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Contrary to what seems to be predicted by a Strawson-inspired view, in presupposition denials the presupposition triggered by, e.g., 'the king of France' seems to be cancelled. To explain this puzzling instance of the projection problem, defenders of a Strawson-inspired view have proposed various ad hoc ambiguities. I develop a version of Segmented Discourse Representation Theory that explains the puzzling presupposition-cancelling phenomenon relying only on independently motivated pragmatic processes. Appealing to Kripke's "test" for the adequacy of ambiguity motivating counterexamples, I argue that my analysis is to be preferred over proposals that posit ad hoc ambiguities. Two key insights of my analysis are, first, that the "cancellation" of presuppositions in presupposition denials depends upon the illocutionary effects of rejection and correction, and, second, that the process of presupposition accommodation often involves the speaker performing an ancillary sort of speech act, viz. the speech act of presupposing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around sixty years ago, Martin and Deutscher (1966) published a paper about the conditions under which an occurring mental state qualifies as episodically remembering. Recent philosophy of memory has developed this ontological interrogation in depth. But while it has significantly contributed to the ontological characterisation of episodic memory, it has also left aside an important part of it. Our memories not only occur, they also reoccur: we re-remember. This raises the ontological issue of their identity over time, along with the related issue of their individuation. In the present paper, I explore this as yet uncharted territory of the ontology of episodic memories. I show first that the notion of re-remembering refers to a genuine mnemic phenomenon, and as such requires a theoretical account. I then proceed to design candidate accounts of said phenomenon, two of which, I claim, are particularly promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay defends a reading of Hegel as a metametaphysical antirealist. Metametaphysical antirealism is a denial that metaphysics has as its subject matter answers to theoretical questions about the mind-independent world. Hence, on this view, metaphysical questions are not, in principle, knowledge transcendent. I hold that Hegel presents a version of metaphysical antirealism in the Science of Logic because he pursues his project by suspending reference to all supposed objects of metaphysical theory as practiced before him. Hegel introduces reference in his theory only by the self-reference of thought to itself in the Doctrine of the Concept. I motivate the relevance of Hegel’s approach to metaphysics by comparing it to Kit Fine’s concept of ‘naïve metaphysics’. I argue that Hegel’s theory results from a comprehensively naïve metaphysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Left Dislocation/Detachment (LD) and related constructions consist of a detached NP and a subsequent clause that conveys information about it. Information Structural approaches analyze these constructions (dubbed here “LD-type”) as cross-linguistically widespread topicalizing structures, which reveal a cognitive constraint on activating a referent and using it as a sentence topic simultaneously. This study of natural Israeli Hebrew conversation challenges this view, approaching the structure from an interactional, online-syntax perspective. Unlike the previous studies that pre-select the NP+clause configuration for the analysis, this study examines all NPs produced first as structurally and prosodically detached constituents irrespective of whether they were continued by a clause or not. This choice more genuinely reflects utterance structuring processes of spoken language, where upon the production of the initial NP speakers do not have yet the rest of the utterance planned. The findings show that less than a third of the detached NPs are followed by a continuation, producing an LD-type configuration. Yet, across all the cases, detached NPs perform the same range of local discourse moves accounted for by identical basic factors of cognition and interaction: attention alignment, recycling, and planning difficulties. Based on these findings, the reexamination of the LD-type structures demonstrates that they do not represent a conventionalized sentence type with a dedicated function, but are unplanned, compositional discourse collocations of two separate constructions each performing a local move: a NP and a clause. Topical interpretations and discourse functions associated with LD-type collocations are epiphenomenal of more basic factors of cognition and interaction, and irrelevant for the interpretation of the examined utterances in natural conversation. This study adds to the usage-based approaches to Information Structure that question the need for the domain-specific Information Structural categories of topic and focus, disentangling them into more primitive factors of discourse management, epistemic states, and attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study established normative references for total body less head (TBLH) BMD, lumbar spine (L1–L4) BMD, and both total and appendicular lean mass (LM) in Thai children and adolescents (aged 5–18 years) using DXA. This work expands upon 2014 normative data for Thai children, which included L2–L4 BMD, total body BMD (head included), and total LM. Materials and methods: We reanalyzed total body and lumbar spine DXA scans (Lunar Prodigy Pro, GE Healthcare; enCORE version 7.53) from 174 boys and 193 girls, using upgraded software (enCORE version 17SP2) for TBLH BMD, L1–L4 BMD, and LM analysis. The "enhanced" mode was applied for TBLH BMD and LM. Adjustments for total and appendicular LM were made relative to squared height (m2) to account for body size variability. Results: Normative data stratified by sex and Tanner stage were generated for TBLH BMD, L1–L4 BMD, and LM indices. Weight and Tanner stage significantly determined BMD and LM. Adolescent girls exhibited higher LSBMD values due to earlier pubertal onset. Boys showed higher LM indices with more rapid gains during growth spurts. Conclusion: This study provides updated normative reference values for BMD (TBLH and L1–L4) and LM (total and appendicular) in Thai children and adolescents, measured via DXA. These references will enhance the assessment of low bone mass and LM deficits in Thai pediatric populations, particularly in those with chronic illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broad topic of this paper is the relationship between the theoretical notion of a concept and familiar types of cognitive structures (prototypes, exemplars, causal models, etc.) The discussion is organized around different ways that theorists about concepts can attempt to accommodate what has been dubbed the Heterogeneity Hypothesis (roughly: the claim that various types of structures with which concepts have been identified co-exist and form a heterogeneous class). The most general goal of the paper is to clarify the dialectical geography when it comes to different ways of construing the relationship between concepts and familiar cognitive structures. A more focussed and more polemical goal of the paper is to raise problems for so-called pluralist approaches to concepts. This paper will not offer a comprehensive defense of any particular view about the relationship between concepts and cognitive structures, but the discussion will be a convenient venue in which to highlight some virtues of what I will call Higher-Level Unity approaches to concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine how we ought to distinguish between reference and readers' advisory (RA) service, given the latter's turn toward a whole collection approach. In other words, the paper answers this question: If both reference and RA librarians aim to meet patrons' information needs and may theoretically do so using the same materials, then how are we to differentiate the two services conceptually? Design/methodology/approach: In this conceptual paper, we posit that we can distinguish between RA and reference using Louise Rosenblatt's theory of the aesthetic transaction. With this theory in hand, we can redefine the service distinction in terms of the stance – aesthetic or efferent – that the patron expects to take toward the material they seek. Findings: On our account, the reader's desired stance becomes a kind of hermeneutical lens through which a library worker may productively evaluate plausible pathways and materials. An aesthetic lens is characteristic of RA; it makes features of potential aesthetic transactions between a particular reader and a particular text (or genre or author's oeuvre) salient. Originality/value: The proposed account constitutes a novel application of Rosenblattian response theory, one that grounds and refines the going view that RA's proper focus is on supporting a particular sort of experience rather than providing particular sorts of texts. This theoretical emendation also better aligns the service distinction with contemporary conceptualizations of RA as a "whole collection" service. Important practical and philosophical implications follow from the new account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study aimed to elucidate the population structure and genetic diversity along with the estimation of genealogical parameters in Vrindavani cattle using pedigree data. The study was based on pedigree data on 12,718 animals, spread across multiple generations during a 52-year period (between 1971 and 2023). The pedigree data was used to estimate different population genealogical parameters including the generation interval; pedigree completeness; rate and level of inbreeding; effective population size; and parameters characterizing the probabilities of gene origin. The ENDOG program was used for estimation of different parameters while using population after 2010 as reference cohort. The results revealed the maximum number of generations (MG) to be 13, while the numbers of completed (CG) and equivalent generations (EqG) were 3.23 and 1.95, respectively. The mean generation interval for the population was 6.9 years. The average inbreeding coefficient of animals in the whole and reference population was 1.11 and 3.44%, respectively; with 0.68% rate of inbreeding per generation. The average additive relationship among all the animals and those in the reference population was 1.16 and 5.49%, respectively. The average effective population sizes for the maximum, equivalent, and complete generations were 115.56, 56.42, and 46.02, respectively. The effective population size on the basis of regression and log-regression on birth date was 77.40 and 71.24, respectively. The probabilities of gene origin were estimated by the effective number of founders (fe) and ancestors (fa), which was 115 and 78, respectively. The fe/fa ratio in the reference population was 1.20, indicating that occasional bottlenecks may have occurred in the population. The analysis revealed a loss of 5.3% of total heterozygosity as compared to base population, though significant variability exists in the latest generations. The results revealed that considerable genetic variability exists within the population that may be exploited through appropriate breed improvement programs targeting various economic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lotmanian semiotics comprises a complex and wide-encompassing system for understanding meaning-making in culture and cultural dynamics more generally. Its complexity is compounded by Lotman's historically and artistically minded orientation. In this paper we propose a brief rereading of a particular aspect of Lotmanian theory – what we will term Lotmanian semantics – based on an interpretation of modeling systems theory that, by our account, retains the form of the original by appealing to the notion of language employed by Lotman and deployed as propositional thought qua language. We revisit Sebeok's critique of modeling systems theory and find it unnecessary for the interpretation that we make of Lotman's semiotics, and we then propose a two-level interpretation of the theory that allows us to describe both perceptual and cultural phenomena as different semantic kinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Credo Reference is a subscription based online reference center published by Infobase. Access to content depends on subscriptions purchased. Additional databases and backfiles are available to add to the standard packages. Credo is integrated with an institution's discovery system and library catalog to provide accessible results. Credo's easy to use interface and diverse formats make this an ideal reference and research one stop for beginners and novices alike. This review will assess Credo's content (both public and subscription based), the site's layout and navigation, and using its basic and advanced search functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses ways to actualize allusion as an intertextual element. Intertextual inclusions in the texts of the film review are designed to illustrate the degree of professional competence of the reviewer and his interpretative qualities using the comparative analytical method. Allusion, being a stylistic device for the realization of intertextuality, contains a certain pretext. This pretext performs the function of a precedent phenomenon associated with some collective invariant component of linguistic consciousness. The purpose of this article is to consider in film review the ways in which allusion functions as an intertextual reference. The empirical material of this study was a corpus of 30 movie reviews from 2021–2023, taken from the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. Direct or indirect reference to a specific cinematic phenomenon not only increases the general erudition and awareness of the reader, but also serves as a means of providing a perlocative effect when reading this film review. Allusion, being a means of realizing the author’s pragmatic intentions, performs a comparative function by building intertextual references. The referents in film reviews are the names of films, directors, actors and other precedent units of the world of cinema.

This article discusses three recent philosophers who speak in different ways about the retroactive construction of reality by human knowledge. Bruno Latour unapologetically claims that the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II could not have died of tuberculosis, as determined by a team of French doctors in 1976, since this disease was not discovered until three thousand years after his death. Slavoj Žižek often makes comparable arguments, though his version of retroactivity draws on both psychoanalysis and dialectics in a way that is never the case for Latour. Yet in his 2012 book Less Than Nothing, Žižek takes the more prudent, realist-sounding line that changes in scientific theories do not change nature itself. The real novelty in retroactive theories is provided by Thomas Kuhn, who draws our attention to a grey temporal zone in scientific discovery in which it is impossible to pinpoint the exact date of any breakthrough. For Kuhn, this stems from a dualism found in reality itself: one between the fact “that” a thing exists and the determination of “what” its properties are. The tension between these two moments is responsible for much of the vagueness and drama surrounding any paradigm shift in the sciences and is closely related to at least one plausible theory of metaphor. In closing, three Hollywood films are cited as helpful examples for understanding the different ways in which a paradigm shift works its retroactive magic.

The scientific literature has shown an increasing demand by citizens and society at large to stop using people who have committed sexual violence against children as a reference in academia. However, research has not explored the fact that in some sectors of society, the rejection of individuals who have exercised sexual abuse against children is entirely deliberate. This study analyzes, for the first time, the incoherence of many academics when it comes to their positioning regarding different renowned authors who commit sexual abuse against children, and the consequences of such incoherence according to several citizens. To that end, social media analytics and interviews with 16 individuals aged 27 to 70 years from different professions, including university professors, construction workers and retired lawyers, were conducted. The results show three main consequences of the incoherence of academics who use as a reference authors who have defended and exercised pederasty: promoting social mistrust toward those academics, as there is no coherence between what they say and do; normalizing and promoting pederasty and impunity toward abusers, creating a sense that “anything goes”; and silencing and revictimizing victims, which creates a context of great vulnerability to develop a healthy sexuality.

Pregnancy weight gain standards are charts describing percentiles of weight gain among participants with no risk factors that could adversely affect weight gain. This detailed information is burdensome to collect. We investigated the extent to which exclusion of various pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and postpartum factors impacted the values of pregnancy weight gain percentiles. We examined pregnancy weight gain (kg) among 3178 participants of the US nuMoM2b-Heart Health Study (HHS). We identified five groups of potential exclusion criteria for pregnancy weight gain standards: socio-economic characteristics (group 1), maternal morbidities (group 2), lifestyle/behaviour factors (group 3), adverse neonatal outcomes (group 4) and longer-term adverse outcomes (group 5). We established the impact of different exclusion criteria by comparing the median, 25th and 75th percentiles of weight gain in the full cohort with the values after applying each of the five exclusion criteria groups. Differences > 0·75 kg were considered meaningful. Excluding participants with group 1, 2, 3 or 4 exclusion criteria had no impact on the 25th, median or 75th percentiles of pregnancy weight gain. Percentiles were only meaningfully different after excluding participants in group 5 (longer-term adverse outcomes), which shifted the upper end of the weight gain distribution to lower values (e.g. 75th percentile decreased from 19·6 kg to 17·8 kg). This shift was due to exclusion of participants with excess postpartum weight retention > 5 kg or > 10 kg. Except for excess postpartum weight retention, most potential exclusion criteria for pregnancy weight gain standards did not meaningfully impact chart percentiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Improvements in computed tomography (CT) technology in terms of image quality and reduction in absorbed dose have increased its applications in medical imaging. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) help to identify high radiation doses that are unusually delivered to patients undergoing exposure to ionising radiation. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published studies by African researchers towards establishing paediatric CT DRLs in Africa.The search for articles was conducted using some relevant literature search engines including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Two reviewers were involved in the article selection process which involved a three‐stage screening process of identifying; article titles, abstracts and full‐test reading.One hundred and seventy‐four articles were identified from the database, PubMed (30), Scopus (21), Google Scholar (53), Web of Science (25) and Science Direct (45). Fifty duplicated articles were excluded before screening. Twelve peer‐reviewed articles were included in this study based on the inclusion criteria. DRL values in terms of computed tomography dose index volume of head for the age groupings 0–1, 1–5, 5–10 and 10–15 were 27, 36.6, 39.5 and 47.5 mGy while the dose length product values were 461.6, 664, 872 and 978 mGy.cm respectively. The DRLs were calculated as 75th percentile of the local DRLs reported by the 12 articles included in this review.This review has shown that only few of the African countries (19%) have published studies on paediatric CT DRLs. There were variations in the DRLs published by the various authors which indicate that harmonisation and standardisation of paediatric CT protocols is essential for the optimisation of paediatric doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific literature has shown an increasing demand by citizens and society at large to stop using people who have committed sexual violence against children as a reference in academia. However, research has not explored the fact that in some sectors of society, the rejection of individuals who have exercised sexual abuse against children is entirely deliberate. This study analyzes, for the first time, the incoherence of many academics when it comes to their positioning regarding different renowned authors who commit sexual abuse against children, and the consequences of such incoherence according to several citizens. To that end, social media analytics and interviews with 16 individuals aged 27 to 70 years from different professions, including university professors, construction workers and retired lawyers, were conducted. The results show three main consequences of the incoherence of academics who use as a reference authors who have defended and exercised pederasty: promoting social mistrust toward those academics, as there is no coherence between what they say and do; normalizing and promoting pederasty and impunity toward abusers, creating a sense that "anything goes"; and silencing and revictimizing victims, which creates a context of great vulnerability to develop a healthy sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I respond to comments from Mark Bowker, Jessica Keiser, and Eliot Michaelson on my book, Talking About. The response clarifies my stance on the nature of reference, conflicting intentions, and the sense in which language may have proper functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It doesn't have (just) one, and this matters for how we ought to pursue a theory of meaning and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being in a state of confusion is, unfortunately, an ordinary part of human experience. What is going on in our heads exactly, when we are confused about something? Surely, there are many different ways of being confused, but in his engaging new book Talking About, Elmar Unnsteinsson takes on the special case of what he calls identity confusion. He suggests that understanding what happens when we are in a state of identity confusion – and what kinds of things this confusion allows us to, or inhibits us from doing – will dissolve Frege's puzzle. And more importantly, it will pave the road to a new theory of reference which relies on what he calls the Edenic Constraint – a constraint that makes acts of reference unavailable to victims of identity confusion. I argue that this account is convincing if the Edenic Constraint is restricted to certain cases of combinatory confusion – namely those that involve conflicting intentions – but that it is less plausible that the reference mechanism fails in cases of combinatory confusion that don't involve conflicting intentions, or in any cases of separatory confusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One may not only represent the same objects of one’s past, but also represent them as the same objects across time. I call this phenomenon “Remembering as the Same” (RaS). In this article, I aim to bring out the connection between the simulationist model of cognitive memory and this underexplored aspect of memory experience. I shall suggest that, unlike the causalist contender, the simulationist is in an advantageous position to properly capture RaS, especially when subjects represent past objects as the same in cross-temporal trains of thought that are also future-oriented. In the course of defending this claim, I will highlight the significance of RaS in the study of memory and cross-temporal reference, critically examine the resources available to causalist approaches, and reject too simplistic incorporations of RaS within the simulationist framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although we encounter objects from a particular perspective, what we perceive and remember are typically whole objects. In 'amodal completion' our mind automatically fills in objects' spatially occluded parts, and our memory then often discards information about the orientation from which the objects were perceived. An analogous phenomenon of 'event completion' has been demonstrated, which may be understood as the mind automatically filling in temporally occluded parts of events. Exemplifying typical experiments in this paradigm, Strickland and Keil (Strickland and Keil, Cognition 121:409–415, 2011) showed participants videos depicting a causal event (e.g., someone kicking a ball), which was edited so that a crucial part was missing (e.g., the moment of contact between foot and ball). Subjects were more likely to falsely remember having seen the moment of contact if (and only if) it was strongly implied by subsequent footage. We use this phenomenon of event completion as a test case for comparing different theories of reference in memory. We argue that event completion puts pressure on both pure causal and pure descriptive theories of reference, and favors more nuanced hybrids of causal and descriptive theories, which integrate insights from cognitive and epistemic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of stock development following the acceleration of urbanization, the revitalization of urban green space has assumed an increasingly significant role. Consequently, the management of urban trees has emerged as a critical focus of urban governance, contributing to the enhancement of livability in human settlements. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the urban tree management system in Oxford, UK, identifying that its primary objective is to optimize and maintain a harmonious balance between human activities and the natural environment through the implementation of high-quality planting practices. The system emphasizes enhanced management practices and establishes a robust framework for the development of targeted policies and management regulations, utilizing i-Tree eco-efficiency assessment and real-time feedback mechanisms. China's urban tree management is in its nascent stages, and there is an urgent need for the development of urban green space. By adopting the refined management assessment methodologies employed for urban trees in Oxford, UK, it is possible to enhance the ecological value of urban trees, which represent a significant green resource within cities, and contribute to the creation of more livable urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on the organ weights of African green monkeys (AGMs) at different ages and sexes. The findings show that males generally have higher body and organ weights than females, but the relative organ weights do not differ between the sexes. The study provides scatterplots, tables, and descriptive statistics for body and organ weights, adhering to the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care of laboratory animals. This information can be useful for biomedical researchers and pathologists working with AGMs. [Extracted from the article]

This research addressed the topic cases in which the insurer refers to the insured as stated in article (16), paragraph (a) of the System of Compulsory Vehicle Insurance No. (12) of 2010 and identified the cases in which the insured may have no role in the occurrence of the accident, which means a lack of causal relationship in the occurrence of the accident and that the caused damage is not attributed to personal fault. In this study, the researcher dealt with three topics. The first represented the nature of the right of recourse and its conditions. The second section dealt with the effects of recourse. The third topic dealt with the extent of the legitimacy of this recourse against the insured. The results revealed that the insured could be responsible for the actions of others, and he wouldn't be asked for compensation according to the system of compulsory vehicle insurance in case the rules of civil law were applicable, and the current law didn't give the insured the right to refer to the driver who caused the accident if he was forced to pay the amount of compensation. This situation resulted in more illegitimacy for some reference cases. The study recommended the necessity of urging the Jordanian legislator to identify the insured right to refer to the one who caused the accident by law based on the rules of the civil law represented by the responsibility for the harmful act, either as an owner or a driver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will critically assess a very popular interpretation of Heidegger's early thought, according to which meaning (Bedeutung) is conceived as ontologically dependent on human existence (Dasein). To criticize this subjectivist understanding of meaning, I will offer an interpretation of Heidegger's analysis of signs in Being and Time (§17). This will reveal two main things: first, that the ubiquity of sign phenomena is founded on the universality of the structure known as reference (Verweisung); second, that Heidegger's idea of reference offers a non-substantialist understanding of meaning and its relation to the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buddhist architecture plays a crucial role in traditional Chinese architecture, representing the localized adaptation of Buddhism, a foreign religion, in China. Historically, abundant materials, including paintings, photographs, and texts, demonstrate the longstanding interest of visiting Christian missionaries in Chinese Buddhist architecture. As their understanding deepens, Buddhist architecture becomes a valuable reference for the Sinicization of Christian venues in China. Unlike the "Chinese Roof with Western walls style" or "mixed Easten and Western façade style", Tao Fong Shan represents a "Buddhist-Christian style", with its success rooted in the similarity of life and spatial modes between Buddhist and Christian monasteries. Using Tao Fong Shan Christian Centre as a case study, this article examines the localization construction of Christian architecture. It explores how Norwegian missionary Karl Ludvig Reichelt (1877–1952) and Danish Christian architect Johannes Prip-Møller (1889–1943) collaborated to establish a Christian center targeting Buddhists. Through an in-depth study of Prip-Møller's field research in the 1930s, especially his analysis of Longchang Si, the article investigates how Tao Fong Shan learned from it and transformed its spatial characteristics to achieve a localized sense of space perception through site selection, layout, and spatial design. It ultimately aims to influence the beliefs of Buddhists within the local context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As artificial intelligence, quantum techniques, and brain neuroscience advance, the educational ecosystem is poised for transformative shifts, triggering a revolution in education. Educational technology’s emphasis is no longer confined to leveraging information technology for educational reform alone; it now actively seeks to optimize and innovate the educational ecosystem, creating a sustainable and virtuous cycle of development. Educational technology will shift from technological care to humanistic care, forming a new “cultural view of educational technology” and entering the post educational technology era. The field of educational technology must move beyond a static mindset centered on information technology application and venture into the realm of an innovative educational ecology. During the construction of this new educational ecology, unique theoretical and practical innovation models should be introduced. It is through this proactive approach that the discipline of educational technology can genuinely demonstrate its value and contribute to the “big education discipline’s” establishment and growth. Currently, at present, attention should be paid to the practice of educational informatization. This entails meticulously summarizing novel insights and experiences in educational informationization and digital transformation, discerning underlying development patterns, and elevating them into innovative theories and methodologies. Special attention should be given to breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, exploring the implications of big data models and generative artificial intelligence for education. Furthermore, there is a necessity to expand both the knowledge system and practical applications within the discipline of educational technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to highlight some of the latest tendencies in the criminal court decisions ruled in the stage of the preliminary chamber regarding the exclusion of unlawfully obtained evidence, in light of the CCR decisions issued in the last years. The exclusion of unlawfully obtained evidence from criminal proceedings as a legal consequence of annulment of the tainted evidence is merely an elimination of the possibility of the judge to rely on such evidence in the solving of the case, but it does not erase from the magistrate's memory the information he or she has become aware of from the tainted evidence, this being the main argument for the positive trend of judicial practice in this specific area. Consequently, the recent court decisions are a strong emphasis of the CCR arguments that conclude that exclusion by law of evidence that was obtained unlawfully in criminal proceedings, in the absence of physical removal of such evidence from the criminal case file is not enough to actually guarantee compliance with the rule of presumption of innocence and the right to a fair trial. Although the CCR decision seems to be quite explicit, difficulties have arisen in judicial practice regarding application of the aforementioned provisions, therefore the recent court decisions highlight the necessity of complete physical exclusion of any mentioning or reference regarding the unlawfully obtained evidence.

In Talking about, Unnsteinsson defends an intentionalist theory of reference by arguing that confused referential intentions degrade reference. Central to this project is a "belief model" of both identity confusion and unconfused thought. By appealing to a well‐known argument from Campbell, I argue that this belief model falls short, because it fails to explain the inferential behavior it promises to explain. Campbell's argument has been central in the contemporary literature on Frege's puzzle, but Unnsteinsson's account of confusion provides an opportunity for more clarity about how the argument is best interpreted, and what it shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A main selling point of predicativism is that, in addition to accounting for predicative uses of proper names, it can successfully account for their referential uses while treating them as predicates, thus providing a uniform semantics for proper names. The strategy is to postulate an unpronounced determiner that is realised with names when they appear to function as singular terms, making them effectively a concealed determiner phrase. I argue against the thesis that names are really predicates in referential uses. I discuss four different environments where names do not behave like the determiner phrases that are thought to embed them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between language and being is one of the most intricate issues in the history of thought. Naming places at the center of this relationship. Human beings can only know existence and do science by naming it. Since knowing begins with naming, discussions on naming have been carried out in connection with epistemology, ontology, and metaphysics throughout the history of thought, transcending the limits of the linguistic plane. The fact that changes in the understanding of being also shape the understanding of language has led to changes in the theories of naming. In particular, Kant's criticisms of metaphysics deeply affected the naming theories in the modern period. Kant rejected the concept of substance existing independently, which had been accepted since antiquity, and introduced an understanding of an object constructed by the subject's judgment. This elimination also changed the position of proper names. Understanding proper names based on substance metaphysics became difficult to defend with the "linguistic turn." While this difficulty is in question for any name, when it comes to naming God, the issue gains a theological dimension and becomes even more intricate. The main question that this study seeks to answer is whether the modern theories of naming developed after Kant enable us to determine the referent of the proper name "Allah." Several studies have been written to investigate the possibility of referring to God with modern linguistic theories. In these studies, either the concept of "God", which is a universal concept (i.e., under which different individuals can be included), has been analyzed, or the possibility of referring to the "God" of Christianity and Judaism with the existing theories of reference has been investigated. However, there has not been an examination of how to refer to "Allah" as a proper name, considering the views of Islamic thinkers on the subject. Our study aims to fill this gap by including the statements of famous Islamic scholars on the subject with attention to metaphysical backgrounds. To investigate the possibility of naming "Allah" in the modern philosophy of language, it is necessary to reveal how the signification of the name "Allah" was determined in the classical period. There are two main approaches in Islamic thought on how the word "Allah" is a name. While one states that the word has become a name through descriptions, the other view defends the directness of this naming without the mediation of descriptions. While explaining these views defended by different names, we will mainly include the views of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Razi and alBayḍāwī, We will also draw attention to the metaphysical ground on which the explanations are based for their comparison with the modern period. This study does not purport to encompass all modern theories of reference developed after Kant. Considering their founding positions in the modern philosophy of language, we will first analyze Frege and Russell's descriptivist theory of reference and discuss whether it offers the possibility of reference to "Allah". The descriptivist theory presents an understanding in which proper names are reduced to descriptions. This understanding has been criticized for some of its limitations. The most famous of these criticisms is that of the logician Saul Kripke. Thanks to his proofs in modal logic, Kripke could talk about the "accessibility relation" and claim that proper names are strict determiners in all accessible worlds. Based on this idea, the causal theory of reference argues that proper names can name their objects without needing to mediate descriptions. In our study, we will analyze Kripke's views for two purposes. Firstly, we will reveal the limitations of the descriptivist theory through Kripke's criticisms. Our second but more primary aim is to investigate whether Kripke and his followers' theory of direct reference provides the possibility of reference to the word "Allah”. At this point, we will use the works of philosophers of religion, such as W. Alston and J. Gellman, who have worked on the subject of a reference to God. Some philosophers of religion, such as Miller, Alston, and Gellman, believe that the causal theory of reference is the most appropriate ground to explain the reference to God. In this study, we will examine their arguments in the context of Islamic thought. The study concluded that modern naming theories would be insufficient to name the word "Allah" with its classical meaning. The limitations of the theories in referring to any proper name are also valid for the word "Allah". However, our main claim at this point is that the main reason for the inadequacy is the changing understanding of existence between classical and modern theories. The lack of the idea of “thing in itself” independent of the subject in both the descriptive reference theory and the direct reference theory prevents the word "Allah" from referring to essence. Although our research is limited to the two theories mentioned above, it is assumed that all modern philosophies of language have the color of his thought since they were developed after Kant. However, the study does not claim that reference to God is impossible in the modern period. We propose constructing a new theory that can successfully explain that Lafzatullah (the Word of Allah) refers to “Allah” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the aspects of textual coherence in Mamdouh Adwan's poem "On You Life Relies," which was included in his final collection, written while he was battling the cancer that ultimately took his life. The study examines how these mechanisms work together to achieve textual cohesion at the surface (linguistic) level through reference, repetition, and various syntactic relations, which in turn achieve a kind of deep semantic cohesion. To do this, the study used a descriptive statistical method to identify the elements of coherence in the text under study and then employed an analytical method to highlight the effect of these elements in connecting parts of the text, leading to a comprehensive understanding of the text. The study concluded that these elements work together to achieve textual cohesion within the poem to the extent of giving it life and renewal, which opens the door to interpretation for the reader, away from ambiguity and obscurity. Adwan demonstrated his ability to use different types of textual cohesion tools, giving them an aesthetic function at the formal level and a meaningful function at the semantic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the conceptual correspondences between two of the central theses of Willard Van Orman Quine's philosophical proposal, the inscrutability of reference, through which Quine presents examples to support his theory of the indeterminacy of translation; and ontological relativity, with which Quine deals with the different possibilities that linguists have while carrying out observations for the translation of new languages. These Quinean theses are strongly linked due to their centrality to the theory of indeterminacy of translation, that is, the impossibility of obtaining a precise referential meaning. In view of this thematic choice, intrinsic to the origins of naturalized epistemology, I intend to present introductory elements to Quine's philosophy of language, which explain the elementary conceptual correspondence of his thought, that is, which demonstrate the inseparability between the thesis of the inscrutability of reference and the consequent ontological relativity. With the verification of the non-dependence of ontological postulates for the semantic and intersubjective effectiveness of language, we can affirm that it is due to the indeterminacy of the translation that the inscrutability of the reference is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chatbot Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is an artificial intelligence-powered language model chatbot able to help otolaryngologists in practice and research. The ability of ChatGPT in generating patient-centered information related to laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) was evaluated. Methods: Twenty-five questions dedicated to definition, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of LPRD were developed from the Dubai definition and management of LPRD consensus and recent reviews. Questions about the four aforementioned categories were entered into ChatGPT-4. Four board-certified laryngologists evaluated the accuracy of ChatGPT-4 with a 5-point Likert scale. Interrater reliability was evaluated. Results: The mean scores (SD) of ChatGPT-4 answers for definition, clinical presentation, additional examination, and treatments were 4.13 (0.52), 4.50 (0.72), 3.75 (0.61), and 4.18 (0.47), respectively. Experts reported high interrater reliability for sub-scores (ICC = 0.973). The lowest performances of ChatGPT-4 were on answers about the most prevalent LPR signs, the most reliable objective tool for the diagnosis (hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring (HEMII-pH)), and the criteria for the diagnosis of LPR using HEMII-pH. Conclusion: ChatGPT-4 may provide adequate information on the definition of LPR, differences compared to GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), and clinical presentation. Information provided upon extra-laryngeal manifestations and HEMII-pH may need further optimization. Regarding the recent trends identifying increasing patient use of internet sources for self-education, the findings of the present study may help draw attention to ChatGPT-4's accuracy on the topic of LPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the causal-historical theory of reference, natural kind terms refer in virtue of complicated causal relations the speakers have to their environment. A common objection to the theory is that purely causal relations are insufficient to fix reference in a determinate fashion. The so-called hybrid view holds that what is also needed for successful fixing are true descriptions associated in the mind of the speaker with the referent. The main claim of this paper is that the objection fails: reference fixing of natural kind terms can be purely causal. The main argument draws inspiration from recent theoretical advances made in metaphysics of kinds by Marion Godman, Antonella Mallozzi, and David Papineau. The main claim is that their notion of super-explanatory properties may explain how reference of many kind terms can be fixed purely causally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Machery et al.’s 2004 x-phi project has been widely criticised for ambiguities contained in the expression ‘talk about’. Interestingly, although ‘about’ plays a prominent part in the debate, aboutness has not been a topic. This paper discusses this aspect. Alas, it must thereby add a further ambiguity to the list, the ambiguity between aboutness and reference, and thus also between subject matter and referent. It explains the distinction between intra-categorical aboutness which makes no ontological demands, and cross-categorical reference which requires the referent to exist. It then analyses the 4-fold embedding contained in Machery et al.’s study and shows how the aboutness-reference distinction bears on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heat recovery coke oven (HRCO) is one of important approaches to achieving a carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China. However, the steady operation of an HRCO is significantly influenced by the internal working conditions and the quality of lining refractories. In this work, a comprehensive study of the internal working conditions of an HRCO was carried out. The results suggest that the partition wall (PW) between the carbonization and combustion chambers is the most vulnerable area, with the corresponding traditional silica bricks inadequate for the service requirements. A reference based on a comparison of the average thermal stress and high-temperature compressive strength is offered for evaluating and selecting silica bricks for the PW. New optimized silica bricks within the reference are verified to be more applicable to the actual working conditions of an HRCO than the traditional silica bricks. As such, this work provides valuable guidance for the optimization and selection of silica bricks for the PW in an HRCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do children learn to connect expressions (e.g., "that red apple") to the real-world objects they refer to? The dominant view in developmental psychology is that children rely on descriptive information, "red" and "apple." In contrast, linguistic theories of the adult language attribute primacy to grammatical elements: words such as "that" or "another" first establish the status of potential referents within the discourse context (old or new) before descriptions can factor in. These theories predict that reference can succeed even when the description does not match the referent. We explored this novel prediction in adults and children. Over four experiments, we found that (a) adults relied on the articles to identify the referent, even when the description did not fit, consistent with grammar-first accounts; (b) consistent with description-first accounts, and unlike adults, 3- to 5-year-old children prioritized the descriptions provided by nouns and adjectives, despite being sensitive to grammatical information. This suggests that children connect expressions to referents differently from adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better understand the main source of the Islamic religion, the Holy Qur'an, as a text, certain methods have been followed from the earliest periods. Rules of language have become one of the most important instruments among these methods that develop within a particular system. Although the Qur'anic text is the primary source for the formation of language rules, the rules of language in general have been decisive in the understanding of the Qur'an. As a matter of fact, the lexical tafsir studies that started in the classical period have emerged as a result of this understanding. In the following periods, linguistic issues were increasingly addressed and subject-work-based studies gained momentum. In this context, preferences regarding the reference of pronouns have been one of the issues that prepare the ground for different interpretations. Because in some usages, more than one word has the property of being a reference for a pronoun, and one of them should be preferred. The preferences that are made cause the meaning to differ. In this study, the subject of the reference of pronouns in the Holy Qur'an will be dealt with in the context of the work entitled Hak Dini Kur'an Dili written by Elmalılı, using many of the tafsirs written before his time. Elmalılı's preferences regarding the subject of the pronoun were determined and compared with the preferences of other interpreters. Elmalılı were not only sufficed with narrations in the interpretation of these pronouns, but also included his own original opinions. In addition, differences were found between the preferences of the author in the tafsirs and the preferences in the translation written by him. Thus, the different meanings and interpretations arising from the determination of the authority of the pronoun have been reached and their justifications have been revealed, and the possible effects of different meanings on the judgment have been focused on. Of the eighteen pronouns identified in the Elmalılı tafsir, nine of them were examined and their preferences, which are different from other interpreters, were primarily determined. In addition, Elmalılı's arguments in his own preferences were examined and his evidences was evaluated. The consistency of the opinions expressed during the preference in terms of language rules has also been investigated. In particular, it has been shown that Elmalılı follows a original path regarding the reference of the pronoun contained in the three verses. In some pronouns, it has been observed that he prefers interpretations accepted by very few commentators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a family of metasemantics for demonstratives called intentionalism, the intentions of speakers determine the reference of demonstratives. And according to a sub-family I call proximal intentions (PI) intentionalism, the intention that determines reference is one that occupies a certain place—the proximal one—in a structure of intentions. PI intentionalism is thought to make correct predictions about reference where less sophisticated forms of intentionalism make the wrong predictions. In this article I argue that this is an illusion: PI intentionalism also suffers from predictive inadequacy. In Sect. 1, I present the problem of predictive inadequacy for intentionalism and an ad hoc response to it. In Sect. 2, I sketch a version of PI intentionalism that aims to provide the most principled response to this problem. In Sect. 3, I explain why PI intentionalism cannot solve the problem after all. In Sect. 4, I indicate where I think metasemanticists should go next. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chatbot generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) is a new artificial intelligence-powered language model of chatbot able to help otolaryngologists in practice and research. We investigated the accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5 and -4 in the referencing of manuscripts published in otolaryngology. Methods: ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 were interrogated for providing references of the top-30 most cited papers in otolaryngology in the past 40 years including clinical guidelines and key studies that changed the practice. The responses were regenerated three times to assess the accuracy and stability of ChatGPT. ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 were compared for accuracy of reference and potential mistakes. Results: The accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0 ranged from 47% to 60%, and 73% to 87%, respectively (p < 0.005). ChatGPT-3.5 provided 19 inaccurate references and invented 2 references throughout the regenerated questions. ChatGPT-4.0 provided 13 inaccurate references, while it proposed only one invented reference. The stability of responses throughout regenerated answers was mild (k = 0.238) and moderate (k = 0.408) for ChatGPT-3.5 and 4.0, respectively. Conclusions: ChatGPT-4.0 reported higher accuracy than the free-access version (3.5). False references were detected in both 3.5 and 4.0 versions. Practitioners need to be careful regarding the use of ChatGPT in the reach of some key reference when writing a report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To deal with memory-based modes of presentation I propose a couple of revisions to the standard criterion of difference for modes of presentation attributed to Frege. First, we need to broaden the scope of the criterion so that not merely the thoughts of a given subject at a given time may or may not involve the same way of thinking of some object, but also the thoughts of a subject at different times. Second, we need to ‘relativize’ the criterion of difference to particular subjects in particular situations. Thanks to these revisions, we can make sense of Evans’ notion of a dynamic mode of presentation that persists through time despite lower-level changes. A dynamic mode of presentation is a complex mode of presentation involving several epistemically rewarding relations to the reference successively (in contrast to composite modes of presentation, which involve several epistemically rewarding relations simultaneously). I show how this idea can be cashed out in the mental file framework, and how, in that framework, we can provide a straightforward answer to the question: when is a mode of presentation based on a memory M the same as the mode of presentation based on the perception P from which the memory derives? The answer appeals to the distinction between anchored and unanchored memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]