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1. The missing stase in spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae): when the adult is not the imago

Author

Henri M. André, Georges Van Impe, Département de zoologie, Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgium - Invertébrés non-Insectes, Department of Zoology, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIB - Biodiversity

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Arthropoda, Zoology, instar, Trombidiformes, Biology, Acariformes, 01 natural sciences, Instar, state, 03 medical and health sciences, QH301, Arachnida, Animalia, Acari, Tetranychus urticae, Paedogenesis, Taxonomy, 030304 developmental biology, Ontogenetic trajectory, Stase, 0303 health sciences, Larva, Spider, Ecology, Respiration, Chaetotaxy, Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, 010602 entomology, stase, paedogenesis, ontogeny, Insect Science, Ontogeny, ontogenetic trajectory, Tetranychidae, Imago, State, respiration
Abstract

International audience; Apart from a calyptostatic prelarva, the ontogeny of spider mites is limited to one six-legged immature followed by three eight-legged instars. The usage consists in naming them: larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. In this study, the "missing stase" and different associated hypotheses are explored using diverse approaches: light microscopy, electronic microscopy, comparative chaetotaxy, ontogenetic trajectories, and interspecific comparisons. It turns out that the imago (new name for the last stase) is missing in Tetranychus urticae and that its post-embryonic development may be summarized as follows: prelarva (calyptostase), larva (six-legged stase), protonymph (eight-legged stase), deutonymph (eight-legged stase), tritonymph (with paedogenesis, i.e. precocious development of sexual maturity). The respiratory role of the prelarva is emphasized. The current terminology of post-embryonic development is confusing as it pertains to three approaches: the state or form description, the instar standard and the stase paradigm.

Published
2012
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2. Supergene manganese ore records 75 Myr-long Campanian to Pleistocene geodynamic evolution and weathering history of the Central African Great Lakes Region – Tectonics drives, climate assists

Author

Thierry De Putter, Gilles Ruffet, Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Supergene (geology), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pleistocene, Proterozoic, Geochemistry, Geology, Weathering, 15. Life on land, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Neogene, 01 natural sciences, Tectonics, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Mesozoic, Paleogene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The southeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo locally hosts Proterozoic manganese deposits. The deposits of Kisenge-Kamata are the most significant, but manganese ores are also known to occur at Kasekelesa (former Katanga Province) and Mwene-Ditu (former Kasai Province). For the present study, cryptomelane-rich samples from these two localities were dated, using the 40Ar/39Ar step-heating method with a CO2 laser probe. The ages obtained are within a range of c. 77 Myr to c. 2 Myr. Cryptomelane formation took place at c. 76.4 Ma, c. 59.6 Ma, c. 45 Ma, c. 35 Ma, c. 23.8 Ma, c. 15.4 Ma, and c. 13.3 Ma at Kasekelesa, and it occurred at c. 35 Ma, c. 22.4 Ma, c. 15 Ma, c. 5.5–7.2 Ma, c. 3.6 Ma, and c. 2.1–2.3 Ma at Mwene-Ditu. The Campanian age (c. 76.4 Ma) recorded at Kasekelesa is the oldest 40Ar/39Ar age that has up to now been recorded for Mn ores from Africa. It documents the formation of oxidized ore along a Campanian or older erosion surface, which could be part of the ‘African Erosion Surface’. The complete age record suggests that continent-wide tectonics accounts for most of the recognized supergene ore formation episodes, controlled by vertical lithospheric movements that are ultimately responsible for alternating stages of landscape stability and erosion. Tectonics is thus regarded as the first-order control for secondary ore formation in Central Africa, over the last 80 Myr. Climate is a second-order control, because sufficient water supply is needed for supergene enrichment, whereby climatic conditions are recognized to have been favourable during some relatively cold Late Mesozoic and Paleogene periods, as well as during some humid and warm Neogene stages.

Published
2020
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3. Contributions of U-Th-Pb dating on the diagenesis and sediment sources of the lower group (BI) of the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Author

Jean-Yves Storme, Blaise Kabamba Baludikay, Jean-Louis Paquette, Camille François, Emmanuelle Javaux, Michel Fialin, Daniel Baudet, Département de Géologie, Université de Liège, Paleobiogeology-Paleobotany-Paleopalynology Lab, Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Centre de Microanalyse Camparis-CNRS, Université Paris 6, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plateforme Camparis - Plateforme analytique MEN (Microanalyses en sciences de l’Environnement) [Paris], Observatoire des sciences de l'univers Ecce Terra [Paris] (OSU ECCE TERRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Observatoire des sciences de l'univers Ecce Terra [Paris] (ECCE TERRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Provenance, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Biostratigraphy, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Diagenesis, Sequence (geology), Paleontology, Geochemistry and Petrology, Group (stratigraphy), Geochronology, Sedimentary rock, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Supergroup, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, we present new age constraints for the lower part of the Meso-Neoproterozoic sedimentary Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup (Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC). This Supergroup preserves a large diversity of organic-walled microfossils, evidencing the diversification of early eukaryotes for the first time in Central Africa. We use different methods such as in situ U-Pb geochronology by LA-ICP-MS and U-Th-Pb chemical datings by Electron Microprobe on diagenetic and detrital minerals such as xenotimes, monazites and zircons. We attempt to better constrain the provenance of the Mbuji-Mayi sediments and the minimum age of the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup to constrain the age of the microfossils. Results with LA-ICP-MS and EMP provide new ages between 1030 and 1065 Ma for the diagenesis of the lower part of the sedimentary sequence. These results are consistent with data on biostratigraphy supporting the occurrence of worldwide changes at the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic boundary.

Published
2017
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4. Phylogeography of the heavily poached African common pangolin (Pholidota, Manis tricuspis ) reveals six cryptic lineages as traceable signatures of Pleistocene diversification

Author

Chabi A.M.S. Djagoun, William T. Stanley, Komlan Mawuli Afiademanyo, Flobert Njiokou, Jean Malekani, Christelle Tougard, Philippe Gaubert, Agostinho Antunes, Sery Gonedele Bi, Prince Kaleme, Emmanuel Danquah, Sylvain Dufour, Gabriel Ngua, Ayodeji Olayemi, Shu-Jin Luo, Casimir Nebesse Mololo, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Ecologie [Youndé], Université de Yaoundé I, ANDEGE, Departement de Zoologie et de Biologie Animale, SYLVATROP, Department of Biology, University of Kinshasa, Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology [GHANA] (KNUST), Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Laboratoire de Mammalogie, Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Université de Kisangani, School of Life Sciences, Peking- Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, and Universidade do Porto

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Mitochondrial DNA, evolutionary significant units, Rainforest, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Biology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, DNA, Mitochondrial, Ghana, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, molecular tracing, Animals, Gabon, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, trade monitoring, Phylogenetic tree, tropical Africa, Eutheria, Cytochrome b, Ecology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Pangolin, Pholidota, Bayes Theorem, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, 15. Life on land, pangolins, biology.organism_classification, Phylogeography, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, Manis tricuspis, Pleistocene diversification
Abstract

Knowledge on faunal diversification in African rainforests remains scarce. We used phylogeography to assess (i) the role of Pleistocene climatic oscillations in the diversification of the African common pangolin (Manis tricuspis), and (ii) the utility of our multi-locus approach for taxonomic delineation and trade tracing of this heavily poached species. We sequenced 101 individuals for two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), two nuclear DNA and one Y-borne gene fragments (totalizing 2,602 bp). We used a time-calibrated, Bayesian inference phylogenetic framework, and conducted character-based, genetic and phylogenetic delineation of species hypotheses within African common pangolins. We identified six geographic lineages partitioned into western Africa, Ghana, the Dahomey Gap, western central Africa, Gabon and central Africa, all diverging during the Middle to Late Pleistocene. MtDNA (cytochrome b + control region) was the sole locus to provide diagnostic characters for each of the six lineages. Tree-based Bayesian delimitation methods using single- and multi-locus approaches gave high support for ‘species’ level recognition of the six African common pangolin lineages. Although the diversification of African common pangolins occurred during Pleistocene cyclical glaciations, causative correlation with traditional rainforest refugia and riverine barriers in Africa was not straightforward. We conclude on the existence of six cryptic lineages within African common pangolins, which might be of major relevance for future conservation strategies. The high discriminative power of the mtDNA markers used in this study should allow an efficient molecular tracing of the regional origin of African common pangolin seizures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Published
2016
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5. Analysis of tissue dependent DNA yield for optimal sampling of micro-moths in large-scale biodiversity surveys

Author

Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, J. de Prins, Floris C. Breman, David C. Lees, J. van Houdt, ProdInra, Migration, Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum [Oslo], and University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, horse chestnut leafminer, DNA polymerase, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], gracillariidae, picogreen, dna, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, DNA barcoding, law.invention, Lepidoptera genitalia, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, dna quantification, cameraria ohridella, law, dna barcoding, molecular biology, dna preservation, Polymerase chain reaction, 030304 developmental biology, mineuse du marronnier d'inde, 0303 health sciences, fluorescent, quantitation, nucleic acide, biology, nucleic sequence, BIOLOGIE MOLECULAIRE, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], INSECTE, QL1-991, chemistry, Insect Science, Morphological analysis, biology.protein, Nucleic acid, Zoology, Gracillariidae, DNA
Abstract

International audience; DNA barcoding surveys of small insects usually extract DNA from either a complete insect or a leg. Little is known about how to optimize DNA quantity and quality from different insect parts while preserving a morphological voucher. Here, we quantify DNA yield from different body parts (antenna, hind leg, forewing, hind wing and abdomen) of the micro-moth Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) using fluorescent nucleic acid stain (PicoGreen). Samples were preserved in 100% ethanol or dried for three weeks. Our experiment was designed to encompass practical sampling options during fieldwork. DNA quality was assessed by PCR amplification of the mitochondrial COI barcode fragment. In addition, we compared PCR amplification using Platinum® Taq and Qiagen DNA Polymerase and quantified sequence success of amplified DNA. We show that overall, dry parts showed higher eluted DNA yields. PCR and sequencing success rate were slightly higher for dry tissue than ethanol-preserved parts. We also show that Platinum® Taq yielded the highest PCR success rate and that all dry tissues are sequenceable. The optimal strategy for DNA barcoding surveys is therefore to mount micro-Lepidoptera specimens in the field for morphological analysis and sample tissues (hind legs are favoured) from dried samples at a later time (several weeks) in the lab for DNA barcoding using preferentially Platinum® Taq. If larger amounts of DNA are required (i.e. for nuclear gene sequencing), several legs from one side of the specimen or the abdomen should be preserved in pure ethanol.

Published
2012
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6. The Pan-African Kekem gabbro-norite (West-Cameroon), U-Pb zircon age, geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopes: Geodynamical implication for the evolution of the Central African fold belt

Author

Maurice Kwékam, Emmanuel Njonfang, Jean-Paul Liégeois, Olivier Bruguier, Pascal Affaton, Gerald Hartmann, Université de Dschang, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Manteau et Interfaces, Géosciences Montpellier, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum Göttingen (GZG), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Université de Yaoundé I, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and Université de Yaoundé I [Yaoundé]

Subjects
geography, Shoshonitic gabbro-norite, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gabbro, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Partial melting, Geochemistry, Geology, Orogeny, Massif, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), West-Cameroon, Subduction-related fluid metasomatism, Craton, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Late post-collision period, Norite, Garnet-spinel peridotite, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Zircon
Abstract

International audience; The Kekem shoshonitic gabbro-norite association is part of the high-K calc-alkaline (HKCA) post-collisional magmatism, a major feature of the Pan-African Belt in Cameroon. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon analyses provide an age of 576 ± 4 Ma for the Kekem complex. This age is interpreted as dating the emplacement of the massif during the waning stage of the Pan-African orogeny. The latter is related to dextral movements along the Central Cameroon Shear Zone (CCSZ). The REE patterns display enriched LREE (LaN/YbN = 14.2-23.5) while HREE present a nearly flat profile (DyN/YbN = 1.3-1.7), and the La/Sm and Sm/Yb ratios led to propose that the Kekem gabbro-norites have been derived from the partial melting of a garnet-spinel lherzolite mantle source. The negative Nb-Ta and Ti anomalies and the positive Pb anomalies indicate that this mantle source was modified by contribution of a subduction-related material. The low Ce/Pb (2.6-10.4) and Th/Yb ratios associated to high Ba/La ratios, indicate that source enrichment could be related to slab derived fluids. As a whole, the Kekem geochemical features suggest that primary gabbro-noritic magmas derived from a subduction-modified mantle source (metasomatised lithospheric mantle). Moderately high 86Sr/87Sr initial ratios (0.7068-0.7082), low εNd (−5 to −9) and old Nd TDM model ages (1.6-1.8 Ga) are interpreted to result from contamination of Neoproterozoic mantle by the Paleoproterozoic crust. The ca. 576 Ma movements along the CCSZ are related to a Neoproterozoic metacratonization of the northern margin of the Congo craton during the Pan-African orogeny. This metacratonization led to vertical planar lithospheric delamination along lithospheric transcurrent faults, asthenospheric uprise and partial melting of the Paleoproterozoic lithospheric mantle.

Published
2013
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7. Increased gene sampling strengthens support for higher-level groups within leaf-mining moths and relatives (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Author

Donald R. Davis, Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, Jerome C. Regier, Akito Y. Kawahara, Michael P. Cummings, David L. Wagner, Jurate De Prins, Charles Mitter, Atsushi Kawakita, Issei Ohshima, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland System, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), University of Connecticut (UCONN), Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biodiversité et Ecologie, genetic character, Moths, dna, 01 natural sciences, taxonomy, Monophyly, Clade, Phylogeny, molecular systematics, 0303 health sciences, biology, Phylogenetic tree, caractère génétique, adn, Bucculatricidae, leaf-mining moth, population genetics, molecular phylogeny, phylogenetic analysis, heterogeneity, INSECTE, GENETIQUE DES POPULATIONS, gracillarioidea, systématique moléculaire, classification, Insect Proteins, Research Article, expression des gènes, Evolution, taxonomie, Molecular Sequence Data, gracillariidae, Zoology, analyse phylogénétique, 010603 evolutionary biology, Biodiversity and Ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, Sensu, phylogénie moléculaire, QH359-425, phylogénie, hétérogénéité, Animals, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Acrocercops, biology.organism_classification, Plant Leaves, Evolutionary biology, lepidoptera, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Gracillariidae, Gracillarioidea
Abstract

Background Researchers conducting molecular phylogenetic studies are frequently faced with the decision of what to do when weak branch support is obtained for key nodes of importance. As one solution, the researcher may choose to sequence additional orthologous genes of appropriate evolutionary rate for the taxa in the study. However, generating large, complete data matrices can become increasingly difficult as the number of characters increases. A few empirical studies have shown that augmenting genes even for a subset of taxa can improve branch support. However, because each study differs in the number of characters and taxa, there is still a need for additional studies that examine whether incomplete sampling designs are likely to aid at increasing deep node resolution. We target Gracillariidae, a Cretaceous-age (~100 Ma) group of leaf-mining moths to test whether the strategy of adding genes for a subset of taxa can improve branch support for deep nodes. We initially sequenced ten genes (8,418 bp) for 57 taxa that represent the major lineages of Gracillariidae plus outgroups. After finding that many deep divergences remained weakly supported, we sequenced eleven additional genes (6,375 bp) for a 27-taxon subset. We then compared results from different data sets to assess whether one sampling design can be favored over another. The concatenated data set comprising all genes and all taxa and three other data sets of different taxon and gene sub-sampling design were analyzed with maximum likelihood. Each data set was subject to five different models and partitioning schemes of non-synonymous and synonymous changes. Statistical significance of non-monophyly was examined with the Approximately Unbiased (AU) test. Results Partial augmentation of genes led to high support for deep divergences, especially when non-synonymous changes were analyzed alone. Increasing the number of taxa without an increase in number of characters led to lower bootstrap support; increasing the number of characters without increasing the number of taxa generally increased bootstrap support. More than three-quarters of nodes were supported with bootstrap values greater than 80% when all taxa and genes were combined. Gracillariidae, Lithocolletinae + Leucanthiza, and Acrocercops and Parectopa groups were strongly supported in nearly every analysis. Gracillaria group was well supported in some analyses, but less so in others. We find strong evidence for the exclusion of Douglasiidae from Gracillarioidea sensu Davis and Robinson (1998). Our results strongly support the monophyly of a G.B.R.Y. clade, a group comprised of Gracillariidae + Bucculatricidae + Roeslerstammiidae + Yponomeutidae, when analyzed with non-synonymous changes only, but this group was frequently split when synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions were analyzed together. Conclusions 1) Partially or fully augmenting a data set with more characters increased bootstrap support for particular deep nodes, and this increase was dramatic when non-synonymous changes were analyzed alone. Thus, the addition of sites that have low levels of saturation and compositional heterogeneity can greatly improve results. 2) Gracillarioidea, as defined by Davis and Robinson (1998), clearly do not include Douglasiidae, and changes to current classification will be required. 3) Gracillariidae were monophyletic in all analyses conducted, and nearly all species can be placed into one of six strongly supported clades though relationships among these remain unclear. 4) The difficulty in determining the phylogenetic placement of Bucculatricidae is probably attributable to compositional heterogeneity at the third codon position. From our tests for compositional heterogeneity and strong bootstrap values obtained when synonymous changes are excluded, we tentatively conclude that Bucculatricidae is closely related to Gracillariidae + Roeslerstammiidae + Yponomeutidae.

Published
2011
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8. Fluid geochemistry of natural manifestations from the Southern Poroto-Rungwe hydrothermal system (Tanzania) : preliminary conceptual model

Author

Manuella Delalande, Issah Abdallah, Fabrizio Gherardi, Laurent Bergonzini, Massimo Guidi, David Williamson, Luc André, Interactions et dynamique des environnements de surface (IDES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UNIVERSITY OF FIRENZE Dipt di Biologia Animale e Genetica 'Leo Pardi' (UNIVERSITY OF FIRENZE), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Section de Pétrographie-Minéralogie-Géochimie, Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, IRA Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Paléoclimats, proxies, processus (PALEOPROXUS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Aquifer, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Tanzania, 01 natural sciences, Hydrothermal circulation, Isotopic signature, fluid geochemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Geothermal gradient, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Poroto-Rungwe, water and carbon isotope compositions, geography.geographical_feature_category, Rift, thermal springs, 6. Clean water, Geophysics, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Meteoric water, ComputingMethodologies_GENERAL, Surface water, Geology
Abstract

International audience; The South Poroto-Rungwe geothermal field, in the northern part of the Malawi rift, Tanzania divides in two main areas. The relatively high altitude northern area around the main Ngozi, Rungwe, Tukuyu and Kyejo volcanoes, is characterised by cold and gas-rich springs. In contrast, hot springs occur in the southern and low-altitude area between the Kyela and Livingstone faults. The isotopic signature of the almost stagnant, cold springs of the Northern district is clearly influenced by H2O-CO2(g) exchange as evidenced from negative oxygen-shifts in the order of few deltas permil. In contrast, the isotopic signature of waters discharged from the hot springs of the Southern district is markedly less affected by the H2O-CO2(g) interaction. This evidence is interpreted as an effect of the large, permanent outflow of these springs, which supports the hypothesis of a regional-scale recharge of the major thermal springs. Measurements of carbon isotope variations of the dissolved inorganic carbon of waters and CO2(g) from the Northern and Southern springs support a model of CO2(g)-driven reactivity all over the investigated area. Our combined chemical and isotopic results show that the composition of hot springs is consistent with a mixing between (i) cold surface fresh (SFW) and (ii) Deep Hot Mineralised (DHMW) Water, indicating that the deep-originated fluids also supply most of the aqueous species dissolved in the surface waters used as local potable water. Based on geothermometric approaches, the temperature of the deep hydrothermal system has been estimated to be higher than 110 degrees C up to 185 degrees C, in agreement with the geological and thermal setting of the Malawi rift basin. Geochemical data point to (i) a major upflow zone of geothermal fluids mixed with shallow meteoric waters in the Southern part of the province, and (ii) gas absorption phenomena in the small, perched aquifers of the Northern volcanic highlands. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2010
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9. Un dépôt sous-marin de lames polies néolithiques en jadéitite et sillimanite, et un ouvrage de stèles submergé sur la plage dite du Petit Rohu près Saint-Pierre-Quiberon (Morbihan)

Author

Florent Scalliet, Yvan Pailler, Yohann Sparfel, Thierry Lorho, Pierre Pétrequin, Hervé Neveu-Derotrie, Michel Errera, Dominique Marguerie, Denis Degez, David Menier, Christian Obeltz, Charles Dagneau, Serge Cassen, Christine Boujot, Emmanuelle Vigier, Elisabeth Veyrat, Sandy Poirier, Menier, David, Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Nantes Université (NU), Laboratoire de recherche ARchéologie et Architecture (LARA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Nantes Université (NU)-Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Service régional de l'archéologie de Bretagne (SRA Bretagne), Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Institut de Géoarchitecture, Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IBSHS), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO), Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Département des Recherches Archéologiques Subaquatiques et Sous-Marines [Marseille] (DRASSM), Ministère de la Culture (MC), Musée de Préhistoire de Carnac, ADRAMAR, Direction régionale des affaires culturelles (DRAC-Bretagne), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Domaines Océaniques (LDO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives, centre archéologique de Cesson-Sévigné (Inrap, Cesson-Sévigné), Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), Trajectoires. De la sédentarisation à l'État (TRAJECTOIRES), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement Claude Nicolas Ledoux (MSHE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Le Mans Université (UM), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IBSHS), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS), Université de Nantes (UN)-Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, [SHS.ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, 060102 archaeology, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, 0601 history and archaeology, 06 humanities and the arts, 14. Life underwater, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In August 2007, holidaymakers discovered two pairs of polished axeheads that had been set vertically in clayey silt on the beach of Porh Fetan, at a place called Petit Rohu. They reported their find to the Regional Archaeology Service of Brittany and to the Carnac Museum. The shape and material of these axeheads allowed them to be identified straightaway as being of Alpine origin, in common with a number of axeheads found in the region. Permission was obtained from the DRASSM (Marseille) for the Laboratory of Archaeological Research (UMR 6566, Nantes), together with the SRA (in Rennes), to undertake archaeological fieldwork, both on land in the vicinity of the findspot, and under water. Initial fieldwork, carried out during the spring tide on 28th September 2007, produced no further artefacts but did produce evidence for a submerged alignment of stelae (lying stones or fallen menhirs), of which only one was still standing ; an initial plan of this structure was made at that point, and completed during the next investigation, during the spring tide on 27th October. A third investigation, carried out during the last spring tide of the year on 26th November, led to the discovery of a fifth axehead, this time made of fibrolite, found resting against one of the lying stones. Peaty soils had been intermittently observed over many years, buried beneath marine sand ; these are being progressively eroded away by the force of the sea, as their sand cover becomes thinner. Traces of cultivation (criss-crossing each other in some areas) and of ungulate hoof-prints have been conserved on the surface of these soils. This palaeo-environmental context allows us to argue that the axeheads had been deposited in a marshy environment that had developed behind a dune system, at the foot of a remarkable stone outcrop. Rises in sea level since the mid-fifth millennium BC – the likely date at which the axeheads were deposited – mean that the shore has advanced by some 500 metres since then. Today, the findspot of the stone alignment and axehead deposit lies beneath 5 metres of sea. These architectural vestiges join the list of recent discoveries (since 1998) of submerged monuments in the Bay of Quiberon, the Etel estuary and the Gulf of Morbihan. Initial spectroradiometric analysis of the two pairs of axeheads has confirmed that they are of jadeitite, originating in the Italian Alps. Indeed, at least three of the axeheads can be related to a specific block of jadeitite. Their surface finish attests to a considerable investment of time in order to achieve their mirrorlike polish (which survives over part of their surfaces). This underlines the fact that these were not utilitarian axeheads, but instead were very special and precious artefacts 1., En août 2007, des vacanciers découvrent deux couples de lames de haches polies plantées dans une vase argileuse sur l’estran de Porh Fetan, dit du Petit Rohu, qu’ils signalent au service régional de l’Archéologie de Bretagne, ainsi qu’au musée de Carnac. La morphologie de ces lames et le matériau employé permettent d’emblée de les identifier aux spécimens en roches alpines largement documentés dans la région. Une autorisation est alors sollicitée par le SRA (Rennes) pour le Laboratoire de recherches archéologiques (UMR 6566, Nantes) auprès du DRASSM (Marseille) en vue d’une opération d’archéologie sous-marine et terrestre. Une première mission menée à l’occasion des grandes marées du 28 septembre 2007 ne permet pas de ramener une nouvelle récolte d’objets, mais provoque la découverte sur site d’un ouvrage de stèles submergé, structure formant au moins un alignement de dalles chutées (un seul bloc de chant encore en place) qui sont aussitôt relevées en plan, complétées lors d’une seconde mission aux grandes marées du 27 octobre. Une troisième mission décidée aux dernières marées de l’année, le 26 novembre, conduit à la découverte d’une nouvelle lame de hache, mais en fibrolite et au contact d’une stèle. Des sols tourbeux, visibles par intermittence depuis plusieurs années sous le sable marin, sont progressivement dégagés puis détruits par l’océan sur une plage de plus en plus amaigrie au cours du temps ; ces sols conservent des traces de labours, parfois croisés, et des empreintes d’Ongulés. Le contexte environnemental permet d’avancer que les lames de haches furent enfouies dans un milieu marécageux développé derrière un cordon dunaire, au pied d’un affleurement rocheux remarquable, le rivage devant être éloigné de quelque 500 m au milieu du Ve millénaire av. J.-C., date relative proposée pour le rassemblement de ces objets. L’ouvrage de stèles et l’emplacement du dépôt sont actuellement recouverts par plus de 5 m d’eau. Ces vestiges architecturaux rejoignent la liste récemment établie des découvertes sous-marines similaires faites en baie de Quiberon, ria d’Etel et golfe du Morbihan depuis 1998. Les analyses en spectroradiométrie confirment l’origine alpine des pierres (jadéitite) et l’identité de la rochemère pour au moins 3 individus ; l’observation des surfaces témoigne du fort investissement en termes de travail de polissage (poli «miroir » conservé par plaques) qui a entièrement transformé les lames utilitaires de départ., Cassen Serge, Boujot Christine, Errera Michel, Menier David, Pailler Yvan, Pétrequin Pierre, Marguerie Dominique, Veyrat Elisabeth, Vigier Emmanuelle, Poirier Sandy, Dagneau Charles, Degez Denis, Lorho Thierry, Neveu-Derotrie Hervé, Obeltz Christian, Scalliet Florent, Sparfel Yohann. Un dépôt sous-marin de lames polies néolithiques en jadéitite et sillimanite, et un ouvrage de stèles submergé sur la plage dite du Petit Rohu près Saint-Pierre-Quiberon (Morbihan). In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 107, n°1, 2010. pp. 53-84.

Published
2010

10. Dehydration, melting and related garnet growth in the deep root of the Amalaoulaou Neoproterozoic magmatic arc (Gourma, NE Mali)

Author

Jean-Paul Liégeois, Julien Berger, Renaud Caby, Daniel Demaiffe, Jean-Claude C. Mercier, Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Géosciences Montpellier, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Felsic, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Continental crust, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Geochemistry, Geology, Crust, Massif, Pyroxene, island arc, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Granulite, 01 natural sciences, Gourma, Back-arc basin, granulite, Island arc, dehydration-melting, Neoproterozoic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Amalaoulaou Neoproterozoic island-arc massif belongs to the Gourma belt in Mali. The metagabbros and pyroxenites forming the main body of this arc root show the pervasive development of garnet. In the pyroxenites, the latter has grown by reaction between pyroxene and spinel during isobaric cooling. By contrast, in the metagabbros, garnet textures and relations to felsic veins exclude an origin through solid-state reactions only. It is proposed that garnet has grown following dehydration and localized melting of amphibole-bearing gabbros at the base of the arc. The plagioclase-saturated melts represented by anorthositic veins in the metagabbros and by trondhjemites in the upper part of the massif provide evidence for melting in the deep arc crust, which locally generated high-density garnet–clinopyroxene–rutile residues. Garnet growth and melting began around 850 °C at 10 kbar and the tonalitic melts were most probably generated around 1050 °C at P ≥ 10 kbar. This HT granulitic imprint can be related to arc maturation, leading to a P–T increase in the deep arc root and dehydration and/or dehydration-melting of amphibole-bearing gabbros. Observation of such features in the root of this Neoproterozoic island arc has important consequences, as it provides a link to models concerning the early generation of continental crust.

Published
2009
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11. Differential response of phytoplankton to additions of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron in Lake Tanganyika

Author

Luc André, Wim Vyverman, Laurent Y. Alleman, Jean-Pierre Descy, Aaike De Wever, D. Langlet, Christine Cocquyt, Koenraad Muylaert, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Web Scale Trustworthy Collaborative Service Systems (COAST), Inria Nancy - Grand Est, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Department of Networks, Systems and Services (LORIA - NSS), Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Gent University, Department of Biology, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), K.U. LEUVEN, Section de Pétrographie-Minéralogie-Géochimie, Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, École des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai EMD), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), CERM, University of Liege, Institute of Chemistry, CERM, Royal Museum for Central Africa [Tervuren] (RMCA), Limnology Unit - Department of Biology, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Domein van Bouchout, National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, University of Gent, Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE - IMT Nord Europe), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Nord Europe), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (LORIA), and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Cyanobacteria, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Phosphorus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], fungi, chemistry.chemical_element, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Nitrogen, 6. Clean water, Nutrient, chemistry, Productivity (ecology), [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental chemistry, Phytoplankton, Botany, Green algae, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrobiology
Abstract

SUMMARY 1. In order to evaluate limitation of different phytoplankton groups by inorganic nutrients, multiple nutrient enrichment bioassays using the addition of iron (Fe) and the combined addition of nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) were carried out in the north and the south of Lake Tanganyika during the rainy and dry seasons in 2003 and 2004. 2. Nutrient additions resulted in an increase in phytoplankton growth rate relative to control treatments in all experiments. HPLC pigment data and epifluorescence microscopy counts indicated differential stimulation of the dominant phytoplankton groups. Iron additions mainly stimulated prokaryotic picophytoplankton, while enrichments with nitrogen and phosphorus stimulated green algae and in some cases diatoms. Extended incubation (3 days) indicated co-limitation of Fe and NP, in particular for picocyanobacteria.

Published
2007
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12. Manganese content records seasonal upwelling in Lake Tanganyika mussels

Author

H. Hughes, Laurent Y. Alleman, Luc André, D. Langlet, Pierre-Denis Plisnier, JE 2477 Biominéralisations & Paléoenvironnements, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Section de Pétrographie-Minéralogie-Géochimie, Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, and EGU, Publication

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Chlorophyll a, Freshwater bivalve, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Life, Monsoon, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Impact crater, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Dry season, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Particulates, 6. Clean water, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Oceanography, chemistry, Productivity (ecology), 13. Climate action, [PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Upwelling, lcsh:Ecology, Geology
Abstract

Biogenic productivity of Lake Tanganyika is highly dependent on seasonal upwellings of cold, oxygen-depleted, nutrient-rich deep waters. We investigated the shell of freshwater bivalve Pleiodon spekii as a geochemical archive of these periodic hydrological changes tuned by the monsoon regime. The results of a three-year-long limnological and geochemical survey of the coastal waters performed on the dissolved and particulate fractions were compared to LA-ICP-MS profiles of Mn in five aragonitic shells from the same lake location. Three shells present very similar Mn/Ca profiles dominated by a peak that matched the concomitant increase of Mn and chlorophyll a in surface waters during the 2002 upwelling, while a shell collected during 2003 dry season detect both 2002 and 2003 upwelling events. Larger shells showing an extremely reduced growth display more than 8 Mn/Ca peaks suggesting at least an 8-year-record of seasonal changes in water composition. We postulate that Mn/Ca in shells record the conjunction of an increase of biological activity with supplied of dissolved Mn and nutriments in coastal waters, resulting in an enhanced assimilation of biogenic Mn-rich particles. By combining the most recent generation of laser ablation system and the powerful High Resolution ICP-MS, the spatial resolution could be improved down to 5 to 10 µm crater size and end up in a better constrain of the relative variations of the annual Mn peaks. Such an approach on P. spekii from Lake Tanganyika has definitively a great potential to provide recent and past records on primary productivity associated with the monsoon climate system.

Published
2007
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13. Molecular identification of four cryptic species of Mastomys (Rodentia, Murinae)

Author

Karine Mouline, Jean-François Cosson, Anne Loiseau, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Maxime Galan, Carine Brouat, Laurent Granjon, Emilie Lecompte, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Service de Systématique Moléculaire (SSM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Virologie, Philipps University, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]), Laboratoire de Mammalogie, and Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mitochondrial DNA, Species complex, MURIDAE, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Zoology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, SIBLING SPECIES, Species identification, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, education.field_of_study, BIOLOGIE DES POPULATIONS, biology, Cytochrome b, mtDNA, Murinae, SPECIES IDENTIFICATION, MOLECULAR TYPING, biology.organism_classification, Restriction site, MASTOMYS, CYTOCHROME B, Mastomys, RAT, RODENTIA
Abstract

Corresponding author. cosson@supagro.inra.fr; International audience; Multimammate rats (genus Mastomys) are abundant in many regions throughout sub-Saharan Africa, and are of high economical and sanitary importance as agricultural pests as well as reservoir/vectors of human diseases. In pest management and in epidemiological studies, unequivocal species identification of individuals collected in the field is crucial. However, the discrimination among most of the Mastomys species is often difficult, if not impossible, on the basis of external characters. Karyology provides unambiguous specific assignations, but is not suitable for population studies involving large numbers of individuals because it requires fresh material and/or quick transfer from the field to the laboratory. The purpose of this study was to search for molecular markers allowing a clear discrimination of field collected individuals on the basis of ethanol-preserved samples. Using sequences of the cytochrome b region of mitochondrial DNA, two molecular tests based on species-specific primers (test 1) and restriction sites generating species-specific profiles (test 2), were designed and evaluated for species identification on a large number of karyotypically or electrophoretically unambiguously determined individuals. The tests clearly discriminate the four most widespread species. They are easy to perform on a small piece of car or tail taken from live animals, and can probably be adapted to identify museum specimens

Published
2005
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14. δ13C variation in scallop shells: Increasing metabolic carbon contribution with body size?

Author

Anne Lorrain, Laurent Chauvaud, Robert B. Dunbar, David A. Mucciarone, Michel Fontugne, Yves-Marie Paulet, Thons tropicaux et écosystèmes pélagiques : taxies, interactions et stratégies d'exploitation (THETIS), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Department of Geological Sciences [Stanford] (GS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, δ13C, biology, Ecology, chemistry.chemical_element, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Carbon utilization, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Dissolved organic carbon, Scallop, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Carbonate, Pecten maximus, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, Carbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We examined 13 C values of shallow and deep-water scallop shells as well as 13 C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the Bay of Brest in western Brittany. Time series of shell calcite 13 Cd o not reflect seasonal variation in seawater 13 C, but rather show a consistent pattern of decreasing 13 C with age, suggesting a metabolic effect rather than direct environmental control. This 13 C trend reflects an increasing contribution of metabolic CO2 to skeletal carbonate throughout ontogeny, although this respired CO2 does not seem to be the major source of skeletal carbon (contribution of only 10% over the first year of life). We propose a model of this effect that depends on the availability of metabolic carbon relative to the carbon requirements for calcification. A ratio of "respired to precipitated carbon" is calculated, and represents the amount of metabolic carbon available for calcification. Interestingly, this ratio increases throughout ontogeny suggesting a real increase of metabolic carbon utilization into the skeleton relative to carbon from seawater DIC. This ratio allows us to separate two different populations of Pecten maximus of different water depth. It is therefore suggested that shell 13 C might be used to track differences in the metabolic activity of scallops from different populations. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier Ltd

Published
2004
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15. Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and the Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6000 years

Author

I. Colin Prentice, Rachid Cheddadi, Guillaume Buchet, Raymonde Bonnefille, Jean Maley, Muaka Mbenza, Maurice Reille, P. Brenac, Immaculate Ssemmanda, Annie Vincens, Martin Darius Bengo, Aziz Ballouche, Fouzia Laarif, Herbert Straka, Odile Peyron, H. Elenga, Emile Roche, Anne-Marie Lézine, Guy Riollet, Thérèse Edorh, Jim C. Ritchie, David A. Burney, Louis Scott, Henry F. Lamb, Joel Guiot, Mohammed Umer, Jean Pierre Cazet, Martyn Waller, Elise Van Campo, Sikiminywa Vilimumbalo, Saida Elmoutaki, I. Reynaud-Farrera, Dominique Jolly, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Addis Ababa University (AAU), Lund University [Lund], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Angers (UA), Laboratoire de paléoenvironnements et palynologie, Université Montepllier II-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fordham University [New York], UPMC - Département de Géologie Sédimentaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire de Botanique historique et Palynologie (U.E.R. de Sciences Naturelles), Département de botanique, Université de Lomé [Togo], University of Wales, Université de Lubumbashi (UNILU), Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Terrestre (LET), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Liège, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UNILU, Serv Geophys Appl, Lubumbashi, DEM REP CONGO, and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Palynology, 010506 paleontology, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Steppe, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biome, Macrofossil, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Plant functional type, 01 natural sciences, Shrubland, Geography, Physical geography, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data provides an objective method to reconstruct past vegetation. Biomes for Africa and the Arabian peninsula have been mapped for 6000 years sp and provide a new standard for the evaluation of simulated palaeovegetation distributions. A test using modern pollen data shows the robustness of the biomization method, which is able to predict the major vegetation types with a high confidence level. The application of the procedure to the 6000 years data set (pollen and plant macrofossil analyses) shows systematic differences from the present that are consistent with the numerous previous regional and continental interpretations, while providing a more extensive and more objective basis for such interpretations. Madagascar, eastern, southern and central Africa show only minor changes in terms of biomes, compared to present. Major changes in biome distributions occur north of 15 degrees N, with steppe in many low-elevation sites that are now desert, and temperate xerophytic woods/scrub and warm mixed forest in the Saharan mountains. These shifts in biome distributions, imply significant changes in climate, especially precipitation, between 6000 years and present, reflecting a change in monsoon extent combined with a southward expansion of Mediterranean influence.

Published
1998
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16. Le site magdalénien du Buisson Campin à Verberie (Oise)

Author

Françoise Audouze, Lawrence H. Keeley, Béatrice Schmider, Daniel Cahen, Ethnologie préhistorique, Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Department of Anthropology [University of Illinois], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, 060102 archaeology, Spatial organisation, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, media_common.quotation_subject, 06 humanities and the arts, Art, 01 natural sciences, 0601 history and archaeology, Magdalenian, Humanities, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract

La fouille de ce site d'apres les methodes d'analyse spatiale mises au point a Pincevent, l'utilisation conjointe des remontages de blocs de matieres premieres et l'analyse des traces d'utilisation des outils ont permis d'affiner les observations, car les resultats des trois approches convergent. L'appartenance des differentes zones du locus N 2 a un seul ensemble est demontree, ainsi que l'importance du travail de l'os, alors qu'il ne reste qu'un seul outil en os.

Published
1981
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