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Abstract Monometallic and bimetallic Cu:Ni catalysts with different Cu:Ni molar ratios (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were synthesized by wetness impregnation on activated carbon and characterized by TPR (temperature programmed reduction), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The synthesized catalysts were evaluated in the gas phase production of diethyl carbonate from ethanol and carbon dioxide. The largest catalytic activity was obtained over the bimetallic catalyst with a Cu:Ni molar ratio of 3:1. Its improved activity was attributed to the formation of a Cu–Ni alloy on the surface of the catalyst, evidenced by XPS and in agreement with a previous assignment based on Vegard law and TPR analysis. During the reaction rate experiments, it observed the presence of a maximum of the reaction rate as a function of temperature, a tendency also reported for other carbon dioxide–alcohol reactions. It showed that the reaction rate-temperature data can be adjusted with a reversible rate equation. The initial rate as a function of reactant partial pressure data was satisfactorily adjusted using the forward power law rate equation and it was found that the reaction rate is first order in CO2 and second order in ethanol.

Recycling, in its literal sense, is the recycling of obsolete recyclable waste materials into manufacturing processes as raw materials through various recycling methods. We can say that a lot of waste is generated in environmental and industrial terms. Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is one of the major oil crops grown in the world for the production of edible and biodiesel oil. A large number of plant and raw material wastes, especially those used in food products, are recycled into cleaning, health, cosmetic and industrial products. In this study, the cold-pressed oil and pulp obtained from the seeds of the sunflower plant were evaluated and transformed into an added-value cosmetic product. Especially the fact that it contains other valuable compounds such as phenolic compounds, fatty acids, fibers, vitamins, minerals and polyphenols increases the popularity of the value-added product. Within the scope of our work, we produced two value-added products. These products are creams containing sunflower oil, which has nourishing, moisturizing and protective properties and the other product is a skin mask containing sunflower pulp. As our university specializes in added-value agricultural products, our product production is increasing day by day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane bagasse is a rich source for Hemicelluloses. Xylan is a major type of hemicellulose represented as glucurono- arabinoxylans (GAX) in sugarcane. In the present study, comparative analysis of different xylan extraction methods namely sodium borohydride treatment, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extraction; dilute acid treatment, sonication, hydrogen peroxide and hot water treatment methods have been carried out for extraction and purification xylan from the bagasse of sugarcane genotypes Co 86032, Co 2001 -15, SES 159, and SES 18. The results showed that alkaline extracted sugarcane bagasse yielded significantly highest xylan yield and recovery in the range of 23.85-32.35% and 72.37%-97% respectively as compared to the rest of the pretreatment methods. Moderate xylan yield (7.68-17.43%) and recovery (22.49-52.89%) was observed using hot water, sodium borohydride and hydrogen peroxide pretreatment methods with significantly highest xylan recovery of 52.89% in hydrogen peroxide pretretated bagasse. Among all the pretreatment methods studied, DMSO, dilute acid and sonication pretreated bagasse samples yielded significantly very low xylan recovery in the range of 1.21-4.89%. Fourier Transmission Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis of alkali extracted xylan showed similar spectral profile of commercial Beechwood xylan and indicated the presence of hemicellulose structures. These results evidenced the simple economically feasible xylan extraction technology and provided much more scope for using sugarcane bagasse as potential xylan source to produce industrially important value added products.

• Two -NSO 3 H tethered dibutylammonium polyoxometalates of Keggin anions containing Mo and W were developed. • Extensive intramolecular H-bonding of the cation with the Keggin anion makes them insoluble in aqueous solution. • Oxidative photocatalyst activity was studied for degradation of metabromuron herbicide with H 2 O 2 as oxidant in water. • They showed excellent catalytic activity as recyclable heterogeneous oxidation catalysts. Two acidic ionic liquid-based hybrids of polyoxometalate, dibutyldisulphoammonium polyoxometalate, [DBDSA] 3 [PM 12 O 40 ], (M = Mo, W) were prepared by exchanging labile halide ion of parent ionic liquid with Keggin [PM 12 O 40 ]3− anions. The incorporation of N-SO 3 H into the ammonium cation results in intra-molecular H-bonding with POM anion, which is responsible for the preservation of heterogeneity of the catalyst throughout the reaction. Their catalytic activities were investigated for the degradation of metobromuron herbicide in aqueous medium as heterogeneous oxidative catalyst under sunlight using H 2 O 2 as oxidant. The isolated active peroxo intermediate was responsible for the reaction. A detailed mechanistic study on degradation of metobromuron into various products at different time intervals was done. The reaction for 8 h under sunlight removed greater than 70 % of TOC and also resulted in 1‑bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene as the major value-added product for the synthesis of various unsymmetrical disubstituted urea derivatives. The recyclability experiment showed excellent stability and reusability of the catalyst. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickled tea is an ethnic fermented product produced using Assam tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) leaves. It is produced in large quantities every year and the liquid waste from its production is estimated to be up to 2500 mL per every kilogram of pickled tea production. To reduce the waste, pickled tea juice remaining from the process was developed into (1) pineapple kombucha and (2) formulated functional drinks as "value added" products. The juice used for making kombucha was collected at 15 days of pickled tea fermentation due to its high value in antioxidant activity (previous study, 2250 µmol TE per g DW). After fermenting the juice with starter culture, the properties of pineapple kombucha were assessed at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 days. Results showed that the total phenolic of pineapple kombucha was reduced, while antioxidant assay (FRAP and ORAC) slightly increased. The most suitable fermentation period of pineapple kombucha was at day 3. The formulated drink was made from mixing pineapple kombucha with ginger and lemon juice at various ratios including 100:0:0, 80:10:10 and 80:15:5. The ratio 80:10:10 gave the highest TP and antioxidant activity for the functional drink. In addition, for sensory analysis, liking attribute of 80:15:5 fermented juice kombucha pineapple favor was significantly higher compared to other formulations. The study demonstrates the promising second fermentation process of by-product juice from pickled tea production for the conversion to value-added functional drink with reasonable antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Coffee pulp (CP), a by-product of coffee processing industry, was valorized as a functional food ingredient by exploring effects of different extractions on its phytochemicals and formulation of a novel beverage with probiotic kefir micro-organisms. Methods: Wet coffee pulp was vacuum dried, pre-treated using steam (SCP) and viscozyme (VCP) followed by aqueous extraction of its phytochemicals. Subsequently, probiotic CP beverage (PB) was formulated from SCP adding kefir cultures and evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, sensory properties and shelf life. Results: Proximate constitution of CP revealed considerable amounts of proteins (8.74 ± 1.6%), crude fiber (9.84 ± 1.8%), calcium (97.8 ± 5.2 mg/100 g) and potassium (410 ± 13.1 mg/100 g). Extraction of bio-actives using pre-treatments resulted with maximum recovery of total polyphenols (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) in SCP (14.5 ± 1.2 mg CGAE/g CP and 6.6 ± 1.2 mg CE/g CP) followed by chlorogenic acid (2.7 ± 0.5 mg/g), caffeine (2.9 ± 0.3 mg/g) and anthocyanins (0.44 ± 0.04 mg/g) corresponding to substantial antioxidant activity as compared to VCP. SCP resulted significant α- amylase (IC50 = 13.2 ± 2.2 mg/ml) and α- glucosidase (IC50 = 18.5 ± 2.1 mg/ml) inhibition demonstrating anti-diabetic potential. PB resulted with improved physicochemical properties and nutrients with a calorific value of 42.58 ± 15 kcal. Organoleptics recorded higher acceptance of PB and its shelf life studies of depicted survival of the organisms up to 30 days. Conclusion: Thus PB developed from CP with supplementation of kefir can serve as a novel healthy value added product providing sustainability to the coffee industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural, bio-degradable features and chemical constituents of the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) have been attracting interest as a tremendously practicable and versatile ingredient in composite materials. Eco-friendly and low value concerns have set the momentum for material science researchers to identify green substances that supply low pollutant indexes. SCB have been used as raw material for manufacturing of composite substances at multiple levels of properties and performances. This paper presents a historical point of view on the clarification of SCB and use of SCB as a value added product. This review paper also highlights the variety of method concerned in the manufacturing product from SCB. Studies on the impacts, performances and purposes of SCB in its unique condition; converted forms; dealt with appropriate chemical substances and processes, in aggregate with substances of distinct properties and manipulation of manufacturing methodologies have also been discussed from available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian law on protecting plant variety and biodiversity, along with its attendant rules and guidelines, tries to capture the biological inventions and evergreening. However, the techno-legal dimension of access and benefit-sharing falls beyond the pale and purview of the natural scientist's intense examination. The Supreme Court, High Court, and National Green Tribunal (NGT) frequently confront the legal interpretation of Normally Traded Commodities (NTCs), Value-Added Products (VAPs), and prospecting of biological resources. These vexed issues having a potential bearing on scientific research and innovations necessitate amicable resolution of complex biodiversity disputes to keep people and researchers' faith and other commercial entities in the judiciary intact. The paper attempts to subsume these concerns and highlight the repercussions of judicial interpretation and perception of biological resources on biotechnological research and discoveries in the Indian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Orange is a citrus plant that belongs to Rutaceae family and is widely produced and processed around the world for the production of several products, including orange juice, which is associated with the production of relatively high‐volume of orange peel. This by‐product is sometimes discarded as a waste in the environment. The valorisation of food waste is the point of interest and orange peel, as a food waste, can be used as a source of value added essential oil. Recently, several advanced extraction techniques, including ultrasound, microwave, enzymatic and supercritical fluid extraction, have been proposed to valorise this by‐product. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages and there is no published review regarding this subject. This work aims to review the recent findings on the applicability, benefits and drawbacks of orange oil extraction methods for orange peel valorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer Linn.) is a multipurpose tree. It is commonly found along the coasts of Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia due to its strong tap root system’s ability to store a large volume of water and raise the water table level in the surrounding area. Several uses of this plant include beverages, food, medicine, fiber and timber. Unfortunately, due to the short shelf-life of palmyra palm fruit, more than 60% of the annual fruit yield is lost within 10 days of harvesting, and there is limited commercial use of ripe palm fruit. As a result, the physical properties, physicochemical properties, and proximate composition of value-added gummy jelly from palmyra palm were evaluated. The results showed that up to 26% (w/w) of fruit juice (prepared by mixing the mesocarp of ripe palmyra fruit with water (at a 1:1 w/w ratio) and then removing the insoluble pulp) can be added to the gummy jelly recipe with significant effects on textural and color characteristics, as well as changes in moisture, protein, carbohydrate and energy content.

In the present work, an alternative value aggregation to the residues from the industrialization of tilapia is suggested by extraction of chondroitin sulfate from the bones of the spine. Resulting materials were chemically characterized by thermogravimetry (TGA/DSC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through the characterization of CS, it was possible to conclude that the methodology used to extract it generated a product with high thermal stability and purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decomposable waste thrown into the environment can be used to produce value added bio-product which in turn reduces the production of greenhouse gas. Garbage enzyme is one such value added product produced by fermentation of organic solid waste. In the present study enzyme activity and disinfectant potential of garbage enzyme was evaluated and its influence on reduction of total solids, suspended solids and pathogens in dairy waste activated sludge were studied. The result showed the garbage enzyme possesses protease, amylase and lipase activity and reduced 37.2% of total solids, 38.6% of suspended solids and 99% of pathogens in dairy waste activated sludge. This significant result may be helpful for researchers to compare the effectiveness of earth-friendly garbage enzyme treatment of industrial sludge with various physical and chemical pre-treatment methods to improve the biogas production from the sludge digestion unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oils and fats are playing major role in human diet and health applications, coconut oil which is widely used as food source and in the manufacture of soaps, hair oil, cosmetics and other industrial products. Coconut oil is the major oil producing more than 93 countries in the world and serving to the human in different ways. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) differs from the commercial coconut oil in the way of its processing, normally extracted from fresh coconut kernel without any chemical processes, it is abundant in vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidants, thus making it the 'mother of all oils'. VCO is a edible grade value added product from coconut with numerous applications for mankind. VCO has its remarkable role in the different fields like food, Medicine, Cosmetics and Nanotechnology. Due to these applications it is considered as valuable oil. Ample researchers published different production methods and application of VCO in different fields of science. In the production of VCO there are different process were reported, in the process different solid and liquid products are producing as the byproducts. In this review production methods and their applications in food, medicine, ano-technological, cosmetic applications and physical and chemical characters were reviewed. Finally different by-products from the VCO production and their reported potential applications are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A bench scale investigation on the hydrogen reduction of a highly acidic copper bleed solution to produce high purity copper powder is discussed in this paper. A titanium lined autoclave of 1 L capacity was used for this study. The parameters optimized on the bench scale were validated by performing hydrogen reduction of copper in a larger autoclave. Effect of various parameters viz., time of reduction, temperature of reduction, pressure variation, iron dose, volume of copper solution etc. were studied. Experiments were performed with synthetic and actual solution obtained from a copper plant. A 99% copper powder recovery is achieved by hydrogen reduction at a pressure of about 2400 kPa, reaction temperature of 453 K, stirring speed of 400 rpm for a reaction time of 2 h. The fine copper powder thus obtained had a good metallic lustre. Kinetics of reduction of copper was examined by drawing samples at different times and analyzing the percent copper reduction. The copper depleted solution was further purified with respect to the residual copper and can be processed for the recovery of nickel powder by hydrogen reduction. Properties of the copper powder obtained from the large-scale experiments from actual plant and synthetic solutions have been evaluated for powder metallurgical applications. The raw and annealed copper powders obtained from the synthetic copper solution were found to have an apparent density of 3.50 g/cm3, flow rate 35.6 g/min, hydrogen loss 0.2%, purity 99.8% and green density of 8.6 g/ cm3 while the powder from actual plant solution was found to have an apparent density of 3.59 g/ cm3, flow rate 46.0 g/min, hydrogen loss 0.6%, purity 99.4% and green density 8.6 g/ cm3. Thus, the copper powder produced by hydrogen reduction was found suitable for the application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The adsorptive removal of acetaldehyde is more compatible for real-world applications. However, it must be upgraded from simple adsorption to a high efficiency process with value added products. This study develops a modified zeolite with Mg2+ ions that possesses acid-base sites for the removal of acetaldehyde at room temperature. Through a modified procedure, MgO is coated on commercial zeolite (13x), achieving a porosity of 501 m2 g−1 with MgO particles of 100 nm and pore diameter of 2.6 nm, and high breakthrough capacity of 50.00 mg/g. The initial pH and concentration of Mg2+ ion 12.5 and 0.2 M, respectively, with a maximum breakthrough capacity of 12.72 mg/g at 10% humidity. Significant variations in breakthrough capacity with respect to humidity in the presence of H 2 S and NH 3 demonstrate the effects of water and gases on adsorption efficiency. Desorptive oxidation of adsorbed acetaldehyde at 250 °C yielded a high molecular weight intermediate ethylene oxide formation. The oxidation is followed by aldol condensation and hydrogenation. The higher breakthrough capacity and the intermediate product yielded using the developed MgO-zeolite proves the acid-base reaction sites involved in acetaldehyde removal follows chemisorption and possible process scale-up. [Display omitted] • MgO coated zeolite in acetaldehyde removal at low temperature. • MgO presence with nanometer size leads 50 mg/g breakthrough capacity. • Desorption at 250 °C ended in value added product confirms the chemisorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]