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This study investigates university students' motivation for learning English language in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The region is a foreign language learning context because English language learners almost entirely learn the language inside the classroom and without regular exposure to the English language outside. Besides English language centers, English Department in private universities is one of the most wanted departments in the region. However, we do not know students' motivation for their choice. Therefore, a questionnaire was administered to 106 students from English department in a private university with the intention to obtain knowledge about their motivation for learning the English language and more specifically whether it is integrative and/or instrumental motivation. The study found that the level of students' integrative motivation was different from instrumental motivation. This finding can be used by educators and university lecturers to embed motivation constructs in their teaching practices to keep the students motivated throughout their college years and have the desired outcome in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted to determine how the leadership behavior of English teachers affects students' performance in the language and to examine how the motivation of students toward English language learning influences the relationship between the leadership behavior of teachers and the performance of their students in the language. The statistical tools used in this descriptive research study were frequency analysis, mean computation, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and mediation analysis. As the students perceive, their English teacher's manifest leadership behavior consideration more than initiating structure. Results have shown that the students scored higher in integrative than in instrumental motivation. Both dimensions of leadership behavior positively relate to the students' integrative and instrumental motivation and English performance. This indicates that they will be motivated to learn and perform better in English no matter what dimension of leadership behavior teachers will manifest. However, regression analyses have shown different results. While integrative motivation is positively and significantly correlated to students' performance in English, instrumental motivation is not. Instrumental and integrative motivation do not mediate the effects of initiating structure on students' English performance. However, both forms of motivation significantly mediate the effect of consideration on students' English performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Chinese Language Teaching is the property of Clifford Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Self-efficacy, motivation, and learning strategies are crucial in second/foreign language (L2) acquisition and general learning. However, we are not sure yet the unique or combined contributions of self-efficacy to learning strategies by way of instrumental and integrative motivation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of self-efficacy in learning strategies mediated by instrumental and integrative motivation by developing two hypothetical models and testing these models using structural equation modeling among university students learning English in Korea. Findings indicated that self-efficacy directly as well as indirectly contributed to learning strategies through the mediation of a composite variable of motivation as a whole. However, when instrumental and integrative motivation were mediated separately from each other, only the indirect, not direct, contribution of self-efficacy to learning strategies reached a significant level. In addition, even though the participants were more instrumentally than integratively motivated, it was integrative, not instrumental, motivation that significantly contributed to learning strategies. These findings imply that the effect of strategy instruction could be improved if self-efficacy and motivation are incorporated into instructional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated students' attitudes towards learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, the study detected Saudi EFL students towards English language, English teachers and learning situations. Data were gathered via a questionnaire from a randomly selected sample of 150 Saudi students. Quantitative analysis was conducted using SPSS version 28, with findings presented through tables and interpreted using Mean Scores and Standard Deviation. The study indicated that students have high positive attitudes among Saudi students towards studying EFL. The study also found that students showed moderate perceptions about English teachers and learning situations. The study recommended collaborative efforts to improve the recruitment of proficient English teachers and encourage student participation in extracurricular activities aimed at enhancing English-speaking skills and fostering positive attitudes towards language learning.

Integrativeness, or the desire a second-language (L2) learner to integrate into their target L2 community, has been shown to be a strong motivation toward L2 learning. Aspects of identity, such as desire to learn a liturgical language (LL) associated with the L2 learner's religion, or the level of ability for the L2 learner to develop a clear vision of their future L2 self, have also been shown to be strong L2 motivators. Arabic is the LL of Islam, and it is also the heritage language (HL) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Although levels of integrativeness will likely greatly impact L2 learning progress among learners at these ALIs, currently, an instrument does not exist for accurately measuring integrativeness into the target L2 community in KSA. The objective of this study was to develop a new instrument to measure Saudi integrativeness in L2 Arabic learners from KSA ALIs Diploma Programs. A total of 66 learners in three of the ALIs Diploma Programs completed the instrument. Twenty-three items were reduced to 16 through factor analysis, which revealed the following subscales: intellectual integrativeness, social integrativeness, remote admiration, and anti-integrativeness. While most of the sample was Muslim and displayed high levels of social and intellectual integrativeness and were interested in learning about cultural topics, they also placed priority on the quality of the classroom environment. The ALI classroom environment could be negatively impacted by a predominance of learners with anti-integrative attitudes, who are also less likely to be motivated and succeed at the individual level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opportunities for LOTE (Languages Other Than English) speakers to engage with their target language are limited, making it challenging to sustain motivation. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a scale for measuring motivational regulatory strategies among Japanese-language learners and investigate their relationship with motivational factors. This research specifically focuses on Indonesian learners of Japanese who have a non-Kanji (Chinese characters) background and are studying Japanese as a foreign language. The motivational regulatory strategies scale comprises six factors and has demonstrated adequate internal consistency and factor structure. The findings indicate a positive correlation between integrative motivation and these six strategies, suggesting that learners' integrative motivation may promote the adoption of these strategies. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the significance of the opportunity control strategy, where learners actively seek chances to expose themselves to their target language. Future research is recommended to implement the developed scale in educational settings. Conducting surveys that encompass learners from diverse cultural backgrounds and embarking on longitudinal studies should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of motivation in foreign language learning has always been of great importance. Researchers agree on the non-static, dynamic nature of motivation, investigate the role of the motivational context, and recognize the fact that some aspects of motivation are not internal but are externally determined by the learner’s sociocultural environment. The study aims to investigate the prevalent type of motivation among pre-service English teachers in challenging circumstances. The analysis of motivation sources and ways to protect and maintain motivation to learn English as a foreign language in challenging circumstances constitutes the novelty of the study. 60 fourth-year students (57 females and 3 males) participated in the investigation. The questionnaire adapted from Gardner's Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) has been used as a tool to collect quantitative data. The results reveal that the level of motivation is high with a prevalence of instrumental motivation. Qualitative data have been obtained from interviewing students. During the interviews, the students identified the sources of their motivation, critically evaluated their learning situation, and described their learning circumstances as challenging. The study suggests pedagogical implications in line with positive psychology recommendations and the latest research on the protection and maintenance of а motivation to learn English as a foreign language in challenging circumstances. The implications for teachers include developing motivational strategies, maintaining engagement, providing role models, using technology.

Motivation has long been considered as a significant factor, remarkably contributing to the success of second language acquisition. The current study focuses on investigating the socio-psychological orientations of Vietnamese-speaking English learners. A survey was administered to 74 non-English majoring undergraduates in four IELTS preparation courses at the pre-intermediate and intermediate levels. The questionnaire included ten statements on the students’ integrative and instrumental motivations for language learning, as well as ten questions about their attitudes towards four classroom factors: physical conditions, teaching styles, teachers, and success. SPSS was utilized to analyse the collected data by percentage, mean of frequency, and standard deviation. The statistics revealed that participants were generally motivated at a high level with an inclination towards instrumental motivation. Additionally, the participants of the study expressed positive attitudes towards physical classroom facilities, teaching methods, teachers, and learning achievements in their classrooms, which significantly influenced their decision to enroll in English courses. The study’s findings were used to generate discussion and pedagogical implications concerning approaches for increasing students’ enthusiasm to learn a foreign language. Some recommendations were made for further research on what motivates people to learn a foreign language.

Motivation in language mastery is a crucial aspect that supports learner success especially in non-formal education. This study explores the motivation of English language learners in non-formal education as well as their perceived difficulties. Employing a qualitative approach with in-depth-interviews in the data collection, the study involved eight learners from a language course institution in Yogyakarta. The transcribed data were analyzed, interpreted, and categorised based on types of motivation and difficulties. The results show that most of the English learners possess instrumental motivation in learning foreign languages, but some tend to have integrative motivation. The instrumental motivation is mainly linked to efforts to pass the exam or tests with good grades. Their integrative motivation is related to recognizing the culture of the target language speech community and desire to communicate with the target community. Despite their motivation, they faced some difficulties related to language skills, especially reading and listening. In addition, they perceived vocabulary as hindrance in all the four skills. Further research to overcome the difficulties is recommended to maximize the learning achievement.

Motivation is one of the most influential factors in second/ foreign language learning. It has been traditionally classified into two types, namely instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. The latter has been claimed to have a more positive impact on the language learning process than instrumental orientations. This study sought to investigate the nature of motivational orientations among Sudanese learners of English and German. The study involved 221 Sudanese undergraduate students studying English and German, respectively. The results of the empirical investigation demonstrated that Sudanese students were more instrumentally motivated to learn English in comparison to German. On the other hand, the students in the German department had more positive attitudes towards the German community and culture in comparison to the students of the English department. Gender differences have also been identified in the department of English only, where female students had a significantly higher level of motivation and were rather integratively motivated to learn English than their male counterparts. The study concluded that both instrumental and integrative constructs are complementary and that attention should be shifted towards motivational intensity in language learning.

Research has not investigated the motivation of students toward learning Persian as a foreign/second language. This study examines the integrative, instrumental, intrinsic, and extrinsic types of motivation among language learners learning Persian as a second language. A questionnaire consisting of 40 questions, adapted from Gardner (2001), Ryan and Deci (2000), and Noels et al. (2001), was used to collect the required data. Statistical procedures were followed to analyze the data from 135 (59 females and 73 males) language learners. Results showed that integrative and extrinsic were respectively the most and the least significant forms of motivation among these participants. They reasoned that they mainly learn Persian language to understand Persian art, literature and history, increase their knowledge, and communicate with Iranians. Variables such as gender, education, and age showed significant differences among the males and females concerning instrumental and intrinsic types of motivation. Furthermore, whereas the results indicated significant variation between the participants’ education levels and their integrative motivation, there was not any significant relationship between the age and motivation.

Mobile language learning has attracted much attention in recent years. Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between perceived usefulness and continuance intention to use technology. This study used a cross-section design to further investigate the possible association between perceived usefulness and continuance intention in the context of language learning and the mediating effects of integrative motivation and flow. A total of 500 college students who were learning English through mobile applications (apps) completed the Perceived Usefulness Scale, Integrative Motivation Scale, Flow Scale, and Continuance Intention Scale. Correlation analysis showed that perceived usefulness, continuance intention, integrative motivation, and flow were significantly positively correlated with each other. Results of regression analysis showed that integrative motivation and flow played multiple mediation roles in the relationship between perceived usefulness and continuance intention. That is, (1) perceived usefulness was positively related to continuance intention toward language learning apps, (2) both integrative motivation and flow played partial and parallel mediating roles between perceived usefulness and intention to use language learning apps, and (3) integrative motivation and flow mediated the relationship between perceived usefulness and continuance intention toward language learning apps sequentially. These results indicated that intention to use language learning apps among language learners can be promoted by way of the increasement of perceived usefulness of these apps, the enhancement of integrative motivation, and the improvement of flow experience. This creates the foundation for apps designers to focus more on inspiring learners to use the social connection functions of the apps, which helps them stay engaged in interactive language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realisation of the linguistic rights of Deaf individuals is, to a considerable extent, dependent upon whether there are majority language speakers who acquire a sign language as an L2 and use their L2 skills. Still, the motivation of hearing persons in learning sign languages as L2s is a largely unmapped area. This study seeks to capture the motivation underlying the L2 use among hearing learners of Finnish Sign Language (FSL) in terms of current theorising on L2 motivation and to test the applicability of central constructs in L2 motivation research in a specific SLA context. We collected data in 2018 using an anonymous online questionnaire (N = 173). We tested a serial mediational model that linked L2 learning orientations and L2 learning experience, through a set of mediating variables, to L2 use. The model was statistically significant and explained 66% of the variance in L2 use. In addition, integrativeness significantly moderated the effect of L2 competence on L2 use. The findings from the quantitative analysis are enriched with the analysis of the respondents' comments. We discuss the results from the perspective of how hearing learners of sign languages can extend the communication networks of Deaf sign language users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written on funding for ESOL, but little is known about how ESOL learners use language as a tool to integrate into British society. This study seeks to understand the extent to which studying 'ESOL for citizenship course' help learners integrate into British society, the difficulties they encounter, and what ESOL professionals can do to mitigate them. Data was collected through focus group interviews and initial analysis was done using Nvivo software. Three theoretical frameworks were applied: Baker’s (2011); Ward and Kennedy’s (1999); and Dai and Chen’s (2014). The findings revealed that although ESOL learners nursed initial stereotypical views about British culture before arrival, their perceptions significantly improved after arrival. Despite these positive perceptions, they were resistant to assimilate and the gap between home and host cultures remained wide. Findings also unveil that the underlying objective of learning the language was predominantly instrumental. That is, they wanted to learn English as a means of getting a better job or advancing their studies in the UK, than to integrate. Some implications for practice in the ESOL context were identified.

Purpose While there have been studies on exploring motivation in learning second language, there is hardly any study that explores the motivation orientation of the PG level management students of India. The main purpose of teaching communication skills courses to management students is to make them employable and enable get good jobs and good salaries after completing the program. A research gap needed to be filled to find out whether motivation orientation of the PG students of B-Schools in Delhi NCR integrative or instrumental and whether attitude of the PG level management students toward second language learning is positive or negative. Methodology an empirical study was conducted on 80 such students at an established Business school in India. The study explored majorly two areas: Motivation Orientation of the students. Students' attitude towards learning English language. The first part would help the teachers know how to motivate the students and the second would encourage the teachers to plan activities. Findings The findings of the research work clearly indicate that the motivation orientation of the students was majorly instrumental since they wanted to learn English to get good jobs and high salaries. In the Indian context, high paying management jobs are based on the ability of the recruits to communicate effectively in English. Implications to Research and Practice The paper suggests that knowing what exactly motivates the management graduates to learn English as a second language may help the teachers use more relevant teaching material and methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synergies Chine is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Literary Studies / Folia Linguistica & Litteraria is the property of Journal of Language & Literary Studies / Folia Linguistica & Litteraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of English Teaching & Learning is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research explored the attitudes and motivations of first-year students of English enrolled at the Faculty of Letters and Humanities of Sfax, Tunisia, during the academic year 2018-2019 towards learning English as a foreign language. Attitudes and motivations were investigated according to three variables: culture shock, interest in the English language, and ethnocentrism. Analysis of the relationship between language and culture paved the way for examining students' reactions towards learning English as a foreign language. Students feel very differently about English as a way of knowing the world, networking, and living a full life of a global citizen. Attitudes range from discomfort, anxiety, and confusion. A questionnaire was used to collect data about students' attitudes and motivational orientations towards learning English as a Foreign Language. The study indicated that most students do not like English-speaking people and reject some of their cultural values. It also showed that these students choose to learn English primarily for instrumental reasons. This paper concludes with solutions aiming to reduce the difficulties teachers of English as a Foreign Language encounter in the local Tunisian cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Italian enrollments continue to decline in the second decade of the Millennium, proposals are being put forth to counteract this trend, which include designing Italian courses with relevancy to social issues that are deemed to be of general interest to students. Does this remedy truly address the problem of decline effectively, capable of attracting more students to Italianistica? This paper looks at the motivational factors that have always been at play in attracting students to the study of Italian in North America, discussing several key studies that have come forth to shed light on the issue of enrollment decline. The overall conclusion seems to be that any radical break away from the so-called "traditional" curriculum is ultimately ineffectual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation is the major contributor to the students' learning English as a second language. However, varying reasons have been suggested by different researchers and theorists to explain the reasons and dimensions of this motivation. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the motivation to learn English as a foreign language (EFL) among 157 Saudi Arabian university students. The instrument used for the analysis was a modified version of the motivation scale developed by Wen (1997), which measures motivation based on six subscales: integrative, instrumental, effort, valence, expectation, and ability. In addition, students' motivation was compared among students with different English language levels using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on six motivation subscales. The results of the MANOVA revealed that there was no significant difference among students of different levels of English knowledge when each level was compared separately. Nevertheless, when comparing a merged group of students with English level knowledge of 1st to 3rd with the group of 4th level, the motivation of the latter group was statistically significantly higher. Furthermore, the difference in mean values was significant for integrative, effort, valence, and ability subscales. Thus, the findings of this research depicted that instrumental and integrative motivations could be the main contributor to students' motivation to learn English as a foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of education delivering content teaching through learners' second language have rapidly increased in recent decades and are thought to offer a 'naturally' motivating context for learners to use and learn the medium of instruction (MoI). However, the relationship between MoI and language learning motivation (LLM) specifically is under-explored. In light of calls for contextually responsive theorizations of LLM, this study examines interactions between English language learning motivation (ELLM) and micro (MoI classrooms) and macro (schools) contexts in Hong Kong. ELLM measures were administered to Hong Kong secondary school learners of English (N = 3854), aged 11–14, studying in English, Chinese and Mixed mode of instruction schools. ANOVA results indicate higher levels of ELLM among EMI students on most measures and effects of MoI on three LLM constructs. The results support the relevance of a required orientation in explaining participants' ELLM and challenge the applicability of the ideal L2 self, which may be attributable to context rather than cultural difference. Implications are discussed for existing understandings of the MoI-LLM relationship, as well as discussions around culturally relevant theorizations of LLM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this research was to determine the language learning motivation and demotivation among major English students at Saint Michael College of Caraga. A descriptive design was employed in which 170 major English students studying in two different programs: Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English and Bachelor of Arts Major in English Language college students were included. Also, Seven College English Instructors are added to know their credentials in teaching English courses. The study anchored on Gardner's Socio-educational model for motivation and Kikuchi and Sakai's framework for demotivation. A demotivation questionnaire was modified and adapted from Krishnan and Pathan's (2013) study. A modified 20-item AMTB motivation questionnaire was also adapted from Al-Ta'ani's (2018) study, distinguishing integrative and instrumental motivation. The closed-ended questionnaire was analyzed applying the following statistical treatment; frequency and percentage, weighted mean, correlation, and independent-sample t-test. The results showed that grammar-based teaching was the most significant demotivating factor and Integrative motivation emerged as the dominant source of motivation among students. The findings have implications for teaching and learning the English language; therefore, the school should consider requiring major English students to participate in an enhancement program to strengthen their language learning at Saint Michael College of Caraga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the role of the habitual use of English mediums (English T.V programs and English websites), being informal learning contexts, in Syrian non-English majors university students' development of integrative motivation. Furthermore, this study aims at highlighting the importance of integrative motivation in foreign language acquisition whether for teachers, learners or language policy makers. Results showed that the students professed positive attitudes towards learning English in general and a good level of integrative motivation. Furthermore, resorting to correlational formula has proven that students' habitual use of English mediums do have a role in developing integrative motivation especially viewing English T.V programs. It was also noticed that the students' integrative motivation did have a positive influence on their achievement in the English language course. The most significant implication of this research is that once learners realize that they could use English for self expression, as a desire brought on by the impacts of the international youth culture, they will be more integratively motivated to learn the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A declining number of credit hours of English courses for English-majoring students at the National University of Mongolia lead teachers and students to focus on effective English education and what factors would affect it within credit hours allowed at the university. Meanwhile, English teaching class hours in Mongolian secondary schools have been increasing for the last few years, due to the national interest in learning English, resulting in a greater demand for English teachers. This study investigated the motivation of Mongolian English-majoring students towards learning English and the factors affecting them to be demotivated. A total of 20 students majoring in English teaching at the National University of Mongolia, Erdenet School of the 2019-2020 academic year completed the questionnaire on English learning motivation and attended focus group interviews. The findings showed that the students had instrumental orientation and demonstrated a strong desire to learn English. However, they felt demotivated by their teachers' and classmates' attitudes and living situations. The researcher recommends that the students and the teachers create a conducive environment in the classroom, where the students can feel comfortable despite making mistakes, and also suggests other practical takeaways given this post-socialist English learning environment.

Learning a second language is of paramount importance as it equips one with the ability to communicate with people of other cultures. There are some factors that affect the success of learning a new language. The most omnipresent of all are students‟ attitudes and motivation. L2 learners‟ motivation helps them move forward and make progress and is deemed to be the key to successful language learning. Motivation for learning a language can have a variety of natures, the most important of which being „instrumental‟ and „integrative‟. Some students strive to learn a language for practical purposes such as entering college or meeting some requirements (i.e. instrumental) whereas others have an affinity for a particular language or for identifying with its native speakers (integrative). This study encompassed Iranian postgraduate students who were studying in Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia (UKM), doing either their master‟s or PhD in a variety of majors. The objective was to shed light on their attitudes towards learning English, the second language studied there, and the comparative nature of their motivation, in terms of being instrumentally or integratively oriented. Using a number of instruments, it came to light that those students had highly positive attitudes towards learning English. Moreover, results showed that they had high levels of both integrative and instrumental motivations although the instrumental motivation outweighed the other type. Stated differently, the majority of students were interested in learning English mainly to get a better job or to pursue their studies at a higher degree.

Research in second language acquisition took off in the early 1970s. This study on integrative and instrumental motivation examined the correlation between the two forms in terms of second language acquisition, and the interest it has generated through continued research efforts in language learning. Research to date suggests a possible relationship between motivation and second language learning. The results obtained by this research were determined by two basic types of motivation which play a relevant role in second language acquisition, it also revealed which was the most prevalent motivational factor that influences students in learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) at Quality Leadership University, Panama. Our objective was to prove that instrumental motivation is more prevalent among students learning English as a Foreign Language in Panama. Although cultural awareness is very much present in the EFL classroom, it too plays a major role with English Language Learners (ELLs). This is a quantitative research study which includes a questionnaire classifying twenty motivational statements into two types of motivation, integrative and instrumental. The study revealed that instrumental motivation was more prevalent among English language learners at Quality Leadership University, Panama. Albiet learning about new cultures has been the driving force with which students approach language learning and students in Panama are not the exception. We can thus conclude that instrumental motivation has been acknowledged as the significant factor by students surveyed and the interest in specific language learning for career advancement, whereas integrative motivation is linked to more general second language acquisition for the benefit of cultural integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the results of previous and recent researches about the importance of integrative and instrumental motivation as well as Ideal self and Ought-to self on the motivation and success of language learners, the present study has investigated these issues among the learners in Persian language. For this purpose, 20 Korean and Chinese students (10 Chinese and 10 Korean students) were selected from the Persian language teaching center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.Thus, the statistical sample of the study consisted of 20 Persian- Chinese students and Korean men and women (8 men and 12 women) who were in the age group of 18 to 30 years and in the academic year 2016-2017. It is also worth mentioning that these Persian students have reached an advanced stage in this center, from the introductory course of Persian language. The Farsi students responded to a 36-item questionnaire based on the Dornyei Motivational Questionnaire (2010). Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software. six hypotheses were proposed and we used statistical tests to examine the hypotheses. First, the normality of the research variables was examined and the results showed that these variables have a normal distribution. Therefore, as mentioned, in the next step, we examined the research hypotheses. The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between Ought-to selves of Korean learners and Chinese or Japanese tutors. However, there is no meaningful difference between Ought-to selves of Japanese and Chinese learners. There was a significant difference between Korean, Chinese and Japanese Ideal selves. In addition, there was no significant difference between the Chinese, Korean, and Japanese learners’ promotional instrumental motivations. While there was a significant difference between preventive instrumental motivation of Japanese learners and Chinese or Korean ones. And there was no significant difference between Chinese and Korean. The results of the research suggest that there is a significant difference between integrative motivation of the Chinese, Korean and Japanese learners. There was no meaningful relationship between integrative motivation of Chinese, Korean and Japanese students and their Ideal selves. There was a significant negative correlation between ought-to self and preventive instrumental motivating of Korean students, while there was no significant relationship between these two variables in Japanese and Chinese students. In addition, a comparison of the meanings of all four motivational factors in these two groups of Persian-learners showed that, in general, in these two groups of Persian-learners, the Preventing Instrumental motivation was with the highest average, and the Ought-to self motivation has the lowest average. Also, the comparison between the motivational factors of Ideal self and Ought-to self indicates that in these two groups of Persian-learners, the Ideal self factor is stronger than Ought-to self. Comparison between the motivational factors of integration and instrumentation also showed that the Preventing motivational factor is stronger than the integrative factor and the integrative factor is stronger than the promotional instrumental factor. Finally, it should be noted that the present study focuses only on Chinese and Korean Persian learners; for this reason, it is suggested that in future studies, Persian learners of other languages be examined. In addition, it is suggested that other motivational factors related to second language learning regarding non- Iranian learners of Persian, be examined separately and compared with each other. In this case, how to teach and use educational resources can be planned according to the type of related motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

English-medium instruction (EMI) has become a key aspect of internationalisation agendas in higher education, which are also increasingly promoting cosmopolitanism and global citizenship. Within EMI programmes, however, lecturers' non-native English accents can pose challenges for students' content understanding and influence their evaluations of lecturers and education quality. Motivation, whether instrumental or integrative, can also be crucial for EMI and students' (language) learning. Despite this, limited attention has been given to how students' cosmopolitan and motivation orientations may shape their attitudes towards English accents used in EMI. This quantitative exploratory study, conducted at a university of applied sciences in the Netherlands, therefore aimed to gain insights into 1225 students' attitudes towards Dutch-English and standard English accents in EMI, and the potential predictors of these attitudes. The findings revealed that students had more positive attitudes towards standard English accents, but those with higher cosmopolitan orientations also had more positive attitudes towards Dutch-English accents. To further investigate these attitudes and understand changes in students' motivation and cosmopolitan orientations, future studies should employ longitudinal and mixed-methods research designs. The findings from such research, along with this study, can guide higher education institutions in adjusting their policies to create more meaningful and inclusive EMI experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at investigating on factors affecting the attitudes of grade 10 students towards learning EFL in Debremarkos Comprehensive Secondary School in Debre Markos town, Ethiopia. The researcher randomly selected 103 sample students (10%) out of the total population (1030) for the study. In order to gather data, a questionnaire was carefully and systematically adapted and designed. Nine sample students were also selected purposely for focus group discussion, and Grade 10 English teachers were selected for the interview. Then, the data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings of the study mainly showed that the attitudes of grade 10 students towards learning EFL is positive. There are social factors (e.g., English native speakers, peer groups and learners’ parents) affecting students’ attitudes positively. On the other hand, educational context factors like English language teachers, the English language learning situations (e.g., the classrooms, arrangements of seats and the physical learning environment) had negative impacts on students’ attitude. However, the findings showed that target language learners have positive attitudes towards the other educational context factor that is the English textbook of grade 10 which means English as a foreign language teaching materials in the study’s context affect students’ attitudes positively. By lowering the psychological variables (i.e. affective filters) for the target language learners, it is possible to aid the language learning process. Thus, as the implication of this study considers, the physical learning environment should be improved, and to achieve this, the government should work in conjunction with the school principals, teachers and societies.

In this paper the author explores differences and similarities in motivation for learning German and Italian language of hospitality and tourism school graduates. Instrument for testing motivation of respondents is a questionnaire made in accordance to questionnaires used for exploring attitudes towards a foreign language. The research results show that there are no important differences in motivation for learning German and Italian language and that the students have similar attitudes towards compared languages. Regardless of deep inveteracy of Italian language in Dalmatian speech and culture in general, the respondents do not show more distinct integrative motive for learning that language in comparison to German. There is also no significant difference in instrumental motive of future material benefit between students of German and Italian regardless of the fact that German speaking countries are more attractive in the economic sense. Aside from learning German or Italian language, students think that language knowledge will help them in their careers and facilitate moving and finding a job abroad. It was confirmed that there are no significant differences in motivation which is connected to social status and socialization between speakers of German and Italian language.

Motivation plays a crucial role in the teaching and learning of the English language. This paper aims to determine the types of English language learning motivation and self-identity changes of Filipino English majors from three declared Centers of Excellence for teacher education in Manila, the Philippines. The mixed methods research approach was used for the study. The interview technique was utilized with guide questions on motivation types and self-identity changes, and a questionnaire on the same topics composed of 58 items was likewise distributed to student respondents. To further validate the responses of the English majors, the perceptions of their teachers toward their responses were generated through a questionnaire and answers to guide questions. The mean rating and canonical correlations showed that both teachers and English majors agreed that there is no dichotomy in the types of English language learning motivation, and that such motivation is both instrumental and integrative. The English majors had a slightly higher mean rating than their teachers’ perception as to their positive attitude toward the English language. The findings also showed that the student respondents and their English language teachers agreed on the level of ratings for each of the self-identity changes experienced by the English majors. Self-confidence topped the list under the self-identity changes, followed by productive change. Split change, on the other hand, occupied the lowest in the scale. This study encourages intellectual exchanges on both linguistic and nonlinguistic outcomes in the teaching of the English language. Linguistic outcomes, which seem to be more of the cognitive level, relate to language proficiency such as vocabulary and grammar, while nonlinguistic outcomes, which appear to be on the affective domain, pertain to attitudes and values. The study also initiates further discussion on English language learning motivation and the corresponding self-identity changes among students, with emphasis on the educational context.

The real challenges for teachers and learners lie in finding ways of sustaining the motivation through the long and often arduous process of learning a language. The aim of this study was to describe the students’ instrumental and integrative motivation in English language learning. A case study was used in this study by distributing the motivation questionnaire to the 36 second-year students of English Department at Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa university in Serang, Banten. Then, the data from the returned questionnaire were analyzed by describing the types of motivation the students use. Findings from this study indicated that the second year students were instrumentally motivated and their integration was sufficient, too. The instrumental motivation was found to have more impact on students than integrative one. Three interrelated instrumental motivations in studying English were identified: future study, scores and career. In addition the students mentioned that good marks in English were required for their future studies and a good qualification for their careers. In conclusion, motivation has a contribution towards the students’ English language learning. The findings could be useful for researchers and teachers in improving students’ English language learning by conducting effective teaching and learning strategies to develop the students’ motivation.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of a Bilingual Mentors Program to develop cognitive, non-cognitive or second language skills on senior and freshmen university students, respectively, from two different Degrees at the University of Granada (Spain). Two Degrees were involved in this project, English Studies provided student mentors and Primary Education Teacher Training provided mentees. The procedure consisted of the following steps: (a) a collaboration agreement between institutional staff responsible for both Degrees was reached, (b) a sampling process was designed and implemented, (c) measurement instruments were built and selected, (d) mentors training for two 90 minutes sessions took place, and finally, (e) the program intervention itself consisted of 10 90-minute mentoring sessions delivered during one semester. The results show significant size effects for most of the dependent variables analyzed for mentors and perceived benefits on second language command for mentees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine to what extent language anxiety and integrative motivation predict language achievement in Spanish as a second language in a sample of 249 Portuguese university students, using multiple and hierarchical linear regression models. Results showed negative relationships between language anxiety and course grade, and positive relationships between integrative motivation and course grade. Fear of negative evaluation was the only significant predictor on course grade. Activities that increase positive attitude towards Spanish and anxiety-free class climate facilitate the acquisition and learning of Spanish as a second language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate student motivation and gender differences in learning Spanish as a foreign language in the Malaysian context. Method – Student motivation was measured by means of a selfreport questionnaire based on Gardner’s social psychological model. The questionnaire contained both close-ended and open-ended questions to provide both quantitative and qualitative information. The participants consisted of 448 students from Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute where Spanish is a compulsory subject. Findings – The findings showed that the students were highly motivated toward learning Spanish. No significant differences were found between integrative and instrumental motivations and gender. Nonetheless, both quantitative and qualitative results suggested that the students were slightly more instrumentally inclined but simultaneously appreciated the target language and culture. This was particularly the case for the female students who showed significantly higher instrumental motivation in Spanish learning. Significance – The study supports the claim that motivation is context-specific and at the same time provides a better understanding of a Malaysian situated phenomenon. Its findings have underscored that different learning contexts have different impacts on student motivation. It is hoped that the understanding of Malaysian student motivation may contribute useful insights to improve the curriculum and instruction of foreign language learning.

The article highlights the necessity and possibility of students’ psychological and cognitive development by means of a language education through the intensive and regular formation of linguistic abilities. The concept “ability” is analysed and defined in terms of different sciences: psychology, physiology and pedagogy. The linguistic abilities are classified as special abilities. It distinguishes them from general abilities and determines their composition. The structure of these abilities includes primarily components – memory, perception, intellection and a number of secondary qualities which are discussed in the article. Creativity is regarded as a valuable addition to any special abilities and its formation in language study is ensured by using a problem-solving method. Special attention in the article is paid to the issues of motivation and interest which are presented as the significant factors accelerating the formation of linguistic abilities. For determining the level of linguistic abilities, the article substantiates the use of diagnostic tests designed to evaluate the indicators of cognitive processes related to a speech activity. These indicators are ranked and combined into four main groups in accordance with a component composition of linguistic abilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a mother’s motivation for providing English education to a young child on the provision of English education and the child’s interest in learning English. Also, the mediating role of the type of English education provided (English interaction at home and English private lessons) between a mother’s motivation and a child’s interest in learning English was examined. In total, 414 Korean mothers of 3-to-5-year-olds reported their motivation for providing English education to their child, frequency of English interaction at home, and the duration of English private lessons the child experienced. The degree of a child’s interest in learning English was measured by both the child’s mother and the teacher. The main results are as follows. First, a mother’s integrative motivation had a positive effect on the provision of English education. On the other hand, a mother’s instrumental motivation did not have a significant effect on the provision of English education. Also, a mother’s integrative motivation had an indirect effect on a child’ interest in learning English through English interaction at home. A mother’s integrative motivation had a direct effect on a child’s interest in learning English as well. This study is theoretically meaningful in that the concept of integrative and instrumental motivation of foreign language learners is extended to the mothers who provide foreign language education to their young children. Also, this study provides practical implications for early childhood mothers by highlighting the importance of integrative motivation and English interaction at home to enhance the child’s interest in learning English.

The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of past and current research in second/foreign language learner motivation by providing a context and historical background as well as discuss the possible future directions that work on learner motivation may take. Motivation is one of the individual differences that has an important impact on language learning. The initial work on language learner motivation originated in Canada, with a social-psychological focus. Since then, many models have been proposed. Previous models treated learner motivation as a measurable, fixed variable and dealt with learners as groups. Current models emphasize the moment-to-moment changing nature of motivation, with a focus on individual learners. In line with the formulation of motivation as a dynamic construct, current research employs both qualitative and qualitative research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Language Academy is the property of Rota Kariyer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Language, Interaction & Acquisition / Langage, Interaction et Acquisition is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reports on the results of an investigation of the relationships between motivation, motivation intensity, use of Chinese outside of class and self-rated competence in Chinese. Analyses of 162 questionnaires and 17 semi-structured interviews revealed the following findings: (1) the participants reported having high integrative motivation, instrumental motivation and motivation intensity to learn Chinese, and having a high use of Chinese outside of class, (2) integrative motivation, instrumental motivation, motivation intensity and use of Chinese outside of class were significantly positively correlated; use of Chinese outside of class was significantly positively and motivation intensity significantly negatively correlated with self-rated competence in listening Chinese, and (4) use of Chinese outside of class and motivation intensity were powerful predictors for self-rated competence in Chinese. These findings indicate that contact with the target language is crucial in enhancing motivation and competence in the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a case study of Raya, a Palestinian Arab undergraduate student, at the University of Jordan, who has achieved level B1 according to The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) in listening and reading comprehension ('accomplished') and CEFR level B2 ('superior') in language form and meaning in English according to the TOEFL Junior Exam. Based on multiple data sources (i.e. interviews, observation, questionnaires and document analysis), the study aims to highlight how Raya's multiple identities as a language learner, avid film watcher, YouTube user and online gamer, and a (non) member of a target language community have contributed to her oral proficiency in English. The study also aims to emphasize some personal attributes that Raya has as a language learner in order to uncover the factors which have assisted or hampered her acquisition of English. The main finding of the case study is that Raya's English language proficiency has been enriched because of two overriding factors: firstly, integrative motivation (i.e. her love of English) highlighted through her immersion in the target language by her online identity, films and social interaction; and, secondly, instrumental motivation (i.e. using the language as a means to academic and professional advancement) in the sense she realized English was a way of helping her to achieve her goal of leaving her hometown and studying abroad. It is hoped that this study will inspire and inform both language learners and educators alike, as to some of the steps to success in acquiring proficiency in English or any other language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Collaborative Learning Project is a language exchange program in which American and Japanese university students have the opportunity to interact with native speakers over the course of a three-week period. This paper reports the outcomes of the Collaborative Learning Project in terms of its effectiveness in fulfilling student expectations and their integrative motivation, i.e. social and cultural motivation. Using quantitative and qualitative data, this research includes the first project (2012) as a preliminary study, and the second project (2013) as the basis of the formative assessment. In their responses to questionnaires, the majority of the students reported that the program fulfilled their expectations and fostered their integrative motivation. After participating in the project, the participants were motivated to continue learning Japanese and seemed to be more interested in the study abroad program/studying abroad.