporting the records found in the private archives of the Institute Pasteur in French Guiana and those accessible in libraries worldwide. This publication highlights successes and failures in vector control and identifies the constraints and expectations for vector control in this French overseas territory in the Americas.
Published: 2018

11. Predictors of abnormal cytology among HPV-infected women in remote territories of French Guiana

Author: Jerome Ponty, Raymond Césaire, Nadia Thomas, Vincent Molinie, Claire Grenier, Valentin Dufit, Maylis Douine, Laure Bianco, Mathieu Nacher, Paul Brousse, Antoine Adenis, Dominique Catherine, Gabriel Carles, Fatiha Najioullah, Odile Kilié, Jean Luc Deshayes, Vincent Lacoste, Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Laboratoire de Virologie-Immunologie [Fort de France, Martinique] (EA 4537), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique [Fort-de-France, Martinique], Service d'anatomopathologie [Fort de France, Martinique], CHU Fort de France, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Association Guyanaise Dépistage Organisé des Cancers [Cayenne] (A.G.D.O.C), Département des Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly [Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane Française], Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), The present study was funded by the European Regional Development Funds (FEDER) N° Presage 30,814., and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]
Subjects: Rural Population, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, MESH: Genotype, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Rural Population, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Cytology, Genotype, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Life history, Papillomaviridae, Anamnesis, MESH: Aged, MESH: Middle Aged, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, virus diseases, General Medicine, MESH: Papillomavirus Vaccines, Middle Aged, Abnormal cytology, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, MESH: Predictive Value of Tests, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Vaccination, MESH: Young Adult, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, MESH: Papillomavirus Infections/complications, MESH: DNA, Viral/analysis, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Cytodiagnosis, Reproductive medicine, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, MESH: Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control, lcsh:Gynecology and obstetrics, MESH: Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification, MESH: Cytodiagnosis/statistics & numerical data, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Predictive Value of Tests, Internal medicine, MESH: French Guiana, Humans, Papillomavirus Vaccines, MESH: Papillomaviridae/genetics, Normal cytology, lcsh:RG1-991, Aged, MESH: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Papillomavirus Infections, MESH: Papillomavirus Infections/virology, lcsh:RA1-1270, MESH: Adult, Reproductive Medicine, DNA, Viral, MESH: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer prevention using cervical cytology is insufficiently sensitive, a significant proportion of HPV-infected women having normal cytology. The objective of the present study was to try to identify factors associated with abnormal cytology in HPV-infected women living in remote areas of French Guiana.METHODS: A study was conducted in women aged 20-65 years having HPV infections confirmed by HPV DNA detection using the GREINER-BIO-ONE kit. In addition to HPV testing, cytology was performed and classified as normal or abnormal. Demographic and life history variables, and infecting genotypes were compared between the normal and abnormal cytology groups.RESULTS: None of the demographic and life history variables were associated with cytology results. HPV genotype 53 was significantly associated with absence of cytological abnormalities whereas HPV 52, 58, 16 and perhaps 33 and 66 were independently associated with a greater risk of cytological abnormalities. When grouping HPV genotypes in different species, only species 9 (HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58, 67) was significantly associated with abnormal cytology AOR = 5.1 (95% CI = 2.3-11.2), P
Published: 2018

12. Virome analysis of two sympatric bat species (Desmodus rotundus and Molossus molossus) in French Guiana

Author: LACOSTE, Vincent, SALMIER, Arielle, TIRERA, Sourakhata, FRANC, Alain, DARCISSAC, Edith, DONATO, Damien, BOUCHIER, Christiane, LAVERGNE, Anne, DE THOISY, Benoit, FORRESTER, Naomi, Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), from patterns to models in computational biodiversity and biotechnology (PLEIADE), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Génomique (Plate-Forme) - Genomics Platform, Institut Pasteur [Paris], A. Salmier was funded by a grant from European funds (PO FSE 2007-2013) and 'Investissement d’Avenir' managed by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, Ref. ANR-10-LABEX-25-01). This study was conducted within the CAROLIA program supported by European funds (ERDF/FEDER) and assistance from Région Guyane and Direction Régionale pour la Recherche et la Technologie. It also received a European Commission 'REGPOT-CT-2011-285837-STRonGer' grant within the FP7 and 'Investissement d’Avenir' grants managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, Ref. ANR-10-LABEX-25-01). The Genomics Platform is a member of the France Génomique consortium (ANR10-INBS-09-08)., We acknowledge François Catzeflis and Marguerite Delaval for useful discussions on the biology, ecology and dynamics of bats. All field volunteers and owners and/or managers of capture sites are warmly acknowledged for their assistance in captures. We thank the INDA and C3BI teams at the Institut Pasteur and UMR BIOGECO for their technical support and access to the clusters. We thank L. Ma and M. Tichit for technical assistance., ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Génomique (Plate-Forme), ANR-10-LABX-25-01/10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Topography, Molossus molossus, Forests, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, amazonie, Chiroptera, Bats, MESH: Animals, MESH: Ecosystem, lcsh:Science, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, Mammals, Fruit Bats, Eukaryota, Phylogenetic Analysis, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Terrestrial Environments, French Guiana, Sympatric speciation, Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Viruses/genetics, MESH: Metagenomics, Bioinformatics, 030106 microbiology, Zoology, Sequence Databases, hématophage, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Phylogenetics, MESH: Sympatry/genetics, forêt primaire, espèce réservoir, Evolutionary Systematics, Saliva, Microbial Pathogens, Ecosystem, Host (biology), lcsh:R, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, 15. Life on land, 030104 developmental biology, desmodus rotundus, lcsh:Q, Metagenomics, 0301 basic medicine, MESH: Genome, Viral/genetics, Insecta, Range (biology), Physiology, viruses, MESH: Insecta/virology, lcsh:Medicine, Database and Informatics Methods, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: Chiroptera/virology, Data Management, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, MESH: Insect Viruses/genetics, Body Fluids, Sympatry, Caves, Viruses, Vertebrates, Anatomy, Pathogens, épidémie, Sequence Analysis, Research Article, Computer and Information Sciences, Herpesviruses, Insect Viruses, Genome, Viral, Biology, Research and Analysis Methods, Ecosystems, néotropique, chauve souris, MESH: Chiroptera/genetics, MESH: French Guiana, Animals, Human virome, population virale, Taxonomy, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Evolutionary Biology, Landforms, insectivore, Insectivore, Geomorphology, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Sympatry/physiology, Biological Databases, Amniotes, Desmodus rotundus, Earth Sciences, DNA viruses
Abstract: International audience; Environmental disturbances in the Neotropics (e.g., deforestation, agriculture intensifica-tion, urbanization) contribute to an increasing risk of cross-species transmission of microorganisms and to disease outbreaks due to changing ecosystems of reservoir hosts. Although Amazonia encompasses the greatest diversity of reservoir species, the outsized viral population diversity (virome) has yet to be investigated. Here, through a metagenomic approach, we identified 10,991 viral sequences in the saliva and feces of two bat species, Desmodus rotundus (hematophagous), trapped in two different caves surrounded by primary lowland forest, and Molossus molossus (insectivorous), trapped in forest and urban habitats. These sequences are related to 51 viral families known to infect a wide range of hosts (i.e., bacteria , plants, insects and vertebrates). Most viruses detected reflected the diet of bat species, with a high proportion of plant and insect-related viral families for M. molossus and a high proportion of vertebrate-related viral families for D. rotundus, highlighting its influence in shaping the viral diversity of bats. Lastly, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships for five vertebrate-related viral families (Nairoviridae, Circoviridae, Retroviridae, Herpesviri-dae, Papillomaviridae). The results showed highly supported clustering with other viral sequences of the same viral family hosted by other bat species, highlighting the potential association of viral diversity with the host's diet. These findings provide significant insight into viral bat diversity in French Guiana belonging to the Amazonian biome and emphasize that habitats and the host's dietary ecology may drive the viral diversity in the bat communities investigated.
Published: 2017

13. The proportion of asymptomatic infections and spectrum of disease among pregnant women infected by Zika virus: systematic monitoring in French Guiana, 2016

Author: Anne Favre, Claude Flamand, Magalie Demar, Antoine Enfissi, Simon Cauchemez, Mirdad Kazanji, Gabriel Carles, Camille Fritzell, Maryvonne Dueymes, Antoine Adde, Séverine Matheus, Dominique Rousset, Unité d'Epidémiologie [Cayenne, Guyane française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre National de Référence pour les Arbovirus - Laboratoire de Virologie [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly [Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane Française], Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI), Simon CAUCHEMEZ acknowledges funding from the European Union ZikAlliance program, LABEX-IBEID, the NIGMS MIDAS initiative, AXA Research Fund, Association Robert Debré, the EU- PREDEMICS., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), European Project: 734548,ZIKAlliance(2016), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Matillon, Mirlène, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, and A global alliance for Zika virus control and prevention - ZIKAlliance - 2016-10-01 - 2019-09-30 - 734548 - VALID
Subjects: Pediatrics, MESH: Sequence Analysis, DNA, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Zika virus, Disease Outbreaks, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Pregnancy, Pregnancy, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Epidemiology, Medicine, MESH: Communicable Diseases, Emerging, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, education.field_of_study, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, biology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Zika Virus Infection, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Population Surveillance, MESH: RNA, Viral, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Microcephaly, RNA, Viral, Female, epidemiology, medicine.symptom, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Context (language use), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, MESH: Zika Virus, Asymptomatic, MESH: Microcephaly, MESH: Population Surveillance, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Zika Virus Infection, Virology, MESH: French Guiana, Humans, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Risk factor, education, MESH: Humans, outbreak, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, MESH: Adult, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Relative risk, Immunology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female, pregnant women
Abstract: International audience; Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with complications during pregnancy. Although the presence of symptoms might be a risk factor for complication, the proportion of ZIKV-infected pregnant women with symptoms remains unknown. Following the emergence of ZIKV in French Guiana, all pregnancies in the territory were monitored by RT-PCR and/or detection of ZIKV antibodies. Follow-up data collected during pregnancy monitoring interviews were analysed from 1 February to 1 June 2016. We enrolled 3,050 pregnant women aged 14-48 years and 573 (19%) had laboratory-confirmed ZIKV infection. Rash, arthralgia, myalgia and conjunctival hyperaemia were more frequently observed in ZIKV-positive women; 23% of them (95% confidence interval (CI): 20-27) had at least one symptom compatible with ZIKV infection. Women 30 years and older were significantly more likely to have symptoms than younger women (28% vs 20%). The proportion of symptomatic infections varied from 17% in the remote interior to 35% in the urbanised population near the coast (adjusted risk ratio: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4-1.9.). These estimates put findings on cohorts of symptomatic ZIKV-positive pregnant women into the wider context of an epidemic with mainly asymptomatic infections. The proportion of symptomatic ZIKV infections appears to vary substantially between populations.
Published: 2017

14. Unraveling the genetic diversity and phylogeny of Leishmania RNA virus 1 strains of infected Leishmania isolates circulating in French Guiana

Author: Emilie Mosnier, Marine Ginouves, Vincent Vantilcke, Vincent Lacoste, Eliane Bourreau, Ignacio S. Caballero, Christiane Bouchier, Damien Donato, Sourakhata Tirera, Pierre Couppié, Anne Lavergne, Ghislaine Prévot, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Génomique (Plate-Forme) - Genomics Platform, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais, Département de Virologie - Department of Virology, ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), ANR-10-INBS-0009,France-Génomique,Organisation et montée en puissance d'une Infrastructure Nationale de Génomique(2010), European Project: 285837,EC:FP7:REGPOT,FP7-REGPOT-2011-1,STRONGER(2011), Lacoste, Vincent, Laboratoires d'excellence - CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia - - CEBA2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0025 - LABX - VALID, Organisation et montée en puissance d'une Infrastructure Nationale de Génomique - - France-Génomique2010 - ANR-10-INBS-0009 - INBS - VALID, Strengthening transdisciplinary research on infectious and emerging diseases in French Guiana: linking fieldwork, benchside and bedside - STRONGER - - EC:FP7:REGPOT2011-11-01 - 2015-04-30 - 285837 - VALID, and Institut Pasteur [Paris]
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, MESH: Leishmaniavirus, MESH: Sequence Analysis, DNA, MESH: Leishmaniasis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Cluster Analysis, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Phylogeny, Leishmaniasis, Phylogeny, Data Management, Genetics, Protozoans, Leishmania, MESH: Aged, MESH: Middle Aged, Phylogenetic tree, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Database and informatics methods, Sequence analysis, Phylogenetic Analysis, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Phylogenetics, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MESH: Young Adult, MESH: RNA, Viral, RNA, Viral, Female, MESH: Genome, Viral, Research Article, Adult, Computer and Information Sciences, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, Bioinformatics, MESH: Leishmania, 030231 tropical medicine, Leishmaniavirus, MESH: Sequence Alignment, Nucleotide Sequencing, Genome, Viral, Biology, [SDV.GEN.GH] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Sequence Motif Analysis, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Parasitic Diseases, Humans, Evolutionary Systematics, Molecular Biology Techniques, Sequencing Techniques, Genotyping, Molecular Biology, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, DNA sequence analysis, Taxonomy, Aged, Evolutionary Biology, MESH: Humans, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Genetic Variation, RNA virus, lcsh:RA1-1270, MESH: Adult, Sequence Analysis, DNA, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Cluster Analysis, Parasitic Protozoans, MESH: Male, Research and analysis methods, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, Sequence Alignment, MESH: Female
Abstract: Introduction Leishmania RNA virus type 1 (LRV1) is an endosymbiont of some Leishmania (Vianna) species in South America. Presence of LRV1 in parasites exacerbates disease severity in animal models and humans, related to a disproportioned innate immune response, and is correlated with drug treatment failures in humans. Although the virus was identified decades ago, its genomic diversity has been overlooked until now. Methodology/Principles findings We subjected LRV1 strains from 19 L. (V.) guyanensis and one L. (V.) braziliensis isolates obtained from cutaneous leishmaniasis samples identified throughout French Guiana with next-generation sequencing and de novo sequence assembly. We generated and analyzed 24 unique LRV1 sequences over their full-length coding regions. Multiple alignment of these new sequences revealed variability (0.5%–23.5%) across the entire sequence except for highly conserved motifs within the 5’ untranslated region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that viral genomes of L. (V.) guyanensis grouped into five distinct clusters. They further showed a species-dependent clustering between viral genomes of L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis, confirming a long-term co-evolutionary history. Noteworthy, we identified cases of multiple LRV1 infections in three of the 20 Leishmania isolates. Conclusions/Significance Here, we present the first-ever estimate of LRV1 genomic diversity that exists in Leishmania (V.) guyanensis parasites. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analyses of these viruses has shed light on their evolutionary relationships. To our knowledge, this study is also the first to report cases of multiple LRV1 infections in some parasites. Finally, this work has made it possible to develop molecular tools for adequate identification and genotyping of LRV1 strains for diagnostic purposes. Given the suspected worsening role of LRV1 infection in the pathogenesis of human leishmaniasis, these data have a major impact from a clinical viewpoint and for the management of Leishmania-infected patients., Author summary Leishmaniasis is a well-known parasitosis due to an infection by the protozoan Leishmania parasites firmly established in South America. In French Guiana, where leishmaniasis is a public health problem, having an annual incidence of 5.6 cases/10,000 inhabitants, 80% of Leishmania spp. parasites are infected by an endosymbiotic virus, Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1). The purpose of this study was to gain insights on the genetic variability and evolution of LRV1 at the genomic level. We subjected 20 Leishmania isolates obtained from cutaneous lesions with next generation sequencing and de novo sequence assembly. This allowed generating 24 LRV1 full-length coding sequences presenting among themselves a significant genetic diversity. The inferred phylogenetic relationships enabled to identify distinct well-supported genotypes and support the hypothesis of co-evolution between LRV1 strains and their parasite hosts. In addition, we identified multiple LRV1 infections in three parasite isolates. Based on these data, future characterization of new strains from other geographic areas and other parasite species should extend knowledge of LRV1 diversification processes. Finally, these results allowed us to identify genomic regions where best to allocate resources for subsequent analyses of LRV1 viral diversity and genotyping that could serve for accurate routine molecular diagnostic applications.
Published: 2017

15. DNA reference libraries of French Guianese mosquitoes for barcoding and metabarcoding

Author: Isabelle Dusfour, Jérôme Murienne, Amandine Guidez, Stanislas Talaga, Alain Dejean, Romain Girod, Céline Leroy, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Entomologie médicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie [Cayenne, Guyane française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, This study was funded by Investissement d'Avenir grants managed by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-25-01, TULIP: ANR-10-LABX-41, ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02). ST was funded by a PhD fellowship from the Université Antilles-Guyane., We would like to thank the Parc Amazonien de Guyane (PAG) and the Réserve Naturelle de La Trinité for logistical support during field studies, as well as all of the contributors who helped to collect samples (R. Carinci, O. Dézerald, M. Minot and H. Rodriguez). We also aknowledge Arthur Kocher for his help with the assignation statistics and Andrea Yockey-Dejean for proofreading the manuscript., ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), ANR-11-IDEX-0002,UNITI,Université Fédérale de Toulouse(2011), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR: 10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), ANR: 10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, MESH: Culicidae/classification, Species Delimitation, Molecular biology, Speciation, lcsh:Medicine, Disease Vectors, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, DNA barcoding, Mosquitoes, Identification system, biodiversité, diptera-culicidae, subgenus peytonulus, sabethini diptera, species diptera, chemistry.chemical_compound, Database and Informatics Methods, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: Animals, Database Searching, lcsh:Science, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, Data Management, Molecular systematics, Multidisciplinary, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, French Guiana, Insects, MESH: Culicidae/genetics, Infectious Diseases, Dna barcodes, Taxonomy (biology), Sequence Analysis, Research Article, Species complex, Computer and Information Sciences, Multiple Alignment Calculation, Evolutionary Processes, Arthropoda, taxonomie, Bioinformatics, 030231 tropical medicine, Evolutionary systematics, Zoology, Sequence Databases, Biology, Research and Analysis Methods, 010603 evolutionary biology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Species level, Phylogenetics, MESH: French Guiana, parasitic diseases, Cryptic Speciation, Computational Techniques, phylogénie, Animals, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, Sequence Similarity Searching, Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Invertebrates, Split-Decomposition Method, Insect Vectors, Species Interactions, Culicidae, Molecular biology techniques, Biological Databases, chemistry, Evolutionary biology, MESH: DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods, identification, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, DNA
Abstract: International audience; The mosquito family (Diptera: Culicidae) constitutes the most medically important group of arthropods because certain species are vectors of human pathogens. In some parts of the world, the diversity is so high that the accurate delimitation and/or identification of species is challenging. A DNA-based identification system for all animals has been proposed, the so-called DNA barcoding approach. In this study, our objectives were (i) to establish DNA bar-code libraries for the mosquitoes of French Guiana based on the COI and the 16S markers, (ii) to compare distance-based and tree-based methods of species delimitation to traditional taxonomy, and (iii) to evaluate the accuracy of each marker in identifying specimens. A total of 266 specimens belonging to 75 morphologically identified species or morphospecies were analyzed allowing us to delimit 86 DNA clusters with only 21 of them already present in the BOLD database. We thus provide a substantial contribution to the global mosquito bar-coding initiative. Our results confirm that DNA barcodes can be successfully used to delimit and identify mosquito species with only a few cases where the marker could not distinguish closely related species. Our results also validate the presence of new species identified based on morphology, plus potential cases of cryptic species. We found that both COI and 16S markers performed very well, with successful identifications at the species level of up to 98% for COI and 97% for 16S when compared to traditional taxonomy. This shows great potential for the use of metabarcoding for vector monitoring and eco-epidemiological studies.
Published: 2016

16. Anopheles fauna of coastal Cayenne, French Guiana: modelling and mapping of species presence using remotely sensed land cover data

Author: Sébastien Briolant, Romain Girod, Emmanuel Roux, Antoine Adde, Isabelle Dusfour, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Direction Interarmées du Service de Santé en Guyane, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Service de Santé des Armées, Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), CNES-DGA-MRIS scholarship and a French army (Grant LR607e). This work has benefited from an investissement d’Avenir grant managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref. ANR-10-LABX-25-01). This study received a European commission REGPOTCT-2011-285837-STRonGer grant within the FP7., European Project: 285837,EC:FP7:REGPOT,FP7-REGPOT-2011-1,STRONGER(2011), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ), Université des Antilles ( UA ) -Université de Guyane ( UG ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV ) -Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université de Perpignan Via Domitia ( UPVD ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ), Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] ( TIMONE ), European Project : 285837,EC:FP7:REGPOT,FP7-REGPOT-2011-1,STRONGER ( 2011 ), and Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: Satellite Imagery, Marsh, Fauna, lcsh:QR1-502, Distribution (economics), MESH : Malaria, lcsh:Microbiology, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Satellite Imagery, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH : Insect Vectors, [ INFO.INFO-TI ] Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing, Satellite imagery, MESH: Animals, 030212 general & internal medicine, Malaria vector, computer.programming_language, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [STAT.AP]Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Ecology, Anopheles, MESH : Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Articles, remote sensing technology, French Guiana, [ SDV.MHEP.MI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH : Anopheles, [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Seasons, Cartography, Microbiology (medical), MESH : French Guiana, [ INFO.INFO-MO ] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Cayenne, [ INFO.INFO-TS ] Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, lcsh:RC955-962, MESH: Population Density, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Malaria, malaria, Land cover, MESH: Insect Vectors, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, MESH: Spatio-Temporal Analysis, MESH: French Guiana, Animals, 14. Life underwater, MESH : Population Density, MESH : Satellite Imagery, Population Density, geography, MESH : Seasons, business.industry, [ STAT.AP ] Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Insect Vectors, MESH : Animals, business, computer, MESH: Seasons, [ SDE.ES ] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society
Abstract: International audience; Little is known about the Anopheles species of the coastal areas of French Guiana, or their spatiotemporal distribution or environmental determinants. The present study aimed to (1) document the distribution of Anopheles fauna in the coastal area around Cayenne, and (2) investigate the use of remotely sensed land cover data as proxies of Anopheles presence. To characterise the Anopheles fauna, we combined the findings of two entomological surveys that were conducted during the period 2007-2009 and in 2014 at 37 sites. Satellite imagery data were processed to extract land cover variables potentially related to Anopheles ecology. Based on these data, a methodology was formed to estimate a statistical predictive model of the spatial-seasonal variations in the presence of Anopheles in the Cayenne region. Two Anopheles species, known as main malaria vectors in South America, were identified, including the more dominant An. aquasalis near town and rural sites, and An. darlingi only found in inland sites. Furthermore, a cross-validated model of An. aquasalis presence that integrated marsh and forest surface area was extrapolated to generate predictive maps. The present study supports the use of satellite imagery by health authorities for the surveillance of malaria vectors and planning of control strategies.
Published: 2016

17. Predictive Factors of HTLV1-HIV Coinfections in French Guiana

Author: Philippe Abboud, Emilie Gaubert-Marechal, Elise Gouhier, Mathieu Nacher, Pierre Couppié, Departement des Maladies infectieuses, Cayenne General Hospital, Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH Guyane), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Epidémiologie des parasitoses et mycoses tropicales, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and ADENIS, ANTOINE
Subjects: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, HIV Infections, MESH: Logistic Models, Serology, MESH: HIV-1, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, Medicine, Stage (cooking), Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, Coinfection, MESH: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Articles, MESH: HIV Infections, Middle Aged, Viral Load, French Guiana, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Female, MESH: Viral Load, Viral load, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: HTLV-I Infections, Virology, Internal medicine, MESH: French Guiana, Humans, Medical prescription, MESH: Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, MESH: Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, MESH: Adult, MESH: Retrospective Studies, Retrospective cohort study, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, HTLV-I Infections, MESH: Male, MESH: Coinfection, Logistic Models, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Immunology, HIV-1, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Parasitology, business, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; French Guiana, the French territory most affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (1.3% of pregnant women), is also endemic for human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV1). The objective of this study was to determine if the HTLV1/HIV coinfected patients had particular characteristics. All HIV-infected patients having a computerized medical file containing an HTLV1 serology were included: there were 1,333 HIV monoinfections and 76 HTLV1/VIH coinfections. The prevalence of HTLV1/HIV coinfections was 5.39%. Women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91[1.13-3.24]), subjects > 40 years of age, and patients of Surinamese origin (OR = 2.65 [1.25-5.61]) were overrepresented among the coinfected. CD4 count at the time of diagnosis and viral loads were higher among coinfected patients. The clinical stage was not significantly different between the two groups. The number of CD4 cells was not higher among the coinfected, unlike most reports from the literature. Prevalence of HTLV1 among HIV-infected patients is high in French Guiana, and physicians seem to omit the prescription of serology for this potentially serious coinfection.
Published: 2013

18. Q Fever in French Guiana: Tip of the Iceberg or Epidemiological Exception?

Author: Carole Eldin, Magalie Pierre-Demar, Emilie Mosnier, Sébastien Briolant, Aba Mahamat, Alain Berlioz-Arthaud, Mathieu Nacher, Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos, Didier Raoult, Philippe Abboud, Loïc Epelboin, Marcus V. G. Lacerda, Vincent Pommier de Santi, Félix Djossou, Margarete do Socorro Mendonça Gomes, Stephen Vreden, Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (UMIT), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Université de Guyane (UG), Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, Service de Santé des Armées, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Laboratorio Central de Saude Publica do Amapa, Hospital de Clinicas Dr. Alberto Lima, Academisch Ziekenhuis Paramaribo Hospital, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), The authors received no specific funding for this work., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales ( UMIT ), Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale ( EPat ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Université de Guyane ( UG ), Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine ( COREVIH ), Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane ( CIC - Antilles Guyane ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -CHU de la Martinique-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Équipe opérationnelle d’hygiène hospitalière, Direction Interarmées du Service de Santé en Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes ( URMITE ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département des Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Academisch Ziekenhuis, Paramaribo Hospital, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado ( FMT-HVD ), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane ( ILMD ), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz / Fiocruz, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection ( IHU AMU ), and Latour, Marie
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Bacterial Diseases, Latin Americans, Pulmonology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Geographical locations, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental protection, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Zoonoses, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: Animals, MESH: Communicable Diseases, Emerging, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, biology, Endocarditis, Amazon rainforest, Incidence (epidemiology), lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Zoonosis, Neglected Diseases, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Bacterial Pathogens, Viewpoints, Geography, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Ecuador, Pathogens, Q Fever, MESH: Zoonoses, Coxiella Burnetii, Brazil, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, MESH: Q Fever, lcsh:RC955-962, 030106 microbiology, 030231 tropical medicine, Cardiology, Q fever, Colombia, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Seroprevalence, Animals, Humans, Microbial Pathogens, Mexico, MESH: Humans, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outbreak, Biology and Life Sciences, lcsh:RA1-1270, Pneumonia, South America, medicine.disease, Coxiella burnetii, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, North America, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, People and places, MESH: Neglected Diseases, Demography
Abstract: International audience; Q fever is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by an intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. Since its discovery in 1935 in Australia, its presence has been reported almost worldwide in animals and humans [1]. In most developed countries, this infection has been widely described, and its life cycle, exposure factors, and clinical and biological pictures are well known. The incidence of Q fever is generally quite low, and most of the cases are diagnosed during short outbreaks related to direct or indirect contact of humans with cattle, sheep, or goats, which are the main reservoirs. In developing countries, information on endemicity is generally scarce and limited to seroprevalence studies in exposed populations or case reports. This presumably reflects misdiagnosis, rather than lower incidence. The diagnosis of acute Q fever mostly relies on the elevation of anti-C. burnetii antibodies by 15 to 21 days after the onset of the symptoms, detected by Immunofluorescence Assay, which is the gold standard for C. burnetii detection. However, these diagnostic techniques are often not available in tropical areas and, apparently, in numerous Latin American settings. Indeed, an exhaustive review of the literature in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese showed that publications on Q fever in Latin America are scarce despite the worldwide presence of the disease (Table 1). Seven countries have never reported any cases of Q fever according to the available literature (Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Paraguay, Suriname); three haven't reported any since 1990, but some older studies do exist (Bolivia, Pan-ama, Venezuela); seven countries reported one or two publications since 1990 (Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Peru, Trinidad, Uruguay); and Colombia, Mexico, and Brazil published several publications, including mostly case reports of chronic Q fever, one case of acute Q fever, several seroprevalence studies in exposed populations, and some studies based on an acute febrile or acute respiratory syndrome approach. Recently, Q fever was confirmed in patients and animals in parts of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Thus, there are no publications on Q fever in the Amazon region except in French Guiana and Ecuador.
Published: 2016

19. Clinical epidemiology and resistance mechanisms of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, French Guiana, 2008-2014

Author: Magalie Demar, Pierre Couppié, Hatem Kallel, Mathieu Nacher, Christine Simonnet, Didier Hommel, Félix Djossou, Aba Mahamat, Xavier Bertrand, B. Moreau, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Besançon] ( CHRU Besançon ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institut de l’Élevage, Centre Hospitalier Andrée-Rosemond, Epidemiologie des Parasitoses Tropicales ( EPaT Team ), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane ( UAG ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Département de Biologie, Unité de Biochimie des Lipides et des Protéines, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale ( EPat ), Université de Guyane ( UG ) -Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-Université des Antilles ( UA ), Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [Cayenne, Guyanne Française], Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane ( CIC - Antilles Guyane ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de la Martinique-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine ( COREVIH Guyane ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), Faculté des Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles de Tunis (FST), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM)-Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], and Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH Guyane)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Acinetobacter baumannii, Imipenem, MESH : Retrospective Studies, Epidemiology, MESH : Multilocus Sequence Typing, MESH: beta-Lactamases, MESH : Carbapenems, Disease Outbreaks, MESH: Carbapenems, Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests, [ SDV.MP ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, polycyclic compounds, MESH : Bacterial Proteins, Pharmacology (medical), MESH : Female, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, MESH: Bacterial Proteins, Cross Infection, Molecular Epidemiology, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, MESH : beta-Lactamases, General Medicine, Middle Aged, MESH : Adult, MESH: Hospitals, Hospitals, 3. Good health, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, French Guiana, MESH : Hospitals, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Multilocus Sequence Typing, MESH: Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Amikacin, MESH: Young Adult, MESH: Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests, Female, MESH: Acinetobacter Infections, MESH : Cross Infection, medicine.drug, Acinetobacter Infections, Microbiology (medical), Adult, MESH : French Guiana, MESH : Male, 030106 microbiology, MESH : Molecular Epidemiology, MESH : Young Adult, Tazobactam, beta-Lactam Resistance, beta-Lactamases, Microbiology, Carbapenem-resistant, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Bacterial Proteins, MESH : beta-Lactam Resistance, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Humans, MESH: Molecular Epidemiology, MESH : Acinetobacter Infections, Intensive care unit, MESH : Middle Aged, MESH : Disease Outbreaks, MESH : Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests, MESH : Acinetobacter baumannii, Retrospective Studies, MESH : Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, MESH: Humans, Molecular epidemiology, business.industry, MESH: Acinetobacter baumannii, MESH : Humans, Outbreak, MESH: Cross Infection, MESH: Retrospective Studies, MESH: Adult, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, bacterial infections and mycoses, MESH: Male, MESH: beta-Lactam Resistance, Carbapenems, Colistin, Nosocomial, business, MESH: Female, Piperacillin, Multilocus Sequence Typing
Abstract: International audience; This study investigated the clinical epidemiology and resistance mechanisms of Acinetobacter baumannii and characterised the clonal diversity of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) during an ICU-associated outbreak at Cayenne Hospital, French Guiana. All non-duplicate A. baumannii isolates from 2008 to 2014 were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion. Multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and characterisation of carbapenemase-encoding genes were performed on CRAB. Of the 441 A. baumannii isolates, most were from males (54.0%) and were detected mainly from the ICU (30.8%) and medicine wards (21.8%). In the ICU, strains were mainly isolated from the respiratory tract (44.1%) and bloodstream (14.0%), whereas in medicine wards they mainly were from wound/drainage (36.5%) and bloodstream (25.0%). A. baumannii showed the greatest susceptibility to piperacillin/tazobactam (92.7%), imipenem (92.5%), colistin (95.6%) and amikacin (97.2%), being lower in the ICU and medicine wards compared with other wards. An outbreak of OXA-23-producing CRAB occurred in the 13-bed ICU in 2010. CRAB strains were more co-resistant to other antimicrobials compared with non-CRAB. Molecular genetics analysis revealed five sequence types [ST78, ST107 and ST642 and two new STs (ST830 and ST831)]. Analysis of PFGE profiles indicated cross-transmissions of CRAB within the ICU, between the ICU and one medicine ward during transfer of patients, and within that medicine ward. This study provides the first clinical and molecular data of A. baumannii from French Guiana and the Amazon basin. The ICU was the highest risk unit of this nosocomial outbreak of OXA-23-producing CRAB, which could subsequently disseminate within the hospital.
Published: 2016

20. Prevalence and Distribution of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 in Leishmania Parasites from French Guiana

Author: Ghislaine Prévot, Eliane Bourreau, Marine Ginouves, Stéphane Simon, Pierre Couppié, Catherine Ronet, Mathieu Nacher, Magalie Demar, Vincent Lacoste, Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG), Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Antilles (UA)-Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], This work was supported by the University of the French West Indies and French Guiana and the Ministère Français de l ’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique. It has benefited from an Investissement d’ Avenir grant managed by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, reference no. ANR-10-LABX-25-01), We thank trainees Claudiane Flora and Yasmina Auguste for their participation in this research work., ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-Université des Antilles (UA), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lacoste, Vincent, and Laboratoires d'excellence - CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia - - CEBA2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0025 - LABX - VALID
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, MESH: Leishmaniasis, MESH: Leishmania, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Leishmania guyanensis, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, MESH: Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Parasite hosting, Humans, RNA Viruses, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Leishmaniasis, Leishmania, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, MESH: Humans, biology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA virus, Articles, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Leishmania braziliensis, 3. Good health, Leishmania Infections, French Guiana, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, MESH: RNA, Viral, RNA, Viral, Parasitology, MESH: RNA Viruses, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: International audience; In South America, the presence of the Leishmania RNA virus type 1 (LRV1) was described in Leishmania guyanensis and Leishmania braziliensis strains. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence distribution of LRV1 in Leishmania isolates in French Guiana given that, in this French overseas department, most Leishmania infections are due to these parasite species. The presence of the virus was observed in 74% of Leishmania spp. isolates, with a highest presence in the internal areas of the country.
Published: 2016

21. The mothHylesia metabusand French Guiana lepidopterism: centenary of a public health concern

Author: Christophe Lagneau, Jean-Michel Vassal, Fabrice Chandre, Romain Girod, Frédéric Jourdain, Vincent Robert, Florence Fouque, Jocelyn Raude, Daniel Guiral, Centre National d'Expertise sur les Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Bioagresseurs, analyse et maîtrise du risque (UPR Bioagresseurs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), EID Méditerranée, EID, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Département des sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors (MIVEGEC-DEEVA), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane Française, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, CIRAD, Campus international de Baillarguet, Université de Montpellier (UM) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), and Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3 - Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1 - Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse (UAPV) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, Dermatitis, Ectoparasitic Infestations, Moths, 01 natural sciences, MESH: Ectoparasitic Infestations, MESH: Insect Control, 0302 clinical medicine, nuisance, MESH: Animals, yellowtail moth dermatitis, dermite, biology, MESH: Moths, Ecology, mangrove swamp, papillonite, LUTTE ANTIINSECTE, French Guiana, 3. Good health, Lepidoptera, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Infectious Diseases, pullulation, S50 - Santé humaine, Female, dermatite, lepidopterism, Nuisance, ECOLOGIE, infestation, medicine.medical_specialty, Hylesia metabus, Veterinary (miscellaneous), 030231 tropical medicine, review, MANGROVE, Insect Control, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Guyane française, SURVEILLANCE, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Animals, Humans, INSECTE NUISIBLE, lcsh:RC109-216, MESH: Dermatitis, PAPILLONITE, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, papillon cendre, mangrove, MESH: Humans, urticaire, Public health, BIOLOGIE, urticariad, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, revue, MESH: Male, 010602 entomology, Lepidopterism, Insect Science, Yellowtail moth, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; The females of the moths Hylesia metabus have their abdomens covered by urticating hairs looking like micro-arrows and causing a puriginous dermatitis to humans known as "papillonite" in French Guiana and also called yellowtail moth dermatitis or Caripito itch. The densities of the moths show great seasonal and annual variations depending on mechanisms mostly unknown. When H. metabus infestations occur, numerous cases of dermatologic manifestations are reported from people living near the mangrove swamps where the moths are developing. One hundred years after the first "papillonite" epidemic reported from French Guiana in 1912, the data presented herein summarize the actual state of knowledge on H. metabus biology and ecology and on the lepidopterism. Some recommendations are proposed for the surveillance and warning systems of H. metabus infestations and to avoid contact with the moths. Research priorities are suggested to improve the control against this problem emerging between nuisance and public health.
Published: 2012

22. Deltamethrin Resistance Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti Populations from Three French Overseas Territories Worldwide

Author: Isabelle Dusfour, Clare Strode, Carlos Robello, Pilar Zorrilla, Romain Girod, Jean Issaly, Laurent Guillaumot, Amandine Guidez, Unité d'entomologie médicale, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc [Cayenne, Guyane française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Molecular Biology / Biología Molecular [Montevideo], Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Facultad de Medicina [Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay], Universidad de la República [Montevideo] (UCUR), Entomologie médicale [Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie] (URE-EM), Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Edge Hill University, This work was funded by the Institut Pasteur funds through the ACIP-A-03-2010. This work has benefited from an 'Investissement d’Avenir' grant managed by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref. ANR-10-LABX-25-01). This study received a European commission 'REGPOT- CT-2011-285837-STRonGer'Grant within the FP7., ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), European Project: 285837,EC:FP7:REGPOT,FP7-REGPOT-2011-1,STRONGER(2011), and Universidad de la República [Montevideo] (UDELAR)
Subjects: Insecticides, Microarray, Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels, Insecticide Resistance, chemistry.chemical_compound, MESH: Mutant Proteins, 0302 clinical medicine, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Aedes, Pyrethrins, MESH: Animals, Guadeloupe, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, biology, Ecology, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, MESH: Aedes, MESH: Nitriles, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Female, DNA microarray, Research Article, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Aedes aegypti, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Gene Expression Profiling, MESH: Pyrethrins, New Caledonia, Nitriles, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, Animals, MESH: Guadeloupe, MESH: Insecticide Resistance, MESH: Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, Microarray analysis techniques, Gene Expression Profiling, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Cytochrome P450, lcsh:RA1-1270, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, biology.organism_classification, Microarray Analysis, MESH: New Caledonia, MESH: Insecticides, Gene expression profiling, MESH: Microarray Analysis, Deltamethrin, chemistry, biology.protein, Mutant Proteins, MESH: Female
Abstract: Background Aedes aegypti is a cosmopolite mosquito, vector of arboviruses. The worldwide studies of its insecticide resistance have demonstrated a strong loss of susceptibility to pyrethroids, the major class of insecticide used for vector control. French overseas territories such as French Guiana (South America), Guadeloupe islands (Lesser Antilles) as well as New Caledonia (Pacific Ocean), have encountered such resistance. Methodology/Principal Findings We initiated a research program on the pyrethroid resistance in French Guiana, Guadeloupe and New Caledonia. Aedes aegypti populations were tested for their deltamethrin resistance level then screened by an improved microarray developed to specifically study metabolic resistance mechanisms. Cytochrome P450 genes were implicated in conferring resistance. CYP6BB2, CYP6M11, CYP6N12, CYP9J9, CYP9J10 and CCE3 genes were upregulated in the resistant populations and were common to other populations at a regional scale. The implication of these genes in resistance phenomenon is therefore strongly suggested. Other genes from detoxification pathways were also differentially regulated. Screening for target site mutations on the voltage-gated sodium channel gene demonstrated the presence of I1016 and C1534. Conclusion /significance This study highlighted the presence of a common set of differentially up-regulated detoxifying genes, mainly cytochrome P450 genes in all three populations. GUA and GUY populations shared a higher number of those genes compared to CAL. Two kdr mutations well known to be associated to pyrethroid resistance were also detected in those two populations but not in CAL. Different selective pressures and genetic backgrounds can explain such differences. These results are also compared with those obtained from other parts of the world and are discussed in the context of integrative research on vector competence., Author Summary Aedes aegypti is vector of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika viruses, all causing emerging or re-emerging diseases worldwide. Fighting these diseases relies on the control of the vector. Therefore, insecticides have been extensively used worldwide, resulting in the development of insecticide resistance. In the French overseas territories, resistance to pyrethroids has been monitored for many years with high levels in the South American French territories. We then investigated the mechanisms underlying this resistance in populations from French Guiana, Guadeloupe and New Caledonia. Transcription levels of detoxification genes were measured and alongside screening for target site mutations. Upregulation of cytochrome P450 genes and carboxylesterases were observed in all three populations. Mutations related to pyrethroid resistance in position 1016 and 1534 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene were also observed. French Guiana and Guadeloupe populations presented a closer profile of resistance mechanisms whereas the New Caledonia population had a more restricted profile. Such differences can be explained by different vector control practices, regional insecticide uses and genetic backgrounds. These results are also compared with others obtained from other parts of the world and are discussed with the perspective of integrative research on vector competence.
Published: 2015

23. Multiple insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations compromises the effectiveness of dengue vector control in French Guiana

Author: Romain Girod, Isabelle Dusfour, Romuald Carinci, Jean Issaly, Véronique Thalmensy, Pascal Gaborit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Financial support: French ministry of health (department of health and social development, Division of health and environment), and Acknowledgments To the vector control service team of Cayenne, French Guiana, for performing the spatial sprays, particularly to Dr Patrick Rabarison, Mr Léon Lescot, Mr Herman Pagamin and Mr Jean-Paul Alexander.
Subjects: Insecticides, Mosquito Control, lcsh:QR1-502, MESH: Dengue/prevention & control, lcsh:Microbiology, Fenitrothion, Dengue fever, Dengue, Insecticide Resistance, Toxicology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Aedes aegypti, MESH: Organophosphates, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, Pyrethrins, MESH: Animals, 0303 health sciences, biology, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, insecticide resistance, MESH: Insecticide Resistance, Organophosphates, French Guiana, 3. Good health, Mosquito control, MESH: Insecticides, Female, Microbiology (medical), lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, MESH: Pyrethrins, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, vector control, Lethal Dose 50, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: French Guiana, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, 030304 developmental biology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, MESH: Lethal Dose 50, Deltamethrin, MESH: Mosquito Control, chemistry, Insecticide resistance, MESH: Aedes*/enzymology, MESH: Female, Ultra-low volume
Abstract: International audience; In French Guiana, pyrethroids and organophosphates have been used for many years against Aedes aegypti. We aimed to establish both the resistance level of Ae. aegypti and the ultra low volume spray efficacy to provide mosquito control services with practical information to implement vector control and resistance management. Resistance to deltamethrin and fenitrothion was observed. In addition, the profound loss of efficacy of AquaK'othrine® and the moderate loss of efficacy of Paluthion® 500 were recorded. Fenitrothion remained the most effective candidate for spatial application in French Guiana until its removal in December 2010. Further investigation of the mechanism of resistance to deltamethrin demonstrated the involvement of mixed-function oxidases and, to a lesser extent, of carboxylesterases. However, these observations alone cannot explain the level of insecticide resistance we observed during tube and cage tests.
Published: 2011

24. Observational study on immune response to yellow fever and measles vaccines in 9 to 15-month old children. Is it necessary to wait 4 weeks between two live attenuated vaccines?

Author: Laurence Baril, S. Rogier, Amadou A. Sall, R. Michel, Fatoumata Diene Sarr, J. Ravelonarivo, Mathieu Nacher, David Moua, Franck Berger, Moussa Dia, Ousmane M. Diop, Philippe Dussart, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées [Marseille] (CESPA), Service de Santé des Armées, École du Val de Grâce (EVDG), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines [Wavre], This work was supported by Institut Pasteur [ACIP A-07 2008, Chronovac]., and We thank the PIRC (Pôle Intégré de Recherche Clinique) at Institut Pasteur for its help in the biomedical regulatory aspects of the project, and Sylvie Baillargeaux, Cathy Venturin Cécile Gineste and Dominique Guillot from Centre de Protection Maternelle et Infantile – Conseil Général de la Guyane, Fatou Bintou Badji and Marie Louise Ndione from the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal.
Subjects: Male, Pediatrics, Time Factors, MESH: Measles Vaccine, Serology, MESH: Antibodies, Neutralizing, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Immunization Schedule, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Smallpox vaccine, MESH: Yellow Fever, Active immune response, Attenuated vaccine, Yellow fever, Vaccination, Yellow Fever Vaccine, MESH: Infant, Senegal, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Infectious Diseases, Immunity, Active, Live attenuated vaccine, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Measles, Molecular Medicine, Female, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Measles Vaccine, Vaccines, Attenuated, Measles, 03 medical and health sciences, Immunity, MESH: Senegal, MESH: Vaccines, Attenuated, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Humans, Immunization Schedule, MESH: Humans, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, MESH: Time Factors, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, MESH: Vaccination, medicine.disease, Antibodies, Neutralizing, MESH: Prospective Studies, MESH: Male, MESH: Yellow Fever Vaccine, Immunization, Immunology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female, MESH: Immunity, Active
Abstract: International audience; Background: The use of 2 live attenuated vaccines (LAV) is recommended to be simultaneous or after an interval of at least four weeks between injections. The primary objective of this study was to compare the humoral response to yellow fever (YF) and measles vaccines among children vaccinated against these two diseases, either simultaneously or separated by an interval of 7-28 days. Subjects and methods: A prospective, multicenter observational study was conducted among children aged 9-15 months. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of positive yellow fever antibodies after YF vaccine by estimating the titers of neutralizing antibodies from venous blood samples. Children vaccinated against YF 7-28 days after receiving the vaccine against measles (test group) were compared with children vaccinated the same day against these two diseases (referent group). Results: Analysis was performed on 284 children. Of them, fifty-four belonged to the test group. Measles serology was positive in 91.7% of children. Neutralizing antibodies against YF were detected in 90.7% of the test group and 92.9 of the referent group (p =0.6). In addition, quantitative analysis of the immune response did not show a lower response to YF vaccination when it took place 1-28 days after measles vaccination. Discussion: In 1965, Petralli showed a lower response to the smallpox vaccine when injected 4-20 days after measles vaccination. Since then, recommendations are to observe an interval of four weeks between LAV not injected on the same day. Other published studies failed to show a significant difference in the immune response to a LAV injected 1-28 days after another LAV. These results suggest that the usual recommendations for immunization with two LAV may not be correct. Conclusion: In low income countries, the current policy should be re-evaluated. This re-evaluation should also be applied to travelers to yellow fever endemic countries.
Published: 2015

25. Recent Epidemiological Trends of Dengue in the French Territories of the Americas (2000–2012): A Systematic Literature Review

Author: Claude Flamand, Anne-Frieda Taurel, Philippe Quénel, Maïna L’Azou, Sanofi Pasteur [Lyon, France], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and Sanofi Pasteur sponsored this survey and analysis. The authors (including members of Sanofi Pasteur) were responsible for the conception of the literature analysis, development of the protocol, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, provision of critical comments, writing the paper and approving the final version to be published.
Subjects: lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, MESH: West Indies, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Dengue, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, MESH: Dengue Virus, Dengue fever, MESH: Sex Ratio, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, MESH: Severity of Illness Index, MESH: French Guiana, Medicine, Seroprevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH: Incidence, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, MESH: Age Distribution, Dengue vaccine, MESH: Epidemics, Disease surveillance, MESH: Humans, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, MESH: Sex Distribution, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outbreak, lcsh:RA1-1270, MESH: Serogroup, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, 2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Martinique
Abstract: International audience; Dengue is a public health concern across the globe, and an escalating problem in the Americas. As part of a wider programme (covering Latin America and South East Asia) to characterize the epidemiology of dengue in dengue endemic areas, we undertook a systematic literature review to assess epidemiological trends (incidence, timing and duration of outbreaks/epidemics, age and sex distribution, serotype distribution, seroprevalence and disease severity) for dengue across the French Territories of the Americas (FTA), in French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy between 2000 and 2012 (CRD42012002341: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42012002341). Of 413 relevant data sources identified, 45 were eligible for inclusion. A large proportion of the available data were from national surveillance reports, and 12 publications were from peer-reviewed journals. During the review period, 3-5 epidemics were identified in each of the island territories and French Guiana, and epidemics were often associated with a shift in the predominant circulating dengue virus serotype. Substantial gaps in epidemiological knowledge were identified. In particular, information regarding dengue virus genotype distribution, seroprevalence and age distribution of dengue were lacking. Additionally, much of the available data were from epidemic years; data from inter-epidemic periods were sparse. Nevertheless, the available epidemiological data showed that dengue is endemic across the FTA and suggest an evolution towards hyperendemicity, highlighting the need to continue the efforts with the existing surveillance programmes to assist in planning an effective vaccination programme once a dengue vaccine is deployed.
Published: 2014

26. Prevalence and predictive factors of stigmatizing attitudes towards people living with HIV in the remote villages on the Maroni River in French Guiana

Author: Marie-Claire Parriault, Anne Jolivet, Marie-Thérèse Goerger-Sow, Sandrine Halfen, Astrid Van Melle, Johanna Caudal, Perrine Pigeon, Mathieu Nacher, Célia Basurko, Claude Flamand, Nathalie Lydié, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG), Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais Franck Joly [Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane Française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut National de Prévention et d'Education pour la Santé (INPES), Observatoire régional de santé Île-de-France [Paris, France] (ORSIDF), CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe], Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], The present study was supported by the European INTERREG Caribbean IV Fund, by Hospital of Cayenne and by University Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre., and Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]
Subjects: Male, knowledge, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health (social science), Social stigma, Cross-sectional study, MESH: Poverty, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Behavior, Social Stigma, Psychological intervention, HIV Infections, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Suriname, MESH: Risk Factors, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, MESH: Social Discrimination, HIV Seropositivity, Prevalence, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, [MATH]Mathematics [math], 10. No inequality, MESH: Aged, education.field_of_study, behaviour pratices, attitudes, MESH: Middle Aged, Suriname, MESH: HIV Infections, Social Discrimination, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, French Guiana, [STAT]Statistics [stat], the Maroni River, Female, 0305 other medical science, MESH: Social Stigma, Social psychology, Adult, Social Psychology, Adolescent, MESH: Health Behavior, Population, Developing country, Stigma (botany), Social issues, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, MESH: HIV Seropositivity, MESH: French Guiana, Humans, MESH: Surveys and Questionnaires, education, Poverty, MESH: Prevalence, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, 030505 public health, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, HIV, MESH: Adult, MESH: Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, stigma and discrimination, business, MESH: Female, Demography
Abstract: International audience; The Maroni basin, an isolated region which lies between Suriname and French Guiana, has been affected by the HIV epidemic 10 years after coastal French Guiana. However, the rise in HIV prevalence was sharp with a prevalence exceeding 1% within 10 years. Stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV (PLWHIV) or "suspected to have HIV" is rampant as reported by health professionals or non-governmental organisations. The objective of this article is to present the first quantitative data from the general population of this region on stigma towards people living with HIV. Data were collected in 2012 by a structured questionnaire among a random sample of 896 individuals residing in remote villages on the Maroni River. Proportion comparisons between the Maroni sample and the sample from the general population on the coastline in 2011 were conducted. Simple and multivariate logistic regression models were used to predict stigmatising attitudes. For all situations involving PLWHIV, the proportion of negative attitudes was significantly higher on the Maroni than in coastal French Guiana (p < 0.001). Findings indicate that the different levels of knowledge, erroneous beliefs and poor situation (not having electricity in one's home; not having French health insurance) were associated with stigmatising attitudes. The present data could help both sides coordinate interventions both at the individual level by improving knowledge and at the community level to change norms in order to reduce stigma and discrimination aiming for increased impact.
Published: 2014

27. Update on human rabies in a dog- and fox-rabies-free country

Author: Jean-Paul Stahl, B Fremont, J. Maslin, Philippe Gautret, F. Souala, Florence Ribadeau-Dumas, Hervé Bourhy, C. Strady, G. Le Moal, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU), Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [CHU Hôpital Nord - Marseille] (M.I.T), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital Nord [CHU - APHM], Centre National de Référence de la Rage-Dynamique des Lyssavirus et adaptation à l'hôte (CNR), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Médecine Interne, Infectiologie et Pathologie des voyages, Polyclinique Saint André, Hôpital de la Milétrie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Service des maladies infectieuses et réanimation médicale [Rennes], Hôpital Pontchaillou-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Laboratoire espace santé du Golfe de Saint-Tropez (SLB JsBio), Centre Hospitalier de Verdun, Service des maladies infectieuses et réanimation médicale [Rennes] = Infectious Disease and Intensive Care [Rennes], CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: MESH: Lyssavirus, medicine.medical_treatment, Administration, Oral, Foxes, MESH: Global Health, Antibodies, Viral, Global Health, MESH: World Health Organization, MESH: Dogs, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Practice Guidelines as Topic, Chiroptera, Zoonoses, Medicine, MESH: Pets, MESH: Animals, Bites and Stings, Anti-rabies immunoglobulins, MESH: Travel, 0303 health sciences, Travel, MESH: Risk, Vaccination, MESH: Rabies Vaccines, MESH: Chiroptera, Pets, 3. Good health, French Guiana, MESH: Rabies virus, MESH: Bites and Stings, Infectious Diseases, Practice Guidelines as Topic, MESH: Administration, Oral, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Immunization, Passive, France, MESH: Zoonoses, Risk, Rabies, 030231 tropical medicine, Animals, Wild, World Health Organization, Rage (emotion), Post-exposure prophylaxis, Rage, 03 medical and health sciences, Dogs, MESH: Rabies, Rhabdoviridae Infections, MESH: French Guiana, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, Wild, Disease Reservoirs, MESH: Malpractice, MESH: Disease Reservoirs, MESH: Humans, MESH: Foxes, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, fungi, Malpractice, Immunization, Passive, Immunoglobulines antirabiques, MESH: Rhabdoviridae Infections, MESH: Vaccination, medicine.disease, Virology, MESH: France, Rabies Vaccines, Rabies virus, Lyssavirus, business, Prophylaxie post exposition, MESH: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, MESH: Antibodies, Viral
Abstract: International audience; Rabies is responsible for 50,000 deaths per year worldwide. Mainland France has been officially freed from rabies in non-flying animals since 2001.; We wanted to provide an update on the French situation, using published data, and describe possible options since official guidelines are lacking.; Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (early and careful cleaning and dressing of the wound, vaccination, and in case of high-risk exposure, injection of specific anti-rabies immunoglobulins) is known to be efficient except in rare cases. It is recommended after grade II contact (+specific immunoglobulins in immunodepressed patients), or grade III contact (vaccination+immunoglobulins).; Mainland France being rabies-free, 3 options may be considered in case of bite by a dog or a cat that cannot be monitored in France: (a) consider the risk of rabies as null, so no PEP should be administrated, whatever the severity of bites; (b) consider there is a weak but lethal risk, so the international recommendations should be applied, using immunoglobulins in some cases; (c) consider that the risk is extremely low but cannot be excluded, and that the patient should be vaccinated to be protected, but without adding immunoglobulins (whether in case of grade II or III bites).; There are no national guidelines for rabies in France, and so the physician managing the patient is the one who will decide to treat or not.
Published: 2014

28. Suburban Transmission of Q Fever in French Guiana: Evidence of a Wild Reservoir

Author: Yves Couratte, Jacques Gardon, Alain Hulin, Jacques Favre, Didier Hommel, Sacha Weber, Philippe Capot, Stéphane Laventure, Aélis Ladam, Antoine Talarmin, Jean-Michel Heraud, Eric Fouquet, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Service de Santé ́des Armée, Direction des Services Vétérinaires [Gyuane], Direction départementale de la protection des populations [Guyane], Service Vétérinaire Départemental, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service de réanimation, and Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]
Subjects: Male, Veterinary medicine, Disease reservoir, Urban Population, MESH: Geography, Air Microbiology, MESH: Anura, MESH: Rodentia, MESH: Dust, MESH: Occupational Exposure, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, CORRELATION TEMPORELLE, MESH: Air Microbiology, law, Environmental protection, Chiroptera, MESH: Child, Immunology and Allergy, MESH: Animals, Child, Soil Microbiology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Geography, biology, Incidence (epidemiology), MESH: Chiroptera, Dust, MESH: Infant, MESH: Case-Control Studies, French Guiana, Community-Acquired Infections, MESH: Urban Population, Infectious Diseases, Transmission (mechanics), MESH: Community-Acquired Infections, Coxiella burnetii, Child, Preschool, MESH: Birds, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, Seasons, Anura, MESH: Cats, Q Fever, Adult, MESH: Q Fever, Adolescent, TRANSMISSION, Guinea Pigs, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Animals, Wild, Rodentia, Q fever, MESH: Marsupialia, MESH: Guinea Pigs, Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, Occupational Exposure, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, Wild, DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE, education, Disease Reservoirs, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Disease Reservoirs, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Child, Preschool, Suburban Population, Infant, MESH: Adult, FIEVRE Q, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, MESH: Coxiella burnetii, Marsupialia, Rickettsiosis, MESH: Soil Microbiology, PATHOLOGIE ANIMALE, Case-Control Studies, Cats, RESERVOIR, MESH: Suburban Population, ZONE PERIURBAINE, MESH: Female, MESH: Seasons
Abstract: The annual incidence of Q fever in French Guiana was found to have increased in 1996 and was 37/100,000 population over the last 4 years. Subsequent investigations in Cayenne and its suburbs indicated that a wild reservoir of the bacteria was responsible for the epidemiologic pattern. A case-control study showed that residence near a forest and occupations and activities that result in exposure to aerosols of dusts from the soil are risk factors for Q fever. By means of time-series analysis, a strong positive correlation between rainfall and the incidence of Q fever with a time lag of 1-3 months was found. The spatial distribution of the cases showed that transmission occurs widely throughout greater Cayenne, which is incompatible with a pinpoint source of contamination. Transmission from livestock and dissemination of the bacteria by the wind appeared to be unlikely, which strengthens the hypothesis that a wild reservoir is responsible for transmission.
Published: 2001

29. Primary Prophylaxis of Disseminated Histoplasmosis in HIV Patients in French Guiana: Arguments for Cost Effectiveness

Author: Vincent Vantilcke, Célia Basurko, Antoine Adenis, Mathieu Nacher, Christine Aznar, Pierre Couppié, Bernard Carme, Denis Blanchet, ADENIS, ANTOINE, Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH Guyane), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Epidémiologie des parasitoses et mycoses tropicales, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Antilles (UA)-Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], and Service de Dermatologie et Vénérologie
Subjects: Male, Pediatrics, Antifungal Agents, Cost effectiveness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, HIV Infections, MESH: Hospitalization, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Immunocompromised Host, MESH: Histoplasmosis, MESH: Incidence, MESH: Cohort Studies, Histoplasmosis, health care economics and organizations, 0303 health sciences, biology, MESH: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Incidence, MESH: HIV Infections, Articles, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Hospitalization, Infectious Diseases, Cohort, Female, Itraconazole, medicine.drug, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, Immunocompromised Host, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Disseminated histoplasmosis, Virology, MESH: French Guiana, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, MESH: Humans, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Euros, MESH: Antifungal Agents, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Male, Surgery, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Hiv patients, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Parasitology, business, MESH: Itraconazole, MESH: Female, MESH: Cost-Benefit Analysis
Abstract: International audience; Histoplasmosis is the first cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related deaths in French Guiana. Cohort data were used to determine whether primary prophylaxis with 100 mg itraconazole for patients with CD4 counts < 150/mm(3) was cost-effective with different scenarios. For a scenario where 12% of patients died, 60% were aware of their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and adherence was only 50%, primary prophylaxis would prevent 1 death and 9 cases of histoplasmosis for a cost of 36,792 Euros per averted death, 1,533 per life-year saved, 4,415 Euros per averted case, when only counting the costs of itraconazole prophylaxis. Taking into account the total costs of hospitalization showed that primary prophylaxis would allow a savings of 185,178 Euros per year. Even in a scenario of low adherence, primary prophylaxis would be cost-effective in French Guiana, and presumably in the rest of the Guianas and the Amazon.
Published: 2013

30. Candida albicans is not always the preferential yeast colonizing humans: a study in Wayampi Amerindians

Author: Mouna Ben Soltana, Laure Diancourt, Antoine Andremont, Paul-Louis Woerther, Sophie Abélanet, Félix Djossou, Emmanuelle Permal, Cécile Angebault, Christiane Bouchier, Christophe d'Enfert, François Catzeflis, Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux, CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Laboratoire de bactériologie, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [Cayenne, Guyanne Française], Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Génotypage des Pathogènes et Santé Publique (Plate-forme) (PF8), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Génomique (Plate-Forme), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The ERAES project was supported in part by the Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Environnement et du Travail(contracts ES-05-01 and EST-09-21), the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (contract 05-9-114), the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, contracts C06-18 and C10-19), the Centre National de Référence' Résistance bactérienne dans les flores commensales, 'the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (grants FDM20090615761 andFDM20100619023 to C. A.), and the French government ’ s Investissement d'Avenir program, Laboratoire d’Excellence'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), ANR: the Agence Nationale pour la Recher- che (contract 05-9-114),the Agence Nationale pour la Recher- che (contract 05-9-114),05-9-114 the Agence Nationale pour la Recher- che (contract 05-9-114), ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID,IBEID,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases'(2010), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris] - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) - Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier (UM) - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR : the Agence Nationale pour la Recher- che (contract 05-9-114), the Agence Nationale pour la Recher- che (contract 05-9-114), 05-9-114 the Agence Nationale pour la Recher- che (contract 05-9-114), ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, IBEID, Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases'(2010), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Génomique (Plate-Forme) - Genomics Platform, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 05-9-114 the Agence Nationale pour la Recher- che (contract 05-9-114) the Agence Nationale pour la Recher- che (contract 05-9-114), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques (BPF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)
Subjects: Male, MESH : Prevalence, MESH : Multilocus Sequence Typing, MESH : Aged, MESH : Candidiasis, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, Prevalence, Immunology and Allergy, Colonization, MESH : Female, MESH: Animals, Candida albicans, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, MESH: Evolution, Molecular, [SDV.MP.MYC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Mycology, Aged, 80 and over, 2. Zero hunger, MESH : Intestines, MESH: Aged, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, MESH: Yeasts, Candidiasis, intestinal colonization, Middle Aged, MESH : Adult, Corpus albicans, MESH: Candidiasis, French Guiana, Intestines, Infectious Diseases, MESH : Carrier State, MESH: Multilocus Sequence Typing, whole-genome sequencing, MESH: Young Adult, Carrier State, MESH: Genome, Fungal, Female, Genome, Fungal, MESH: Carrier State, MLST, MESH: Intestines, Adult, MESH : French Guiana, Adolescent, Human intestine, MESH : Candida albicans, MESH : Male, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, MESH : Young Adult, yeasts, Microbiology, Evolution, Molecular, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Mycoses, Candida krusei, MESH : Adolescent, MESH: French Guiana, Animals, Humans, MESH : Middle Aged, MESH : Evolution, Molecular, MESH : Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Prevalence, Aged, 030304 developmental biology, MESH : Mycoses, MESH: Adolescent, MESH : Yeasts, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, amerindians, MESH : Genome, Fungal, MESH: Candida albicans, MESH : Humans, MESH : Phylogeny, MESH: Adult, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.MYC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Mycology, Yeast, MESH: Male, Carriage, Mycoses, candida albicans, MESH : Animals, MESH: Female, Multilocus Sequence Typing
Abstract: Chantier qualité GA; International audience; In industrialized countries Candida albicans is considered the predominant commensal yeast of the human intestine, with approximately 40% prevalence in healthy adults. We discovered a highly original colonization pattern that challenges this current perception by studying in a 4- year interval a cohort of 151 Amerindians living in a remote community (French Guiana), and animals from their environment. The prevalence of C. albicans was persistently low (3% and 7% of yeast carriers). By contrast, Candida krusei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were detected in over 30% of carriers. We showed that C. krusei and S. cerevisiae carriage was of food or environmental origin, whereas C. albicans carriage was associated with specific risk factors (being female and living in a crowded household). We also showed using whole-genome sequence comparison that C. albicans strains can persist in the intestinal tract of a healthy individual over a 4-year period.
Published: 2013

31. Severe Acquired Toxoplasmosis Caused by Wild Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, French Guiana

Author: Marie-Laure Dardé, Daniel Ajzenberg, Magalie Demar, Bernard Carme, Grelier, Elisabeth, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Antilles (UA)-Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Unité de Maladies infectieuses et tropicales-Hygiène hospitalière (EA 3593), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), and CHU Limoges
Subjects: Felidae, Acquired Toxoplasmosis, lcsh:Medicine, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Disease Outbreaks, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidemiology, Multilocus genotype, MESH: Animals, MESH: Communicable Diseases, Emerging, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, Mammals, severe toxoplasmosis, 0303 health sciences, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, Dispatch, French Guiana, 3. Good health, atypical strains, Infectious Diseases, Acute Disease, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, MESH: Acute Disease, epidemiology, Host adaptation, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Adult, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Severe disease, Toxoplasma gondii, Animals, Wild, macromolecular substances, MESH: Mammals, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Amazonia, MESH: French Guiana, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, Wild, lcsh:RC109-216, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, lcsh:R, MESH: Adult, wild cycle French Guiana, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Immunology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Felidae
Abstract: International audience; From 1998 through 2006, 44 cases of severe primary toxoplasmosis were observed in French Guiana in immunocompetent adults. Toxoplasma gondii isolates exhibited an atypical multilocus genotype. Severe disease in humans may result from poor host adaptation to neotropical zoonotic strains of T. gondii circulating in a forest-based cycle.
Published: 2009

32. High performance of histidine-rich protein 2 based rapid diagnostic tests in French Guiana are explained by the absence of pfhrp2 gene deletion in P. falciparum

Author: Lise Musset, Damien Donato, Eric Legrand, Franck Berger, Georges Palazon, Emilie Faway, Denis Blanchet, Mélanie Trouvay, Béatrice Volney, Bernard Carme, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-Université des Antilles (UA), This project was supported by the French Ministry of Health (InVS agency, Paris, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane Française, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Medicale, Equipe Accueil 3593, and Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)
Subjects: 030231 tropical medicine, Plasmodium falciparum, Protozoan Proteins, lcsh:Medicine, Antigens, Protozoan, Biology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Exon, 0302 clinical medicine, law, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Animals, MESH: Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Malaria, Falciparum, lcsh:Science, Genotyping, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, Polymerase chain reaction, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Malaria, Falciparum, Haplotype, lcsh:R, Diagnostic test, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gold standard (test), Gene deletion, medicine.disease, Virology, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Immunology, lcsh:Q, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Malaria, Research Article, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract: Background:Care for malaria patients in endemic areas has been improved through the increasing use of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). Most RDTs target the histidine-rich protein-2 antigen (PfHRP2) to detect P. falciparum, as it is abundant and shows great heat stability. However, their use in South America has been widely questioned following a recent publication that pinpoints the high prevalence of Peruvian field isolates lacking the gene encoding this protein. In the remote rural health centers of French Guiana, RDTs are the main diagnosis tools. Therefore, a study of PfHRP2 RDT performances and pfhrp2 genotyping was conducted to determine whether a replacement of the current pLDH-based kit could be considered.Methods:The performance study compared the SD Malaria Ag test P.f/Pan® kit with the current gold standard diagnosis by microscopy. The prevalence of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions were evaluated from 221 P. falciparum isolates collected between 2009 and 2011 in French Guiana.Results:Between January 2010 and August 2011, 960 suspected cases of malaria were analyzed using microscopy and RDTs. The sensitivity of the SD Malaria Ag test P.f/Pan® for detection of P. falciparum was 96.8% (95% CI: 90.9-99.3), and 86.0% (95% CI: 78.9-91.5) for the detection of P. vivax. No isolates (95% CI: 0-4.5) lacking either exon of the pfhrp2 gene were identified among the 221 P. falciparum isolates analyzed, but 7.4% (95% CI: 2.8-15.4) lacked the exon 2 part of the pfhrp3 gene.Conclusions:Field isolates lacking either exon of the pfhrp2 gene are absent in this western part of South America. Despite its sensibility to detect P. vivax, the SD Malaria Ag test P.f/Pan® kit is a satisfying alternative to microscopy in remote health centers, where it is difficult to provide highly skilled microscopists and to maintain the necessary equipment.
Published: 2013

33. Climate and Leishmaniasis in French Guiana

Author: J. Dufour, Matthieu Hanf, Antoine Adenis, Amaury Roger, Célia Basurko, Dominique Sainte Marie, Pierre Couppié, Stéphane Simon, Denis Blanchet, Bernard Carme, Mathieu Nacher, Anne Sophie Drogoul, Centre d'investigation clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Epidémiologie des parasitoses et mycoses tropicales, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Service de Dermatologie et Vénérologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], and ADENIS, ANTOINE
Subjects: Multivariate statistics, MESH: Leishmaniasis, Multivariate analysis, MESH: Leishmania, Climate, Rain, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: DNA, Protozoan, MESH: Multivariate Analysis, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, MESH: French Guiana, MESH: Humidity, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH: Weather, MESH: Incidence, Leishmaniasis, Weather, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Leishmania, MESH: El Nino-Southern Oscillation, MESH: Humans, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Temperature, Climatic variables, Humidity, Articles, DNA, Protozoan, medicine.disease, MESH: Climate, MESH: Temperature, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Infectious Diseases, Geography, El Niño Southern Oscillation, El Niño, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, 13. Climate action, Multivariate Analysis, Parasitology, MESH: Rain, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Demography
Abstract: International audience; To study the link between climatic variables and the incidence of leishmaniasis a study was conducted in Cayenne, French Guiana. Patients infected between January 1994 and December 2010. Meteorological data were studied in relation to the incidence of leishmaniasis using an ARIMA model. In the final model, the infections were negatively correlated with rainfall (with a 2-month lag) and with the number of days with rainfall > 50 mm (lags of 4 and 7 months). The variables that were positively correlated were temperature and the Multivariate El Niño Southern Oscillation Index with lags of 8 and 4 months, respectively. Significantly greater correlations were observed in March for rainfall and in November for the Multivariate El Niño/Southern Oscillation Index. Climate thus seems to be a non-negligible explanatory variable for the fluctuations of leishmaniasis. A decrease in rainfall is linked to increased cases 2 months later. This easily perceptible point could lead to an interesting prevention message.
Published: 2013

34. Climatic Drivers Of Seasonal Influenza Epidemics In French Guiana, 2006–2010

Author: A. Bouix, Luisiane Carvalho, F. Eltges, M.A. Miller, C. Viboud, Philippe Quénel, Philippe Dussart, Séverine Matheus, Aba Mahamat, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), GP Sentinel Network on Influenza Surveillance [Cayenne, Guyane française], Cellule de l'Institut de Veille Sanitaire en régions Antilles Guyane, Agence Régionale de la Santé [Cayenne, Guyane française] (ARS), This research was conducted in the context of the Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS), an on-going international collaborative effort to understand influenza epidemiological and evolutionary patterns, led by the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health. Funding for this project comes from the Office of Global Affairs' International Influenza Unit in the Office of the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. This work has benefited from an 'Investissement d'Avenir' grant managed by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref. ANR-10-LABX-0025)., and ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Wet season, Rainfall, Veterinary medicine, Climate, Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza epidemics, Biology, ARIMA, Article, Seasonal influenza, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Tropical, MESH: French Guiana, MESH: Humidity, medicine, Times-series, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH: Incidence, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Orthomyxoviridae, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, Incidence (epidemiology), MESH: Influenza, Human, virus diseases, Humidity, Dynamic regression, Influenza transmission, Seasonality, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Climate, Influenza, MESH: Nasopharynx, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Rain, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Seasons
Abstract: International audience; ObjectivesInfluenza seasonality remains poorly studied in Equatorial regions. Here we assessed the seasonal characteristics and environmental drivers of influenza epidemics in French Guiana, where influenza surveillance was established in 2006.MethodsSentinel GPs monitored weekly incidence of Influenza-like illnesses (ILI) from January 2006 through December 2010 and collected nasopharyngeal specimens from patients for virological confirmation. Times series analysis was used to investigate relationship between ILI and climatic parameters (rainfall and specific humidity).ResultsBased on 1533 viruses identified during the study period, we observed marked seasonality in the circulation of influenza virus in the pre-pandemic period, followed by year-round activity in the post-pandemic period, with a peak in the rainy season. ILI incidence showed seasonal autoregressive variation based on ARIMA analysis. Multivariate dynamic regression revealed that a 1 mm increase of rainfall resulted in an increase of 0.33% in ILI incidence one week later, adjusting for specific humidity (SH). Conversely, an increase of 1 g/kg of SH resulted in a decrease of 11% in ILI incidence 3 weeks later, adjusting for rainfall.ConclusionsIncreased rainfall and low levels of specific humidity favour influenza transmission in French Guiana.
Published: 2013

35. Novel polyomaviruses in South American bats and their relationship to other members of the family Polyomaviridae

Author: Roya Sarwari, Anne Lavergne, Benoit de Thoisy, Vincent Lacoste, Marguerite Delaval, Ernst J. Verschoor, Zahra Fagrouch, Biomedical Primate Research Centre [Rijswijk] (BPRC), Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Service développement Sylvétude [Réserve Montabo, Cayenne], ONF - Direction régionale de la Guyane [Cayenne], Office National des Forêts (ONF)-Office National des Forêts (ONF), and European Community Research Infrastructures Program grant RII3-CT-2006-026155 and Fonds Européen de développement régional
Subjects: viruses, MESH: Polyomaviridae/genetics, Merkel cell polyomavirus, MESH: Pongo/virology, Genome, Genus, Chiroptera, MESH: Animals, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Disease Reservoirs/virology, MESH: Gorilla gorilla/virology, Phylogenetic tree, MESH: Polyomavirus/classification, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], virus diseases, 3. Good health, French Guiana, MESH: Polyomaviridae/isolation & purification, South american, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Polyomaviridae/classification, MESH: Genome, Viral, Polyomaviridae, Polyomavirus, Family Polyomaviridae, animal structures, Pan troglodytes, Molecular Sequence Data, Zoology, Genome, Viral, Biology, MESH: Pan troglodytes/virology, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Virology, MESH: French Guiana, MESH: Polyomavirus/isolation & purification, MESH: Polyomavirus/genetics, MESH: Species Specificity, Animals, Humans, Natural reservoir, MESH: Chiroptera/virology, MESH: Disease Reservoirs/veterinary, 030304 developmental biology, Disease Reservoirs, MESH: Molecular Sequence Data, MESH: Humans, Gorilla gorilla, 030306 microbiology, Pongo, MESH: South America, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, South America, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Merkel cell polyomavirus/classification, MESH: Merkel cell polyomavirus/genetics
Abstract: International audience; Bats are the natural reservoir of a variety of viruses, including a polyomavirus from a North American brown bat. We investigated 163 spleen samples from 22 bat species from French Guiana for the presence of polyomaviruses. In total, we detected 25 positive animals belonging to nine different bat species. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the genomes of eight representative polyomaviruses, and showed that the bat polyomaviruses form three distinct lineages within the Orthopolyomavirus genus, and are genetically different from the previously described North American bat virus. Interestingly, two lineages cluster with polyomaviruses found in chimpanzees, orangutans and gorillas. In addition, one group of bat polyomaviruses is genetically related to the human Merkel cell polyomavirus.
Published: 2012

36. Risk of rabies transmission and adverse effects of postexposure prophylaxis in health care workers exposed to a fatal case of human rabies

Author: Hervé Bourhy, Claude Flamand, Didier Hommel, Magalie Demar, Aba Mahamat, Philippe Dussart, Jean-Michel Fontanella, André Spiegel, Félix Djossou, Jean-Baptiste Meynard, Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [Cayenne, Guyanne Française], Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-Université des Antilles (UA), Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie Antilles-Guyane, Cellule interrégionale d'épidémiologie Antilles-Guyane [CIRE], Centre Collaborateur de l'OMS pour la Rage - Dynamique des lyssavirus et adaptation à l'hôte (CC-OMS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre National de Référence de la Rage-Dynamique des Lyssavirus et adaptation à l'hôte (CNR), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, Rabies, Health Personnel, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment, MESH: Occupational Exposure, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Rabies, Occupational Exposure, Health care, Hospital-acquired infection, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Intensive care medicine, Rabies transmission, Adverse effect, Risk management, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, MESH: Rabies Vaccines, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Rabies Vaccines, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Health Personnel, business, Risk assessment, Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, MESH: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
Abstract: Presented in part as an oral communication at the 10th Journées Nationales d’Infectiologie, Marseille, France, June 10-12, 2009.; International audience; On May 27, 2008, a patient died from rabies at the Cayenne Hospital in French Guiana. Postexposure prophylaxis vaccination was implemented for all health care workers exposed to this patient. Examining the management of such a rare risk reveals important factors in the education of personnel who may have contact with a patient with rabies, to permit appropriate risk assessment and reduce unnecessary postexposure prophylaxis, taking into account the risks and costs of adverse events.
Published: 2012

37. Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Hantavirus Variant of Rio Mamoré Virus, Maripa Virus, from French Guiana

Author: Anne Lavergne, Séverine Matheus, Benoit de Thoisy, Philippe Dussart, Vincent Lacoste, Centre National de Référence pour les Arbovirus - Laboratoire de Virologie [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes [Cayenne, Guyane Française], and This work was conducted within the ViRUSES program, supported by Fonds Européen de Développement Régional (FEDER) and assistance from Région Guyane and Direction Régionale pour la Recherche et la Technologie.
Subjects: Orthohantavirus, Genes, Viral, animal diseases, viruses, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Molecular Sequence Data, Genome, Viral, Microbiology, Genome, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, Rio Mamore virus, MESH: French Guiana, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Hantavirus, Genetics, Whole genome sequencing, 0303 health sciences, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, MESH: Genes, Viral, MESH: Molecular Sequence Data, biology, MESH: Hantavirus, virus diseases, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Genome Announcements, French Guiana, Insect Science, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Bunyaviridae, MESH: Genome, Viral, Genus Hantavirus
Abstract: We report the first complete genome sequence of Maripa virus identified in 2009 from a patient with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in French Guiana. Maripa virus corresponds to a new variant of the Rio Mamoré virus species in the Bunyaviridae family, genus Hantavirus .
Published: 2012

38. Investigation of a sudden malaria outbreak in the isolated Amazonian village of Saul, French Guiana, January-April 2009

Author: Jacques Rosine, Claude Flamand, Isabelle Dusfour, Vanessa Ardillon, Félix Djossou, Patrick Rabarison, Franck Berger, Claire Grenier, Marie-Anne Sanquer, Lise Musset, Eric Legrand, Romain Girod, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie Antilles-Guyane, Cellule interrégionale d'épidémiologie Antilles-Guyane [CIRE], Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Agence Régionale de Santé de Guyane, Direction de la Démoustication et des Actions Sanitaires, Conseil Général de la Guyane, Département des Centres de Santé, This study was supported by the Institut de Veille Sanitaire (agreement no. 08-S-IT-P30-02) and the Agence Regionale de Sante de Guyane (agreement 041/DSDS-DSE-2008)., Laboratoire de Parasitologie [Cayenne, Guyane française], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre National de Référence du Paludisme [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Agence Régionale de Santé Guyane (ARS Guyane), and Agence Régionale de la Santé (ARS)
Subjects: Male, Insecticides, Attack rate, Plasmodium vivax, Disease Outbreaks, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, Surveys and Questionnaires, MESH: Child, MESH: Animals, MESH: Incidence, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, Socioeconomics, Child, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Aged, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, Ecology, Transmission (medicine), Incidence, Anopheles, Articles, Middle Aged, MESH: Infant, 3. Good health, French Guiana, MESH: Plasmodium vivax, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Female, Adult, Adolescent, MESH: Population Density, 030231 tropical medicine, Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Malaria, MESH: Insect Vectors, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Virology, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Animals, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Population Density, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Questionnaires, MESH: Child, Preschool, Outbreak, Infant, MESH: Adult, MESH: Retrospective Studies, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, Insect Vectors, Malaria, MESH: Insecticides, Vector (epidemiology), Parasitology, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; Malaria is endemic in French Guiana. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the predominant species responsible and Anopheles darlingi is described as the major vector. In mid-August 2008, an increase in malaria incidence was observed in Saül. A retrospective cohort survey was performed. In vitro susceptibility profiles to antimalarials were determined on P. falciparum isolates. Collections of mosquitoes were organized. The malaria attack rate reached 70.6/100. The risk of malaria increased for people between 40 and 49 years of age, living in a house not subjected to a recent indoor residual insecticide spraying or staying overnight in the surrounding forest. All isolates were susceptible. Anopheles darlingi females and larvae were collected in the village suggesting a local transmission. Our results strongly support a role of illegal mining activities in the emergence of new foci of malaria. Therefore, public health authorities should define policies to fight malaria at a transborder level.
Published: 2012

39. First human rabies case in French Guiana, 2008: epidemiological investigation and control

Author: Françoise Eltges, Hervé Bourhy, Jean-Baptiste Meynard, Claude Flamand, Philippe Dussart, Jean-Michel Fontanella, Franck Berger, Claire Grangier, Laurent Dacheux, J. Renner, Céline Dupuy, Maryvonne Goudal, Aba Mahamat, André Spiegel, Félix Djossou, Nicolas Krieger, Vanessa Ardillon, Frederic Queuche, Didier Hommel, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie Antilles-Guyane, Cellule interrégionale d'épidémiologie Antilles-Guyane [CIRE], Departmental Veterinary Direction [Cayenne], Health Regional Agency [Cayenne], Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Centre National de Référence de la Rage-Dynamique des Lyssavirus et adaptation à l'hôte (CNR), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte (DyLAH), The authors thank the Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France (http://www.invs.sante.fr/) for their financial contribution to the National Reference Centre for Rabies that made this work possible., and Institut Pasteur [Paris]
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_treatment, Saliva/virology, medicine.disease_cause, Health personnel, 0302 clinical medicine, Chiroptera, Epidemiology, MESH: Animals, Skin, 0303 health sciences, medicine.diagnostic_test, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Meningoencephalitis, MESH: Chiroptera, MESH: Rabies Vaccines, French Guiana/epidemiology, French Guiana, 3. Good health, MESH: Rabies virus, Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosage, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Medicine, Female, Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, Rabies, Health Personnel, 030231 tropical medicine, Rabies/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/prevention & control/virology, Rabies virus/*isolation & purification, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Rabies, MESH: Skin, Chiroptera/virology, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Skin/virology, Animals, Humans, MESH: Saliva, Post-exposure prophylaxis, Saliva, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Rabies virus, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, medicine.disease, Virology, MESH: Male, Rabies Vaccines, Skin biopsy, Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods, MESH: Health Personnel, business, MESH: Female, MESH: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
Abstract: Background Until 2008, human rabies had never been reported in French Guiana. On 28 May 2008, the French National Reference Center for Rabies (Institut Pasteur, Paris) confirmed the rabies diagnosis, based on hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction on skin biopsy and saliva specimens from a Guianan, who had never travelled overseas and died in Cayenne after presenting clinically typical meningoencephalitis. Methodology/Principal Findings Molecular typing of the virus identified a Lyssavirus (Rabies virus species), closely related to those circulating in hematophagous bats (mainly Desmodus rotundus) in Latin America. A multidisciplinary Crisis Unit was activated. Its objectives were to implement an epidemiological investigation and a veterinary survey, to provide control measures and establish a communications program. The origin of the contamination was not formally established, but was probably linked to a bat bite based on the virus type isolated. After confirming exposure of 90 persons, they were vaccinated against rabies: 42 from the case's entourage and 48 healthcare workers. To handle that emergence and the local population's increased demand to be vaccinated, a specific communications program was established using several media: television, newspaper, radio. Conclusion/Significance This episode, occurring in the context of a Department far from continental France, strongly affected the local population, healthcare workers and authorities, and the management team faced intense pressure. This observation confirms that the risk of contracting rabies in French Guiana is real, with consequences for population educational program, control measures, medical diagnosis and post-exposure prophylaxis., Author Summary Until 2008, rabies had never been described within the French Guianan human population. Emergence of the first case in May 2008 in this French Overseas Department represented a public health event that markedly affected the local population, healthcare workers and public health authorities. The antirabies clinic of French Guiana, located at Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, had to reorganize its functioning to handle the dramatically increased demand for vaccination. A rigorous epidemiological investigation and a veterinary study were conducted to identify the contamination source, probably linked to a bat bite, and the exposed population. Communication was a key factor to controlling this episode and changing the local perception of this formerly neglected disease. Because similar clinical cases had previously been described, without having been diagnosed, medical practices must be adapted and the rabies virus should be sought more systematically in similarly presenting cases. Sharing this experience could be useful for other countries that might someday have to manage such an emergence.
Published: 2012

40. Human impact on genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii: example of the anthropized environment from French Guiana

Author: D. Blanchet, Sébastien Devillard, Marie-Laure Dardé, Henri Bonnabau, Daniel Ajzenberg, B. de Thoisy, Stéphane Simon, Frédéric Collinet, Magalie Demar, Rachida Boukhari, Bernard Carme, Aurélien Mercier, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Ecologie et évolution des populations, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiologie des parasitoses et mycoses tropicales, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité Fonctionnelle de Recherche Clinique et de Biostatistique (UFRCB), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais (CHOG), CHOG-Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais-CHOG-Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais, Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: MESH: Genotype, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Genotype, Cluster Analysis, MESH: Animals, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Models, Genetic, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Principal Component Analysis, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Animal, biology, MESH: Toxoplasma, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Phylogeography, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MESH: Phylogeography, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Microsatellite, Inbreeding, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Microbiology (medical), MESH: Bayes Theorem, 030231 tropical medicine, Zoology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, MESH: Polymorphism, Genetic, Animals, Humans, Molecular Biology, Genotyping, MESH: Mice, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Principal Component Analysis, Genetic diversity, Polymorphism, Genetic, MESH: Humans, Molecular epidemiology, Models, Genetic, Toxoplasma gondii, Genetic Variation, Bayes Theorem, Anthropization, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Cluster Analysis, MESH: Wilderness, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Wilderness, MESH: Microsatellite Repeats, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: International audience; In French Guiana, severe cases of toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients are associated with atypical strains of Toxoplasma gondii linked to a wild neotropical rainforest cycle and a higher genetic diversity than usually observed for T. gondii isolates from anthropized environment. This raises the question of the impact of anthropization of the natural environment, on genetic diversity and on the population structure of T. gondii. However, few data are available on strains circulating in the anthropized areas from French Guiana. Seropositive animals originating mainly from anthropized sub-urban areas and punctually from wild environment in French Guiana were analyzed for T. gondii isolation and genotyping. Thirty-three strains were obtained by bioassay in mice and compared with 18 previously reported isolates chiefly originating from the Amazon rainforest. The genotyping analysis performed with 15 microsatellite markers located on 12 different chromosomes revealed a lower genetic diversity in the anthropized environment. Results were analyzed in terms of population structure by clustering methods, Neighbor-joining trees reconstruction based on genetic distances, F(ST,) Mantel's tests and linkage disequilibrium. They clearly showed a genetic differentiation between strains associated to the anthropized environment and those associated to the wild, but with some inbreeding between them. The majority of strains from the anthropized environment were clustered into additional lineages of T. gondii that are common in the Caribbean. In conclusion the two environmental populations "wild" and "anthropized" were genetically well differentiated. The anthropization of the environment seems to be accompanied with a decreased diversity of T. gondii associated with a greater structure of the populations. We detected potential interpenetration and genetic exchanges between these two environmental populations. As a higher pathogenicity in human of "wild" genotypes has been described, the interpenetration of both environments leads to hybridization between strains that may be at risk for human health.
Published: 2011

41. Stridulations reveal cryptic speciation in neotropical sympatric ants

Author: Jacques H. C. Delabie, Ronara Souza Ferreira, Chantal Poteaux, Fanny Rybak, Dominique Fresneau, Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée (LEEC), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris 13 (UP13), UPA Laboratorio de Mirmecologia, Convênio UESC/CEPLAC, Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud (CNPS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, MESH: Sequence Analysis, DNA, Time Factors, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Biodiversity, lcsh:Medicine, 01 natural sciences, Behavioral Ecology, MESH: Animals, MESH: Phylogeny, lcsh:Science, Phylogeny, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Phylogenetic tree, [SDV.NEU.PC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Psychology and behavior, Ecology, Animal Behavior, Nucleotides, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Stridulation, French Guiana, Sympatric speciation, Taxonomy (biology), Research Article, Species complex, Mitochondrial DNA, Zoology, MESH: Ants, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, DNA, Mitochondrial, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Phylogenetics, MESH: French Guiana, MESH: Species Specificity, Animals, Evolutionary Systematics, MESH: Mexico, Mexico, 030304 developmental biology, Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Models, Statistical, Ants, MESH: Time Factors, lcsh:R, MESH: DNA, Mitochondrial, Acoustics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, MESH: Nucleotides, MESH: Acoustics, Animal Taxonomy, lcsh:Q, MESH: Models, Statistical
Abstract: International audience; The taxonomic challenge posed by cryptic species underlines the importance of using multiple criteria in species delimitation. In the current paper we tested the use of acoustic analysis as a tool to assess the real diversity in a cryptic species complex of Neotropical ants. In order to understand the potential of acoustics and to improve consistency in the conclusions by comparing different approaches, phylogenetic relationships of all the morphs considered were assessed by the analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b. We observed that each of the cryptic morph studied presents a morphologically distinct stridulatory organ and that all sympatric morphs produce distinctive stridulations. This is the first evidence of such a degree of specialization in the acoustic organ and signals in ants, which suggests that stridulations may be among the cues used by these ants during inter-specific interactions. Mitochondrial DNA variation corroborated the acoustic differences observed, confirming acoustics as a helpful tool to determine cryptic species in this group of ants, and possibly in stridulating ants in general. Congruent morphological, acoustic and genetic results constitute sufficient evidence to propose each morph studied here as a valid new species, suggesting that P. apicalis is a complex of at least 6 to 9 species, even if they present different levels of divergence. Finally, our results highlight that ant stridulations may be much more informative than hitherto thought, as much for ant communication as for integrative taxonomists.
Published: 2010

42. Evaluation of four methods for collecting malaria vectors in French Guiana

Author: Pascal Gaborit, Romuald Carinci, Isabelle Dusfour, Romain Girod, Jean Issaly, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)
Subjects: Mosquito Control, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Malaria, MESH: Insect Vectors, Biology, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Malaria transmission, Abundance (ecology), Anopheles, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, Malaria vector, 030304 developmental biology, Collection methods, MESH: Mosquito Control, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, Ecology, Anopheles darlingi, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Insect Vectors, Malaria, Insect Science, Disease transmission
Abstract: International audience; In French Guiana, malaria transmission is mainly due to Anopheles darlingi Root, but other species also are involved. Investigation and surveillance must be carried out on all the species to unravel malaria transmission patterns. In this study, we aimed to compare the ability of Mosquito Magnet- and CDC-Light Trap-based methods and human landing collection for evaluating abundance of Anopheles species. Human landing collections exhibited the best results, followed by the Mosquito Magnet and the CDC-Light Trap methods. Studies have to be done to further investigate these methods and other traps have to be tested.
Published: 2010

43. Identification of a mutant PfCRT-mediated chloroquine tolerance phenotype in Plasmodium falciparum

Author: Stephanie G. Valderramos, Lisa A. Purcell, Juan Carlos Valderramos, Odile Mercereau-Puijalon, Lise Musset, Eric Legrand, David A. Fidock, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine [New York], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Immunologie moléculaire des parasites, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Medicine, and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Erythrocytes, Mutant, Drug Resistance, Protozoan Proteins, Drug resistance, MESH: Membrane Transport Proteins, MESH: Recombinant Proteins, 0302 clinical medicine, Chloroquine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Microbiology/Parasitology, Artemisinin, Malaria, Falciparum, Biology (General), MESH: Protozoan Proteins, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, Cells, Cultured, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Quinine, biology, MESH: Erythrocytes, MESH: Malaria, Falciparum, MESH: Chloroquine, Recombinant Proteins, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Phenotype, MESH: Drug Resistance, medicine.drug, MESH: Cells, Cultured, Research Article, QH301-705.5, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Phenotype, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Antimalarials, Virology, MESH: French Guiana, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, Point Mutation, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Allele, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Point Mutation, MESH: Humans, fungi, Wild type, Infectious Diseases/Protozoal Infections, Membrane Transport Proteins, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, RC581-607, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Antimalarials, Genetics and Genomics/Disease Models, Parasitology, Immunologic diseases. Allergy
Abstract: Mutant forms of the Plasmodium falciparum transporter PfCRT constitute the key determinant of parasite resistance to chloroquine (CQ), the former first-line antimalarial, and are ubiquitous to infections that fail CQ treatment. However, treatment can often be successful in individuals harboring mutant pfcrt alleles, raising questions about the role of host immunity or pharmacokinetics vs. the parasite genetic background in contributing to treatment outcomes. To examine whether the parasite genetic background dictates the degree of mutant pfcrt-mediated CQ resistance, we replaced the wild type pfcrt allele in three CQ-sensitive strains with mutant pfcrt of the 7G8 allelic type prevalent in South America, the Oceanic region and India. Recombinant clones exhibited strain-dependent CQ responses that ranged from high-level resistance to an incremental shift that did not meet CQ resistance criteria. Nonetheless, even in the most susceptible clones, 7G8 mutant pfcrt enabled parasites to tolerate CQ pressure and recrudesce in vitro after treatment with high concentrations of CQ. 7G8 mutant pfcrt was found to significantly impact parasite responses to other antimalarials used in artemisinin-based combination therapies, in a strain-dependent manner. We also report clinical isolates from French Guiana that harbor mutant pfcrt, identical or related to the 7G8 haplotype, and manifest a CQ tolerance phenotype. One isolate, H209, harbored a novel PfCRT C350R mutation and demonstrated reduced quinine and artemisinin susceptibility. Our data: 1) suggest that high-level CQR is a complex biological process dependent on the presence of mutant pfcrt; 2) implicate a role for variant pfcrt alleles in modulating parasite susceptibility to other clinically important antimalarials; and 3) uncover the existence of a phenotype of CQ tolerance in some strains harboring mutant pfcrt., Author Summary Plasmodium falciparum resistance to the antimalarial drug chloroquine has been found to result primarily from point mutations in PfCRT, which provide a highly sensitive marker of in vivo treatment failure and in vitro resistance. Debate has nonetheless continued about the singular role of mutant PfCRT and the contribution of the parasite genetic background. To address this, we have generated recombinant P. falciparum lines expressing a mutant pfcrt allele, or the reference wild type allele, in three distinct chloroquine-sensitive strains. Their analysis reveals a spectrum of responses ranging from high-level resistance to a previously unrecognized tolerance phenotype. The latter is characterized by virtually unchanged chloroquine IC50 values, significantly elevated IC90 values, and the ability to recrudesce after exposure to drug concentrations that are lethal to chloroquine-sensitive parasites. This tolerance phenotype was also observed in an isolate from French Guiana, confirming its presence in malaria-endemic regions. Mutant PfCRT significantly affected parasite responses to other antimalarials, including ones used in artemisinin-based combination therapies, in a strain-dependent manner. Our data suggest that successful CQ treatment of drug-resistant parasites is dependent on both host immunity and the strain-dependent extent to which mutant pfcrt imparts resistance.
Published: 2010

44. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, French Guiana

Author: Anne Lavergne, Philippe Dussart, David Moua, Anne Marie Bourbigot, Félix Djossou, Séverine Matheus, Vincent Lacoste, Didier Hommel, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Service de médecine interne et maladies tropicales, CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Groupe hospitalier Saint-André, and This study was supported in part by the Centre National de Référence des Arbovirus financed by the Institut Pasteur de la Guyane and the Institut de Veille Sanitaire (St-Maurice, France). Grants were provided by the CPER/DocUP 2000–2006 and the FEDER 2007–2013 programs to the Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane.
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Letter, rodent-borne, Epidemiology, viruses, 030231 tropical medicine, lcsh:Medicine, pulmonary infection, Pulmonary infection, virus, Biology, Virus, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Serology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rio Mamore virus, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, lcsh:RC109-216, human, Letters to the Editor, 030304 developmental biology, Hantavirus, 0303 health sciences, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, MESH: Humans, Medical treatment, lcsh:R, MESH: Hantavirus, virus diseases, MESH: Adult, biology.organism_classification, Virology, MESH: Male, French Guiana, zoonoses, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Close relationship, MESH: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract: A systematic serological survey of patients suffering from symptoms suggestive of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome allowed us to identify a native case in French Guiana. Partial molecular characterization of the implicated hantavirus revealed its close relationship with the Bolivian Rio Mamore virus. We tentatively named it Maripa virus.
Published: 2010

45. Behavioral heterogeneity of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) and malaria transmission dynamics along the Maroni River, Suriname, French Guiana

Author: P. Sardjoe, Pascal Gaborit, Jean Issaly, A. Samjhawan, Romain Girod, A. Somai, T. Soekhoe, H. Hiwat, Medical Mission, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Bureau of Public Health ((BOG)), and Bureau of Public Health
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, Plasmodium, Population density, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Suriname, law, MESH: Animals, 0303 health sciences, Suriname, biology, Ecology, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Vaccination, General Medicine, French Guiana, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Transmission (mechanics), Seasons, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Population Density, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Malaria, MESH: Insect Vectors, MESH: Rivers, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, Rivers, MESH: Insect Bites and Stings, Anopheles, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Animals, Humans, Population Density, MESH: Humans, Anopheles darlingi, 030306 microbiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Insect Bites and Stings, Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Vaccination, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Insect Vectors, Malaria, Vector (epidemiology), Tropical medicine, Parasitology, MESH: Seasons
Abstract: International audience; The border area between Suriname and French Guiana is considered the most affected malaria area in South America. A one-year cooperative malaria vector study was performed by the two countries, between March 2004 and February 2005, in four villages. Anopheles darlingi proved to be the most abundant anopheline species. Human biting rates differed between villages. The differential effect of high rainfall on mosquito densities in the villages suggests variation in breeding sites. Overall parity rates were low, with means varying from 0.31 to 0.56 per study site. Of the 2045 A. darlingi mosquitoes collected, 13 were found to be infected with Plasmodium: ten P. falciparum, two P. malariae and one mixed P. malariae/P. vivax. The overall annual entomological inoculation rates in the villages ranged from 8.7 to 66.4. There was an apparent lack of relationship between number of malaria cases and periods of high mosquito density. The tendency of Anopheles darlingi to bite during sleeping hours provides opportunity for malaria control using impregnated bed nets, a strategy just introduced in Suriname that may also find its way into French Guiana.
Published: 2010

46. Annual variations in the number of malaria cases related to two different patterns of Anopheles darlingi transmission potential in the Maroni area of French Guiana

Author: Romain Girod, Romuald Carinci, Florence Fouque, Jean Issaly, Pascal Gaborit, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence - Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Male, Population Dynamics, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, law, MESH: Animals, MESH: Incidence, Malaria, Falciparum, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, 0303 health sciences, biology, Ecology, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, MESH: Malaria, Falciparum, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Anopheles, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Transmission (mechanics), Infectious Diseases, Female, Seasons, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, MESH: Population Density, 030231 tropical medicine, Plasmodium falciparum, Context (language use), MESH: Insect Vectors, Insect bites and stings, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Insect Bites and Stings, Bionomics, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Animals, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Population Density, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, Research, Insect Bites and Stings, MESH: Population Dynamics, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Male, Insect Vectors, Vector (epidemiology), Parasitology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Seasons, MESH: Female, Malaria, Demography
Abstract: Background With an Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of 132.1, in the high and moderate risks zones, the Maroni area of French Guiana has the second highest malaria incidence of South-America after Guyana (API = 183.54) and far above Brazil (API = 28.25). Malaria transmission is occurring despite strong medical assistance and active vector control, based on general WHO recommendations. This situation is generated by two main factors that are the social and cultural characteristics of this border area, where several ethnic groups are living, and the lack of understanding of transmission dynamics of the main mosquito vector, Anopheles darlingi. In this context, entomological data collected in two villages belonging to two different ethnic groups of the French border of the Maroni River, were retrospectively analysed to find out how the mosquito bionomics are related to the malaria transmission patterns. Methods Data were provided by human landing catches of mosquitoes carried out each month for two years in two villages belonging to two ethnic groups, the Amerindians Wayanas and the Aloukous of African origin. The mosquitoes were sorted by species, sex, date, hour and place of collection and processed for Plasmodium sp. parasite detection. The data were compiled to provide the following variables: human biting rates (HBR), parity rates (PR), numbers of infective bites (IB), entomological inoculation rates (EIR) and numbers of infected mosquitoes surviving enough to transmit (IMT). Spatial and temporal differences of variables between locations and during the night were tested by the Kruskall-Wallis analysis of variance to find out significant variations. Results The populations of the main mosquito vector An. darlingi showed significant variations in the spatial and temporal HBR/person/night and HBR/person/hour, IB/person/month and IB/person/hour, and IMT/village/night and IMT/village/hour. In the village of Loca (Aloukous), the IMT peaked from June to August with a very low transmission during the other months. The risks were higher during the first part of the night and an EIR of 10 infective bites per person and per year was estimated. In the village of Twenke (Wayanas), high level of transmission was reported all year with small peaks in March and October. The risk was higher during the second part of the night and an EIR of 5 infective bites per person and per year was estimated. Conclusion For the first time in the past 40 years, the mosquito bionomics was related to the malaria transmission patterns in French Guiana. The peak of malaria cases reported from August to October in the Maroni region is concomitant with the significant peak of An. darlingi IMT, reported from the village of Loca where transmission is higher. However, the persistent number of cases reported all year long may also be related to the transmission in the Amerindian villages. The An. darlingi bionomics for these two close populations were found significantly different and may explain why a uniform vector control method is inadequate. Following these findings, malaria prevention measures adapted to the local conditions are needed. Finally, the question of the presence of An. darlingi sub-species is raised.
Published: 2010

47. The genetic diversity of three peculiar populations descending from the slave trade: Gm study of Noir Marron from French Guiana

Author: Patricia Tortevoye, Georges Larrouy, Antoine Gessain, Evelyne Guitard, Sabine Plancoulaine, Nicolas Brucato, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses (Inserm U980), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Département d'anthropologie et d'écologie, Université de Genève (UNIGE), Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie ( LA ), École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( EHESS ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses ( Inserm U980 ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ), Université de Genève ( UNIGE ), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)
Subjects: Male, Latin Americans, Ethnic group, Population genetics, Ethnic origin, MESH: Founder Effect, Gene flow, MESH: Indians, South American, Consanguinity, Human genetics, [ SDV.MP ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Ethnicity, MESH : Female, MESH: Genetic Variation, Marriage, ddc:599.9, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030305 genetics & heredity, General Medicine, MESH: European Continental Ancestry Group, Founder Effect, French Guiana, MESH : Africa, Western, Europe, Africa, Western, Geography, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Ethnology, Female, MESH: Ethnic Groups, Gene pool, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Atlantic slave trade, MESH : Cultural Characteristics, African population, MESH : Ethnic Groups, MESH : French Guiana, MESH : Male, MESH : Europe, MESH : Founder Effect, MESH: Cultural Characteristics, Black People, MESH : Immunoglobulin Gm Allotypes, Marron, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, White People, MESH : African Continental Ancestry Group, MESH : European Continental Ancestry Group, 03 medical and health sciences, Immunoglobulin Gm Allotypes, MESH : Genetic Variation, MESH: Africa, Western, MESH : Consanguinity, MESH: French Guiana, Humans, MESH: Immunoglobulin Gm Allotypes, MESH : Haplotypes, MESH : Marriage, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Consanguinity, Cultural Characteristics, MESH: Humans, General Immunology and Microbiology, Indians, South American, MESH : Humans, MESH : Indians, South American, Genetic Variation, MESH: Haplotypes, biology.organism_classification, Polymorhism, MESH: Marriage, MESH: Male, Haplotypes, MESH: African Continental Ancestry Group, MESH: Europe, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; The Noir Marron communities are the direct descendants of African slaves brought to the Guianas during the four centuries (16th to 19th) of the Atlantic slave trade. Among them, three major ethnic groups have been studied: the Aluku, the Ndjuka and the Saramaka. Their history led them to share close relationships with Europeans and Amerindians, as largely documented in their cultural records. The study of Gm polymorphisms of immunoglobulins may help to estimate the amount of gene flow linked to these cultural exchanges. Surprisingly, very low levels of European contribution (2.6%) and Amerindian contribution (1.7%) are detected in the Noir Marron gene pool. On the other hand, an African contribution of 95.7% redraws their origin to West Africa (F(ST) < or = 0.15). This highly preserved African gene pool of the Noir Marron is unique in comparison to other African American populations of Latin America, who are notably more admixed.
Published: 2009

48. First description of a dengue fever outbreak in the interior of French Guiana, February 2006

Author: Séverine Matheus, Françoise Ravachol, Claire Grenier, Philippe Quénel, Jean-Baptiste Meynard, Philippe Dussart, Pascal Gaborit, Vanessa Ardillon, Célia Basurko, Cathy Venturin, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Cellule inter régionale d'épidémiologie Antilles Guyane, Cellule interrégionale d'épidémiologie Antilles-Guyane [CIRE], Service Départemental de Désinfection de la Guyane, Direction de la Santé et du Développement Social de la Guyane, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], and Direction de la Santé et du Développement Social de la Guyane [Cayenne, Guyane]
Subjects: Male, Overseas department, Veterinary medicine, MESH: Dengue, Dengue fever, Disease Outbreaks, Dengue, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidemiology, MESH: Animals, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, health care economics and organizations, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, biology, humanities, 3. Good health, French Guiana, Population Surveillance, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, education, Aedes aegypti, MESH: Population Surveillance, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outbreak, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Male, Culicidae, 2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic, business, MESH: Culicidae, MESH: Female, Demography
Abstract: Background: A dengue fever outbreak occurred in the interior of French Guiana from November 2005 onwards. An investigation, with epidemiological, entomological and public health inputs, was initiated. Its objectives were to confirm the outbreak, to describe the emergence of dengue fever in the High Maroni area and to initiate a specific public health response. Methods: The investigation was conducted in Maripasoula in February 2006, the biggest community in that part of the country. Definition criteria were used for suspected, probable and confirmed cases of dengue fever. An entomological evaluation for larvae and adult mosquitoes was carried out. Some personal and collective vector control measures were set up by the vector control team. Results: This survey identified 127 suspected dengue fever cases, whereas the epidemiological surveillance system detected only six probable and confirmed cases from the same place and for the same period. The proportion of dengue fever was higher in those people who had not travelled (23.5%) than within the population that had travelled (15.3%) in the three previous months ( P = 0.01). Larvae of Stegomyia aegypti were found throughout the town, and adults were captured in 90.9% of the houses. Conclusion: This is the first time that a dengue fever outbreak has been described beyond the coastal region of this French overseas Department.
Published: 2009

49. Qualitative assessment of visuospatial errors in mercury-exposed Amazonian children

Author: Cécile Chevrier, Philippe Grandjean, Callie Comtois, Roberta F. White, Kimberly Sullivan, Sylvaine Cordier, Forgeron, Christine, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction Chez l'Homme et les Mammiferes (GERHM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Environmental Health, Boston University [Boston] (BU), Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU)-Boston University [Boston] (BU), Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark (SDU)-Institute of Public Health, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)
Subjects: Male, MESH: Cognition, 010501 environmental sciences, Neuropsychological Tests, Toxicology, Logistic regression, 01 natural sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cognition, MESH: Child, Ethnicity, Stanford-Binet Copying test, Child, medicine.diagnostic_test, General Neuroscience, Confounding, Age Factors, Neuropsychological test, Methylmercury Compounds, Test (assessment), French Guiana, [SDV.TOX] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology, Child, Preschool, [SDV.TOX]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology, Female, MESH: Ethnic Groups, MESH: Hair, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Brazil, Clinical psychology, MESH: Methylmercury Compounds, Perseveration, MESH: Space Perception, MESH: Environmental Exposure, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Humans, MESH: Vision, Ocular, Vision, Ocular, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, MESH: Age Factors, MESH: Humans, MESH: Child, Preschool, fish consumption, Environmental Exposure, MESH: Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, El Niño, Space Perception, methylmercury exposure, MESH: Brazil, Neurocognitive, MESH: Female, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Hair
Abstract: Udgivelsesdato: January In order to better define the effects of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure on neurodevelopment, qualitative error types observed in the responses of exposed children to the Stanford-Binet Copying Test were categorized and quantified using raw data from two studies of 395 Amazonian children aged 7-12 years (from Brazil and French Guiana). These outcomes were related to hair-mercury concentration as the biomarker of MeHg exposure (range = 0.5-63.8 μg/g). The combined analysis of data from two separate countries had two major goals: (1) to gain clues concerning the underlying neuropathological mechanisms of observed effects based on convergent evidence of MeHg-related qualitative outcomes in the two studies and (2) to explore possible cultural determinants of test response based on divergent outcomes in the two countries. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed with adjustment for confounders. In the combined data set, mercury exposure was negatively associated with scores on the drawing task: a score reduction of 1.2 (s.e., 0.3) points was observed in the children with a hair-mercury concentration above 10 μg/g compared to those with a hair level below 1 μg/g; this effect appeared to be stronger in the younger children. Risk of committing one or more errors of rotation, simplification or perseveration in the drawings increased with hair-mercury concentration in both cultural settings, providing convergent evidence of specific types of MeHg-related neurocognitive outcomes. However, relationships between mercury exposure and scores on the Block organization component of the test varied according to the study site, indicating that other factors must be considered in evaluating responses to the demands of this cognitive task.
Published: 2009

50. Anopheles darlingi bionomics and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae in Amerindian villages of the Upper-Maroni Amazonian forest, French Guiana

Author: Romuald Carinci, Florence Fouque, Romain Girod, Pascal Gaborit, Jean Issaly, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence - Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, Population Dynamics, Plasmodium vivax, lcsh:QR1-502, Plasmodium malariae, lcsh:Microbiology, Trees, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, Abundance (ecology), law, Anopheles darlingi, MESH: Animals, Longitudinal Studies, MESH: Longitudinal Studies, malaria transmission, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Plasmodium malariae, 0303 health sciences, biology, Ecology, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, French Guiana, 3. Good health, MESH: Plasmodium vivax, Transmission (mechanics), Female, Seasons, Microbiology (medical), Wet season, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, MESH: Population Density, Plasmodium falciparum, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Malaria, Maroni River, vector control, MESH: Insect Vectors, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, Bionomics, Anopheles, parasitic diseases, MESH: French Guiana, medicine, Animals, Humans, Population Density, MESH: Humans, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Population Dynamics, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Insect Vectors, Malaria, MESH: Trees, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Seasons, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; French Guiana is one of the areas in South America most affected by malaria and where the disease has become a serious public health problem. In spite of this situation, little recent entomological data are available from the main localities where the disease occurs, even though they are crucial for development of an effective vector control strategy. A longitudinal entomological survey was carried out from March 2000-February 2002 in three Amerindian villages, namely Twenké, Taluène and Cayodé, located in the Amazonian forest of the Upper-Maroni area, to assess anopheline mosquitoes and malaria transmission dynamics. Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) was the most abundant mosquito species caught during the study. This efficient American malaria vector was active the entire year, but showed an evident peak of abundance during the main rainfall season, from April-June, with an average human biting rate of 255.5 bites per person per night. Parity rates were homogeneous all year, indicating no significant seasonal variability in female survival rates. Estimated vectorial capacity indices were higher during the rainy season, even though the risk of transmission was present throughout the year (VCI > 1). A total of 14 An. darlingi were found infected with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium malariae. The annual circumsporozoite indices were 0.15, 0.14 and 0.05, and the entomological inoculation rates were 22.8, 27.4 and 14.4 infected bites per person per year in Twenké, Taluène and Cayodé, respectively. An. darlingiwas endo-exophagic and rather exophilic in these localities. The species was collected throughout the night but was more aggressive between 21:30-03:30 h and after 05:30 h. Parity rates were homogeneous during the entire night. Impregnated hammock and/or bed nets, coupled with the use of mosquito repellents, as well as the early treatment of malarial cases, appear to be the most suitable tools for fighting malaria in these Amerindian villages since the spraying of residual insecticides is inefficient because of vector biology and the housing structure.
Published: 2008

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