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1. Determination of global land surface temperature using data from only five selected thermal infrared channels: Method extension and accuracy assessment

Author: Huabing Huang, Xiaopo Zheng, Françoise Nerry, Zhao-Liang Li, Tianxing Wang, Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Land surface temperature, Soil Science, 01 natural sciences, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Temperature-emissivity separation, Emissivity, Computers in Earth Sciences, Retrieval algorithm, Energy exchange, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Thermal infrared, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Geology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Accuracy assessment, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Thermal infrared data, Land surface temperature (LST), Split window, Scale (map), Communication channel
Abstract: International audience; Land surface temperature (LST) is an essential input for modeling the processes of energy exchange and balance of the earth's surface. Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is considered to be the most efficient way to obtain accurate LST, both regionally and globally. Currently, many LST retrieval algorithms have been developed, including the up-to-date SW-TES (SW: split window; TES: temperature-emissivity separation) method, which is claimed to be able to accurately derive LST without the need for atmospheric information and land surface emissivity (LSE) based on the selected multiple TIR channel configuration. However, this hybrid method is actually not applicable to observations with large viewing angles and was only preliminarily evaluated in Australia. In this study, this method was extended for application to global TIR measurements with different viewing angles. Additionally, the performance of this extended SW-TES method was assessed globally for different seasons by using the MODIS LST product as a reference, and was also validated using in-situ LST measurements from the SURFRAD (SURFace RADiation budget network) sites. The results showed that the LST retrievals using the extended SW-TES method were comparable to the MODIS LST product, with discrepancies of 4.0 K). Overall, in this study, the SW-TES method was extended, and the performance was comprehensively evaluated at the global scale, which may help in facilitating its potential applications.
Published: 2022

2. Improved global-scale predictions of soil carbon stocks with Millennial Version 2

Author: Katerina Georgiou, Xiaofeng Xu, Bertrand Guenet, Haicheng Zhang, Philippe Ciais, Wenping Yuan, Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel, R. Z. Abramoff, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Stanford University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), San Diego State University (SDSU), School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), R.Z.A. thanks Jinyun Tang and Elisa Thébault for helpful discussion about model formulation. R.Z.A. was supported by the French government grant 'Make Our Planet Great Again' and by a Marie Skłodowska–Curie Individual Fellowship (Grant no. 834-169) from the European Union's Horizon 2020 program. K.G. was supported as a Lawrence Fellow at Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL) by the LLNL-LDRD Program under Project No. 21-ERD-045 and the US DOE Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Genomic Science Program as part of the LLNL Microbes Persist Scientific Focus Area, SCW1632. Work at LLNL was conducted under the auspices of US DOE Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. X.X. has been supported by the ORNL Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Scientific Focus Area (ORNL TES-SFA) and NGEE Arctic projects and DE-SC0014416, which are supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the Department of Energy Office of Science., European Project: 834169,H2020,H2020-MSCA-IF-2018,FlexMod(2020), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mineral association, Soil organic carbon stocks, Biome, Soil Science, Fractionation, Atmospheric sciences, Microbial decomposition, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Latitude, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Biomass (ecology), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Particulates, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Soil carbon modeling, Cycling
Abstract: Soil carbon (C) models are used to predict C sequestration responses to climate and land use change. Yet, the soil models embedded in Earth system models typically do not represent processes that reflect our current understanding of soil C cycling, such as microbial decomposition, mineral association, and aggregation. Rather, they rely on conceptual pools with turnover times that are fit to bulk C stocks and/or fluxes. As measurements of soil fractions become increasingly available, it is necessary for soil C models to represent these measurable quantities so that model processes can be evaluated more accurately. Here we present Version 2 (V2) of the Millennial model, a soil model developed to simulate C pools that can be measured by extraction or fractionation, including particulate organic C, mineral-associated organic C, aggregate C, microbial biomass, and low molecular weight C. Model processes have been updated to reflect the current understanding of mineral-association, temperature sensitivity and reaction kinetics, and different model structures were tested within an open-source framework. We evaluated the ability of Millennial V2 to simulate total soil organic C (SOC), as well as the mineral-associated and particulate fractions, using three independent data sets of soil fractionation measurements spanning a range of climate and geochemistry in Australia (N = 495), Europe (N = 175), and across the globe (N = 659). When using all the data together (N = 1329), the Millennial V2 model predicted SOC (RMSE = 3.3 kg C m−2, AIC = 675, R i n 2 = 0.31, R o u t 2 = 0.26) better than the widely-used first-order decomposition model Century (RMSE = 3.4 kg C m−2, AIC = 696, R i n 2 = 0.21, R o u t 2 = 0.18) across sites, despite the fact that Millennial V2 has an increase in process complexity and number of parameters compared to Century. Millennial V2 also reproduced the observed fraction of C in MAOM and larger particle size fractions for most latitudes and biomes, and allows for a more detailed understanding of the pools and processes that affect model performance. It is important to note that this study evaluates the spatial variation in C stock only, and that the temporal dynamics of Millennial V2 remain to be tested. The Millennial V2 model updates the conceptual Century model pools and processes and represents our current understanding of the roles that microbial activity, mineral association and aggregation play in soil C sequestration.
Published: 2022

3. SLAM-aided forest plot mapping combining terrestrial and mobile laser scanning

Author: Thibault Lejemble, Guangjian Yan, Jie Shao, Nan Wang, Shuangna Jin, Nicolas Mellado, Shangshu Cai, Wuming Zhang, Lei Luo, Beijing Normal University (BNU), Structural Models and Tools in Computer Graphics (IRIT-STORM), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut Camille Jordan [Villeurbanne] (ICJ), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wuhan Polytechnic University, and National University of Defense Technology [China]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Laser scanning, Computer science, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Point cloud, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Data acquisition, Robustness (computer science), Motion estimation, Computer vision, Computers in Earth Sciences, Engineering (miscellaneous), 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, 3D reconstruction, [INFO.INFO-MM]Computer Science [cs]/Multimedia [cs.MM], 15. Life on land, [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Computer Science Applications, Lidar, Data pre-processing, Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract: International audience; Precise structural information collected from plots is significant in the management of and decision-making regarding forest resources. Currently, laser scanning is widely used in forestry inventories to acquire three-dimensional (3D) structural information. There are three main data-acquisition modes in ground-based forest measurements: single-scan terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), multi-scan TLS and multi-single-scan TLS. Nevertheless, each of these modes causes specific difficulties for forest measurements. Due to occlusion effects, the single-scan TLS mode provides scans for only one side of the tree. The multi-scan TLS mode overcomes occlusion problems, however, at the cost of longer acquisition times, more human labor and more effort in data preprocessing. The multi-single-scan TLS mode decreases the workload and occlusion effects but lacks the complete 3D reconstruction of forests. These problems in TLS methods are largely avoided with mobile laser scanning (MLS); however, the geometrical peculiarity of forests (e.g., similarity between tree shapes, placements, and occlusion) complicates the motion estimation and reduces mapping accuracy.Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method combining single-scan TLS and MLS for forest 3D data acquisition. We use single-scan TLS data as a reference, onto which we register MLS point clouds, so they fill in the omission of the single-scan TLS data. To register MLS point clouds on the reference, we extract virtual feature points that are sampling the centerlines of tree stems and propose a new optimization-based registration framework. In contrast to previous MLS-based studies, the proposed method sufficiently exploits the natural geometric characteristics of trees. We demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness, and accuracy of the proposed method on three datasets, from which we extract structural information. The experimental results show that the omission of tree stem data caused by one scan can be compensated for by the MLS data, and the time of the field measurement is much less than that of the multi-scan TLS mode. In addition, single-scan TLS data provide strong global constraints for MLS-based forest mapping, which allows low mapping errors to be achieved, e.g., less than 2.0 cm mean errors in both the horizontal and vertical directions.
Published: 2020

4. Processing of Plants to Products: Gold, REEs and Other Elements

Author: Marie-Odile Simonnot, Ye-Tao Tang, Baptiste Laubie, Bastien Jally, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), van der Ent A., Baker A.J.M., Echevarria G., Simonnot M.O., and Morel J.L.
Subjects: [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Circular economy, Scale (chemistry), Rare earth, Biomass, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Tailings, 12. Responsible consumption, 13. Climate action, Environmental protection, Environmental science, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Nickel recovery by agromining has been widely studied because of the abundance of species that hyperaccumulate this element. But at the same time, in the context of the circular economy, there is growing interest in recovery of other elements for both economic and environmental reasons. Firstly, the recovery of gold from mine tailings appears increasingly promising, as does that of rare earth elements, which are strategic for numerous advanced technologies. In both cases, the economic value is a driver but also a need to remediate mine tailing by nature-based solutions. Secondly, despite being less valuable, the recovery of Cd and Zn has been much studied, because these two elements are contaminants of many industrial or agricultural soils and many plants are capable of accumulating them. It is therefore essential to find solutions for disposal of the biomass contaminated with metals and preferably by profiting from it. For this set of elements, processes based on thermal or chemical methods have been proposed on a small scale and some are on the verge of being scaled up. Other elements, such as metals of the platinoid family, Mn or molecules of pharmaceutical interest, have been the subject of pioneering work that remains to be developed. At the present time, it can be considered that in this area there is still a world to explore.
Published: 2021

5. Multiple tectonic-magmatic Mo-enrichment events in Yuleken porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, NW China and its’ implications for the formation of giant porphyry Mo deposit

Author: Jun Gao, Laurent Oscar, Tao Hong, Mingguo Zhai, Yuejun Wang, Kateřina D. Schlöglová, David Dolejš, Xing-Wang Xu, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics [Beijing] (IGG), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], College of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Beijing], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Mineralization (geology), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, chemistry.chemical_element, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Hydrothermal circulation, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Phanerozoic, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trace elements, Geology, Tectonics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Molybdenum, Molybdenite, Economic Geology, Re-Mo Molybdenite, Negative correlation, Porphyry deposits, Multiple Mo enrichment
Abstract: International audience; The Yuleken porphyry Cu-Mo deposit located in the Chinese Altay-East Junggar, a section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, the world's largest Phanerozoic subduction-accretionary orogen, witnessed the multistage tectonic-magmatic evolution and mineralization from arc to syn- and post-collision environment over a time span of about 52 Ma. Four types of molybdenite have been distinguished: (1) primary magmatic-hydrothermal, undeformed molybdenite in porphyry, (2) recrystallized molybdenite associated with ductile deformation, (3) recrystallized, intrafoliational molybdenite, and (4) fracture-related hydrothermal molybdenite, and these are characterized by decreasing Re abundances from magmatic to hydrothermal conditions. Individual molybdenite types are non-stoichiometric and exhibit the following negative correlation between the Mo and Re contents:Re (apfu) = −0.0026 Mo (apfu) + 0.00268.This trend reflects successive stages of tectonic-hydrothermal events from a magmatic island-arc to a post-collisional setting. These repetitive mineralization events produced Mo enrichment and higher overall Mo grade of the Yuleken deposit, and are recorded in progressively decreasing Re concentrations in molybdenite. Statistical evaluation of Mo and Re abundances in giant to small porphyry deposits worldwide also indicates that decreasing Re in molybdenite will lead to lower overall Re resource (in a single deposit) and to greater overall Mo resource (in the same deposit). Multiple mineralization processes related to repetitive tectonomagmatic episodes in large porphyry Mo deposits that display Re depletion in molybdenite suggest that reworking of mantle-derived porphyry systems by successive events of crustal growth may be the responsible for Mo enrichment and higher overall Mo ore grade, and eventually produce giant porphyry molybdenum deposits.
Published: 2021

6. Atmospheric Impacts of COVID-19 on NOx and VOC Levels over China Based on TROPOMI and IASI Satellite Data and Modeling

Author: Tao Wang, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre-François Coheur, Xiaoqin Shi, Claire Granier, Michel Van Roozendael, Yiming Liu, Thierno Doumbia, Isabelle De Smedt, Simone Tilmes, Benjamin Gaubert, Sabine Darras, N. Elguindi, Maite Bauwens, Guy Brasseur, Lieven Clarisse, Jean-François Müller, Christophe Lerot, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Bruno Franco, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [Hong Kong] (POLYU), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), nitrogen dioxide, Pollutant emissions, Anthropogenic emissions, Traitement de potabilisation de l'eau, Atmospheric model, atmospheric modeling, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Phénomènes atmosphériques, Satellite data, Formaldehyde, Meteorology. Climatology, volatile organic compounds, Nitrogen dioxide, Volatile organic compounds, NOx, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Peroxyacetyl nitrate, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, COVID-19, Technologie de l'environnement, contrôle de la pollution, Atmospheric modeling, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental science, formaldehyde, anthropogenic emissions, Traitement des eaux résiduaires, QC851-999
Abstract: China was the first country to undergo large-scale lockdowns in response to the pandemic in early 2020 and a progressive return to normalization after April 2020. Spaceborne observations of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), including formaldehyde (HCHO), glyoxal (CHOCHO), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), reveal important changes over China in 2020, relative to 2019, in response to the pandemic-induced shutdown and the subsequent drop in pollutant emissions. In February, at the peak of the shutdown, the observed declines in OVOC levels were generally weaker (less than 20%) compared to the observed NO2 reductions (-40%). In May 2020, the observations reveal moderate decreases in NO2 (-15%) and PAN (-21%), small changes in CHOCHO (-3%) and HCHO (6%). Model simulations using the regional model MAGRITTEv1.1 with anthropogenic emissions accounting for the reductions due to the pandemic explain to a large extent the observed changes in lockdown-affected regions. The model results suggest that meteorological variability accounts for a minor but non-negligible part (~-5%) of the observed changes for NO2, whereas it is negligible for CHOCHO but plays a more substantial role for HCHO and PAN, especially in May. The interannual variability of biogenic and biomass burning emissions also contribute to the observed variations, explaining e.g. the important column increases of NO2 and OVOCs in February 2020, relative to 2019. These changes are well captured by the model simulations., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2021
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7. New Forest Aboveground Biomass Maps of China Integrating Multiple Datasets

Author: Ying-Ping Wang, Mengxiao Yu, Youxin Ma, Sheng Du, Sanaa Hobeichi, Sassan Saatchi, Genxu Wang, Nannan Cao, Keping Ma, Huabing Huang, Lei Fan, Yang Chen, Zhongbing Chang, Shenggong Li, Xuli Tang, Guoyi Zhou, Shijie Han, Gab Abramowitz, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Junhua Yan, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), University of South Wales (USW), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Southwest University [Chongqing], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)
Subjects: China, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mean squared error, Science, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Decision tree, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, remote sensing, forest aboveground biomass, carbon stock, field measurements, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, Field (geography), 020801 environmental engineering, Random forest, Weighting, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Scale (map)
Abstract: International audience; Mapping the spatial variation of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) at the national or regional scale is important for estimating carbon emissions and removals and contributing to global stocktake and balancing the carbon budget. Recently, several gridded forest AGB products have been produced for China by integrating remote sensing data and field measurements, yet significant discrepancies remain among these products in their estimated AGB carbon, varying from 5.04 to 9.81 Pg C. To reduce this uncertainty, here, we first compiled independent, high-quality field measurements of AGB using a systematic and consistent protocol across China from 2011 to 2015. We applied two different approaches, an optimal weighting technique (WT) and a random forest regression method (RF), to develop two observationally constrained hybrid forest AGB products in China by integrating five existing AGB products. The WT method uses a linear combination of the five existing AGB products with weightings that minimize biases with respect to the field measurements, and the RF method uses decision trees to predict a hybrid AGB map by minimizing the bias and variance with respect to the field measurements. The forest AGB stock in China was 7.73 Pg C for the WT estimates and 8.13 Pg C for the RF estimates. Evaluation with the field measurements showed that the two hybrid AGB products had a lower RMSE (29.6 and 24.3 Mg/ha) and bias (-4.6 and -3.8 Mg/ha) than all five participating AGB datasets. Our study demonstrated both the WT and RF methods can be used to harmonize existing AGB maps with field measurements to improve the spatial variability and reduce the uncertainty of carbon stocks. The new spatial AGB maps of China can be used to improve estimates of carbon emissions and removals at the national and subnational scales.
Published: 2021

8. The role of mangrove fine root production and decomposition on soil organic carbon component ratios

Author: Shing Yip Lee, Yisheng Peng, Yasong Zhang, Mikael Motelica-Heino, Dongsheng Guan, Ling Xiao, Yujuan Chen, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), and The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Soil salinity, General Decision Sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Dissolved organic carbon, Path analysis, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, QH540-549.5, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SOC component ratios, Abiotic component, Biomass (ecology), Mangrove fine root, Decomposition, Sea-land gradient, Ecology, Soil organic matter, Production, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Agronomy, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Litter, Environmental science, Mangrove
Abstract: International audience; Mangrove fine roots are an important contributor to soil organic matter (SOC), yet how their production and decomposition affect SOC accumulation across the sea-land gradient is still elusive. This study aimed to investigate the influencing path of biotic and abiotic factors of fine root production and decomposition dynamics on SOC component ratios involving particulate organic carbon (POC)/SOC, dissolved organic carbon (DOC)/SOC, and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)/SOC. Based upon sequential root coring and the litter bag method, the production, and decomposition of mangrove fine roots were investigated. The production and turnover rate of mangrove fine roots increased from 90.9 g⋅m − 2 to 510.9 g⋅m − 2 and 0.44 yr − 1 to 1.49 yr − 1 across the sea-land gradient respectively. After one year of decomposition, 69.5-80.8% and 58.3-69.2% of low-order and highorder fine roots remained, respectively. Decomposition rates of both low-order and high-order fine roots were significantly slower in the landward zone than in the seaward zones. Redundancy analysis (RDA) illustrated that vegetation biomass and soil salinity were respectively the main biotic and abiotic factors affecting the production and decomposition of mangrove fine roots and they explained 91.2% of mangrove fine root production and decomposition. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the production of fine roots was mainly influenced by mangrove vegetation biomass while their decomposition was negatively affected by soil salinity. POC and SOC increased significantly from 20.13 t⋅ha − 1 to 58.71 t⋅ha − 1 and 78.42 t⋅ha − 1 to 139.01 t⋅ha − 1 respectively while DOC/SOC and MBC/SOC reduced from 0.33 to 0.24 and from 0.55 to 0.44 across the sea-land gradient. RDA results indicated that low-order fine root production was the major control of the ratio of SOC components among the production and decomposition of low-order and high-order fine roots, explaining 90.9% of SOC component ratio changes. Based upon structural equation modeling, the path coefficient of biotic and abiotic factors POC/SOC was 0.914 (P < 0.001), indicating that mangrove fine root production affecting by vegetation biomass and soil salinity was the main drive of SOC accumulation. Nevertheless, mangrove fine root decomposition played a minor role in SOC component change. The information gained in this study will facilitate policy decisions concerning the restoration of mangrove forests in China.
Published: 2021

9. Removal of organic dye by biomass-based iron carbide composite with an improved stability and efficiency

Author: Nan Zhao, Jean Louis Morel, Boyuan Hao, Feiran Chang, J. Z. Zhang, Lian Yu, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Peking University, China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS (UCAS)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Carbon Compounds, Inorganic, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Carbonation, Composite number, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Iron oxide, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Ferric Compounds, Fe(3)C composite, 01 natural sciences, Redox, Fe(0), Degradation, chemistry.chemical_compound, Methyl orange, Environmental Chemistry, Reactivity (chemistry), Biomass, Coloring Agents, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, In situ chemical reduction, Chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Pollution, Kinetics, Chemical engineering, Colorimetry, Adsorption, Azo Compounds, Stability, Pyrolysis, Iron Compounds, Water Pollutants, Chemical
Abstract: International audience; The efficiency of zero-valent iron (Fe-0)for the degradation of contaminants in water or soil can be highly reduced by side reactions with oxygen or water. This work was conducted to test whether this drawback can be effectively suppressed by the carbonation of Fe-0 with pyrolyzed biomass, which forms a Fe3C composite. The composite Fe3C was characterized and its reactivity and stability were assessed in batch tests with methyl orange (MO) as a model pollutant. The results indicated that the removal rate of MO on Fe3C composite was higher than that of Fe-0 (7.587 mg/(g.min) vs. 4.306 mg/(g.min)) at pH 4, where the degradation mechanism was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. More importantly, the produced iron oxide in the Fe3C composite was highly suppressed. Regeneration studies showed that after three times of cycling, the removal efficiency of MO on Fe3C composite was kept to 99.42%, but Fe-0 almost lost its reactivity. In situ chemical reduction of a colorimetric redox probe (indigo-5, 5'-disulfonate, I2S) quantitatively demonstrated that Fe3C composite has the reduction kinetics of I2S obviously slower than Fe-0, indicating that Fe3C composite improved the stability of incorporated Fe-0 to resist the side oxidation.
Published: 2019

10. Influence of anthropogenic emission inventories on simulations of air quality in China during winter and summer 2010

Author: Dongsheng Ji, Qi Fan, Guy Brasseur, Zirui Liu, Wei Gao, Xuemei Wang, Claire Granier, Lili Wang, Nellie Elguindi, Idir Bouarar, Ying Xie, Katinka Petersen, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Shanghai Center for Urban Environmental Meteorology (SCUEM), School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Guangzhou] (SESE), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Jinan University [Guangzhou], Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Wind speed, Troposphere, Ozone, Beijing, 11. Sustainability, Air quality modelling, medicine, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Particulates, Trace gas, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Anthropogenic Emissions, Environmental science, WRF-Chem, PM25
Abstract: We apply the regional chemistry-transport model WRF-Chem to investigate the air pollution characteristics in three Chinese metropolitan areas (Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou) and assess the model performance in wintertime (January 2010) and summertime (July 2010) conditions. Three simulations utilizing the HTAPv2, REASv2 and MACCity anthropogenic emission inventories are conducted and compared with satellite and ground-based measurements to assess the sensitivity of the model predictions to anthropogenic emissions. Model-predicted surface meteorological fields are overall in good agreement with surface observations. However, the model tends to overestimate maximum surface wind speed, a feature also found in previous WRF-Chem modelling studies. Large discrepancies between the three emission inventories are found, specifically in the spatial distribution and the magnitude of the emissions (e.g. over 98%, 86% and 85% differences in some regions for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO) and organic carbon (OC) emissions, respectively). As a result, we find large differences between the simulations. When compared to satellite and surface observations, the HTAPv2-and REASv2-based simulations better reproduce the magnitude and spatial patterns of CO total columns and NO2 tropospheric columns derived from MOPITTv6 and GOME2 satellite observations, respectively. The simulations satisfactorily reproduce the air pollution characteristics in January 2010 as observed at surface monitoring stations in Beijing and Shanghai. The HTAPv2-based simulation better captures the pollution episode that occurred in Beijing in mid-January 2010, which is found to be related to a combination of different meteorological factors that led to the build-up of pollution. The high photochemical activity and convective turbulence in July 2010, in addition to differences in the emissions used, led to more pronounced differences between the simulations and lower statistical skills in particular for trace gases. This study shows that a considerable part of uncertainties in air quality model predictions for China can be attributed to uncertainties in current anthropogenic emission inventories. It highlights the need for more accurate and highly resolved emissions in order to improve the accuracy of model predictions. However, this study reveals that in some cases, model-observation discrepancies cannot be attributed only to inaccuracies in the emissions. For example, we found that regardless of the adopted emissions, all of the simulations fail to capture the temporal variability of particulate matter in Guangzhou during January 2010, indicating that factors other than emissions have a considerable influence on the atmospheric composition in this region. This work shows that inaccuracies in the predicted meteorological parameters (e.g. wind speed/direction, relative humidity, etc.) significantly affect the model performance, as found for example in the model predictions for Shanghai for July 2010, which show high and abrupt increases of NOx and particulates due to rapid decreases in wind speed in the model.
Published: 2019

11. Acceleration of western Arctic sea ice loss linked to the Pacific North American pattern

Author: Gabriel J. Bowen, Zhongwang Wei, Francis Codron, Zhongfang Liu, Sha Li, Xiaogang He, Camille Risi, Dong Chen, Christopher J. Poulsen, State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology [Shanghai], Tongji University, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Singapore], National University of Singapore (NUS), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, School of Atmospheric Sciences [Zhuhai], Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), University of Utah, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Downwelling, Sea ice, Arctic climate, Atmospheric science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Greenhouse warming, Advection, General Chemistry, Longwave radiation, Arctic ice pack, 030104 developmental biology, Ocean sciences, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, human activities, geographic locations
Abstract: Recent rapid Arctic sea-ice reduction has been well documented in observations, reconstructions and model simulations. However, the rate of sea ice loss is highly variable in both time and space. The western Arctic has seen the fastest sea-ice decline, with substantial interannual and decadal variability, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we demonstrate, through both observations and model simulations, that the Pacific North American (PNA) pattern is an important driver of western Arctic sea-ice variability, accounting for more than 25% of the interannual variance. Our results suggest that the recent persistent positive PNA pattern has led to increased heat and moisture fluxes from local processes and from advection of North Pacific airmasses into the western Arctic. These changes have increased lower-tropospheric temperature, humidity and downwelling longwave radiation in the western Arctic, accelerating sea-ice decline. Our results indicate that the PNA pattern is important for projections of Arctic climate changes, and that greenhouse warming and the resultant persistent positive PNA trend is likely to increase Arctic sea-ice loss., The fastest sea-ice decline has been observed in the western Arctic, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, the authors show that the Pacific North American pattern plays an important role in western Arctic sea-ice variability.
Published: 2021

12. Comparison of Absorbed and Intercepted Fractions of PAR for Individual Trees Based on Radiative Transfer Model Simulations

Author: Genevieve Ow, Mohamed Lokman Mohd Yusof, Shanshan Wei, Wenjuan Li, Andrew J. Whittle, Tiangang Yin, Wojciech Wojnowski, Xian-Xiang Li, University of Gdańsk (UG), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Maryland [Baltimore], Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), National University of Singapore (NUS), and Singapore Botanic Gardens
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, discrete anisotropic radiative transfer model (DART), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, urban background, Science, Irradiance, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, urban individual tree, Atmospheric radiative transfer codes, Radiative transfer, Zenith, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, illumination, Crown (botany), Primary production, 15. Life on land, Photosynthetically active radiation, fAPAR, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, fIPAR, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; The fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) is a key parameter for estimating the gross primary production (GPP) of trees. For continuous, dense forest canopies, fAPAR, is often equated with the intercepted fraction, fIPAR. This assumption is not valid for individual trees in urban environments or parkland settings where the canopy is sparse and there are well-defined tree crown boundaries. Here, the distinction between fAPAR and fIPAR can be strongly influenced by the background and large illumination variations due to multi-scattering and shadows of buildings. This study investigates the radiative budget of PAR bands using a coupled leaf-canopy radiative transfer model (PROSPECT-DART), considering a suite of tropical tree species over a wide range of assumed leaf chlorophyll contents. The analyses simulate hyperspectral images (5 nm bandwidth) of individual tree crowns for the selected background (concrete vs. grass) and illumination conditions. We then use an artificial neural network-based method to partition sunlit vs. shaded leaves within each crown, as the latter have lower fAPAR and fIPAR values. Our results show fAPAR of sunlit leaves decreases with the ratio of diffuse to direct scene irradiance (SKYL), while SKYL has minimal influence for shaded leaves. Both fAPAR and fIPAR decrease at more oblique solar zenith angles (SZA). Higher values of fAPAR and fIPAR occur with concrete backgrounds and the influence of the background is larger at higher diffuse ratio and solar zenith angles. The results show that fIPAR is typically 6–9% higher than fAPAR, and up to 14% higher for sunlit leaves with a concrete background at SKYL = 0. The differences between the fIPAR and fAPAR also depend on the health condition of the leaves, such as chlorophyll content. This study can improve the understanding of urban individual trees fAPAR/fIPAR and facilitate the development of protocols for fAPAR field measurements.
Published: 2021

13. Element Case Studies: Rare Earth Elements

Author: Chang Liu, Ming Yuan, Wen-Shen Liu, Mei-Na Guo, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Hermine Huot, Bastien Jally, Ye-Tao Tang, Baptiste Laubie, Marie-Odile Simonnot, Jean Louis Morel, Rong-Liang Qiu, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A. van der Ent, A.J.M. Baker, G. Echevarria, M.O. Simonnot, and J.L. Morel
Subjects: 13. Climate action, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The growing demand for strategic resources such as rare earth elements (REEs) for development of modern technologies has spurred an increase in mining activities and consequently a release of REEs into the environment, posing a potential threat to human health. Phytoextraction or phytomining, regarded as an in situ and low-cost means to use the growth and harvest of hyperaccumulator plants that take up high concentrations of metals in their shoots, allowing metal removal from contaminated soil (phytoextraction) or commercial production of high value metals (phytomining). In this chapter, we review the discovery of REE hyperaccumulators worldwide, focusing on the fern species Dicranopteris linearis (synonym D. dichotoma) that preferentially takes up light REEs and Phytolacca americana that preferentially incorporates heavy REEs. Although less well understood, mechanisms of REE uptake, translocation, and distribution in hyperaccumulator plants are discussed. Finally, we analyze the challenge of improving REE yield by phytomining, and taking D. linearis and P. americana as examples, estimate the phytomining potential for REEs using these species based on their biomass production, REE concentrations in the ash and current market prices for REEs.; La demande croissante de ressources stratégiques telles que les éléments de terres rares (ETR) pour le développement de technologies modernes a entraîné une augmentation des activités minières et, par conséquent, un rejet d'ETR dans l'environnement, ce qui constitue une menace potentielle pour la santé humaine. La phytoextraction ou phytomining, considérée comme un moyen in situ et peu coûteux d'utiliser la croissance et la récolte de plantes hyperaccumulatrices qui absorbent de fortes concentrations de métaux dans leurs pousses, permet d'éliminer les métaux des sols contaminés (phytoextraction) ou de produire commercialement des métaux de grande valeur (phytomining). Dans ce chapitre, nous passons en revue la découverte des hyperaccumulateurs d'ETR dans le monde, en nous concentrant sur les espèces de fougères Dicranopteris linearis (synonyme D. dichotoma) qui absorbe préférentiellement les ETR légers et Phytolacca americana qui incorpore préférentiellement les ETR lourds. Bien que moins bien compris, les mécanismes d'absorption, de translocation et de distribution des ETR dans les plantes hyperaccumulatrices sont discutés. Enfin, nous analysons le défi d'améliorer le rendement des ETR par phytomining, et en prenant D. linearis et P. americana comme exemples, nous estimons le potentiel de phytomining pour les ETR en utilisant ces espèces sur la base de leur production de biomasse, des concentrations en ETR dans les cendres et des prix actuels du marché pour les ETR.
Published: 2021

14. A simplified analysis of the Chernobyl accident

Author: Jiajie Liang, Di Yang, Bertrand Mercier, Ziyue Zhuang, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (INSTN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, and Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU)
Subjects: Shock wave, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, Flash evaporation, Mechanics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Rod, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Core (optical fiber), Xenon, chemistry, Phase (matter), 0103 physical sciences, Void (composites), RBMK, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We show with simplified numerical models, that for the kind of RBMK operated in Chernobyl: The core was unstable due to its large size and to its weak power counter-reaction coefficient, so that the power of the reactor was not easy to control even with an automatic system. Xenon oscillations could easily be activated. When there was xenon poisoning in the upper half of the core, the safety rods were designed in such a way that, at least initially, they were increasing (and not decreasing) the core reactivity. This reactivity increase has been sufficient to lead to a very high pressure increase in a significant amount of liquid water in the fuel channels thus inducing a strong propagating shock wave leading to a failure of half the pressure tubes at their junction with the drum separators. The depressurization phase (flash evaporation) following this failure has produced, after one second, a significant decrease of the water density in half the pressure tubes and then a strong reactivity accident due to the positive void effect reactivity coefficient. We evaluate the fission energy released by the accident
Published: 2021

15. Tropical tall forests are more sensitive and vulnerable to drought than short forests

Author: Ying-Ping Wang, Bin He, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Jin Wu, Pierre Gentine, Chen Wang, Fanxi Gong, Fabienne Maignan, Hui Liu, Shilong Piao, Yongxian Su, Qing Ye, Liu Liyang, Xuli Tang, Philippe Ciais, Wenping Yuan, Xiuzhi Chen, Jiali Shang, Hui Yang, Xueqin Yang, Lei Fan, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Peking University [Beijing], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Southwest University [Chongqing], Columbia University [New York], Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing Normal University (BNU), Canada Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GDAAS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)
Subjects: Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, canopy height, Vapour Pressure Deficit, Climate Change, Biome, Climate change, Water supply, drought, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Trees, vegetation optical depth, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, Water content, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, tropical forests, 0303 health sciences, Global and Planetary Change, Tropical Climate, microwave remote sensing, Ecology, canopy dynamics, business.industry, 15. Life on land, Droughts, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Dryness, Environmental science, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: International audience; Our limited understanding of the impacts of drought on tropical forests significantly impedes our ability in accurately predicting the impacts of climate change on this biome. Here, we investigated the impact of drought on the dynamics of forest canopies with different heights using time-series records of remotely sensed Ku-band vegetation optical depth (Ku-VOD), a proxy of top-canopy foliar mass and water content, and separated the signal of Ku-VOD changes into drought-induced reductions and subsequent non-drought gains. Both drought-induced reductions and non-drought increases in Ku-VOD varied significantly with canopy height. Taller tropical forests experienced greater relative Ku-VOD reductions during drought and larger non-drought increases than shorter forests, but the net effect of drought was more negative in the taller forests. Meta-analysis of in situ hydraulic traits supports the hypothesis that taller tropical forests are more vulnerable to drought stress due to smaller xylem-transport safety margins. Additionally, Ku-VOD of taller forests showed larger reductions due to increased atmospheric dryness, as assessed by vapor pressure deficit, and showed larger gains in response to enhanced water supply than shorter forests. Including the height-dependent variation of hydraulic transport in ecosystem models will improve the simulated response of tropical forests to drought.
Published: 2021

16. HYPROP measurements of the unsaturated hydraulic properties of a carbonate rock sample

Author: Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira, Tatiana Lipovetsky, Austin Boyd, Luca Moriconi, Luwen Zhuang, Martinus Th. van Genuchten, Elizabeth M. Pontedeiro, Paulo Couto, José L. D. Alves, Hydrogeology, Environmental hydrogeology, TATIANA LIPOVETSKY, UFRJ, LUWEN ZHUANG, UTRECHT UNIVERSITY/SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY, WENCESLAU GERALDES TEIXEIRA, CNPS, AUSTIN BOYD, UFRJ, ELIZABETH MAY PONTEDEIRO, UFRJ/UTRECHT UNIVERSITY, LUCA MORICONI, UFRJ, JOSÉ L. D. ALVES, UFRJ, PAULO COUTO, UFRJ, MARTINUS TH. VAN GENUCHTEN, UTRECHT UNIVERSITY/UNESP., Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Utrecht University, Sun Yat-sen University, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), State University of Rio de Janeiro, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), and Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP)
Subjects: Evaporação, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Rocha carbonática, Condutividade Hidráulica, HYPROP evaporation method, Flow (psychology), 0207 environmental engineering, Evaporation, Mineralogy, 02 engineering and technology, WP4C, 01 natural sciences, Hydraulic conductivity, Rocha, Propriedades hidráulicas insaturadas, medicine, Fluid dynamics, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Carbonate rock, 6. Clean water, Unsaturated hydraulic Properties, Water retention, Dew point, Funções hidráulicas bimodais, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Soil water, Bimodal hydraulic functions, medicine.symptom, Geology, Método de evaporação HYPROP
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:15:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 The unsaturated hydraulic properties provide important theoretical and practical information about fluid flow in soils and rocks for a range of soil, environmental and engineering applications. In this study we used the evaporation (HYPROP) and chilled-mirror dew point (WP4C) methods to estimate the water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves of an Indiana Limestone carbonate rock sample. The obtained data were analyzed in terms of unimodal and bimodal VG (van Genuchten, 1980) and PDI (Peters et al., 2015) type functions. Bimodal functions were found to produce excellent descriptions for the unsaturated hydraulic data we measured, slightly better than the standard unimodal formulations. For our particular test using an Indiana Limestone rock sample, we did not find much improvement when accounting for film and corner flow using the PDI formulation, relative to the VG model. As far as we know, this is the first time the HYPROP methodology was applied to a rock sample. LRAP Department of Civil Engineering Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UFRJ Department of Earth Sciences Utrecht University School of Civil Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Embrapa Soils Department of Physics Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UFRJ Center for Environmental Studies CEA São Paulo State University UNESP Center for Environmental Studies CEA São Paulo State University UNESP
Published: 2020

17. A global multinational survey of cefotaxime-resistant coliforms in urban wastewater treatment plants

Author: Yunho Lee, Manika Choudhury, Om Prakash, Donald Morrison, Hélène Guilloteau, Heidrun Mayrhofer, María Inmaculada Polo-López, Belen Esteban, Katarzyna Slipko, Leonardo Pantoja Munoz, Samira Nahim–Granados, José Manuel Guillén-Navarro, Marco Guida, Stela Krizanovic, Hemda Garelick, Pilar Caballero, Traore Ousmane, Marcos Quintela-Baluja, Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz, Helmut Bürgmann, Nikolina Udiković-Kolić, Carsten Ulrich Schwermer, Agnieszka Kalinowska, Milena Milaković, Ester Heath, Marta Piotrowska, Andrea Di Cesare, Célia M. Manaia, Ying Yang, Amy Pruden, Anne F.C. Leonard, Erica Donner, Tanel Telson, Christophe Merlin, Karin Beck, Ana Agüera, Anhony A Adegoke, Marie-Noëlle Pons, Bastian Herzog, Joana Abreu-Silva, Leonie Henn, Norbert Kreuzinger, Younggun Yoon, Stefanie Heß, Olga C. Nunes, Alice L. Petre, Despo Fatta-Kassinos, Gianluca Brunetti, Roberto B. M. Marano, Stella Michael, Thor A. Stenström, Ayella Maile-Moskowitz, Popi Karaolia, Joshua T. Bunce, Giovanni Libralato, Jérôme Ory, Yogesh Nimonkar, Alfieri Pollice, Aneta Luczkiewicz, Carlo Salerno, Andrew Scott, Shichun Zou, Antoni Oliver, Barbara Drigo, Isabel Martínez-Alcalá, Virginia Riquelme, Veljo Kisand, Anna Baraniak, William H. Gaze, Edward Topp, Edouard Jurkevitch, Isabel Henriques, Telma Fernandes, Eddie Cytryn, José Luis Balcázar, Marta Tacão, Thomas Schwartz, Thomas Jäger, Gianluca Corno, Mailis Laht, Thomas U. Berendonk, Roberto Rosal, Magdalena Popowska, Pawel Krzeminski, Connor L. Brown, Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Marano, R. B. M., Fernandes, T., Manaia, C. M., Nunes, O., Morrison, D., Berendonk, T. U., Kreuzinger, N., Telson, T., Corno, G., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Merlin, C., Topp, E., Jurkevitch, E., Henn, L., Scott, A., Hess, S., Slipko, K., Laht, M., Kisand, V., Di Cesare, A., Karaolia, P., Michael, S. G., Petre, A. L., Rosal, R., Pruden, A., Riquelme, V., Aguera, A., Esteban, B., Luczkiewicz, A., Kalinowska, A., Leonard, A., Gaze, W. H., Adegoke, A. A., Stenstrom, T. A., Pollice, A., Salerno, C., Schwermer, C. U., Krzeminski, P., Guilloteau, H., Donner, E., Drigo, B., Libralato, G., Guida, M., Burgmann, H., Beck, K., Garelick, H., Tacao, M., Henriques, I., Martinez-Alcala, I., Guillen-Navarro, J. M., Popowska, M., Piotrowska, M., Quintela-Baluja, M., Bunce, J. T., Polo-Lopez, M. I., Nahim-Granados, S., Pons, M. -N., Milakovic, M., Udikovic-Kolic, N., Ory, J., Ousmane, T., Caballero, P., Oliver, A., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Balcazar, J. L., Jager, T., Schwartz, T., Yang, Y., Zou, S., Lee, Y., Yoon, Y., Herzog, B., Mayrhofer, H., Prakash, O., Nimonkar, Y., Heath, E., Baraniak, A., Abreu-Silva, J., Choudhury, M., Munoz, L. P., Krizanovic, S., Brunetti, G., Maile-Moskowitz, A., Brown, C., Cytryn, E., The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - the Volcani Center, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia (CQFB), Requimte, Universidade do Porto-Departamento de Química (DQ), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia = School of Science & Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA)-Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA)-Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia = School of Science & Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA)-Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA)-Universidade do Porto-Departamento de Química (DQ), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA)-Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Universidade do Porto, Edinburgh Napier University, Institute for Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Technology [Tartu, Estonia], University of Tartu, CNR Water Research Institute (IRSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Cyprus (UCY), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, University of Western Ontario (UWO), Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EKUK), Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Area de Quimica Inorganica - Centro de Investigacion en Energia Solar (CIESOL) (CIESOL), Universidad de Almería (UAL), Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Durban University of Technology, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), University of South Australia [Adelaide], Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Middlesex University [London], Universidade de Aveiro, Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Department of Applied Microbiology [Warsaw], Institute of Microbiology [Warsaw], Faculty of Biology [Warsaw], University of Warsaw (UW)-University of Warsaw (UW)-Faculty of Biology [Warsaw], University of Warsaw (UW)-University of Warsaw (UW), School of Engineering [Newcastle], Newcastle University [Newcastle], Plataforma Solar de Almeria – CIEMAT, Tabernas, Almeria, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Rudjer Boskovic Institute [Zagreb], Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Laboratorio EMATSA, Instituto Catalán de Investigación del Agua - ICRA (SPAIN) (ICRA), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), NCMR, Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), National Medicines Institute - Narodowy Instytut Leków [Warsaw] (NIL), Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO), Volcani Center, Universidade do Porto = University of Porto-Departamento de Química (DQ), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA)-Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA)-Universidade do Porto = University of Porto-Departamento de Química (DQ), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marano, Robert BM, Fernandes, Telma, Manaia, Celia M, Nunes, Olga, Donner, Erica, Drigo, Barbara, Brunetti, Gianluca, and Cytryn, Eddie
Subjects: Cefotaxime, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coliforms, Antibiotic resistance, Sewage, Microorganismes -- Resistència als medicaments, Wastewater treatment, Wastewater, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Surveys and Questionnaires, Microorganisms -- Drug resistance, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, lcsh:GE1-350, 6. Clean water, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 3. Good health, Europe, Interdisciplinary Natural Sciences, Health, Sewage treatment, Biotechnology, medicine.drug, Life sciences, biology, Aigua -- Reutilització, Asia, Quantification methods, Aigües residuals -- Plantes de tractament, Culture and Communities, Water Purification, Applied microbiology, Water reuse, Environmental health, ddc:570, medicine, Microbiology Research Group, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, antibiotic resistance, coliforms, ESBLs, wastewater treatment, wastewater reuse, Sewage disposal plants, Effluent, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Coliform, business.industry, Australia, Fecal coliform, Antibiotic resistance, Coliforms, ESBLs, Wastewater treatment, Water reuse, ESBL, North America, Environmental science, business
Abstract: The World Health Organization Global Action Plan recommends integrated surveillance programs as crucial strategies for monitoring antibiotic resistance. Although several national surveillance programs are in place for clinical and veterinary settings, no such schemes exist for monitoring antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. In this transnational study, we developed, validated, and tested a low-cost surveillance and easy to implement approach to evaluate antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by targeting cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) coliforms as indicators. The rationale for this approach was: i) coliform quantification methods are internationally accepted as indicators of fecal contamination in recreational waters and are therefore routinely applied in analytical labs; ii) CTX-R coliforms are clinically relevant, associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and are rare in pristine environments. We analyzed 57 WWTPs in 22 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America. CTX-R coliforms were ubiquitous in raw sewage and their relative abundance varied significantly (
Published: 2020

18. Simulating Erosion‐Induced Soil and Carbon Delivery From Uplands to Rivers in a Global Land Surface Model

Author: Haicheng Zhang, Ronny Lauerwald, Wenping Yuan, Marta Camino-Serrano, Kristof Van Oost, Victoria Naipal, Bertrand Guenet, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Regnier, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: upscaling, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, River runoff, land surface model, Drainage basin, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Carbon Cycling, Biogeosciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, lateral carbon transport, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Biogeochemical Kinetics and Reaction Modeling, Global Change from Geodesy, Oceanography: Biological and Chemical, lcsh:Oceanography, Paleoceanography, carbon cycle, Environmental Chemistry, Geodesy and Gravity, Global Change, lcsh:GC1-1581, lcsh:Physical geography, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Global and Planetary Change, geography, soil erosion, geography.geographical_feature_category, Land use, Aquatic ecosystem, Primary production, Soil carbon, Biogeochemistry, 15. Life on land, Physical Modeling, 6. Clean water, Earth System Modeling, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Erosion, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Cryosphere, lcsh:GB3-5030, Biogeochemical Cycles, Processes, and Modeling, Natural Hazards, Research Article
Abstract: Global water erosion strongly affects the terrestrial carbon balance. However, this process is currently ignored by most global land surface models (LSMs) that are used to project the responses of terrestrial carbon storage to climate and land use changes. One of the main obstacles to implement erosion processes in LSMs is the high spatial resolution needed to accurately represent the effect of topography on soil erosion and sediment delivery to rivers. In this study, we present an upscaling scheme for including erosion‐induced lateral soil organic carbon (SOC) movements into the ORCHIDEE LSM. This upscaling scheme integrates information from high‐resolution (3″) topographic and soil erodibility data into a LSM forcing file at 0.5° spatial resolution. Evaluation of our model for the Rhine catchment indicates that it reproduces well the observed spatial and temporal (both seasonal and interannual) variations in river runoff and the sediment delivery from uplands to the river network. Although the average annual lateral SOC flux from uplands to the Rhine River network only amounts to 0.5% of the annual net primary production and 0.01% of the total SOC stock in the whole catchment, SOC loss caused by soil erosion over a long period (e.g., thousands of years) has the potential to cause a 12% reduction in the simulated equilibrium SOC stocks. Overall, this study presents a promising approach for including the erosion‐induced lateral carbon flux from the land to aquatic systems into LSMs and highlights the important role of erosion processes in the terrestrial carbon balance., Key Points We presented an upscaling scheme for including erosion‐induced lateral soil and carbon transfers into a global land surface modelOur model is a useful tool to estimate the impacts of climate and land cover changes on erosion‐induced soil carbon loss at large scaleModel application for the Rhine basin demonstrates that erosion‐induced soil carbon losses substantially reduce soil carbon stocks
Published: 2020

19. Low occurrence of molar use in black-tufted capuchin monkeys: Should adaptation to seed ingestion be inferred from molars in primates?

Author: Ghislain Thiery, John Chih Mun Sha, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Laboratoire de paléontologie, évolution, paléoécosystèmes, paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM ), and Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Molar, 010506 paleontology, Captivity, Zoology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Predation, stomatognathic system, Animal model, Predator, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Anterior teeth, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Enamel paint, Paleontology, food and beverages, Seed predation, Diet, Biting, visual_art, Sapajus apella, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Paleoecology, Adaptation, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Geology
Abstract: International audience; From squirrels to peccaries, seed predators are found in several mammalian orders. To access protected kernels, they use either their incisors or canines to remove seed shells but can also use their premolars and molars to break seed shells. Both behaviors can result in dental adaptations, such as a thicker enamel or round cusps. However, a large part of the literature focuses on molars, which is based on the basic assumption that seed predators commonly chew hard food or use their molars to break hard seed shells. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of molar seed breaking in a seed predator, the black-tufted capuchin monkey Sapajus apella. We conducted 65 feeding trials on captive specimens (N = 11) at the Guangzhou Zoo using soft shell (peanut) and hard shell seeds (walnut).Molars biting represented 5.5% of the whole feeding repertoire. We did not find clear evidence of a difference in molar biting between peanuts and walnuts. This low occurrence of molar use suggests a preference for the use of anterior teeth when monkeys are ingesting challenging food. The occurrence of all ingesting behavior, including molar biting, was lower in males which was attributed to their larger size, stronger arms and jaw muscles. Molar shell breaking is therefore interpreted as a costly behavior, only performed when other behaviors cannot be used to open the shells. While captivity could have affected feeding behavior, the low occurrence observed in this study questions the choice of S. apella as a preferred model of seed shell breaker in paleoecological studies. Morphological traits which allow S. apella to break hard shells using its molars could have been co-opted along adaptations to chew abrasive foods.
Published: 2020

20. Depth-to-bedrock map of China at a spatial resolution of 100 meters

Author: Wei Shangguan, Jing Zhang, Fapeng Yan, Bifeng Hu, Sch Atmospher Sci, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Climate Change & Nat Disas, Southern Marine Sci & Engn Guangdong Lab Zhuhai, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), College of Global Change and Earth System Scienc, Beijing Normal University, Unité de recherche Science du Sol (USS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité INFOSOL (ORLEANS INFOSOL), Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers, Université d'Orléans (UO), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University (BNU), Unité de Science du Sol (Orléans) (URSols), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and InfoSol (InfoSol)
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Library and Information Sciences, 01 natural sciences, Education, sciences du sol, Hydrology (agriculture), lcsh:Science, soil map, carte pédologique, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, chine, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Bedrock, Geology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Computer Science Applications, Quantile regression, Random forest, soil sciences, Earth system science, Metadata, Tree (data structure), 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, lcsh:Q, Gradient boosting, Hydrology, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Information Systems
Abstract: Depth to bedrock influences or controls many of the Earth’s physical and chemical processes. It plays important roles in soil science, geology, hydrology, land surface processes, civil engineering, and other related fields. However, information about depth to bedrock in China is very deficient, and there is no independent map of depth to bedrock in China currently. This paper describes the materials and methods to produce high-resolution (100 m) depth-to-bedrock maps of China. For different research and application needs, two sets of data are provided for users. One is the prediction by the ensemble of the random forests and gradient boosting tree models, and the other is the prediction and the uncertainty of prediction based on quantile regression forests model. In comparison with depth-to-bedrock maps of China extracted from previous global predictions, our predictions showed higher accuracy and more spatial details. These data sets can provide more accurate information for Earth system research compared with previous depth-to-bedrock maps., Measurement(s)depthTechnology Type(s)computational modeling techniqueFactor Type(s)biomass yield • slope • wetness • rock type • soil type • geographic locationSample Characteristic - EnvironmentlandSample Characteristic - LocationChina Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11358929
Published: 2020

21. Modeling the impacts of diffuse light fraction on photosynthesis in ORCHIDEE (v5453) land surface model

Author: Y. Zhang, A. Bastos, F. Maignan, D. Goll, O. Boucher, L. Li, A. Cescatti, N. Vuichard, X. Chen, C. Ammann, M. A. Arain, T. A. Black, B. Chojnicki, T. Kato, I. Mammarella, L. Montagnani, O. Roupsard, M. J. Sanz, L. Siebicke, M. Urbaniak, F. P. Vaccari, G. Wohlfahrt, W. Woodgate, P. Ciais, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Augsburg [Augsburg], Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Agroscope, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], University of British Columbia (UBC), Poznan University of Life Sciences (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu) (PULS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], University of Helsinki, Forest Services and Agency for the Environment, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), LMI IESOL Intensification Ecologique des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de l’Ouest [Dakar] (IESOL), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]), Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [Espagne] (UPV/EHU), Fundación Ikerbasque [Bilbao], Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Queensland [Brisbane], ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), European Research Council (grant no. SyG-2013-610028), the ANR CLAND Convergence Institute (grant no. 16-CONV-0003), the ANR China Trend Stream, 4C project. Bogdan Cho-jnicki was supported by the National Science Foundation, Poland (grant no. UMO-2017/27/B/ST10/02228), within the framework of the 'Carbon dioxide uptake potential of sphagnum peatlands in the context of atmospheric optical parameters and climate changes' (KUSCO2) project., ANR-15-CE01-0011,CHINA-TREND-STREAM,Tendances des deux grands fleuves Chinois, effets de l'usage des sols et du changement climatique(2015), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), INAR Physics, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Augsburg (UNIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute for BioEconomy [Sesto Fiorentino] (IBE | CNR), and National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: Lumière du jour, 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, aerosol, Cloud cover, Flux, cloud cover, Atmospheric model, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, ddc:550, Aérosol, cloud, Photosynthèse, Dispersion de la lumière, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, lcsh:QE1-996.5, General Medicine, air quality, air temperature, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Sciences du sol, Carbone organique du sol, light effect, Eddy covariance, atmospheric modeling, Photosynthesis, 114 Physical sciences, environmental impact, Carbon cycle, Couvert, carbon cycle, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, photosynthesis, land surface, Primary production, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, Modélisation, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Cycle du carbone, numerical model, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Aerosol- and cloud-induced changes in diffuselight have important impacts on the global land carbon cy-cle, as they alter light distribution and photosynthesis in veg-etation canopies. However, this effect remains poorly rep-resented or evaluated in current land surface models. Here,we add a light partitioning module and a new canopy lighttransmission module to the ORCHIDEE (Organising Car-bon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems) land surfacemodel (trunk version, v5453) and use the revised model, OR-CHIDEE_DF, to estimate the fraction of diffuse light andits effect on gross primary production (GPP) in a multilayercanopy. We evaluate the new parameterizations using fluxobservations from 159 eddy covariance sites over the globe.Our results show that, compared with the original model,ORCHIDEE_DF improves the GPP simulation under sunnyconditions and captures the observed higher photosynthe-sis under cloudier conditions in most plant functional types(PFTs). Our results also indicate that the larger GPP undercloudy conditions compared with sunny conditions is mainlydriven by increased diffuse light in the morning and in theafternoon as well as by a decreased vapor pressure deficit(VPD) and decreased air temperature at midday. The obser-vations show that the strongest positive effects of diffuse lighton photosynthesis are found in the range from 5 to 20◦C andat a VPD < 1 kPa. This effect is found to decrease when theVPD becomes too large or the temperature falls outside of theabovementioned range, which is likely due to the increasingstomatal resistance to leaf CO2uptake. ORCHIDEE_DF un-derestimates the diffuse light effect at low temperature in allPFTs and overestimates this effect at high temperature and ata high VPD in grasslands and croplands. The new model hasthe potential to better investigate the impact of large-scaleaerosol changes and long-term changes in cloudiness on theterrestrial carbon budget, both in the historical period and inthe context of future air quality policies and/or climate engi-neering This research has been supported by the Eu- ropean Research Council (grant no. SyG-2013-610028), the ANR CLAND Convergence Institute (grant no. 16-CONV-0003), the ANR China Trend Stream and the new 4C project. Bogdan Cho-jnicki was supported by the National Science Foundation, Poland (grant no. UMO-2017/27/B/ST10/02228), within the framework of the “Carbon dioxide uptake potential of sphagnum peatlands in the context of atmospheric optical parameters and climate changes” (KUSCO2) project.
Published: 2020

22. The 22 December 2018 tsunami from flank collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano during eruption

Author: Hiroo Kanamori, Luis Rivera, Kenji Satake, Dimas Sianipar, Lingling Ye, Yu Zhou, Thorne Lay, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Santa Cruz], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Earthquake Research Institute [Tokyo], and The University of Tokyo (UTokyo)
Subjects: Flank, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Magnitude (mathematics), SciAdv r-articles, Landslide, Time duration, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Seismic wave, Geophysics, Volcano, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Ground shaking, Geology, Seismology, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Research Article
Abstract: Rapid quantification of the Anak Krakatau landslide by regional seismic data could have aided in warning of the resulting tsunami., On 22 December 2018, a devastating tsunami struck Sunda Strait, Indonesia without warning, leaving 437 dead and thousands injured along the western Java and southern Sumatra coastlines. Synthetic aperture radar and broadband seismic observations demonstrate that a small
Published: 2020

23. Novel Representation of Leaf Phenology Improves Simulation of Amazonian Evergreen Forest Photosynthesis in a Land Surface Model

Author: Philippe Ciais, Xiuzhi Chen, Daniel S. Goll, Michael O'Sullivan, Adriana Castro da Conceição, Nicolas Viovy, Wenping Yuan, Fabienne Maignan, Liyang Liu, Chao Yue, Ana Bastos, Shushi Peng, Jin Wu, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Vapour Pressure Deficit, Biomass Allocation, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Plants (botany), lcsh:GC1-1581, Photosynthesis, litterfall, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Phenology, Leaf Area Index, tropical forest phenology, Gross Primary Production, Forestry, Net Primary Production, Carbon Flux, Evergreen forest, Latent Heat, Solar Radiation, Evergreen Forest, Eddy Covariance, Eddy covariance, Litterfalls, Litterfall, lcsh:Oceanography, Amazonia, Surface Measurement, Tropical Forest, Light Use Efficiency, Environmental Chemistry, Leaf area index, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Physical geography, Amazon, Carbon Allocation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, carbon and water fluxes, Humid Tropics, gross primary production (GPP), Tropics, Land Surface, Seasonality, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, Photosynthetic capacity, Carbon, Leaf Area, Water Flux, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, carbon allocation, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:GB3-5030, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Leaf phenology in the humid tropics largely regulates the seasonality of forest carbon and water exchange. However, it is inadequately represented in most global land surface models due to limited understanding of its controls. Based on intensive field studies at four Amazonian evergreen forests, we propose a novel, quantitative representation of tropical forest leaf phenology, which links multiple environmental variables with the seasonality of new leaf production and old leaf litterfall. The new phenology simulates higher rates of leaf turnover (new leaves replacing old leaves) in dry seasons with more sunlight, which is then implemented in ORCHIDEE, together with recent findings of ontogeny-associated photosynthetic capacity, and is evaluated against ground-based measurements of leaf phenology (canopy leaf area index and litterfall), eddy covariance fluxes (photosynthesis and latent heat), and carbon allocations from field observations. Results show the periodical cycles of solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit are the two most important environmental variables that are empirically related to new leaf production and old leaf abscission in tropical evergreen forests. The model with new representation of leaf phenology captures the seasonality of canopy photosynthesis at three out of four sites, as well as the seasonality of litterfall, latent heat, and light use efficiency of photosynthesis at all tested sites, and improves the seasonality of carbon allocations to leaves, roots, and sapwoods. This study advances understanding of the environmental controls on tropical leaf phenology and offers an improved modeling tool for gridded simulations of interannual CO2 and water fluxes in the tropics.
Published: 2020

24. Spatially Resolved Localization of Lanthanum and Cerium in the Rare Earth Element Hyperaccumulator Fern Dicranopteris linearis from China

Author: Jean Louis Morel, Antony van der Ent, Kathryn Spiers, Rongliang Qiu, Peter D. Erskine, Guillaume Echevarria, Emmanuelle Montargès-Pelletier, Wen-Shen Liu, Ye-Tao Tang, School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Guangzhou] (SESE), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron [Hamburg] (DESY)
Subjects: biology, Epidermis (botany), Chemistry, Rare-earth element, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, General Chemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, biology.organism_classification, Vascular bundle, 01 natural sciences, Pericycle, Dicranopteris linearis, Botany, ddc:333.7, Environmental Chemistry, Life Science, Hyperaccumulator, Fern, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Gleicheniaceae, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The fern Dicranopteris linearis (Gleicheniaceae) from China is a hyperaccumulator of rare earth element (REE), but little is known about the ecophysiology of REE in this species. This study aimed to clarify tissue-level and organ-level distribution of REEs via synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM). The results show that REEs (La + Ce) are mainly colocalized with Mn in the pinnae and pinnules, with the highest concentrations in necrotic lesions and lower concentrations in veins. In the cross sections of the pinnules, midveins, rachis, and stolons, La + Ce and Mn are enriched in the epidermis, vascular bundles, and pericycle (midvein). In these tissues, Mn is localized mainly in the cortex and mesophyll. We hypothesize that the movement of REEs in the transpiration flow in the veins is initially restricted in the veins by the pericycle between vascular bundle and cortex, while excess REEs are transported by evaporation and cocompartmentalized with Mn in the necrotic lesions and epidermis in an immobile form, possibly a Si-coprecipitate. The results presented here provide insights on how D. linearis regulates high concentrations of REEs in vivo, and this knowledge is useful for developing phytotechnological applications (such as REE agromining) using this fern in REE-contaminated sites in China.
Published: 2020

25. Retrospect driving forces and forecasting reduction potentials of energy-related industrial carbon emissions from China's manufacturing at city level

Author: Ningsheng Huang, Raffaele Lafortezza, Hongou Zhang, Philippe Ciais, Chaoqun Zhang, Changjian Wang, Yongxian Su, Yang Wang, Yilong Wang, Jianping Wu, Bo Zheng, Xiuzhi Chen, Yuyao Ye, Qian Li, Guangqing Huang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, carbon emission driver, Heavy industry, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 12. Responsible consumption, city level, 11. Sustainability, Production (economics), Coal, China, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Light industry, scenario design, Energy mix, Environmental economics, carbon emission mitigation, manufacturing, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, mitigation strategy, business, Efficient energy use
Abstract: Lack of either spatial or temporal coverage in city-level carbon emissions analysis might curb our understanding of historical drivers and make future forecasting uncertain. To fill these gaps, we analyzed time-series energy-related industrial carbon emissions (EICEs) from manufacturing in over 99 cities nationwide in China during the period 2000–2015. We estimated these cities’ EICEs reduction potential up until 2030 by improving scenario design, which imposed constraints separately on different city groups based on historical drivers. Results indicated distinct changes of EICEs around 2013 for the heavy manufacturing [HM], light manufacturing [LM] and high-tech development [HD] city groups and of emissions intensity for the energy production [EP] city group. The slowing economic growth would partly explain these transformations since 2013. Energy efficiency and industrial structure contributed most to these switches for the EP and HD city groups, respectively, while energy mix and energy efficiency were also major contributors for the HM and LM city groups. Given economic growth at a normal speed, EICEs will increase by 59%, 78%, 90% and 95% for the EP, HM, LM and HD city groups, respectively, from 2015–2030. Our scenarios show that energy efficiency improvement and industrial structure optimization will spur the EICEs to peak before 2030 and limit future EICEs increase by 6.4% and 33.4% in 2030 for the EP and HD city groups, respectively. This implies that energy efficiency improvement and industrial structure optimization are key emissions mitigation factors for the EP and HD cities. Equally important, our study found more unclean fuel structure with higher coal share in the HM and LM city groups than in the other groups. It is therefore imperative to improve their energy efficiency and optimize energy and industrial structures in the HM and LM cities. Results highlight the need to impose different constraints in scenario design and provide mitigation strategies at city level.
Published: 2020

26. Dayside nitrogen and carbon escape on Titan: the role of exothermic chemistry

Author: F. He, Jun Cui, D.-D. Niu, Panayotis Lavvas, Yong Wei, H. Gu, XiaoShu Wu, J. H. Guo, Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), National Astronomical Observatories [Beijing] (NAOC), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique (GSMA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Yunnan Astronomical Observatory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics [Beijing] (IGG), Space Science Institute [Macau] (SSI), School of Atmospheric Sciences [Zhuhai], and Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU)
Subjects: Exothermic reaction, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric escape, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Chemical reaction, symbols.namesake, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Chemical physics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Terrestrial planet, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Test particle, Ionosphere, Titan (rocket family), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Dissociative recombination, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Context. Atmospheric escape has an appreciable impact on the long-term climate evolution on terrestrial planets. Exothermic chemistry serves as an important mechanism driving atmospheric escape and the role of such a mechanism is of great interest for Titan due to its extremely complicated atmospheric and ionospheric composition. Aims. This study is devoted to a detailed investigation of neutral N and C escape on the dayside of Titan, which is driven by exothermic neutral–neutral, ion–neutral, and dissociative recombination (DR) reactions. It was carried out based on the extensive measurements of Titan’s upper atmospheric structure by a number of instruments on board Cassini, along with an improved understanding of the chemical network involved. Methods. A total number of 14 C- and N-containing species are investigated based on 146 exothermic chemical reactions that release hot neutrals with nascent energies above their respective local escape energies. For each species and each chemical channel, the hot neutral production rate profile is calculated, which provides an estimate of the corresponding escape rate when combined with the appropriate escape probability profile obtained from a test particle Monte Carlo model. Results. Our calculations suggest a total N escape rate of 9.0 × 1023 s−1 and a total C escape rate of 4.2 × 1023 s−1, driven by exothermic chemistry and appropriate for the dayside of Titan. The former is primarily contributed by neutral-neutral reactions, whereas the latter is dominated by ion–neutral reactions; however, contributions from neutral–neutral and DR reactions to the latter cannot be ignored either. Our calculations further reveal that the bulk of N escape is driven by hot N(4S) production from the collisional quenching of N(2D) by ambient N2, while C escape is mainly driven by hot CH3 and CH4 production via a number of important ion–neutral and neutral–neutral reactions. Conclusions. Considered in the context of prior investigations of other known escape mechanisms, we suggest that exothermic chemistry is likely to contribute appreciably to non-thermal C escape on the dayside of Titan, although it plays an insignificant role in N escape.
Published: 2020

27. Brazilian montane rainforest expansion induced by Heinrich Stadial 1 event

Author: Ingrid Horák-Terra, Fausto O. Sarmiento, Gregório Ceccantini, Zhuo Zheng, Mark B. Bush, Augusto José Pereira Filho, Frédéric Boyer, Daniel Abel-Schaad, Anne-Marie Lézine, Jorge L. D. Pinaya, Paulo Eduardo de Oliveira, Maicon A. Silva, Thomas Kenji Akabane, Rachid Cheddadi, Felipe Vemado, Nicolás Misailidis Stríkis, Francesco Ficetola, Alain Hambuckers, Walter H. L. Pinaya, Francisco W. Cruz, Alexandra-Jane Henrot, Kangyou Huang, Cristiano Mazur Chiessi, Majda Nourelbait, Matthieu Carré, Pierre Taberlet, Pedro Luiz Pizzigatti Corrêa, Louis François, Eric Coissac, Rudney de Almeida Santos, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Francisca Alba-Sánchez, María Soledad López, Carlos Henrique Grohmann, Ali Rhoujjati, Vanda Brito de Medeiros, Polytechnic School [São Paulo], University of São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Geociências [São Paulo], Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Departamento de Geoquimica (DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOQUIMICA), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Florida Institute of Technology [Melbourne], Unité de Modélisation du Climat et des Cycles Biogéochimiques (UMCCB), Université de Liège, Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire (LPAP), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Variabilité à long terme du climat de l'océan (VALCO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering [Guangzhou], Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Université Chouaib Doukkali (UCD), Laboratoire Géoressources, Morocco, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (Brazil), Institute of Biosciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences (IAG), School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Institute of Energy and Environment, Fluminense Federal University [Niterói], Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri = Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Vallays (UFJMV), Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition Federal University of ABC, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Unité de biologie du comportement, Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Laboratoire de Géo-ressources, Unité associée au CNRST (URAC 42) (LGR), Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), University of Georgia [USA], Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, Podocarpus, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Weinmannia, lcsh:Medicine, Rainforest, Subtropics, Palaeoclimate, 01 natural sciences, Article, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Stadial, lcsh:Science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Multidisciplinary, biology, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, Climate-change ecology, lcsh:R, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA, Palaeoecology, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Geography, Biogeography, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Araucaria
Abstract: The origin of modern disjunct plant distributions in the Brazilian Highlands with strong floristic affinities to distant montane rainforests of isolated mountaintops in the northeast and northern Amazonia and the Guyana Shield remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that these unexplained biogeographical patterns reflect former ecosystem rearrangements sustained by widespread plant migrations possibly due to climatic patterns that are very dissimilar from present-day conditions. To address this issue, we mapped the presence of the montane arboreal taxa Araucaria, Podocarpus, Drimys, Hedyosmum, Ilex, Myrsine, Symplocos, and Weinmannia, and cool-adapted plants in the families Myrtaceae, Ericaceae, and Arecaceae (palms) in 29 palynological records during Heinrich Stadial 1 Event, encompassing a latitudinal range of 30°S to 0°S. In addition, Principal Component Analysis and Species Distribution Modelling were used to represent past and modern habitat suitability for Podocarpus and Araucaria. The data reveals two long-distance patterns of plant migration connecting south/southeast to northeastern Brazil and Amazonia with a third short route extending from one of them. Their paleofloristic compositions suggest a climatic scenario of abundant rainfall and relative lower continental surface temperatures, possibly intensified by the effects of polar air incursions forming cold fronts into the Brazilian Highlands. Although these taxa are sensitive to changes in temperature, the combined pollen and speleothems proxy data indicate that this montane rainforest expansion during Heinrich Stadial 1 Event was triggered mainly by a less seasonal rainfall regime from the subtropics to the equatorial region., This work was funded by FAPESP research grant 2015/50683-2 to P.E. De Oliveira, VULPES Project, Belmount Forum.
Published: 2019

28. OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS

Author: Pierre Testor, Brad de Young, Daniel L. Rudnick, Scott Glenn, Daniel Hayes, Craig M. Lee, Charitha Pattiaratchi, Katherine Hill, Emma Heslop, Victor Turpin, Pekka Alenius, Carlos Barrera, John A. Barth, Nicholas Beaird, Guislain Bécu, Anthony Bosse, François Bourrin, J. Alexander Brearley, Yi Chao, Sue Chen, Jacopo Chiggiato, Laurent Coppola, Richard Crout, James Cummings, Beth Curry, Ruth Curry, Richard Davis, Kruti Desai, Steve DiMarco, Catherine Edwards, Sophie Fielding, Ilker Fer, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Hezi Gildor, Gustavo Goni, Dimitri Gutierrez, Peter Haugan, David Hebert, Joleen Heiderich, Stephanie Henson, Karen Heywood, Patrick Hogan, Loïc Houpert, Sik Huh, Mark E. Inall, Masso Ishii, Shin-ichi Ito, Sachihiko Itoh, Sen Jan, Jan Kaiser, Johannes Karstensen, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Jody Klymak, Josh Kohut, Gerd Krahmann, Marjolaine Krug, Sam McClatchie, Frédéric Marin, Elena Mauri, Avichal Mehra, Michael P. Meredith, Thomas Meunier, Travis Miles, Julio M. Morell, Laurent Mortier, Sarah Nicholson, Joanne O'Callaghan, Diarmuid O'Conchubhair, Peter Oke, Enric Pallàs-Sanz, Matthew Palmer, JongJin Park, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Ruth Perry, Bastien Queste, Luc Rainville, Eric Rehm, Moninya Roughan, Nicholas Rome, Tetjana Ross, Simon Ruiz, Grace Saba, Amandine Schaeffer, Martha Schönau, Katrin Schroeder, Yugo Shimizu, Bernadette M. Sloyan, David Smeed, Derrick Snowden, Yumi Song, Sebastian Swart, Miguel Tenreiro, Andrew Thompson, Joaquin Tintore, Robert E. Todd, Cesar Toro, Hugh Venables, Taku Wagawa, Stephanie Waterman, Roy A. Watlington, Doug Wilson, Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Guangzhou] (SESE), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Cape Town] (CSIR), Ministery of Science and Technology, Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Pretoria] (CSIR), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship [Brisbane], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia, Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), and Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Ocean observations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, Underwater glider, Best practice, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Oseanografi: 452 [VDP], gliders, boundary currents, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, autonomous oceanic, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Oceanography: 452 [VDP], platforms, storms, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Dissemination, in situ ocean observing systems, water transformation, ocean data management, autonomous oceanic platforms, GOOS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Data collection, 010505 oceanography, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Ocean current, Glider, Data access, Geography, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, business
Abstract: The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health, and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintain and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast.
Published: 2019
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29. A new method for recovering rare earth elements from the hyperaccumulating fern Dicranopteris linearis from China

Author: Zeinab Chour, Marie-Odile Simonnot, Jean Louis Morel, Baptiste Laubie, Rongliang Qiu, Bastien Jally, Laurence Muhr, Ye-Tao Tang, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ICEEL, and Labex Ressources 21
Subjects: 02 engineering and technology, Dicranopteris, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 020501 mining & metallurgy, chemistry.chemical_compound, Recovery, Nitric acid, Hydrometallurgy, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Hyperaccumulator, Rare earth elements, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Agromining, biology, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Extraction (chemistry), General Chemistry, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, biology.organism_classification, Tailings, 0205 materials engineering, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Control and Systems Engineering, Sodium hydroxide, Dicranopteris linearis, Environmental chemistry, Phytomining, Environmental science, Fern
Abstract: International audience; Hyperaccumulator plants are new alternative sources for elements of interest e.g., nickel, rare-earth elements(REEs), as concentrations in their aerial parts are higher than in common low-grade ores. The fern Dicranopterislinearis naturally grows on former mine tailings in Southern China and is classified as a REE hyperaccumulator.The efficient recovery of REEs is fundamental to ensure economic viability and to limit the environmental impactof the process. This study presents a novel approach for the treatment of the Dicranopteris biomass after incinerationto ash to drastically improve the “bio-ore” grade and to generate heat. Ash structure and composition isdescribed, and challenges for efficient recovery of REEs are discussed. A pre-processing step, aiming at renderingthe REEs available for extraction, was designed to dissolve aluminum (Al) using concentrated sodium hydroxide(6 M) at an average temperature (80 ◦C). The operating parameters were investigated through experimentmethodology design and parametric studies to build an empirical model. Additional experiments revealed thatthe formation of insoluble aluminosilicate compounds limited the removal of aluminium. Rinsing the REE-richresidue proved to be effective to increase the REE concentration and was carefully designed. Subsequently,the REEs were extracted under mildly acidic conditions using nitric acid (25 ◦C, pH 4.8), producing a valuablesolution devoid of aluminium and containing 74% of the REEs.
Published: 2021

30. Mesozoic-Cenozoic cooling history of the Eastern Qinghai Nan Shan (NW China): Apatite low-temperature thermochronology constraints

Author: Feng Cheng, Jing Liu-Zeng, Yuntao Tian, Chang' an Li, Marc Jolivet, Xu Lin, China Three Gorges University, Géosciences Rennes (GR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Tianjin University (TJU), University of Rochester [USA], Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41671011, 41702178, 41972212), Hunan Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 2019JJ40198), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, U-Th/He, Yellow River, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Fission track dating, 01 natural sciences, Paleontology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Tibetan Plateau, Fission track, Mesozoic, Longyang Gorge, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Canyon, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Plateau, 15. Life on land, Cretaceous, Thermochronology, Closure temperature, Cenozoic, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Understanding the formation of the Qilian Shan in the NE Tibetan Plateau provides insights into the growth mechanisms of the northern portion of the plateau through time. The onset time of exhumation in the Qilian Shan is still debated. The Qinghai Nan Shan subrange, located in the southeastern Qilian Shan, is cut by the Yellow River that forms Longyang Gorge, providing a good vertical profile for thermochronological investigation of exhumation. In this paper, we reconstruct the cooling and exhumation history of the Eastern Qinghai Nan Shan using apatite fission-track(AFT) and apatite (Usingle bondTh)/He(AHe) thermochronological dating on basement rocks. The fission-track data display a marked age-elevation trend from Early Cretaceous (114–122 Ma) ages at the bottom of the canyon to Early-Middle Jurassic ages (165–180 Ma) at the top. Mean (Usingle bondTh)/He ages are mainly Early Cretaceous (97–128 Ma) with one Eocene outlier (42 Ma). Combined with fission track lengths, Dpar values and thermal modeling results, these data indicate that the study area resided above the closure temperature of AFT and AHe until Early Cretaceous. Rapid cooling occurred during the Early Cretaceous and early Cenozoic likely driven by the Lhasa and Indian blocks collision with the southern margin of the Asian continent. Nonetheless, since then exhumation was limited to less than a few kilometers in the study area. Combined with regional geological studies, the thermochronological analysis demonstrates that, since the Mesozoic, intense exhumation occurred simultaneously along the northern and southern margins of the Qilian Shan. Hence, we suggest that the geomorphic framework of the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau was established during the Early Cretaceous-early Cenozoic.
Published: 2021

31. Polar Ocean Observations: A Critical Gap in the Observing System and Its Effect on Environmental Predictions From Hours to a Season

Author: Gregory C. Smith, Richard Allard, Marcel Babin, Laurent Bertino, Matthieu Chevallier, Gary Corlett, Julia Crout, Fraser Davidson, Bruno Delille, Sarah T. Gille, David Hebert, Patrick Hyder, Janet Intrieri, José Lagunas, Gilles Larnicol, Thomas Kaminski, Belinda Kater, Frank Kauker, Claudie Marec, Matthew Mazloff, E. Joseph Metzger, Calvin Mordy, Anne O’Carroll, Steffen M. Olsen, Michael Phelps, Pamela Posey, Pierre Prandi, Eric Rehm, Phillip Reid, Ignatius Rigor, Stein Sandven, Matthew Shupe, Sebastiaan Swart, Ole Martin Smedstad, Amy Solomon, Andrea Storto, Pierre Thibaut, John Toole, Kevin Wood, Jiping Xie, Qinghua Yang, the WWRP PPP Steering Group, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Naval Research Laboratory at Stennis Space Center (NRL-SSC), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Takuvik Joint International Laboratory ULAVAL-CNRS, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Université de Liège, University of California, Equipe Apprentissage (DocApp - LITIS), Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes (LITIS), Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Normandie Université (NU), University of Exeter, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), University of Hamburg, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences [Zwolle], Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), University of Washington [Seattle], Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Polar Science Center [Seattle], Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle]-University of Washington [Seattle], Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Oceanography [Cape Town], University of Cape Town, Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), School of Atmospheric Sciences [Zhuhai], Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), and University of California (UC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ocean observations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, air-sea-ice fluxes, lcsh:QH1-199.5, operational oceanography, Weather forecasting, forecasting, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, computer.software_genre, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Article, Ice shelf, Sea ice, ocean modeling, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Argo, Search and rescue, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, geography, Global and Planetary Change, geography.geographical_feature_category, YOPP, polar observations, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, ocean data assimilation, sea ice, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Climatology, lcsh:Q, computer
Abstract: International audience; There is a growing need for operational oceanographic predictions in both the Arctic and Antarctic polar regions. In the former, this is driven by a declining ice cover accompanied by an increase in maritime traffic and exploitation of marine resources. Oceanographic predictions in the Antarctic are also important, both to support Antarctic operations and also to help elucidate processes governing sea ice and ice shelf stability. However, a significant gap exists in the ocean observing system in polar regions, compared to most areas of the global ocean, hindering the reliability of ocean and sea ice forecasts. This gap can also be seen from the spread in ocean and sea ice reanalyses for polar regions which provide an estimate of their uncertainty. The reduced reliability of polar predictions may affect the quality of various applications including search and rescue, coupling with numerical weather and seasonal predictions, historical reconstructions (reanalysis), aquaculture and environmental management including environmental emergency response. Here, we outline the status of existing near-real time ocean observational efforts in polar regions, discuss gaps, and explore perspectives for the future. Specific recommendations include a renewed call for open access to data, especially real-time data, as a critical capability for improved sea ice and weather forecasting and other environmental prediction needs. Dedicated efforts are also needed to make use of additional observations made as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP; 2017–2019) to inform optimal observing system design. To provide a polar extension to the Argo network, it is recommended that a network of ice-borne sea ice and upper-ocean observing buoys be deployed and supported operationally in ice-covered areas together with autonomous profiling floats and gliders (potentially with ice detection capability) in seasonally ice covered seas. Finally, additional efforts to better measure and parameterize surface exchanges in polar regions are much needed to improve coupled environmental prediction.
Published: 2019
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32. Development and environmental implication of pedotransfer functions of Cd desorption rate coefficients in historically polluted soils

Author: Jiesheng Huang, Christophe Nguyen, Jingwei Wu, Zhongbing Lin, Xingying Zou, Kang Wang, Shuang Huang, Renduo Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University [China], Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Pollution, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil test, pedotransfer function, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Pedotransfer function, Desorption, Cation-exchange capacity, Soil Pollutants, Organic matter, desorption rate coefficient, Environmental Restoration and Remediation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, chemistry.chemical_classification, Cadmium, historical pollution, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, Adsorption, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: International audience; The desorption rate is an important factor determining cadmium (Cd) ecotoxicity and pollution remediation in soils. The pedotransfer functions (PTFs) of desorption rate coefficients of fresh Cd in soils have been developed in literature. We hypothesized that the aging of Cd pollution would alter Cd desorption process. Taking historically polluted soils as the object, this study aimed at testing the hypothesis and developing new PTFs of desorption rate coefficients for historical Cd. 15 d batch extraction experiments and 13 kinetic models were employed to define Cd desorption rate coefficients in 27 historically polluted soil samples. Compared with fresh Cd, the desorption rate coefficients of historical Cd were lower, and the break time of biphasic desorption processes was retarded to 3 d (4320 min). Different with the usual models for fresh Cd desorption (e.g. parabolic diffusion and two constant rate models), the best models to mimic the historical Cd desorption processes were the pseudo first order, logarithmic, Elovich, and simple Elovich models. The rate-limiting step controlling Cd desorption was changed from the intraparticle diffusion to the interface reaction with aging of pollution. New PTFs of desorption rate coefficients of historical Cd were established (R2 ≥ 0.71). Cd desorption rate coefficients increased with organic matter and clay contents, but decreased with oxalate extractable Fe content, solution pH, cation exchange capacity, and silt content. The key soil properties influencing desorption rate coefficients were not altered by the aging of pollution. The developed PTFs could guide us to adjusting the ecotoxicity and pollution remediation of Cd in historically polluted field soils.
Published: 2019

33. Air temperature optima of vegetation productivity across global biomes

Author: Philippe Ciais, Xuhui Wang, Yiqi Luo, Ranga B. Myneni, Mengtian Huang, Hans Verbeeck, Mengdi Gao, Alessandro Cescatti, Joseph A. Berry, Trevor F. Keenan, Yongwen Liu, Shuli Niu, Ivan A. Janssens, Shushi Peng, Yue He, Tao Wang, Wenping Yuan, Xiaoying Shi, Matthias Cuntz, Jin Wu, Jiafu Mao, Kai Wang, Shilong Piao, Josep Peñuelas, Ramdane Alkama, Hannes De Deurwaerder, SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences XDA20050101National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)41530528National Key RAMP, D Program of China 2017YFA0604702United States Department of Energy (DOE)DE-FG02-04ER63917DE-FG02-04ER63911CFCAS Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada BIOCAP CGIAR Natural Resources Canada European Union (EU) FAO-GTOS-CO iLEAPS Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry National Science Foundation (NSF) University of Tuscia Universite Laval United States Department of Energy (DOE) European Research Council (ERC)ERC-SyG-2013-610028 IMBALANCE-PFrench National Research Agency (ANR) Flemish Community through the Research Council of the University of Antwerp NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program IDS Award NNH17AE86ITerrestrial Ecosystem Science Scientific Focus Area project through the Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Program in the Climate and Environmental Sciences Division of the Biological and Environmental Research Program in the US Department of Energy Office of S United States Department of Energy (DOE)DE-AC05-00OR22725French National Research Agency (ANR)ANR-11-LABX-0002-01, Peking University [Beijing], Chinese Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), University of Hong Kong, University of Antwerp (UA), D Program of China 2017YFA0604702United States Department of Energy (DOE)DE-FG02-04ER63917DE-FG02-04ER63911CFCAS Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada BIOCAP CGIAR Natural Resources Canada FAO-GTOS-CO iLEAPS Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry National Science Foundation (NSF) University of Tuscia Universite Laval Flemish Community through the Research Council of the University of Antwerp NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program IDS Award NNH17AE86ITerrestrial Ecosystem Science Scientific Focus Area project through the Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Program in the Climate and Environmental Sciences Division of the Biological and Environmental Research Program in the US Department of Energy Office of S United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC05-00OR22725, ANR-11-LABX-0002,ARBRE,Recherches Avancées sur l'Arbre et les Ecosytèmes Forestiers(2011), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Peking University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Berkeley], University of California, Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Ghent University, U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie Institution], Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), and Brookhaven National Laboratory
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecosystem ecology, Climate, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biome, Eddy covariance, Climate change, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Article, Carbon Cycle, primary productivity, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, parasitic diseases, Quantitative Biology::Populations and Evolution, Ecosystem, Leaf area index, Biology, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecology, Climate-change ecology, Temperature, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Photosynthetic capacity, productivité primaire, Chemistry, température de l'air, 13. Climate action, Photosynthetic acclimation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: U nderstanding how photosynthesis responds to warming has been a focus in plant research in recent decades, and most of the existing knowledge comes from leaf-scale measurements 1-4. Most leaf-scale temperature response curves show that photosyn-thetic capacity increases with temperature up to an optimum temperature (T opt leaf), which typically occurs in the 30-40 °C temperature range 5,6. Above this optimum temperature, foliar photosynthetic capacity sharply declines as electron-transport and Rubisco enzy-matic capacities become impaired 7. Field et al. 8 suggested that ecosystem-scale optimum temperature T opt eco may differ from T opt leaf. At the ecosystem scale, elevated air temperatures do limit canopy photosynthesis by processes other than leaf carboxylation rates. For instance, elevated air temperatures may accelerate leaf ageing and increase leaf thickness (phenology; for example, ref. 9) and control stomatal closure because a higher temperature usually comes with a higher vapour pressure deficit (VPD) 10. In a more extreme case, warming-induced water stress could suppress canopy photosyn-thesis through partial hydraulic failure (hydraulics) by cavitation (for example, ref. 11). Empirical leaf-scale photosynthesis-temperature relationships 12 have been directly incorporated into global ecosystem models, with variants to account for acclimation, that is, a temporal adjustment of optimum photosynthetic temperature to air temperature during growth 5,13,14. This direct scaling of temperature responses from leaves to ecosystems partly determines model projections of gross primary productivity (GPP) and CO 2 uptake by terrestrial ecosystems in climatic scenarios. Verifying the existence of T opt eco in real-world ecosystems, defining its spatial distribution across and within biomes, and understanding the relationships between T opt eco , prevailing air temperature and T opt leaf are important for evaluating models and understanding the impacts of various climatic warming targets on ecosystem productivity. In this study, we formulate and test the following hypotheses: (1) T opt eco is higher for biomes when air temperature during growth is warmer, (2) T opt eco is lower than T opt leaf for any given ecosystem because the limitations mentioned earlier of stomatal conductance and phenology emerge before temperature begins to impair foliar pho-tosynthetic capacity, and (3) tropical forests already operate near a high T opt eco , above which canopy photosynthesis may decrease with even moderate air temperature warming 15,16. Here, we defined T opt eco as the daytime air temperature at which GPP is highest over a period of several years, and thus T opt eco can be empirically determined from productivity observations and proxies (see Methods). Results and discussion We first applied this approach on time series of daily GPP derived from CO 2 flux measurements at 153 globally distributed eddy cova-riance sites and found that a robust estimate of T opt eco could be derived The global distribution of the optimum air temperature for ecosystem-level gross primary productivity (T opt eco) is poorly understood , despite its importance for ecosystem carbon uptake under future warming. We provide empirical evidence for the existence of such an optimum, using measurements of in situ eddy covariance and satellite-derived proxies, and report its global distribution. T opt eco is consistently lower than the physiological optimum temperature of leaf-level photosynthetic capacity, which typically exceeds 30 °C. The global average T opt eco is estimated to be 23 ± 6 °C, with warmer regions having higher T opt eco values than colder regions. In tropical forests in particular, T opt eco is close to growing-season air temperature and is projected to fall below it under all scenarios of future climate, suggesting a limited safe operating space for these ecosystems under future warming.
Published: 2019

34. Redistribution of Soil Organic Carbon Induced by Soil Erosion in the Nine River Basins of China

Author: Timothy A. Quine, Haicheng Zhang, Guangjin Tian, Xiaoyuan Wang, Wenping Yuan, Beijing Normal University (BNU), University of Exeter, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Drainage basin, Paleontology, Soil Science, Forestry, Soil carbon, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, Erosion, Environmental science, Redistribution (chemistry), China, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019

35. Can local ecological knowledge provide meaningful information on coastal cetacean diversity? A case study from the northern South China Sea

Author: Samuel T. Turvey, Rodolphe E. Gozlan, Chiou-Ju Yao, Luru Xing, Liang Fang, Mingli Lin, Songhai Li, Shiang-Lin Huang, Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering [Chinese Academy of Sciences] [Sanya] (IDSSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Tunghai University [Taichung], Zoological Society of London - ZSL (UNITED KINGDOM), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, South china, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, traditional ecological knowledge, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Distribution (economics), Hainan, South China Sea, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Focal species, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Questionnaire survey, Abundance (ecology), 14. Life underwater, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, Traditional knowledge, education, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Local ecological knowledge, education.field_of_study, biology, business.industry, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, biology.organism_classification, Humpback dolphin, Geography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, business, Diversity (politics)
Abstract: International audience; Identifying and evaluating potentially suitable tools to assess the status of cetaceans in coastal waters with high levels of anthropogenic threat represents a first step towards effective conservation management. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) can often provide more extensive information on focal species and biological resources than is available from standard ecological surveys, and is increasingly recognized as an important source of data for conservation research and management, but it has rarely been used as a tool to assess the status of cetaceans. We investigated the efficacy of using LEK from local fishers combined with stranding records to characterise the diversity and distribution of coastal cetaceans in the northern South China Sea, a region with high historical levels of cetacean abundance and diversity but which is experiencing intensifying anthropogenic pressures. Fishers were unable to identify most regionally occurring cetaceans to species level. However, we were able to determine the distributions of eight categories of cetaceans that were observed by fishers, and a previously unknown population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin reported from the coastal waters of Hainan that was later confirmed through boat-based surveys. The number of sightings of different cetacean categories reported by fishers has a significant positive linear relationship with independent data on numbers of stranded cetaceans, validating the accuracy of our respondent data and indicating that LEK can provide useful, quantitative information on abundance rankings of different cetacean categories.
Published: 2019

36. Climate and litter C/N ratio constrain soil organic carbon accumulation

Author: Shijie Han, Wenjuan Huang, Youxin Ma, Juxiu Liu, Wantong Wang, Philippe Ciais, Hai Ren, Shenggong Li, Yuelin Li, Xuli Tang, Stefano Manzoni, Guirui Yu, Junhua Yan, Shizhong Liu, Sheng Du, Deqiang Zhang, Guoyi Zhou, Keping Ma, Ping Zhou, Qianmei Zhang, Gengxu Wang, Xiankai Lu, Jingyun Fang, Xiuzhi Chen, Shan Xu, Guowei Chu, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), South China Institute of Botany, Academia Sinia, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stockholm University, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yangzhou University, Key Lab of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Institute of Applied Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil texture, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, wetness index, Forest ecology, Ecosystem, annual litterfall, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, soil texture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, litter carbon-to-nitrogen, soil organic carbon, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Species richness, sense organs, Research Article
Abstract: Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays critical roles in stabilizing atmospheric CO2 concentration, but the mechanistic controls on the amount and distribution of SOC on global scales are not well understood. In turn, this has hampered the ability to model global C budgets and to find measures to mitigate climate change. Here, based on the data from a large field survey campaign with 2600 plots across China's forest ecosystems and a global collection of published data from forested land, we find that a low litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) and high wetness index (P/PET, precipitation-to-potential-evapotranspiration ratio) are the two factors that promote SOC accumulation, with only minor contributions of litter quantity and soil texture. The field survey data demonstrated that high plant diversity decreased litter C/N and thus indirectly promoted SOC accumulation by increasing the litter quality. We conclude that any changes in plant-community composition, plant-species richness and environmental factors that can reduce the litter C/N ratio, or climatic changes that increase wetness index, may promote SOC accumulation. The study provides a guideline for modeling the carbon cycle of various ecosystem scales and formulates the principle for land-based actions for mitigating the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Published: 2019

37. Simultaneous attenuation of phytoaccumulation of Cd and As in soil treated with inorganic and organic amendments

Author: Chong Liu, Rongliang Qiu, Lin Ju, Charlie Li, Ye-Tao Tang, Shizhong Wang, Aijun Yao, Hao Qiu, Xiaodan Ling, Xiange Wei, Jean Louis Morel, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), and University of California
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental remediation, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Iron, chemistry.chemical_element, Manganese, Brassica, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, Arsenic, Phosphates, chemistry.chemical_compound, Soil, Fe-Si-Ca rich material, Biochar, Vegetables, medicine, Brassica chinensis, Soil Pollutants, Environmental Restoration and Remediation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Cadmium, Magnesium, Oxides, General Medicine, Phosphate, Pollution, Bioaccumulation, Manure, chemistry, Manganese Compounds, Charcoal, Metal(loid), Ferric, Hydroxide, Organic amendment, medicine.drug, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: A novel Fe Si Ca rich material (IS), chicken manure (CM) and its biochar were investigated for their efficiency in simultaneous remediation of Cd and As uptake by the vegetable Brassica chinensis L. Wet chemistry analysis and X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to reveal the mechanisms responsible for Cd and As fixation in the amended soils. The IS treatment performed best in reducing Cd uptake, while the combination of IS and CM was the optimal one for As fixation. The precipitation/co-precipitation (in cadmium silicate/phosphate/phosphate hydroxide, cadmium iron and manganese oxides under alkaline conditions, and calcium/magnesium/ferric arsenates) and specific chemisorption (by amorphous iron/manganese oxides) were proved to be more efficient in simultaneously lowering As and Cd phytoavailability than was organic complexation. These findings demonstrate that Fe Si Ca and Fe Si Ca C amendments are highly efficient and promising in-situ remediation systems for safe crop production on soils contaminated with Cd and As.
Published: 2019

38. Detection of Mesospheric CO2 Ice Clouds on Mars in Southern Summer

Author: Loic Verdier, Nicholas M. Schneider, Hannes Gröller, Franck Montmessin, Sonal Jain, Fayu Jiang, Jun Cui, Roger V. Yelle, Justin Deighan, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, CAS Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Space and Atmospheric Physics Group [London], Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, School of Atmospheric Sciences [Zhuhai], Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mie scattering, Atmosphere of Mars, Mars Exploration Program, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Geophysics, Altitude, 13. Climate action, Extinction (optical mineralogy), [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Longitude, Spectrograph, Geology, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; This paper reports the first detections of two high‐altitude nighttime CO2 clouds on Mars during southern summer (Ls = 264° and Ls = 330°) with stellar occultation measurements by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft. Interpretation of the transmission spectra with Mie theory indicates particle radii of ~90‐110 nm assuming a mono‐disperse distribution. The altitude profile of extinction indicates that the cloud layers are confined horizontally to sizes less than ~ 500‐700~km. Examination of the CO2 density and temperature profiles reveals strong wave‐like perturbations. Supersaturated temperatures occur at the maximum negative extent of these wave‐like perturbations, which are organized in longitude with a dominant m=3 zonal harmonic. This suggests that tides are important in the formation of CO2 clouds.
Published: 2019

39. Remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle: A review of advances over 50 years

Author: Guoqing Sun, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Wenping Yuan, Xiaoyang Zhang, Jingfeng Xiao, Wenjian Ni, Li Zhang, Frédéric Chevallier, Kazuhito Ichii, Yong Pang, Luis Guanter, Abdullah F. Rahman, Cécile Gomez, Alfredo Huete, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centro de Tecnologías Físicas [Universitat Politècnica de València], Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), University of Idaho [Moscow, USA], School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Chiba University, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chinese Academy of Forestry, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Partenaires INRAE, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), South Dakota State University (SDSTATE), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (Carbon Cycle Science Program) [NNX14AJ18G], National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (Climate Indicators and Data Products for Future National Climate Assessments) [NNX16AG61G], National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (Science of Terra and Aqua) [NNX14A170G], National Science Foundation (NSF) (MacroSystems Biology)National Science Foundation (NSF) [EF-1638688], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Land surface temperature, Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Soil Science, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Geological & Geomatics Engineering, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Ecosystem carbon, Optical remote sensing, Carbon fluxes, Ecosystem, Computers in Earth Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Carbon cycling, Lidar, Biosphere, Aboveground biomass, Geology, Carbon-climate feedbacks, Soil carbon, Disturbance, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Biomass carbon, 020801 environmental engineering, Microwave remote sensing, Carbon stocks, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Quantifying ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks is essential for better understanding the global carbon cycle and improving projections of the carbon-climate feedbacks. Remote sensing has played a vital role in this endeavor during the last five decades by quantifying carbon fluxes and stocks. The availability of satellite observations of the land surface since the 1970s, particularly the early 1980s, has made it feasible to quantify ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks at regional to global scales. Here we provide a review of the advances in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle from the early 1970s to present. First, we present an overview of the terrestrial carbon cycle and remote sensing of carbon fluxes and stocks. Remote sensing data acquired in a broad wavelength range (visible, infrared, and microwave) of the electromagnetic spectrum have been used to estimate carbon fluxes and/or stocks. Second, we provide a historical overview of the key milestones in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Third, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in remote sensing of carbon fluxes. The remote sensing data and techniques used to quantify carbon fluxes include vegetation indices, light use efficiency models, terrestrial biosphere models, data-driven (or machine learning) approaches, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), land surface temperature, and atmospheric inversions. Fourth, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in passive optical, microwave, and lidar remote sensing of biomass carbon stocks as well as remote sensing of soil organic carbon. Fifth, we review the progresses in remote sensing of disturbance impacts on the carbon cycle. Sixth, we also discuss the uncertainty and validation of the resulting carbon flux and stock estimates. Finally, we offer a forward-looking perspective and insights for future research and directions in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Remote sensing is anticipated to play an increasingly important role in carbon cycling studies in the future. This comprehensive and insightful review on 50?years of remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle is timely and valuable and can benefit scientists in various research communities (e.g., carbon cycle, remote sensing, climate change, ecology) and inform ecosystem and carbon management, carbon-climate projections, and climate policymaking.
Published: 2019

40. Adsorption-reduction removal of Cr(VI) by tobacco petiole pyrolytic biochar: Batch experiment, kinetic and mechanism studies

Author: Fu Weijing, Zhihua Chen, Marie-Odile Simonnot, Yuanxue Yin, Xuefeng Wang, Rongliang Qiu, Xin Zhang, Henan Normal University, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Chromium, Environmental Engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adsorption, Specific surface area, Biochar, Tobacco, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Pyrolytic carbon, Hexavalent chromium, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Chemistry, General Medicine, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 6. Clean water, Kinetics, Charcoal, Absorption (chemistry), 0210 nano-technology, Pyrolysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: International audience; Tobacco petiole biochar (TPBC) was prepared via pyrolysis and used for Cr(VI) removal. Cr(VI) removal efficiency was reduced by pyrolytic temperature (PyT) increase which mainly affected by functional groups rather than specific surface area. According to the optimal pseudo second-order kinetic, the initial adsorption rate was decreased with PyT increase from 355.91 mg·g−1·min−1 (PyT = 300 °C) to 3.44 mg·g−1·min−1 (PyT = 700 °C). The isotherm was optimally explained by Temkin model involved physical absorption with heat of 28.73 J/mol. Simulation result of adsorption-reduction-adsorption process showed the Cr(VI) removal was kinetic controlled by Cr(VI) and Cr(III) adsorptions. TPBC300 was the optimal TPBC for chromium removal from electroplating wastewater with efficiencies of: 66.7% (Cr(VI)) and 21.1% (Cr(tot))
Published: 2018

41. Micro-structural study of colored porcelains of Changsha kiln using imaging and spectroscopic techniques

Author: Jianmao Li, Tiequan Zhu, Wen Lu, Tian Wang, Magali Brunet, Philippe Sciau, Bailin Shen, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Matériaux Multi-fonctionnels et Multi-échelles (CEMES-M3), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Museum, Hunan Normal University (HNU), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Hunan Normal University
Subjects: Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, Materials Chemistry, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Process Chemistry and Technology, Glaze, Cassiterite, Opacifier, Hematite, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Copper, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Colored, visual_art, Ceramics and Composites, visual_art.visual_art_medium, engineering, symbols, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, Raman spectroscopy
Abstract: Changsha kiln was an ancient factory from the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) to the Five Dynasties (907–960 CE), famous for its colored porcelain production. It was one of the pioneer sites to master the poly-color technique at high temperature. In this work, by using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), the composition and structure of two of its emblematic colored glazes were studied. The results confirmed that the chromogenic elements of brown and green colored glazes are well iron and copper respectively. They also revealed a significant presence of hematite (α-Fe2O3) phase with dendritic shape close to the glaze surface and oddly a substantial amount of e-Fe2O3 phase at the body/glaze interface. It is the second type of ancient Chinese glaze in which the very rare and metastable iron(III) oxide polymorph was found. No Cu-based particle was identified in green glaze. The green color is certainly due to Cu2+ dispersed in the glassy matrix. Our study confirmed that Cassiterite (SnO2) was used as opacifier compound to obtain opaque green color.
Published: 2018

42. Mobility of metal(loid)s in Pb/Zn tailings under different revegetation strategies

Author: Jean Louis Morel, Haochun Chi, Yongqiang Yuan, Wan-Ying Zhao, Wang Guobao, Wenling Feng, Wenge Ding, Jianxiang Zhang, Chong Liu, Haoran Tan, Chen Daijie, Shizhong Wang, Rongliang Qiu, Feng Zekai, School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Sun Yat-sen University], Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Environmental pollution, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Poaceae, 01 natural sciences, Redox, Metal, Metals, Heavy, Soil Pollutants, Leachate, Leaching (agriculture), Revegetation, Waste Management and Disposal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pollutant, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Chemistry, General Medicine, Plants, Tailings, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, Zinc, Lead, visual_art, Environmental chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium
Abstract: Metal tailings are potential sources of strong environmental pollution. In situ remediation involves the installation of a plant cover to stabilize materials and pollutants. Whether metal(loid)s are effectively immobilized in remediated tailing ponds submitted to heavy rainfall remains uncertain. In this study, tailing materials were collected from bare tailings (control), grass-planted (G) and grass-shrub planted (GS) areas on a former Pb/Zn mine site. Batch column experiments were performed with three rainfall intensities of 0.36, 0.48, and 0.50 mL min−1 for 18 d in the lab. The pH, Eh, Cd, Pb, Zn and As concentration in leachate were recorded. Selected leached tailing materials were finally characterized. Results showed that leachates from control were strongly acidic (pH 3.11–4.65), and that Cd, Pb, Zn and As were quickly released at high rate (e.g., 945 mg L−1 Zn). During the experiment up to 4% Cd present in the material was released and almost 1% Zn. With material collected from the G area, leachates were even more acidic (2.16–2.84) with a rainfall intensity of 0.50 mL min−1 and exhibited a high redox potential (588–639 mV). However, concentrations of metals in leachates were much lower than that in the control, except for Zn (e.g., 433 mg L−1), and they tended to decrease with time. Cumulative leaching rate was still relatively high (e.g., 0.68% Cd; 0.75% Zn) during the first eight days (stage I). However, with the GS treatment, leachate pH gradually raised from acid to alkaline values (3.9–8.2) during stage I, then remained high until the end of the experiment (stage II). Also, amounts of elements released during the 18 d were low in general. The releasing ratios of Cd (R2 > 0.95), Pb (R2 > 0.95), As (R2 > 0.87), and Zn (R2 > 0.90) fitted well with a two-constant model. In conclusion, under subtropical climate with heavy rainfall, phytostabilization is effective but immobilization of metals is higher with a combination of grass and shrub than with only grass to reduce leaching of As and Zn.
Published: 2020

43. Recovery of rare earth elements from Dicranopteris dichotoma by an enhanced ion exchange leaching process

Author: Ye-Tao Tang, Zeinab Chour, Laurence Muhr, Jean Louis Morel, Rongliang Qiu, Baptiste Laubie, Marie-Odile Simonnot, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU)
Subjects: General Chemical Engineering, Inorganic chemistry, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Ion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitric acid, Hyperaccumulator, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Ion-exchange resin, Rare earth elements, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ion exchange, Agromining, Elution, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Process Chemistry and Technology, Dicranopteris dichotoma, General Chemistry, Hyperaccumulator plant, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 6. Clean water, chemistry, Leaching (metallurgy), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; An original process aiming at selectively extracting REEs from the hyperaccumulator plant Dicranopteris dichotoma was developed. This process relies on an enhanced ion exchange leaching step carried out in 0.5 M nitric acid solution. Once ion exchange resin is transferred into a column, REEs purification is carried out by percolating successively three solutions through resin bed: two washing steps, with water and 0.75 M nitric acid to remove competing ions and one elution step using 3 M nitric acid. These operating conditions led to 81.4% REEs purity and 78% recovery.
Published: 2018

44. Quantifying the biophysical effects of forests on local air temperature using a novel three-layered land surface energy balance model

Author: Hongou Zhang, Yongxian Su, Jiali Shang, Ying-Ping Wang, Yilong Wang, Ningsheng Huang, Wenping Yuan, Raffaele Lafortezza, Liyang Liu, Philippe Ciais, Xiuzhi Chen, Jianping Wu, Guoyi Zhou, Guangqing Huang, School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Guangzhou] (SESE), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research [Aspendale], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Energy balance, Forests, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Surface energy balance, Soil, Forest ecology, medicine, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecosystem, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:GE1-350, Tree canopy, Temperature, Models, Theoretical, 15. Life on land, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Plant Leaves, 13. Climate action, Air temperature, Environmental science, Air space, Seasons
Abstract: The well-documented energy balance dynamics within forest ecosystems are poorly implemented in studies of the biophysical effects of forests. This results in limitations to the accurate quantification of forest cooling/warming on local air temperature. Taking into consideration the forest air space, this study proposes a three-layered (canopy, forest air space and soil [CAS]) land surface energy balance model to simulate air temperature within forest spaces (Taf) and subsequently to evaluate its biophysical effects on forest cooling/warming, i.e., the air temperature gradient (∆Ta) between the Taf and air temperature of open spaces (Tao) (∆Ta = Taf − Tao). We test the model using field data for 23 sites across 10 cities worldwide; the model shows satisfactory performance with the test data. High-latitude forests show greater seasonal dynamics of ∆Ta, generating considerable cooling of local air temperatures in warm seasons but minimal cooling or even warming effects during cool seasons, while low-latitude tropical forests always exert cooling effects with less interannual variability. The interannual dynamics of ∆Ta are significantly related to the seasonality of solar geometry and canopy leaf phenology. The differences between forest canopy temperature (Tc) and Tao, which are the two most important terms attributed by the CAS model in impacting Taf, explain a large part of forest cooling and warming (May–July: R2 = 0.35; November–January: R2 = 0.51). The novel CAS model provides a feasible way to represent the energy balance within forest ecosystems and to assess its impacts on local air temperatures globally. Keywords: Forest cooling/warming, Forest biophysical effects, Radiative transfer equation, Land-atmosphere model, Local environmental health, Climate warming mitigation
Published: 2019

45. Uso da micropedologia na descrição de processos pedogenéticos em Tecnossolos

Author: Françoise Watteau, Hermine Huot, Frédéric Rees, Christophe Schwartz, Geoffroy Séré, Jean Claude Begin, Jean Louis Morel, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine (UL), and Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU)
Subjects: actividad biológica, Earth science, subproductos industriales, Soil Science, biological activity, Context (language use), Technosol, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Estructura del suelo, industrial byproducts, gestión de suelo, Soil structure, 11. Sustainability, biochar, Organic matter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, Natural materials, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, papermill sludge, lodos de papelera, Characterization (materials science), Pedogenesis, Hydric soil, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, soil management
Abstract: International audience; Technosols are characterized by the presence of mineral and organic parent materials of technogenic origin (e.g. agricultural or urban wastes, industrial by-products, building materials, transported natural materials). In view of the continual increase of such man-made soils, there is a true need of understanding their functioning and evolution. Micropedology, i.e. morphological and analytical characterization of pedofeatures on soil sections, appears as a relevant approach to take into account the diversity and the specificity of Technosols in the knowledge of their pedogenetic processes. Micropedology was investigated at microscopic and submicroscopic scale on four Technosols. Therefore, it determined specific features of anthropogenic constituents allowing in situ monitoring until the early stages of Technosol pedogenesis. Organic matter dynamics, soil porosity evolution, impact of faunal activity or hydric conditions on Technosol structure were investigated. Moreover, as Technosol components and deposition modes are diverse, one can expect numerous interfaces. In that way, micropedology appeared particularly well adapted to study these local interfaces as sites of favoured pedogenesis. Supplemented with overall physico-chemical soil analyses, characterization of Technosol pedogenic features using micropedology improves the understanding of their functioning and evolution. In addition, according to the environmental context, such data also give useful information for the Technosol management.; RESUMEN Los Tecnosoles se caracterizan por la presencia de materiales orgánicos y minerales de origen tecnogenético (p.ej. residuos agrícolas o urbanos, subproductos industriales, materiales de construcción, materiales naturales transportados, etc.). Dado el aumento continuo de estos tipos de suelos antrópicos, es necesario comprender su funcionamiento y evolución. La micropedología, definida como la caracterización morfológica y analítica de microestructuras de láminas de suelo, es una herramienta estándar para el estudio de los mismos. La micropedología ofrece un enfoque relevante para el conocimiento de los procesos edafogenéticos de los Tecnosoles, ya que permite considerar la diversidad y la especificidad de los mismos. Cuatro tipos de Tecnosoles fueron investigados mediante técnicas de micropedología a escala fotónica y de ultraestructura. Así, fue posible determinar las características de los constituyentes antropogénicos y realizar un seguimiento in situ hasta las fases tempranas de la edafogénesis de estos Tecnosoles. Se investigaron procesos como la dinámica de la materia orgánica, la evolución de la porosidad y el impacto de la actividad de la fauna o de las condiciones hídricas en la estructura de los Tecnosoles. Además, ya que los Tecnosoles son muy diversos tanto en sus componentes como en el modo en que estos componentes se organizan, es esperable que existan numerosas interfaces entre horizontes de suelo. De este modo, la micropedología se adapta muy bien al estudio de estas interfaces locales donde se dan procesos edafogenéticos. La caracterización micropedológica de las microestructuras de los Tecnosoles, complementada con análisis físico-químicos generales, incrementa de modo sustancial la comprensión
Published: 2018

46. Cadmium stable isotope variation in a mountain area impacted by acid mine drainage

Author: Jean Louis Morel, Ye-Tao Tang, Christophe Cloquet, Rongliang Qiu, Kengbo Ding, Hanjie Wen, Hao Qiu, Peng Zhang, Wenjun Yang, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Médecins Sans Frontières Belgique, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environment and Soil Sciences, and Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU)
Subjects: Pollution, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Source, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Acid mine drainage, Isotope fractionation, Rivers, Environmental Chemistry, Trace metal, Cadmium isotope, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Waste Management and Disposal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Cadmium, Stable isotope ratio, Sediment, Tailings, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science
Abstract: The pollution of natural waters and sediments with metals derived from acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global environmental problem. However, the processes governing the transportation and transformation of AMD metals such as Cd in mountainous areas are poorly understood. In this study, the Cd isotopic composition and Cd concentration of river water and sediments (16 sampling sites) from an AMD-affected river in southern China were determined. Cd concentration in river water declined from its source at a tailings dam (304 μg L−1) to a point 14 km downstream (0.32 μg L−1). Sediment Cd concentration ranged from 0.18 to 39.9 μg g−1, suggesting that anthropogenic Cd is derived primarily from the tailing dam and easily enters the solid phase of the river. Isotopic data showed that the dissolved Cd in rivers was characterized by δ114/110Cd values ranging from 0.21‰ to 1.03‰, with a mean of 0.48‰. The greatest Cd isotope difference was observed between the water and sediments in the LW dam (Δ114/110Cdriver-sediment = 1.61‰, site 1), likely due to a rapid weathering dissolution of the ore tailings. In the river's upper reach (sites 2–3), isotope difference between river and sediment (Δ114/110Cdriver-sediment) ranged from 1.0‰ to 0.91‰. This suggests that a host of secondary processes might have impacted Cd isotope fractionation, including adsorption, ternary complexation and/or (co)precipitation of Cd on secondary oxides and hydroxides. In the middle and lower reaches, an abruptly elevated δ114/110Cd value near farmland (site 10) suggests the existence of a second Cd source. Based on the chemical properties of water samples we can attribute this heavy isotope signature to agricultural fertilizer and drainage from agricultural fields. Our results suggest that Cd isotope is a tracer for identifying and tracking Cd sources and attenuation mechanisms (adsorption/(co)precipitation) in a complex mountain watershed.
Published: 2018

47. Element Case Studies: Rare Earth Elements

Author: Ming Yuan, Chang Liu, Jean Louis Morel, Ye-Tao Tang, Rongliang Qiu, Baptiste Laubie, Hermine Huot, Wen-Shen Liu, Marie-Odile Simonnot, Mei-Na Guo, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)
Subjects: Polluted soils, biology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Rare earth, Biomass, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Soil contamination, Phytoremediation, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Dicranopteris dichotoma, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Hyperaccumulator, Fern, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The growing demand of strategic resources, e.g. rare earth elements (REEs), for development of modern technologies has spurred an increase in mining activities and consequently a release of REEs into the environment, posing a potential threat to human health. Phytoremediation, regarded as an in situ and low-cost means to remediate polluted soils, uses the growth and harvest of hyperaccumulator plants that take up high concentrations of metals in their shoots, allowing metal removal from contaminated soil (phytoextraction) or commercial production of high-value metals (phytomining). In this chapter, we review the discovery of REE hyperaccumulators worldwide, particularly focusing on the fern species Dicranopteris dichotoma that preferentially takes up light REEs. Though less understood, mechanisms of REE uptake, translocation, and distribution in hyperaccumulator plants are also discussed. Finally, taking D. dichotoma as an example, we estimate the phytomining potential for REEs using this species, based on its biomass production, REE concentrations in the ash, and current market prices of REEs.
Published: 2018

48. Microcolumn-based speciation analysis of thallium in soil and green cabbage

Author: Fei Yang, Yanlong Jia, Tangfu Xiao, Philippe C. Baveye, Jialong Sun, Guizhou Institute of Technology, State key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry [Guiyang] (SKLEG), Institute of Geochemistry [Guiyang], Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Guangzhou] (SESE), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), and Xiao, Tangfu
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0211 other engineering and technologies, chemistry.chemical_element, Context (language use), Extraction, 02 engineering and technology, Brassica, Tl speciation, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Green cabbage, Geochemical fraction, Tl bioavailability, Isotope fractionation, Environmental Chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Trace metal, Hyperaccumulator, Thallium, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Extraction (chemistry), Pollution, Speciation, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Thallium (Tl) is a toxic trace metal, whose geochemical behavior and biological effects are closely controlled by its chemical speciation in the environment. However, little tends to be known about this speciation of Tl in soil and plant systems that directly affect the safety of food supplies. In this context, the objective of the present study was to elaborate an efficient method to separate and detect Tl(I) and Tl(III) species for soil and plant samples. This method involves the selective adsorption of Tl(I) on microcolumns filled with immobilized oxine, in the presence of DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), followed by DTPA-enhanced ultrasonic and heating-induced extraction, coupled with ICP-MS detection. The method was characterized by a LOD of 0.037 μg/L for Tl(I) and 0.18 μg/L for Tl(III) in 10 mL samples. With this method, a second objective of the research was to assess the speciation of Tl in pot and field soils and in green cabbage crops. Experimental results suggest that DTPA extracted Tl was mainly present as Tl(I) in soils (>95%). Tl in hyperaccumulator plant green cabbage was also mainly present as Tl(I) (>90%). With respect to Tl uptake in plants, this study provides direct evidence that green cabbage mainly takes up Tl(I) from soil, and transports it into the aboveground organs. In soils, Tl(III) is reduced to Tl(I) even at the surface where the chemical environment promotes oxidation. This observation is conducive to understanding the mechanisms of Tl isotope fractionation in the soil-plant system. Based on geochemical fraction studies, the reducible fraction was the main source of Tl getting accumulated by plants. These results indicate that the improved analytical method presented in this study offers an economical, simple, fast, and sensitive approach for the separation of Tl species present in soils at trace levels.
Published: 2018

49. Estimation of soil organic carbon stocks of two cities, New York City and Paris

Author: Patrice Cannavo, François Nold, Hermine Huot, Richard K. Shaw, Gilles Hunault, Christophe Schwartz, Laure Vidal-Beaudet, Aurélie Cambou, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Unité de Recherche Environnement Physique de la plante Horticole (EPHOR), Université d'Angers (UA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville - FR 2488 (IRSTV), Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-EC. ARCHIT. NANTES-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), City University of New York [New York] (CUNY), Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Laboratoire d'Agronomie de la ville de Paris, Direction des Espaces Verts et de l'Environnement (DEVE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Angers (UA), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville (IRSTV), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-EC. ARCHIT. NANTES-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université d'Angers (UA), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Université d'Angers, Département informatique, Vidal-Beaudet, Laure, Université d'Angers (UA), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Université d'Angers (UA), and AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Angers (UA)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDE.SDS]Environmental Sciences/domain_sde.sds, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Sciences de la Terre, 11. Sustainability, carbone organique du sol, Milieux et Changements globaux, Waste Management and Disposal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, comparative study, Total organic carbon, agricultural soil, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Pollution, 6. Clean water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil organic carbon stocks, Soil organic carbon citywide totals, France, Environmental Engineering, Soil test, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Urban soils, étude comparative, Pedotransfer function, town, Environmental Chemistry, sol urbain, sol agricole, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, forest soil, états-unis, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Bulk density, Open topsoil, 13. Climate action, Soil water, Earth Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, ville, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Sealed soils, sol forestier, usa
Abstract: In cities, the strong heterogeneity of soils, added to the lack of standardized assessment methods, serves as a barrier to the estimation of their soil organic carbon content (SOC), soil organic carbon stocks (SOCS; kgC m(-2)) and soil organic carbon citywide totals (SOCCT; kgC). Are urban soils, even the subsoils and sealed soils, contributing to the global stock of C? To address this question, the SOCS and SOCCT of two cities, New York City (NYC) and Paris, were compared. In NYC, soil samples were collected with a pedological standardized method to 1 m depth. The bulk density (D-b) was measured; SOC and SOCS were calculated for 0-30 cm and 30-100 cm depths in open (unsealed) soils and sealed soils. In Paris, the samples were collected for 0-30 cm depth in open soils and sealed soils by different sampling methods. If SOC was measured, Db had to be estimated using pedotransfer functions (PTFs) refitted from the literature on NYC data; hence, SOCS was estimated. Globally, SOCS for open soils were not significantly different between both cities (11.3 +/- 11.5 kgC m(-2) in NYC; 9.9 +/- 3.9 kgC m(-2) in Paris). Nevertheless, SOCS was lower in sealed soils (2.9 +/- 2.6 kgC m(-2) in NYC and 3.4 +/- 1.2 kgC m(-2) in Paris). The SOCCT was similar between both cities for 0-30 cm (3.8 TgC in NYC and 3.5 TgC in Paris) and was also significant for the 30-100 cm layer in NYC (5.8 TgC). A comparison with estimated SOCCT in agricultural and forest soils demonstrated that the city's open soils represent important pools of organic carbon (respectively 110.4% and 44.5% more C in NYC and Paris than in agricultural soils, for 0-30 cm depth). That was mainly observable for the 1 m depth (146.6% more C in NYC than in agricultural soils). The methodology to assess urban SOCS was also discussed. (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2018

50. Contrasting responses of autumn-leaf senescence to daytime and night-time warming

Author: Shihua Li, Alemu Gonsamo, Huanjiong Wang, Josep Peñuelas, Xiaoyue Wang, Philippe Ciais, Miaogen Shen, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Christopher M. Gough, Chaoyang Wu, Ronggao Liu, Wenping Yuan, Ranga B. Myneni, Quansheng Ge, Andrew Black, Ankur R. Desai, Yongshuo H. Fu, Jing M. Chen, Weimin Ju, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Boston University [Boston] (BU), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Department of Geography and Planning [University of Toronto], University of Toronto, University of British Columbia (UBC), Nanjing University (NJU), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Beijing Normal University (BNU), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Electronic Science and Technology of China [Chengdu] (UESTC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Senescence, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Daytime, Drought stress, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Phenology, Global warming, Northern Hemisphere, Climate change, 15. Life on land, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, Plant phenology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Plant phenology is a sensitive indicator of climate change1–4 and plays an important role in regulating carbon uptake by plants5–7. Previous studies have focused on spring leaf-out by daytime temperature and the onset of snow-melt time8,9, but the drivers controlling leaf senescence date (LSD) in autumn remain largely unknown10–12. Using long-term ground phenological records (14,536 time series since the 1900s) and satellite greenness observations dating back to the 1980s, we show that rising pre-season maximum daytime (Tday) and minimum night-time (Tnight) temperatures had contrasting effects on the timing of autumn LSD in the Northern Hemisphere (> 20° N). If higher Tday leads to an earlier or later LSD, an increase in Tnight systematically drives LSD to occur oppositely. Contrasting impacts of daytime and night-time warming on drought stress may be the underlying mechanism. Our LSD model considering these opposite effects improved autumn phenology modelling and predicted an overall earlier autumn LSD by the end of this century compared with traditional projections. These results challenge the notion of prolonged growth under higher autumn temperatures, suggesting instead that leaf senescence in the Northern Hemisphere will begin earlier than currently expected, causing a positive climate feedback. Rising pre-season daytime and night-time temperatures have contrasting effects on the timing of autumn-leaf senescence date in the Northern Hemisphere. Diurnal differences in drought stress may be the underlying mechanism.
Published: 2018

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