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Infertility represents a growing burden worldwide, with one in seven couples presenting difficulties conceiving. Among these, 10–15% of the men have idiopathic infertility that does not correlate with any defect in the classical sperm parameters measured. In the present study, we used a mouse model to investigate the effects of maternal undernutrition on fertility in male progeny. Our results indicate that mothers fed on a low-protein diet during gestation and lactation produce male offspring with normal sperm morphology, concentration, and motility but exhibiting an overall decrease of fertility when they reach adulthood. Particularly, in contrast to control, sperm from these offspring show a remarkable lower capacity to fertilize oocytes when copulation occurs early in the estrus cycle relative to ovulation, due to an altered sperm capacitation. Our data demonstrate for the first time that maternal nutritional stress can have long-term consequences on the reproductive health of male progeny by affecting sperm physiology, especially capacitation, with no observable impact on spermatogenesis and classical quantitative and qualitative sperm parameters. Moreover, our experimental model could be of major interest to study, explain, and ultimately treat certain categories of infertilities.

Session 1: Impact of diet and additives on gut microbiota and health ; Communication PO30; International audience; In 2050, older adults (65+) will reach 35% of European population with sarcopenic individuals representing a third of them. Specific nutritional strategies based on proteins coupled or not with exercise have shown some beneficial effects to limit sarcopenia but depending of the physio-pathological state, they may not be optimal or not applicable in case of poor appetite or difficulties/disabilities to perform exercise. Consequently, additional strategies require to be developed to limit sarcopenia in such specific populations, and this, independently of food intake.In a recent study, we observed that in small intestine-resected patients whose gut physiology and metabolism have adapted to improve efficiency of nutrient utilization, a specific microbiota has developed with a large increased in Lactobacilli. We hypothesized that selected bacterial strains issued from these patients could be of interest to improve energy efficient in malnourished frail elderly. We isolated strains from their faeces and one strain belonging to Lactocaseibacillus casei (LC- 5663) was tested in vivo in aged rats (18 months) under moderate caloric restriction (75% of ad libitum). Body composition, muscle mass and insulin sensitivity was assessed (OGTT, HOMA IR).We showed that caloric restriction induced a decrease of muscle but that a daily intake of LC-5663 for one month (~109) was able to significantly prevent 12% of the sarcopenia observed (ANOVA, p

International audience; Seasonally breeding mammals display timely physiological switches between reproductive activity and sexual rest, which ensure synchronisation of births at the most favourable time of the year. These switches correlate with seasonal changes along the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, but they are primarily orchestrated at the hypothalamic level through environmental control of KISS1-dependent GnRH release. Our field study shows that births of fossorial water voles, Arvicola terrestris, are concentrated between March and October, which indicates the existence of an annual reproductive cycle in this species. Monthly field monitoring for over a year further reveals dramatic seasonal changes in the morphology of the ovary, uterus and lateral scent glands, which correlate with the reproductive status. Finally, we demonstrate seasonal variation in kisspeptin expression within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Altogether, this study demonstrates a marked rhythm of seasonal breeding in the water vole and we speculate that this is governed by seasonal changes in photoperiod.

Obesity, a major public health problem, is the consequence of an excess of body fat and biological alterations in the adipose tissue. Our aim was to determine whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and/or α-linolenic acid supplementation (to equilibrate the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio) might prevent obesity disorders, particularly by modulating the mucosa-associated microbiota. Wistar rats received a low fat diet (LFD, control) or high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce obesity. Then, animals in the HFD group were divided in four groups: HFD (control), HFD + linseed oil (LO), HFD + HIIT, HFD + HIIT + LO. In the HIIT groups, rats ran on a treadmill, 4 days.week−1. Erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content, body composition, inflammation, and intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota composition were assessed after 12 weeks. LO supplementation enhanced α-linolenic acid (ALA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) conversion in erythrocytes, and HIIT potentiated this conversion. Compared with HFD, HIIT limited weight gain, fat mass accumulation, and adipocyte size, whereas LO reduced systemic inflammation. HIIT had the main effect on gut microbiota β-diversity, but the HIIT + LO association significantly increased Oscillospira relative abundance. In our conditions, HIIT had a major effect on body fat mass, whereas HIIT + LO improved ALA conversion to DHA and increased the abundance of Oscillospira bacteria in the microbiota.

International audience; The population over 60 years could represent 35% of the French population in 30 years and at least 30% of them suffer from sarcopenia and undernutrition. Various strategies exist to limit sarcopenia, but they can be unsuitable for frail people. Indeed, frail individuals present a decreased efficiency for food energy use associated with an alteration of their gut microbiota. In addition, as frail people are generally sitting (with a minimum exercise), they can be non-compliant to physical exercise advices. Other strategies to limit sarcopenia in this population should be developed and in particular novel nutritional recommendations/strategies. Probiotics are known to be able to modulate the composition of the microbiota and provide other health benefits. The aim of my thesis is then to investigate the potential of a probiotic strain to limit muscle mass loss in frail elderly population. Previous work from collaborators of the project have shown that when transferred to axenic mice, the microbiota from intestine-resected patient led to an increased release of GLP-1 and Ghrelin in rats, 2 peptides involved in appetite regulation of increased insulin sensitivity. We therefore postulated that specific microbes selected from these patients and further given to frail patients could modulate/alter gut peptides synthesis, increase insulin sensitivity and limit muscle mass loss. Selected bacterial strains isolated from an intestine-resected patient were screened in vitro for their ability to stimulate the secretion of gut peptides (GLP-1) in enterocytes and on Caenorhabditis elegans for their effect on worm longevity. The impact of probiotic microbes was assessed on protein-energy metabolism and insulin-sensitivity in old rats subjected to dietary restriction (to mimic frailty in humans). The results cannot be detailed in the present abstract since a patent deposit is pending concerning the strains and related health effects. We hope that the patent will be finalized for poster or oral presentation within the next months. The ultimate objective of my thesis will be to incorporate the most promising selected probiotic strain into a fermented food (soft cheese) in order to combine the beneficial effects on the metabolism of the strain with high protein intakes, this latter being also insufficiently supplied in frail elderly population.

Dosage of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) according to food diet showed that the content of acetate was high in newborn feaces. Infants receiving food supplements have a complex and diverse gut microbiota. Moreover, the results show that infants from poor districts have an abundant concentration of SCFAs in their faeces compared to those living in places with a relatively high standard of living. Among infants receiving milk, the highest proportion of SCFA is acetate in breastfed infants (BF) at a rate of 15.025 ± 2.23 μmol/g, followed by propionate in infants receiving mixed feeding (BF+FF), at a rate of 13.58 ± 1.03 μmol/g and butyrate in infants taking mixed feeding at a rate of 0.32 ± 0.72 μmol/g. However, among infants starting early diet diversification, acetate is higher in infants receiving milk formula and diet diversification (FF+FD) with a concentration of 25.4 ± 0 μmol/g, followed by propionate (2.36 ± 0 μmol/g) in infants receiving mixed feeding (BF+FF) and butyrate in those fed with (BF+FD). Partial breastfeeding is associated with a higher proportion of acetate, butyrate and propionate. The study of the correlation between the different SCFAs produced and the ASV (Variants of Microbial Amplicon Sequences) of the intestinal community of the child, shows that acetate is positively correlated with Bifidobacterium and negatively with Streptococcus and Escherichia-Shigella. Propionate is positively correlated with Bifido bacterium and negatively with Escherichia-Shigella. Similarly, butyrate is positively correlated with Bifidobacterium and negatively with Escherichia-Shigella.

Purpose: Evaluation of CT sarcopenia as a predictor of intensive care hospitalization during SARS-COV2 infection.Materials and methods: Single-center retrospective study of patients admitted to hospital with SARS-COV2 infection. The estimation of muscle mass (skeletal muscle index (SMI)) for sarcopenia, measure-ment of muscle density for muscle quality and body adiposity, were based on CT views on the T4 and L3 levels measured at admission. Demographic data, percentage of pulmonary parenchymal involvement as well as the orientation of patients during hospitalization and the risk of hospitalization in intensive care were collected.Results: A total of 162 patients hospitalized for SARS-COV2 infection were included (92 men and 70 women, with an average age of 64.6 years and an average BMI of 27.4). The muscle area measured at the level of L3 was significantly associated with the patient's unfavorable evolution (124.4cm2 [97; 147] vs 141.5 cm2 [108; 173]) (p 1/4 0.007), as was a lowered SMI (p < 0.001) and the muscle area measured in T4 (OR 1/4 0.98 [0.97; 0.99]), (p 1/4 0.026). Finally, an abdominal visceral fat area measured at the level of L3 was also associated with a risk of hospitalization in intensive care (249.4cm2 [173; 313] vs 147.5cm2 [93.1; 228] (p < 0.001).Conclusion: This study demonstrates that thoracic and abdominal sarcopenia are independently asso-ciated with an increased risk of hospitalization in an intensive care unit, suggesting the need to assess sarcopenia on admission during SARS-COV2 infection.

International audience; BackgroundShifting towards a more plant-based diet, as promoted in Western countries, will reduce the animal protein contribution to total proteins. Such a reduction may not only impair protein adequacy, but also the adequacy in other nutrients. ObjectivesWe determined, for different adult subpopulations, the minimum total protein level and the minimum animal protein contribution to total proteins that are compatible with the fulfillment of all non-protein nutrient-based recommendations. MethodsMean nutritional content and mean diet cost for 5 French subpopulations were estimated using a French cross-sectional representative survey: Women

International audience; Background/Objectives Body composition and protein-energy partitioning changes are important factors of body weight regulation, but have not been studied in the context of clinical obesity treatment setting. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the pattern of body weight loss, body composition, and energy partitioning changes during a 9-month multidisciplinary weight loss program and 4-month follow up and to test the associations among these changes in adolescents with severe obesity. Subjects/Methods Twenty-five adolescents (14.1 +/- 1.5 years old; 13 girls) with severe obesity joined a pediatric obesity center for a 9-month inpatient multidisciplinary weight loss program. All participants performed body composition assessment (i.e. fat mass-FM, and fat-free mass-FFM) and completed a 36-h session in indirect calorimetric chamber before the start (T0), at the end of the intervention (T1) and 4 months follow-up to the intervention (T2). The protein-energy partitioning (P ratio) was calculated as urinary nitrogen loss/total energy expenditure over 24 hours. Interventions 9-month individualized multidisciplinary weight loss program consisting of lifestyle education, psychological support, physical activity, and dietary intervention. Results Initial P ratio was positively associated with changes in body weight from T0 to T1 (p = 0.038). The changes in FFM/FM were negatively associated with body weight changes in boys (p = 0.006) from T0 to T1 and in girls (p < 0.001) from T1 to T2. Urinary nitrogen excretion (p < 0.001) and total energy expenditure (p < 0.001) significantly decreased during the weight loss program while the P ratio did not significantly change. Conclusion The present results suggest that baseline and changes in energy partitioning may be associated with changes in body weight in adolescents with severe obesity. In addition, sexual dimorphism in these patterns of change suggest the need for specific dietary and physical activity strategies in boys and girls to optimize body weight loss and to prevent or slow weight regain.

International audience; Objectives This study aimed to measure resting energy expenditure (REE) in institutionalized old persons and to determine factors possibly related to change in REE as a basis for estimating energy requirements. Design and Settings A monocentric cross-sectional study was conducted. Statistical approaches were conducted to determine independent factors associated with REE. Various published predictive equations of REE were compared to our population. Participants 72 residents of a nursing home, mostly women (80.5%) aged 87.4 +/- 6.6 years were included. Measurements REE (indirect calorimetry), body composition (bio-impedance analysis), biological and anthropometric data were collected. Results Mean REE was 1006 +/- 181 kcal/d and was higher in men than in (1227 +/- 195 vs. 953 +/- 131 kcal/d, p 25 mg/l). Significant differences (p

International audience; Treating large bone defects or fragile patients may require enhancing the bone regeneration rate to overcome a weak contribution from the body. This work investigates the osteogenic potential of nutrient fisetin, a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, as a doping agent inside the structure of a SiO 2 − CaO bioactive glass−poly(caprolactone) (BG−PCL) hybrid scaffold. Embedded in the full mass of the BG− PCL hybrid during one-pot synthesis, we demonstrate fisetin to be delivered sustainably; the release follows a first-order kinetics with active fisetin concentration being delivered for more than 1 month (36 days). The biological effect of BG−PCL−fisetin-doped scaffolds (BG−PCL−Fis) has been highlighted by in vitro and in vivo studies. A positive impact is demonstrated on the adhesion and the differentiation of rat primary osteoblasts, without an adverse cytotoxic effect. Implantation in critical-size mouse calvaria defects shows bone remodeling characteristics and remarkable enhancement of bone regeneration for fisetin-doped scaffolds, with the regenerated bone volume being twofold that of nondoped scaffolds and fourfold that of a commercial trabecular bovine bone substitute. Such highly bioactive materials could stand as competitive alternative strategies involving biomaterials loaded with growth factors, the use of the latter being the subject of growing concerns.

Extensive intestinal resection leads to Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS), the main cause of chronic intestinal failure. Colon preservation is crucial for spontaneous adaptation, to improve absorption and reduce parenteral nutrition dependence. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a promising approach in pathologies with dysbiosis as the one observed in SBS patients, was assessed in SBS rats with jejuno‐colonic anastomosis. The evolution of weight and food intake, the lenght of intestinal villi and crypts and the composition of fecal microbiota of Sham and SBS rats, transplanted or not with high fat diet rat microbiota, were analyzed. All SBS rats lost weight, increased their food intake and exhibited jejunal and colonic hyperplasia. Microbiota composition of SBS rats, transplanted or not, was largely enriched with Lactobacillaceae, and α‐ and β‐diversity were significantly different from Sham. The FMT altered microbiota composition and α‐ and β‐diversity in Sham but not SBS rats. FMT from high fat diet rats was successfully engrafted in Sham, but failed to take hold in SBS rats, probably because of the specific luminal environment in colon of SBS subjects favoring aero‐tolerant over anaerobic bacteria. Finally, the level of food intake in SBS rats was positively correlated with their Lactobacillaceae abundance. Microbiota transfer must be optimized and adapted to this specific SBS environment.

International audience; We aimed to assess if casein structure affects its digestion and its subsequent amino acid delivery kinetic. Higher nitrogen levels were recovered in dialysates after in vitro digestions of sodium caseinate (SC, formed of small aggregates) compared to micellar casein (MC, native form of casein) and calcium caseinate (CC, intermediate structure). Likewise, plasma indispensable amino-acid concentration peak was higher after SC compared to MC or CC ingestion in healthy volunteers in a randomized, double blind, cross-over study. In pigs, gammascintigraphy using labelled meals revealed that SC was mainly localized in the proximal part of the stomach whereas MC was distributed in the whole gastric cavity. Caseins were found in both solid and liquid phases and partly hydrolyzed casein in the solid phase shortly after SC drink ingestion. These data support the concept of slow (MC) and rapid (SC) casein depending of casein structure, likely due to their intra-gastric clotting properties.; Nous avons cherché à déterminer si la structure de la caséine influe sur sa digestion et sur sa cinétique d’administration subséquente d’acides aminés. Des concentrations d’azote plus élevées ont été récupérées dans les dialysates après la digestion in vitro du caséinate de sodium (SC, formé de petits agrégats) comparativement à la caséine micellaire (CM, forme indigène de caséine) et au caséinate de calcium (CC, structure intermédiaire). De même, le pic de concentration plasmatique en acides aminés indispensables était plus élevé après SC que l’ingestion de CM ou de CC chez des volontaires sains dans une étude croisée randomisée à double insu. Chez les porcs, la gammascintigraphie à l’aide de repas étiquetés a révélé que la SC était principalement localisée dans la partie proximale de l’estomac, tandis que la CM était distribuée dans toute la cavité gastrique. On a trouvé des caséines dans les phases solide et liquide et de la caséine partiellement hydrolysée dans la phase solide peu après l’ingestion de boisson SC. Ces données appuient le concept de caséine lente (MC) et rapide (SC) selon la structure de la caséine, probablement en raison de leurs propriétés de coagulation intragastrique.

International audience; Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops as it provides 20% of calories and proteins to the human population. To overcome the increasing demand in wheat grain production, there is a need for a higher grain yield, and this can be achieved in particular through an increase in the grain weight. Moreover, grain shape is an important trait regarding the milling performance. Both the final grain weight and shape would benefit from a comprehensive knowledge of the morphological and anatomical determinism of wheat grain growth. Synchrotron-based phase-contrast X-ray microtomography (X-ray µCT) was used to study the 3D anatomy of the growing wheat grain during the first developmental stages. Coupled with 3D reconstruction, this method revealed changes in the grain shape and new cellular features. The study focused on a particular tissue, the pericarp, which has been hypothesized to be involved in the control of grain development. We showed considerable spatio-temporal diversity in cell shape and orientations, and in tissue porosity associated with stomata detection. These results highlight the growth-related features rarely studied in cereal grains, which may contribute significantly to the final grain weight and shape.

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International audience; In the last decade, most of the evidence on the clinical benefits of including cruciferous foods in the diet has been focused on the content of glucosinolates (GSL) and their corresponding isothiocyanates (ITC), and mercapturic acid pathway metabolites, based on their capacity to modulate clinical, biochemical, and molecular parameters. The present systematic review summarizes findings of human studies regarding the metabolism and bioavailability of GSL and ITC, providing a comprehensive analysis that will help guide future research studies and facilitate the consultation of the latest advances in this booming and less profusely researched area of GSL for food and health. The literature search was carried out in Scopus, PubMed and the Web of Science, under the criteria of including publications centered on human subjects and the use of Brassicaceae foods in different formulations (including extracts, beverages, and tablets), as significant sources of bioactive compounds, in different types of subjects, and against certain diseases. Twenty-eight human intervention studies met inclusion criteria, which were classified into three groups depending on the dietary source. This review summarizes recent studies that provided interesting contributions, but also uncovered the many potential venues for future research on the benefits of consuming cruciferous foods in our health and well-being. The research will continue to support the inclusion of GSL-rich foods and products for multiple preventive and active programs in nutrition and well-being.

Mate is a traditional drink obtained from the leaves of yerba mate and rich in a diversity of plant bioactive compounds including polyphenols, particularly chlorogenic acids. Studies, even though limited, suggest that consumption of mate is associated with health effects, including prevention of cardiometabolic disorders. Molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health properties are still largely unknown, especially in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate nutrigenomic effects of mate consumption and identify regulatory networks potentially mediating cardiometabolic health benefits. Healthy middle-aged men at risk for CVD consumed a standardised mate extract or placebo for 4 weeks. Global gene expression, including protein coding and non-coding RNA profiles, was determined using microarrays. Biological function analyses were performed using integrated bioinformatic tools. Comparison of global gene expression profiles showed significant change following mate consumption with 2635 significantly differentially expressed genes, among which six are miRNA and 244 are lncRNA. Functional analyses showed that these genes are involved in regulation of cell interactions and motility, inflammation or cell signalling. Transcription factors, such as MEF2A, MYB or HNF1A, could have their activity modulated by mate consumption either by direct interaction with polyphenol metabolites or by interactions of metabolites with cell signalling proteins, like p38 or ERK1/2, that could modulate transcription factor activity and regulate expression of genes observed. Correlation analysis suggests that expression profile is inversely associated with gene expression profiles of patients with cardiometabolic disorders. Therefore, mate consumption may exert cardiometabolic protective effects by modulating gene expression towards a protective profile.

L-Lysine (Lys) and L-arginine (Arg), but not L-homoarginine (hArg), are proteinogenic amino acids. In healthy humans, oral administration of hArg increased the plasma concentration of Lys, suggesting Lys as a metabolite of hArg. In humans and animals, hArg is biosynthesized from Arg and Lys by arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). In vitro, recombinant human arginase and bovine liver arginase I hydrolyzed hArg to Lys, suggesting Lys as a metabolite of hArg. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether changes in blood concentrations of hArg and Lys in old rats fed for 4 months with varied controlled experimental diets could suggest interconversion of these amino acids. Blood samples (n = 253) were taken before (T0) and after 2 months (T2) and 4 months (T4) of the experiment. Plasma concentrations of Lys and hArg were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The plasma hArg concentration markedly correlated with the plasma Lys concentration at all timepoints (r ≥ 0.7, P

International audience; The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of tannins on plant protein during sheep digestion using a digestomic approach combining in vivo (rumen) conditions and an in vitro digestive system (abomasum and small intestine). Ruminal fluid from wethers infused with a tannin solution or water (control) was introduced into the digester, and protein degradation was followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS). Tannin infusion in the rumen led to a clear decrease in protein degradation-related fermentation end-products, whereas ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) protein was more abundant than in control wethers. In the simulated abomasum, peptidomic analysis showed more degradation products of RuBisCo in the presence of tannins. The effect of RuBisCo protection by tannins continued to impact Rubisco digestion into early-stage intestinal digestion but was no longer detectable in late-stage intestinal digestion. The peptidomics approach proved a potent tool for identifying and quantifying the type of protein hydrolyzed throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

International audience; Purpose For decades, it has been customary to relate human health to the nutritional composition of foods, and from there was born food composition databases, composition labelling scores and the recommendation to eat varied foods. However, individuals can fully address their nutritional needs and become chronically ill. The nutrient balance of a food is only a small part of its overall health potential. In this paper, we discussed the proof of concept that the increased risk of chronic diseases worldwide is primarily associated with the degradation and artificialization of food matrices, rather than only their nutrient contents, based on the assumption that "food matrices govern the metabolic fate of nutrients". Methods An empirico-inductive proof of concept research design has been used, based on scientific data linking the degree of food processing, food matrices and human health, notably on the glycaemic index, nutrient bioavailability, satiety potential, and synergistic effects. Results We postulate that if the nutrient content is insufficient to fully characterize the diet-global health relationship, one other dimensions is necessary, i.e., the food matrix through the degree of processing. Both matrix and nutrient composition dimensions have been included under the new concept of the 3V index for Real (Vrai), Vegetal (Vegetal), and Varied (Varie) foods. The Real metric, reflecting the integrity of the initial food matrix, is the most important, followed by the Vegetal (nutrient origin) and the Varied ("composition" effect) metrics. Conclusion Concerning their effects on health, food matrix comes first, and then nutrient composition, and calorie quality matters more than calorie quantity.

L’INRAE d’Aurillac mène des recherches sur la microbiologie et la technologie des fromages du Massif Central avec pour objectifs la compréhension des processus de fabrication et d’affinage des fromages et la recherche de solutions microbiennes et technologiques pour l’amélioration de leurs qualités. Leurs recherches ont ainsi contribué au maintien des prairies naturelles du Massif Central, au développement de l’activité économique, la création d’emplois et la reconnaissance internationale des fromages au lait cru. Cette étude a été conduite selon la méthode ASIRPA ex-post.; The INRAE of Aurillac carries out research on the microbiology and technology of cheeses from the Massif Central with the aim of understanding the manufacturing and ripening processes of cheeses and the search for microbial and technological solutions to improve their qualities. Their research has thus contributed to the maintenance of the natural meadows of the Massif Central, the development of economic activity, the creation of jobs and the international recognition of raw milk cheeses. Cette étude a été conduite selon la méthode ASIRPA ex-post.

International audience; Purpose Protein synthesis and proteolysis are known to be controlled through mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) pathways, depending on the nutritional condition. This study aimed at investigating the contribution of liver AMPK and GCN2 on the adaptation to high variations in protein intake. Methods To evaluate the answer of protein pathways to high- or low-protein diet, male wild-type mice and genetically modified mice from C57BL/6 background with liver-specific AMPK- or GCN2-knockout were fed from day 25 diets differing in their protein level as energy: LP (5%), NP (14%) and HP (54%). Two hours after a 1 g test meal, protein synthesis rate was measured after a C-13 valine flooding dose. The gene expression of key enzymes involved in proteolysis and GNC2 signaling pathway were quantified. Results The HP diet but not the LP diet was associated with a decrease in fractional synthesis rate by 29% in the liver compared to NP diet. The expression of mRNA encoding ubiquitin and Cathepsin D was not sensitive to the protein content. The deletion of AMPK or GCN2 in the liver did not affect nor protein synthesis rates and neither proteolysis markers in the liver or in the muscle, whatever the protein intake. In the postprandial state, protein level alters protein synthesis in the liver but not in the muscle. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that liver AMPK and GCN2 are not involved in this adaptation to high- and low-protein diet observed in the postprandial period.

International audience; Abstract Using asymmetric flow field flow fractionation, the polymer mass (Mw), gyration radius (Rw) and the polydispersity index (PI) of glutenin polymers (GPs) have been previously studied. Here, using the same multi-location trials (4 years, 11 locations and 192 cultivars), the factors associated with the conformation (Conf) of the polymers were reported. Conf, which is the slope of Log (Rw) = f [Log (Mw)], varied between 0.285 and 0.740. Conf had low broad-sense heritability (H 2 = 16.8) and was significantly influenced by temperature occurring over the last month of grain filling. Higher temperatures were found to increase Rw and the compactness and sphericity of GPs. The HMW-GS and LMW-GS alleles had a significant influence on the Conf value. Assuming a Gaussian distribution for Mw, the number of polymers present in wheat grain was computed for different kernel weights and protein concentrations: it exceeded 10 12 GPs per grain. Using atomic force microscopy and cryo-microscopy, photos of GPs were revealed for the first time. Under high temperatures, GPs became larger, less reticulated, more spherical and consequently less prone to rapid hydrolysis. Some orientations aimed at reducing the possible impact of the numerous GPs for people suffering from non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) were proposed.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompassing nanovesicles derived from the endosome system and generated by plasmatic membrane shedding are of increasing interest in view of their ability to sustain cell-to-cell communication and the possibility that they could be used as surrogate biomarkers of healthy and unhealthy trajectories. Nutritional strategies have been developed to preserve health, and the impact of these strategies on circulating EVs is arousing growing interest. Data available from published studies are now sufficient for a first integration to better understand the role of EVs in the relationship between diet and health. Thus, this review focuses on human intervention studies investigating the impact of diet or its components on circulating EVs. Because of analytical bias, only large EVs have been assessed so far. The analysis highlights that poor-quality diets with elevated fat and sugar content increase levels of circulating large EVs, and these can be partly counteracted by healthy food or some food micronutrients and bioactive compounds. However, knowledge of the content and the biological functions of these diet-induced EVs is still missing. It is important to address these aspects in new research in order to state if EVs are mediators of the effects of diet on health.

International audience; During aging, skeletal muscle develops anabolic resistance towards the stimulation of protein synthesis induced by dietary amino acids. The stimulation of muscle protein synthesis after food intake remains insufficient, even with a protein intake recommended for healthy adults. This alteration is one of the mechanisms known to be responsible for sarcopenia. Increasing dietary protein intake above the current recommended dietary allowances (RDA= 0.83 g/kg/d) has been strongly suggested to overcome the anabolic resistance observed. It is also specified that the dietary protein ingested should be of good quality. A protein of good quality is a protein whose amino acid (AA) composition covers the requirement of each AA when ingested at the RDA. However, the biological value of proteins may vary among dietary sources in which AA composition could be unbalanced (i.e plant proteins). In the present review, we suggest that the quality of a dietary protein is also related to several other determinants. These determinants include the speed of digestion of dietary proteins, the presence of specific AAs, the food matrix in which the dietary proteins are included, the processes involved in the production of food products (milk gelation and cooking temperature), the energy supply and its nature, and the interaction between nutrients before ingestion. Finally, the timing of protein intake and its association with the desynchronized intake of energetic nutrients is discussed. (C) 2021 Societe francaise de nutrition.

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International audience; The dietary shift from animal protein (AP) to plant protein (PP) sources is encouraged for both environmental and health reasons. For instance, PPs are associated with lower cardiovascular and diabetes risks compared with APs, although the underlying mechanisms mostly remain unknown. Metabolomics is a valuable tool for globally and mechanistically characterizing the impact of AP and PP intake, given its unique ability to provide integrated signatures and specific biomarkers of metabolic effects through a comprehensive snapshot of metabolic status. This scoping review is aimed at gathering and analyzing the available metabolomics data associated with PP- and AP-rich diets, and discusses the metabolic effects underlying these metabolomics signatures and their potential implication for cardiometabolic health. We selected 24 human studies comparing the urine, plasma, or serum metabolomes associated with diets with contrasted AP and PP intakes. Among the 439 metabolites reported in those studies as able to discriminate AP- and PP-rich diets, 46 were considered to provide a robust level of evidence, according to a scoring system, especially amino acids (AAs) and AA-related products. Branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids (AAAs), glutamate, short-chain acylcarnitines, and trimethylamine-N-oxide, which are known to be related to an increased cardiometabolic risk, were associated with AP-rich diets, whereas glycine (rather related to a reduced risk) was associated with PP-rich diets. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and products from gut microbiota AAA degradation were also often reported, but the direction of their associations differed across studies. Overall, AP- and PP-rich diets result in different metabolomics signatures, with several metabolites being plausible candidates to explain some of their differential associations with cardiometabolic risk. Additional studies specifically focusing on protein type, with rigorous intake control, are needed to better characterize the associated metabolic phenotypes and understand how they could mediate differential AP and PP effects on cardiometabolic risk.

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function is the biggest component of whole-body energy output. Mitochondrial energy production during exercise is impaired in vitamin D-deficient subjects. In cultured myotubes, loss of vitamin D receptor (VDR) function decreases mitochondrial respiration rate and ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation. We aimed to examine the effects of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation on whole-body energy expenditure and muscle mitochondrial function in old rats, old mice, and human subjects. To gain further insight into the mechanisms involved, we used C2C12 and human muscle cells and transgenic mice with muscle-specific VDR tamoxifen-inducible deficiency. We observed that in vivo and in vitro vitamin D fluctuations changed mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative activity in skeletal muscle. Vitamin D supplementation initiated in older people improved muscle mass and strength. We hypothesize that vitamin D supplementation is likely to help prevent not only sarcopenia but also sarcopenic obesity in vitamin D-deficient subjects.

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International audience; Introduction et but de l’étude : Pour promouvoir une alimentation saine et durable, une plus grande végétalisation de notre alimentation est encouragée. Cette transition implique notamment une diminution de la contribution des sources de protéines animales (PA) au profit des sources de protéines végétales (PV), ce qui a été associé à un moindre risque de maladies cardio-métaboliques par les études épidémiologiques. Cependant, on connait mal les mécanismes qui expliquent les bénéfices des PV. Les études d’intervention sont rares, courtes et conduites avec un faible niveau de contrôle nutritionnel. Par une étude d’intervention hautement contrôlée sur le plan nutritionnel, dans une population à risque cardio-métabolique, nous visons à mieux évaluer les effets du niveau de végétalisation de l’apport protéique (PV/PA) sur la santé cardio-métabolique, et à en explorer finement les mécanismes.Matériels et Méthodes : Au cours d’un essai clinique randomisé selon un protocole croisé (NCT04236518), les effets d’un régime prédominant soit en PA (PA/PV 66%/34% des protéines totales (Ptot)), soit en PV (PA/PV 37%/63% Ptot), ont été comparés dans une population d’hommes adultes (25-55 ans) à risque cardio-métabolique : avec un IMC 25-35kg/m², un tour de taille élevé (>94 cm) et au moins un élément supplémentaire de la définition clinique du syndrome métabolique (pression artérielle ou glycémie ou triglycéridémie élevés, ou HDL-cholesterolémie basse). Les 2 régimes, iso-caloriques (~2100 kcal/j) et incluant les principaux groupes d’aliments source de protéines dans différentes proportions, ont été fournis pendant 1 mois sous forme de déjeuners et de dîners « prêts à consommer » au domicile. Les habitudes alimentaires à l’inclusion ont été évaluées par un relevé alimentaire de 3 jours, et les apports en macro et micronutriments pendant l’intervention par des questionnaires quotidiens sur les portions consommées des repas fournis et toute autre prise alimentaire. La composition corporelle a été mesurée en début et fin de période d’intervention par impédancemétrie, ainsi que le poids et le tour de taille tous les 15 jours. Des échantillons de plasma ont été collectés à jeun tous les 15 jours. A la fin de chaque période d‘intervention, un repas de charge hyperlipidique (900kcal, lipides : 80%Energie (E)) visant à évaluer la flexibilité métabolique a été consommé, et du plasma collecté pendant les 6h suivant son ingestion. Le statut basal et la réponse métabolique et inflammatoire au repas de charge ont été évalués par des paramètres de biochimie clinique.Résultats et Analyses statistiques : La fin d’étude a eu lieu en août 2022 et l’analyse des données est encore en cours. La population d’étude est composée à l’inclusion de 19 hommes d’âge moyen (42±7 ans), en surpoids (IMC: 28±2 kg/m² ; tour de taille: 103±6 cm) et avec hypertriglycéridémie (2±1 g/L). Leur alimentation habituelle s’est avérée beaucoup plus proche du régime PA que du régime PV (E: 2171±447 kcal/j ; protéines: 16±2 %E ; PA: 66±7 %Ptot). Les résultats des ingérés réels pendant l’intervention montrent que le protocole a permis d’atteindre l’objectif de manipulation nutritionnelle, avec une répartition des sources protéiques très différente : 64% de PA dans le régime PA et 37% de PA dans le régime PV (p

International audience; Introduction et but de l’étudeL'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer la capacité d’un mélange protéique végétal à maintenir la masse maigre, la masse musculaire et sa fonctionnalité chez des rats âgés, par comparaison à la référence des protéines de lait, dans le cadre d'un régime prudent ou occidental.Matériel et MéthodesLe mélange protéique végétal qui a été ici étudié chez le rat a été conçu spécifiquement pour la personne âgée à risque sarcopénique et cardiométabolique, par optimisation de sa composition en ingrédients protéiques sources. Les critères d’optimisation portaient sur l'équilibre en acides aminés indispensables et les teneurs en leucine, arginine et cystéine, pour favoriser théoriquement l’augmentation de la synthèse protéique musculaire et la réduction du stress oxydant de façon synergique. Le mélange protéique optimisé contient des isolats protéiques de lupin, pomme de terre, riz, zéine et albumine de colza. Des rats Wistar mâles âgés, modèle animal de sarcopénie, ont été répartis aléatoirement en quatre groupes de régimes différents selon la source des protéines – laitière (PA) ou végétale (PV) – et la teneur énergétique (standard, avec amidon, ou élevée, avec graisses saturées et saccharose), pendant 4 mois (n = 96, 18 - 22 mois). La glycémie et l'insulinémie ainsi que la composition corporelle (par écho IRM) ont été mesurées tous les deux mois. La fonctionnalité musculaire (selon le système Catwalk XT) a été évaluée avant et après le régime expérimental. Enfin, après 4 mois de régime, les vitesses de synthèse protéique dans le muscle gastrocnémien ont été mesurées par la technique de la surcharge en 13C-valine.Résultats et Analyses statistiquesSur l'ensemble de la période, l'ingéré protéique moyen était similaire dans tous les groupes. Le poids des animaux a augmenté dans tous les groupes au cours de l'expérience (P = 0,001) ; la nature des protéines toutes choses égales par ailleurs n’a pas affecté cette prise de poids. Le régime riche en graisse et en saccharose a augmenté la graisse corporelle (et donc le poids), mais a eu peu d'impact sur la sensibilité à l'insuline et les métabolismes connexes, ne permettant donc pas d’évaluer comme prévu les effets du mélange protéique végétal dans des situations de résistance à l'insuline. En revanche, à la fin de l'expérience, l'insulinémie à jeun était significativement plus faible chez les rats PV que chez les rats PA (P < 0.05).Il n'y a pas de différences significatives de masse maigre ou de masse musculaireentre les groupes quelle que soit la nature des protéines.Globalement, la prise alimentaire a provoqué une augmentation de la vitesse de synthèse protéique (ASR, g/h) dans le muscle gastrocnémien (+13% par rapport àl’état postabsorptif). La nature des protéines et le niveau d’énergie n’ont pas affecté les ASR et leur variation postprandiale. En ajoutant la masse musculaire en covariable, un taux de synthèse protéique (FSR, %/h) plus élevé est mis en évidence chez les rats PV (7,6 ± 0,2 %/h vs 6,5 ± 0,2 %/h pour les rats PA). La masse musculaire n'ayant pas été différemment affectée par la nature des protéines, ces résultats suggèrent une augmentation dans les mêmes proportions de la protéolyse musculaire, et donc un taux de renouvellement plus élevé avec le mélange PV. À notre connaissance, un tel résultat n'a pas été rapporté dans lalittérature.Les résultats de l’analyse de la locomotion des animaux ne permettent pas de conclure à un effet direct du vieillissement ou de la source des protéines avec deseffets divergents des protéines végétales sur la durée de la course et la vitesse moyenne par exemple.ConclusionDans ce modèle de rat âgé, sur le long terme, nous avons montré qu'un mélangeapproprié de protéines végétales peut remplacer de manière satisfaisante les protéines du lait. En effet, il n'entraîne aucune différence sur la réponse de la synthèse des protéines musculaires à l'alimentation ; et sur l'évolution de la masse maigre et de la masse musculaire au cours du vieillissement. Ces résultats offrent une preuve de concept innovante d'un point de vue nutritionnel : des mélanges de protéines végétales bien conçus peuvent avoir une valeur nutritionnelle élevée même dans des situations exigeantes telles que le métabolisme protéique vieillissant.

International audience

International audience; Introduction : L’obésité et l’activité physique constituent respectivement des facteurs de risque et de protection de la cancérogenèse mammaire. La surproduction d’œstrogènes associée à l’excès de masse grasse favorise le développement tumoral en période de postménopause et à l’inverse l’activité physique la limite en réduisant l’inflammation et en stimulant le recrutement des cellules de l’immunité cytotoxiques telles que les cellules NK. L’objectif de cette étude est de mesurer l’impact de la durée d’imprégnation lipidique sur les effets préventifs de l’activité physique lors du développement tumoral mammaire. Matériel et méthodes : Des souris C57BL/6 âgées de 35 semaines ovariectomisées ont étées nourries avec un régime riche en lipides. Après 42 (imprégnation lipidique courte, ILC) ou 88 (IL longue, ILL) jours, des cellules tumorales mammaires syngéniques EO771 ont été implantées dans la 4ème paire de glandes mammaires et la croissance tumorale a été suivie pendant 6 semaines. 4 groupes ont été étudiés. En ILC, un groupe a été placé en environnement standard (ES, n=9, sédentarité), et l'autre en environnement enrichi (EE, n=10), favorisant l’activité physique spontanée (APS). Sous ILL, les 2 groupes (EE n=10, EEI n=11) ont été placés en EE dont un avec un exercice d’intensité modérée (EEI = course sur tapis roulant) afin accroître le niveau d’activité physique total. Au sacrifice, les tissus ont été prélevés afin de caractériser divers paramètres tels que l’infiltrat immunitaire, le métabolisme lipidique et les échanges inter-organes via des approches cellulaires, biochimiques et moléculaires. Résultats : Les données rapportées (moyenne ± écart-type), ont été analysées par un test de Mann Whitney. Quelle que soit la durée du régime lipidique, l’activité physique totale (Km/souris/j) des animaux n’est pas altérée par la croissance tumorale (respectivement à 0,17±0,02 ; 0,80±0,06 ; 0,96±0,54 et 1,56±0,52 pour ILC-ES, ILC-EE, ILL-EE, ILL-EEI). L’ILL favorise la croissance tumorale comparativement à l’ILC, 2300±200 mm3 vs 1500±400 mm3, au jour 26 post implantation (p

International audience; Scope While cocoa flavanol (CF) consumption improves cardiovascular risk biomarkers, molecular mechanisms underlying their protective effects are not understood. Objective To investigate nutri(epi)genomic effects of CF and identify regulatory networks potential mediating vascular health benefits. Methods and Results Twenty healthy middle-aged men consume CF (bi-daily 450 mg) or control drinks for 1 month. Microarray analysis identifies 2235 differentially expressed genes (DEG) involved in processes regulating immune response, cell adhesion, or cytoskeleton organization. Distinct patterns of DEG correlate with CF-related changes in endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and blood pressure. DEG profile negatively correlates with expression profiles of cardiovascular disease patients. CF modulated DNA methylation profile of genes implicates in cell adhesion, actin cytoskeleton organization, or cell signaling. In silico docking analyses indicate that CF metabolites have the potential of binding to cell signaling proteins and transcription factors. Incubation of plasma obtained after CF consumption decrease monocyte to endothelial adhesion and dose-dependently increase nitric oxide-dependent chemotaxis of circulating angiogenic cells further validating the biological functions of CF metabolites. Conclusion In healthy humans, CF consumption may mediate vascular protective effects by modulating gene expression and DNA methylation towards a cardiovascular protective effect, in agreement with clinical results, by preserving integrity of immunological-endothelial barrier functions.

International audience; Background: The most important clinical disorders in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) are akinesia which seriously deprive patients from motor skills. The implantation of subthalamic stimulation electrodes is an interesting therapeutical option to reduce these symptoms. PD patients have a frequent and significant weight gain after surgery. A first study highlighted energy expenditure (EE) alterations confirmed in a recent study, both based on our 2 calorimetric chambers (CC). We used jointly data from CC and from wearable device like Actiheart (AH). AH records heart rate and physical activity, and calculates EE from these parameters added with gender, age and weight. The objective was to compare the EE results obtained by the 2 measurement systems (CC and AH).Methods: The total duration of the measurements was 24 hours during the exact same observation periods for simultaneous recording data from the CC and from the AH. The periods included 1) sleep for sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) during the quietest 197.55 (± 62.07) consecutive minutes of the night, 2) the quiet period of wakefulness excluding activity and meals. For this quiet awake period, we compared the EE from CC and AH when the patients were in 2 distinct states: EE in patients with medications and no blockade (EEon), and EE in patients off medications with akinesia (EEoff). 19 PD patients were observed before surgery, and 11 of them after surgery.Results: Both measurement methods (CC and AH) showed an increase in SMR after surgery (6.80% ± 12.88%, P=0.036 and 4.17% ± 4.24%, P=0.001, respectively). After surgery, weight gain (5.14% ± 6.21%, P=0.004) led to an increase in the BMR (3.12% ± 3.45%, P=0.002) calculated with Schofield equations which are used by AH for the calculation of the EE when the patients were inactive. For the EEon and EEoff periods, the CC made it possible to highlight an EEoff greater than the EEon at equal posture of the volunteers (7.89% ± 10.85%, P=0.002), whereas the AH did not detect any modification (1.61 ± 9.93, P=NS).Conclusion: If AH make it possible to perform estimates of EE on an outpatient basis at home, there are situations for which CC represent an indispensable tool. This is the case to obtain a real value of SMR or to highlight a difference in metabolism with patients having different states of motor disorders (ON vs OFF) and no change in physical activity.

International audience; During the last decade, insects have received increasing interest as sources of proteins for animal feed and human food. Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) is considered as one of the best options because of its protein content and its ease of breeding and feeding. This species of insect is commonly reared in crates containing agricultural by-products such as wheat bran. In a mass rearing context, an insect farm can harbor thousands of these crates with different insect life stages. Presently, only little data are available concerning the heat generation of yellow mealworms in rearing conditions, making it hard to scale livestock houses. In this context, the aim of this study was to measure the energy expenditure (EE) of insects at different life stages in optimal rearing conditions (temperature, hygrometry, insect density, water supply and food) during 24 hours using calorimetric cages. We measured feed consumption, body mass, O2 consumption and CO2 production for 10 different insect life stages (i.e eggs, 7mg larvae, 16mg larvae, 29mg larvae, 50mg larvae, 60mg larvae, 79mg larvae, 98mg larvae, pupas and adults). The results describe for the first time the profile of EE for each insect life stage in mass rearing conditions: EE was very low for eggs and quite low for pupas, higher with weight gain for larvae from 7 to 60mg (EE from 0.038 to 0.614 kcal/individual/h), stabilized beyond 60mg body weight (EE about 0.584 kcal/individual/h), and higher in adults (1.033kcal/individual/h). These observations suggest an interesting calorimetric potential for advanced larval stages and adults, in the context of thermal regulation of livestock buildings. Further studies are planned to analyze the complete life cycle of Tenebrio molitor including the impact of the photoperiod. Taken together, these data provide key knowledges for the scaling and sizing of new yellow mealworm farms.

International audience; Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex condition encompassing a constellation of cardiometabolic abnormalities. Oxylipins are a superfamily of lipid mediators regulating many cardiometabolic functions. Plasma oxylipin signature could provide a new clinical tool to enhance the phenotyping of MetS pathophysiology. A high-throughput validated mass spectrometry method, allowing for the quantitative profiling of over 130 oxylipins, was applied to identify and validate the oxylipin signature of MetS in two independent nested case/control studies involving 476 participants. We identified an oxylipin signature of MetS (coined OxyScore), including 23 oxylipins and having high performances in classification and replicability (cross-validated AUCROC of 89%, 95% CI: 85–93% and 78%, 95% CI: 72–85% in the Discovery and Replication studies, respectively). Correlation analysis and comparison with a classification model incorporating the MetS criteria showed that the oxylipin signature brings consistent and complementary information to the clinical criteria. Being linked with the regulation of various biological processes, the candidate oxylipins provide an integrative phenotyping of MetS regarding the activation and/or negative feedback regulation of crucial molecular pathways. This may help identify patients at higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases. The oxylipin signature of patients with metabolic syndrome enhances MetS phenotyping and may ultimately help to better stratify the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

Background and aimsAging is characterized, at the systemic level, by the development of low-grade inflammation, which has been identified as determining sarcopenia by blunting postprandial muscle anabolism. The causes of this “inflammageing” is still not clearly defined. An increased intestinal permeability, a microbiota dysbiosis and subsequent generation of intestinal then generalized inflammation have been hypothesized. The objective of this study was to test in vivo during aging if (1) a chronic low-grade intestinal inflammation can lead to anabolic resistance and muscle loss and (2) if a bacterial strain presenting anti-inflammatory properties could prevent these adverse effects.MethodsYoung adult (6 m) and elderly rats (18 m) received Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) for 28 days to generate low-grade intestinal inflammation, and received (PB1 or PB2 groups) or not (DSS group) one of the two S. Thermophilus strains (5 × 109 CFU/day) previously shown to present an anti-inflammatory potential in vitro. They were compared to pair fed control (PF). Muscle and colon weights and protein synthesis (using 13C Valine) were measured at slaughter. Muscle proteolysis, gut permeability and inflammatory markers were assessed only in old animals by RT-PCR or proteins quantifications (ELISA).ResultsIn both adult and old rats, DSS reduced absolute protein synthesis (ASR) in gastrocnemius muscle [−12.4% (PB1) and −9.5% (PB2) vs. PF, P < 0.05] and increased ASR in colon (+86% and +30.5%, respectively vs. PF, P < 0.05). PB1 (CNRZ160 strain) but not PB2 resulted in a higher muscle ASR as compared to DSS in adults (+18%, P < 0.05), a trend also observed for PB1 in old animals (+12%, P = 0.10). This was associated with a blunted increase in colon ASR. In old rats, PB1 also significantly decreased expression of markers of autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways vs. DSS groups and improved gut permeability (assessed by Occludin, Zonula Occludens 1 and Claudin 1 expression, P < 0.05) and alleviated systemic inflammation (A2M: −48% vs. DSS, P < 0.05).ConclusionThe loss of muscle anabolism associated with low-grade intestinal inflammation can be prevented by supplementation with anti-inflammatory CNRZ160 strain. We propose that the moderated gut inflammation by CNRZ160 may result in curtailed amino acids (AA) utilization by the gut, and subsequent restored AA systemic availability to support muscle protein accretion. Therefore, CNRZ160 could be considered as an efficient probiotic to modulate muscle mass loss and limit sarcopenia during aging.

International audience

International audience; Infants are characterized by an immaturity of the gut ecosystem and a high exposure to microplastics (MPs) through diet, dust and suckling. However, the bidirectional interactions between MPs and the immature infant intestinal microbiota remain unknown. Our study aims to investigate the impact of chronic exposure to polyethylene (PE) MPs on the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier of infants, using the new Toddler mucosal Artificial Colon coupled with a co-culture of epithelial and mucus-secreting cells. Gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S metabarcoding and microbial activities were evaluated by gas, short chain fatty acid and volatolomics analyses. Gut barrier integrity was assessed via evaluation of intestinal permeability, inflammation and mucus synthesis. Exposure to PE MPs induced gut microbial shifts increasing α-diversity and abundance of potentially harmful pathobionts, such as Dethiosulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Those changes were associated to butyrate production decrease and major changes in volatile organic compounds profiles. In contrast, no significant impact of PE MPs on the gut barrier, as mediated by microbial metabolites, was reported. For the first time, this study indicates that ingestion of PE MPs can induce perturbations in the gut microbiome of infants. Next step would be to further investigate the potential vector effect of MPs.

International audience; The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns modified work environments, lifestyles, and food consumption. Eating habits and mood changes in a French population during the first lockdown were examined using an online self-reported questionnaire with REDCap software through the COVISTRESS.ORG website. In 671 French participants, the main changes during lockdown were increased stress levels (64 [23; 86] vs. 3 [0; 18]) and sedentary behavior (7 [4; 9] vs. 5 [3; 8] hours per day), a deterioration in sleep quality (50 [27; 83] vs. 70 [48; 94]) and mood (50 [30; 76] vs. 78 [50; 92]), and less physical activity (2.0 [0.5; 5.0] vs. 3.5 [2.0; 6.0]). Mood was modified, with more anger (56 [39; 76] vs. 31 [16; 50]), more sadness (50 [34; 72] vs. 28 [16; 50]), more agitation (50 [25; 66] vs. 43 [20; 50]), and more boredom (32 [7; 60] vs. 14 [3; 29]). A total of 25% of the participants increased their consumption of alcoholic beverages, 29% their consumption of sugary foods, and 26% their consumption of cocktail snacks. A multiple-correspondence analysis highlights four different profiles according to changes in eating habits, food consumption, lifestyle, and mood. In conclusion, eating habits and lifestyle changes during lockdown periods should be carefully monitored to promote healthy behaviors.

National audience; This document includes the scientific papers and their supports of the 1st GAMAE symposium which took place on 9 and 10 June 2022 in Clermont-Ferrand (France). The theme of the symposium was the assessment of serious games on agricultural, environmental and food issues.; Ce document regroupe les communications scientifiques et leurs supports du 1er colloque GAMAE qui s'est déroulé les 9 et 10 juin 2022 à Clermont-Ferrand (France). Le thème du colloque était l'évaluation des serious games sur les questions agricoles, environnementales et alimentaires.

International audience; Background & aims: Sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome resulting in a decrease in both muscle mass and function. Little is known about the prevalence and prognostic impact of sarcopenia in patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure (ADHF). We aimed to evaluate the prevalence (main endpoint) and impact of sarcopenia on ADHF patients.Methods: 140 ADHF patients were enrolled between November 2014 and September 2018 in a multi-center prospective longitudinal study. A similar, independent multi-departmental cross-sectional study in 165 ADHF patients was used for external validation of prevalence data. All subjects were assessed on the European Working Group on Sarcopenia criteria.Results: Ninety-one patients (65%) had sarcopenia (vs. 53.6% in the external replication regional cohort). Patients with sarcopenia were older and more likely to have eGFR

Background There is strong evidence showing that sedentary behaviour time increase the risk to develop several chronic diseases and to premature death. The economic consequences of this risk have never been evaluated in France. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of prolonged sedentary behaviour in France. Methods Based on individual sedentary behaviour time, relative risk to develop cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, breast cancer and all-causes of premature mortality were identified. From relative risk and prevalence of sedentary behaviour time, a population attributable fraction approach was used to estimate the yearly number of cases for each disease. Data from the National Health Insurance were used to calculate the annual average costs per case for each disease. Disease-specific and total healthcare costs attributable to prolonged sedentary behaviour time were calculated. Indirect costs from productivity loss due to morbidity and premature mortality were estimated using a friction cost approach. Results In France, 51 193 premature deaths/year appear related to a prolonged daily sedentary behaviour time. Each year prolonged sedentary behaviour cost 494 million € for the national health insurance. Yearly productivity loss due to premature mortality attributable to prolonged sedentary behaviour cost 507 million € and yearly productivity loss due to morbidity cost between 43 and 147 million €. Conclusion Significant saving and many deaths could be avoided by reducing prolonged sedentary behaviour prevalence in France. To address this issue, strong responses should be implemented to tackle sedentary behaviour, complementary to physical activity promotion.

International audience; Food Traceability 4.0 (FT 4.0) is about tracing foods in the era of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) with techniques and technologies reflecting this new revolution. Interest in food traceability has gained momentum in response to, among others events, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, reinforcing the need for digital food traceability that prevents food fraud and provides reliable information about food. This review will briefly summarize the most common conventional methods available to determine food authenticity before highlighting examples of emerging techniques that can be used to combat food fraud and improve food traceability. A particular focus will be on the concept of FT 4.0 and the significant role of digital solutions and other relevant Industry 4.0 innovations in enhancing food traceability. Based on this review, a possible new research topic, namely FT 4.0, is encouraged to take advantage of the rapid digitalization and technological advances occurring in the era of Industry 4.0. The main FT 4.0 enablers are blockchain, the Internet of things, artificial intelligence, and big data. Digital technologies in the age of Industry 4.0 have significant potential to improve the way food is traced, decrease food waste and reduce vulnerability to fraud opening new opportunities to achieve smarter food traceability. Although most of these emerging technologies are still under development, it is anticipated that future research will overcome current limitations making large-scale applications possible.

International audience; Because plastics exhibit various functional properties, they play a pivotal role in our daily life. However, their massive use has led to a sharp increase in plastic pollution worldwide, generating after degradation massive amounts of small-sized microplastics. Their presence in the environment but also in food products and packaging has revealed a potential threat to human health. In this review, a special emphasis is given on the human gastrointestinal tract, as a portal of entry but also first barrier for microplastics. First, we summarize the characteristics of ingested forms (origin, occurrence, size, shape, polymer type, surface properties) and give the current state of knowledge on human oral exposure to microplastics. Then, we highlight the physicochemical transformations of microplastics during digestion. Afterwards, we detail their potential impact on gut homeostasis disruption, via the three protagonists, epithelium/mucus/gut microbiota, considering in vitro and in vivo studies in rodents. Finally, this review underlines future directions about microplastics in the field of human intestinal health. Particular emphasis is given to the unmet need of developing robust in vitro gut models to adequately simulate human digestive physiology for better health risk assessment related to microplastics.; Les plastiques jouent un rôle central dans notre vie quotidienne. Cependant, leur utilisation massive a mené à une forte augmentation de la pollution plastique à travers le monde, générant après dégradation d’importantes quantités de microplastiques. Leur omniprésence dans l’environnement, mais également dans les produits alimentaires ou encore les emballages, représente un risque potentiel pour la santé humaine. Dans cette revue, une attention particulière est portée au tractus gastro-intestinal, à la fois porte d’entrée et première barrière aux microplastiques. Les caractéristiques de ces derniers (origine, occurrence, taille, forme, type de polymère, propriétés de surface) ainsi que les premiers résultats sur l’exposition orale humaine sont présentés. Puis, nous mettons en lumière les transformations physico-chimiques des microplastiques au cours de la digestion. Par la suite, nous détaillons l’impact potentiel des microplastiques sur l’homéostasie intestinale, via le triptyque épithélium/mucus/microbiote, en considérant les études in vitro et in vivo chez le rongeur. Nous proposons enfin de futures orientations dans l’étude des microplastiques sur la santé intestinale humaine. Un accent particulier porte sur la nécessité de développer des modèles in vitro gastro-intestinaux robustes afin de simuler au mieux la physiologie digestive humaine, ce qui permettra une meilleure évaluation des risques sanitaires relatifs aux microplastiques.

International audience; De mi-mars à début mai 2020, la France a limité les activités de plein air à une heure par jour en raison de l'épidémie de Covid-19. Ce confinement intérieur pourrait avoir un impact durable sur les activités sédentaires et physiques post-confinement et les choix alimentaires. L'objectif de cette étude est de comparer les comportements avant et après le confinement chez un échantillon de jeunes étudiants adultes français (sex ratio = 1:1, 22 ± 3 ans). Sur une période de 4 jours en avril et après la mi-mai 2020, 50 étudiants ont utilisé l'application pour smartphone WellBeNet pour enregistrer l' accélérométriedes données pour évaluer leur comportement sédentaire et leur activité physique, et leur consommation alimentaire. Certains comportements sont restés stables pour les deux périodes : comportement sédentaire, activité peu intense, nombre de repas par jour, nombre de portions de fruits, noix, laitages, légumes, légumineuses et viande-poisson-œuf. La durée d'activité d'intensité modérée était plus élevée (+1,4 %, p < 0,0001), tandis que le score d'équilibre alimentaire était plus faible (−0,3, p = 0,06) lors du retour aux conditions de vie libre. Des comportements alimentaires différents chez les garçons et les filles ont été observés entre les deux périodes. Le nombre total quotidien de portions alimentaires et de féculents entiers post-confinement était plus faible chez les étudiantes (−1,07 et −0,47 portion/j, p = 0,07 et 0,04) mais restait stable chez les garçons, post-confinement. La consommation de collations était similaire chez les hommes et les femmes pendant le confinement, alors qu'elle était plus élevée chez les hommes après le confinement (+0,8 portion/j, p = 0,01). Pendant le confinement lié au COVID-19, le choix de consommation alimentaire était globalement meilleur et l'intensité modéréele niveau d'activité physique était inférieur à celui de la période subséquente de vie libre.