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Context: There is a lack of studies concerning the nutrient requirements of dairy calves, mainly, evaluating different genetic groups. Aims: The objective was to quantify energy and protein requirements of dairy calves up to 60 days, testing the influence of genetic composition (Holstein or crossbred Holstein × Gyr) on these requirements. Methods: The study involved 42 bull calves (3 days of age), including animals with less than 15/16 Holstein composition (considered crossbred) and animals with more than 15/16 Holstein pedigree (considered purebred). Six calves were slaughtered at the start of the experiment to estimate the initial body composition of the animals. Of the remaining animals, four formed the maintenance group (fed 3 L/day of raw milk), and the other 32 were distributed into four treatments, which consisted of 6 L/day of raw milk, with increasing DM contents of 13.5%, 16.1%, 18.2% and 20.4% respectively. The DM contents were corrected for adding milk replacer to the raw milk. All animals had free access to starter feed and water. Digestibility trials were conducted at 28 and 56 days of life, with total faeces collection being performed for 5 days and urine collection for a period of 24 h. At 60 days of life, the animals were slaughtered to determine their body composition. Key results: Net energy requirements for maintenance and metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance were 57.6 and 86.8 kcal/(empty bodyweight, EBW)0.75.day respectively. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy for maintenance was 66%. Net energy requirements for gain (NEg, Mcal/day) can be estimated by the following equation: AN18773_E1a.gif , where EBG is empty body gain (kg/day) and EBW is in kilograms. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy for gain was 27%. The metabolisable-protein requirement for maintenance was 3.22 g/EBW0.75.day. Net protein requirement for gain (NPg, g/day) can be estimated by the following equation: AN18773_E1b.gif , where RE is retained energy (Mcal/day). The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable protein for gain was 59.1%. Conclusions: Genetic group does not affect energy or protein requirements of pre-weaned calves. The estimates presented here can be used to calculate nutrient requirements of pre-weaned calves aged up to 60 days. Implications: Inclusion of milk replacer in the liquid feed had a negative impact on diet quality. There is a lack of studies concerning the nutrient requirements of dairy calves, mainly, evaluating different genetic groups. The present study determined requirements of dairy calves feeding liquid feed containing increasing dry-matter concentrations and the influence of genetic group (Holstein or Holstein × Gyr) on these requirements. In summary, genetic group had no effect on the requirements of pre-weaned dairy calves and the inclusion of milk replacer in the liquid feed had a negative impact on diet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The companies don't operate in total isolation from the environment in which they are inserted. The environment at the same time as it is influenced by the organizations, in the performance and the performance of its origins, especially with regard to the practice of innovation. Small and medium-sized enterprises are the engine of economic development, especially in developing countries such as Brazil. Accordingly, the main objective of this research was to present and test a research model of innovation in Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) proposed by Walter, Veloso and Fernandes (2017) to analyze: (1) the degree of innovation of Micro and Small Enterprises and (2) how the innovation is presented in the Micro and Small Enterprises as a result of its business environments. For this the study was based on a sample of 617 MSE distributed in 6 cities of the State of Piauí. The data were collected through the application of the Innovation Radar. Statistical techniques of descriptive, exploratory and inferential nature were used. The results showed that MSE have innovation capacity between "Little Innovative" and "Occasional Innovative", due to the greater expressiveness of organizations and marketing innovations, and that the average and the distribution of innovation are the same among MSE analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Several works have shown that triterpenes induce peripheral antinociception by activation of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids; besides, several research groups have reported activation of cannabinoid receptors in peripheral antinociception. The aim of this study was to assess the involvement of the cannabinoid system in the antinociceptive effect induced by tingenone against hyperalgesia evoked by prostaglandin E (PGE) at peripheral level. The paw pressure test was used and the hyperalgesia was induced by intraplantar injection of PGE (2 μg/paw). All drugs were injected subcutaneously in the hind paws of male Swiss mice. Tingenone (200 µg/paw) administered into the right hind paw induced a local antinociceptive effect, that was antagonized by AM630, a selective antagonist to CB cannabinoid receptor. AM251, a selective antagonist to CB cannabinoid receptor, did not alter the peripheral antinociceptive effect of tingenone. MAFP, a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor; VDM11, an anandamide reuptake inhibitor; and JZL184, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor did not potentiate the peripheral antinociceptive effect of the lower dose of tingenone (50 µg/paw). The results suggest that tingenone induced a peripheral antinociceptive effect via cannabinoid receptor activation. Therefore, this study suggests a pharmacological potential for a new analgesic drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal nutrition ( MN) and foetal sex on the intestinal development of bovine foetuses throughout different days of gestation ( DG). Forty-four multiparous, dry Holstein × Gyr cows with average initial body weight of 480 ± 10 kg were fed the same diet of either restricted feeding at 1.15% of body weight ( CO, n = 24) or fed ad libitum (overnourished, ON, n = 20). Six cows from CO group and five cows from ON group were slaughtered at 139, 199, 241 and 268 DG, and foetuses were necropsied to evaluate the intestinal development. The mass, length and density of foetal intestines were not affected by MN (p ≥ 0.260). An interaction between MN and DG was observed for the villi length of jejunum (p = 0.006) and ileum (p < 0.001). Villi length of jejunum and ileum was higher (p < 0.10) in foetuses from ON-fed cows than in foetuses from CO-fed cows at 139 DG. However, at 199 DG, the villi length of jejunum and ileum of foetuses from CO-fed cows was higher than in foetuses from ON-fed cows. Despite these differences, MN did not affect the villi length of jejunum and ileum at 268 DG (p > 0.10). Female foetuses had greater small intestine mass (p = 0.093), large intestine mass (p = 0.022), small intestine mass in proportion to body mass (p = 0.017) and large intestine mass in proportion to body mass (p < 0.001) than male foetuses. Female foetuses had also longer small intestine (p = 0.077) and greater small intestine density (p = 0.021) and villi length of jejunum (p = 0.001) and ileum (p = 0.010) than males. We conclude that MN affects the pathway for the development of foetal villi length throughout the gestation in bovine foetuses without changing the final villi length. Female foetuses had higher intestinal mass, density and villi length than males during the foetal phase in bovines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the economic viability of producing dairy goat kids fed liquid diets in alternative of goat milk and slaughtered at two different ages. Forty-eight male newborn Saanen and Alpine kids were selected and allocated to four groups using a completely randomized factorial design: goat milk (GM), cow milk (CM), commercial milk replacer (CMR) and fermented cow colostrum (FC). Each group was then divided into two groups: slaughter at 60 and 90 days of age. The animals received Tifton hay and concentrate ad libitum. The values of total costs of liquid and solid feed plus labor, income and average gross margin were calculated. The data were then analyzed using the Monte Carlo techniques with the @Risk 5.5 software, with 1000 iterations of the variables being studied through the model. The kids fed GM and CMR generated negative profitability values when slaughtered at 60 days (US$ −16.4 and US$ −2.17, respectively) and also at 90 days (US$ −30.8 and US$ −0.18, respectively). The risk analysis showed that there is a 98% probability that profitability would be negative when GM is used. In this regard, CM and FC presented low risk when the kids were slaughtered at 60 days (8.5% and 21.2%, respectively) and an even lower risk when animals were slaughtered at 90 days (5.2% and 3.8%, respectively). The kids fed CM and slaughtered at 90 days presented the highest average gross income (US$ 67.88) and also average gross margin (US$ 18.43/animal). For the 60-day rearing regime to be economically viable, the CMR cost should not exceed 11.47% of the animal-selling price. This implies that the replacer cannot cost more than US$ 0.39 and 0.43/kg for the 60- and 90-day feeding regimes, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that the variables with the greatest impact on the final model’s results were animal selling price, liquid diet cost, final weight at slaughter and labor. In conclusion, the production of male dairy goat kids can be economically viable when the kids diet consists mainly of either cow milk or fermented colostrum, especially when kids are slaughtered at 90 days of age. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The environmental legislation of many countries imposes severe restrictions on the emissions of gaseous pollutants, including NOx and SOx. Efficient alternatives for the removal of nitrogen and sulphur contaminants are required to obtain increasingly cleaner fuels. In this regard, adsorption is economically promising, because it requires less energy than the traditional hydrotreating processes due to mild conditions of temperature and pressure required. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of nickel, cerium, molybdenum and cobalt oxides impregnated on silica-alumina in removing nitrogen and sulphur compounds from a hydrotreated diesel. The incorporation of metal oxides increased the density of acid sites and promoted the removal of nitrogen and sulphur compounds, especially the one impregnated with molybdenum oxide. The influence of molybdenum oxide loading was also studied. It was observed that this synthesis parameter affected acid sites density and contaminant removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos de Zootecnia is the property of Archivos de Zootecnia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the results of a study that evaluated the chromium concentration in cattle feces using combinations of acid digestion and spectrophotometric quantification techniques. It noted an incomplete recovery of the fecal chromium with the use of digestion technique in phosphoric acid. Similar fecal chromium contents was indicated by the results of digestion techniques in nitric and perchloric acids and digestion in sulfuric and perchloric acids.

Researches that contribute to a better technological use of the goat milk are still necessary. In this context, the present work had as objective the sensory evaluation of three formulations of Doce de Leite as well the influence of these formulations in processing time. The employed formulations contained cow milk (A), cow milk and goat milk in same proportions (B) and goat milk (C). The samples were submitted to an acceptance test and it was verified significant difference (P < 0.05) among the formulations. A Tukey test (P < 0.05) indicated that formulation B presented better acceptance in relation to formulation A. Statistically, the formulation C was not different to formulation B neither formulation A. It was also verified that formulation C presented smaller processing time, having a linear relationship between the soluble solids content and the processing time for the three formulations. © 2005 Altaga. All rights reserved. Resumen Son necesarias investigaciones científicas que contribuyan a un mejor uso tecnológico de la leche de cabra. En este contexto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la evaluación sensorial de tres formulaciones de dulce de leche y la influencia de estas formulaciones en el tiempo de procesamiento. Las formulaciones empleadas fueron leche de vaca (A), leche de vaca y leche de cabra en las mismas proporciones (B) y leche de cabra (C). Las muestras se sometieron a un test de aceptación y se verificó una diferencia significativa (P < 0.05) entre las formulaciones. El test de Tukey (P < 0.05) indicó que la formulación B presentó mejor aceptación que la formulación A, y estadísticamente la formulación C se situó entre las otras formulaciones. También fue verificado que la formulación C presentó un tiempo de proceso menor, obteniéndose una relación lineal entre el contenido de sólidos solubles y el tiempo de procesamiento para las tres formulaciones. © 2005 Altaga. Todos los derechos reservados. Palabras clave: Evaluación sensorial, leche de cabra, dulce de leche, tiempo de procesamiento. Resumo Son necesarias investigacións científicas que contribuian a un mellor uso tecnolóxico do leite de cabra. Neste contexto, o presente traballo te como obxetivo a avaliación sensorial de tres formulacións de doce de leite e a influencia destas formulacións no tempo de procesamento. As formulacións empregadas foron leite de vaca (A), leite de vaca e leite de cabra nas mesmas proporcións (B) e leite de cabra (C). As mostras sometéronse a un test de aceptación e verificou-se unha diferencia significativa (P < 0.05) entre as formulacións. O test de Tukey (P < 0.05) indicou ca formulación B presentou mellor aceptación ca formulación A, e estadísticamente a formulación C situouse entre as outras formulacións. Tamén foi verificado ca formulación C presentou un tempo de proceso menor, obténdose unha relación lineal entre o contido de sólidos solubles e o tempo de procesamento para as tres formulacións. © 2005 Altaga. Tódolos dereitos reservados. Palabras clave: Avaliación sensorial, leite de cabra, doce de leite, tempo de procesamento. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]