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Este artigo pretende realizar uma aproximação entre a obra “Desenvolvimento como Liberdade” de Amartya Sem e o ideal contido na Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, por meio de revisão de bibliografia correlata ao tema, por meio de comparativo entre cada eixo temático dos objetivos para o desenvolvimento sustentável e a obra do mencionado autor e seus critérios para o alcance da emancipação humana e, consequentemente, do direito humano ao desenvolvimento, por meio da implementação da Agenda 2030.

A redução do sujeito às condições de bem-estar individual ou ao empreendedorismo de si mesmo tornou-se uma racionalidade que passou a reger as relações humanas e sociais. De certa forma, passou a dirigir as finalidades, as estratégias e os processos educacionais, pautando-se por interesses individualistas e competitivos. Diante disso, este artigo tem como objetivo afirmar a abordagem das capacitações (capabilities) como uma proposta teórica relevante para orientar políticas educativas e estratégias pedagógicas que contribuam para a liberdade dos sujeitos, a formação humana e a cooperação social. O estudo constitui-se como pesquisa qualitativa, orientado pelo método analítico-hermenêutico, em que se emprega o procedimento metodológico de pesquisa bibliográfica. O texto está estruturado em três núcleos: o primeiro busca apresentar, em linhas gerais, a abordagem das capacitações em Sen (capabilities); o segundo explica a versão das capacitações (capabilities) em Nussbaum; e o terceiro afirma a abordagem das capacitações (capabilities) como referencial para construir e desenvolver políticas educativas e propostas pedagógicas que almejem uma educação para a liberdade

O presente artigo debate a noção de sustentabilidade à luz da discussão conduzida por Amartya Sen sobre desenvolvimento humano e qualidade de vida, buscando redimensionar o papel e o valor do humano em meio aos desafios do desenvolvimento. O texto tenta refletir sobre a contribuição para uma socioecologia nas obras de Sen, e do sentido intelectual presumido de ser um antídoto às abordagens economicistas que codificaram a natureza como “reino das mercadorias” ao mesmo tempo em que cercaram o componente humano de profunda aridez de significado e valor explicativo.

At the thresholds of 2020, gender differences are still reason of inequalities, even in the most economically advanced countries, as shown by the Global Gender Gap Report. Indeed, democratic and liberal societies are dominated by behavioural ‘masculine’ dynamics, according to homo economicus’ paradigm. Many representatives of feminism, as Ortner, complain the strong competitiveness of homo economicus for representing individual decisions, where are lost those horizons not regulated by markets laws: one of these is caregiving, understood as health and/or home care, where female figures prevail. I would suggest an alternative to these perspectives, androcentric and feminist, which enables to go beyond gender specificity. I have proceeded with Sen’s anthropological proposal where man is ‘relation’ with himself herself, into intrapersonal space, and with the others, into interpersonal space. Thanks to ‘multiple identities’, we can rediscover the value of reciprocity in social interactions, culminated in the birth of relational goods which returns the importance of care in these interactions which increase social capital, as in caregiving. Since the creation of relational goods two questions arise: on the one hand, asking if this may become the starting point for an expansion of care’s reciprocity from the intersubjective domain to their reference community; on the other, discussing whether an ethics of care may coexist with an ethics of rights. The answer is affirmative for both, but it requires the overcoming of gender’s dichotomy, where the ethics of care is declined with a female voice, as compassion, and the ethics of rights with a male voice, as rationality. A choral answer is required, able to harmonise, without confusing, the level of care with the respect of rights, like the goals-rights system of Sen in dialogue with the ethics of care of Nussbaum, careful to the most human aspects of the existence.

This paper will offer a new edition, with critical apparatus, commentary and translation, of an anonymous poem (BdT 461.170) that has so far not been edited (nor commented) yet it appears of great interest for some linguistic aspects as well as for the fact that it reflects a later period and a mentality that might be termed protobourgeois. The poem will also be placed in context within the macrotext to which it belongs, because it forms a meaningful sequence together with the two stanzas that follow it in Chansonnier P (BdT 461.173 e 461.162, of which an edition with commentary and translation will be provided). Furthermore, the paper will examine the intertextual relationships of BdT 461.170 with other poems belonging to the same genre (short troubadour poems of a sententious and gnomic type): as far as these are concerned, the text reveals surprising links with the ‘cobla’ BdT 461.123b that opens the anthology of ‘esparsas’ in Chansonnier J (a new edition of this latter cobla will also be given here).

Sustentabilidade; Desenvolvimento; Socioecologia; Ética; Qualidade de vida;

This paper promotes a comparison between Amartya Sen’s Idea of Justice and the masterpiece Great Expectations of English novelist Charles Dickens, published in 1860, shedding light on proximities and counterpoints between the theory of Sen and the experience of Dickens’ characters. This correlation departs from the epigraph of Sen’s work, which evokes the injustices experienced by the protagonist Pip in Great Expectations, opening a project of justice. For this purpose, the structural dimensions of Sen’s theory of justice will be revisited, as a concrete project for removal of injustices on the lines of rational argumentation and the theory of social choice, opposed to transcendent theories. In its turn, the universe of the boy Pip of Great Expectations reveals the complex path from childhood innocence to obsession and snobbery, with hopes and frustrations built in the backdrop of Victorian England, with the deep wound of poverty and inequality as a legacy of Industrial Revolution. Dickens, in this sense, is at once a sharp critic of his time, engaging in social transformation, and a master in exploring the psychological dynamics of human relationships. Hence, the authors become close on the poignant portrayal of injustice, demanding maximum and immediate removal. They are perhaps apart on the invitation to reflect abstractly on justice and ethics in itself, as well as on the weight given to the institutions. In any case, to reflect over justice in this shared space, in which the evocative power and communicative reach of ideas are expanded, becomes an enriching exercise in all senses.

Sustentabilidade; Desenvolvimento; Socioecologia; Ética; Qualidade de vida;

O presente ensaio tem por objetivo contribuir com o debate sobre o valor e universalidade da democracia para a emancipação humana. Propõe pensar a compreensão da universalidade da democracia no enfoque abrangente da cultura argumentativa, a partir de Amartya Sen e Jürgen Habermas. Entende que as abordagens metodológicas, pragmática de um e pragmática formal do outro dos autores são complementares. Nesta perspectiva procura demonstrar que a democracia, além de suas raízes institucionais modernas, vincula-se também a expressões culturais da Índia, África e América pré-colombiana. Portanto não é mera expressão de domínio cultural e político ocidental, mas desenvolvimento de uma tendência profunda de governo mediante a discussão e razão pública. O que permite recepcionar de um ponto de vista mais amplo a contribuição do pensamento de Habermas que explicita o nexo interno entre Justiça, Direitos Humanos e Democracia, na perspectiva procedimental de uma esfera pública crítica com uma racionalidade pública que inclui a todos. Apresenta o desenvolvimento das capacidades políticas e sociais, bem como o papel instrumental da democracia, na construção da compreensão dos direitos e da cultura que permitem o aprendizado, a emancipação e o desenvolvimento da própria identidade.

This article aims to examine Adam Smith’s deep and broad influence on the thought of Amartya Sen, especially concerning the issue of social justice that pervades the writings of both authors. First, we will analyze Sen’s revision of the work of Smith to refute the interpretation still prevalent, that makes use of certain excerpts from The Wealth of Nations as the main reference in defending the deregulation of markets and in exempting the economic thought from any consideration of moral values, demonstrating how Sen draws on Smith’s ideas to explain the impoverishment of economics when it departs from ethics. Then, we will consider the overwhelming influence of the Smithian thought on Sen’s criticism of the theory of rational choice through his distinctive formulation of the theory of social choice, whose importance was rightly recognized, earning him the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998.

O objetivo é apresentar a visão de Amartya Sen quanto à possibilidade da escolha social como um exercício comparativo e reflexivo com indivíduos comprometidos, tendo como ponto de partida a justiça como equidade de John Rawls. O argumento é o de que o agir por comprometimento e as várias identidades sociais estabelecidas pelos diferentes indivíduos durante suas vidas - considerando um conceito de indivíduo que não é o racional e autointeressado da Economia tradicional - são formas de desenvolver o pensamento seniano no que se refere ao processo de escolha social via raciocínio público, sem necessitar do conceito de racionalismo estrito como proposto na Economia.This paper presents Amartya Sen's view on the possibility of social choice as a comparative and reflexing exercise with committed individuals, having as starting point John Rawls' Justice as equity. The argument is that to act by commitment and the various social identities one develops during his/her life - considering a concept of individual that is not the rational and self-interested individual of traditional Economics - are ways for developing Sen's thinking related to process of social choice through public reasoning, without to adopt the concept of restrict rationalism like is proposed in Economics.

This paper analyzes the concept of Development and its theoretical evolution, starting from the defi nitions developed by Joseph Schumpeter, Celso Furtado, Amartya Sen and Paul Singer. In addition, it aims to demonstrate the relationship between Politics and Economics, as well as its vital importance in the understanding of the topic. Finally, it demonstrates the internationalization of the issue and the importance of an interdisciplinary approach.

O artigo avalia as contribuições de Amartya Sen e de Martha Nussbaum para a elaboração de uma estrutura normativa adequada à compreensão do desenvolvimento em âmbito nacional e internacional. Segundo essa perspectiva o foco em determinados estados e atividades (functionings) valiosos para os seres humanos é mais apropriado, para avaliar o desenvolvimento do ponto de vista moral, do que o foco em utilidades, bens primários ou necessidades básicas.The article discusses the contributions of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum to the building of a normative framework for evaluating international and national development. Sen's and Nussbaum's stress on an approach to development with a focus on valuable capabilities and "functionings" rather than on utility, primary goods or basic needs, is examined.

Publication of the Society's annual audit report allows all members to know the Society's financial condition as documented by outside examiners. We hope you will make time to study their [...]

DOLLAR$ and SEN$E and PSA Introduction We are slowly working our way out of a very deep hole. For the third consecutive year, the Society took in more dollars than [...]

My annual report to the Executive Committee, delivered in person in Atlanta in September, was based, in large part, on last year's Society operations as I compared the pre-audit data [...]

DOLLAR$ and SEN$E and PSA For the second consecutive year, our financial statements are free from any evidence of an auditor's concern that we may not be able to continue [...]

There are as many different ways of looking at the Society's audit report as there are persons interested in doing so. A client of Dun & Bradstreet may be primarily [...]

The audit report accompanying this article is the fourth report to be published since the Society's Headquarters was moved to Oklahoma City. Each report since that fateful day has presented [...]

Hakan Gunen,1 Nurdan Kokturk,2 Sibel Nayc&inodot;,3 Sevket Ozkaya,4 Birsen P&inodot;nar Y&inodot;ld&inodot;z,5 Onur Turan,6 Aziz Gumus,7 Metin Akgun,8 Alev Gurgun,9 Candan Ogus,10 Arzu Mirici,11 Elif Sen,12 Nazan Bayram,13 Volkan Eken,14 Hakan Erkus14 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sureyyapasa Training and Research Centre for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey; 2Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; 3Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey; 4Department of Pulmonary Medicine, VM Medical Park Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey; 5University of Health Sciences, Yedikule Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Pulmonology, Istanbul, Turkey; 6Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, &Idot;zmir, Turkey; 7Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey; 8Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey; 9Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ege University School of Medicine, &Idot;zmir, Turkey; 10Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Antalya, Turkey; 11Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Canakkale 18 Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey; 12Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; 13Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Gaziantep University, Sahinbey Research Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey; 14GlaxoSmithKline, Istanbul, TurkeyCorrespondence: Hakan Gunen, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sureyyapasa Training and Research Centre for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel +90 532 621 16 99, Fax +90 216 421 41 10, Email hgunen@yahoo.com Nurdan Kokturk, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, Tel +90 532 627 91 11, Fax +90 312 212 90 19, Email nkokturk@gazi.edu.tr; kokturk.nurdan@gmail.comPurpose: GOLD 2019 proposed a novel treatment decision tool for follow-up based on the predominant trait (exacerbation or dyspnea) of patients, alongside treatment escalation and de-escalation strategies. This study was designed to provide an up-to-date snapshot of patient and disease characteristics, treatment pathways, and healthcare resource use (HRU) in COPD in real life, and comprehensively examine patients considering GOLD 2019 recommendations.Patients and Methods: This mixed design, observational, multicenter (14 pulmonology clinics) study included all patients with a documented COPD diagnosis (excluding asthma-COPD overlap [ACO]) for ≥ 12 months, aged ≥ 40 years at diagnosis who had a COPD-related hospital visit, spirometry test and blood eosinophil count (BEC) measurement under stable conditions within the 12 months before enrollment between February and December 2020. Data were collected cross-sectionally from patients and retrospectively from hospital medical records.Results: This study included 522 patients (GOLD group A: 17.2%, B: 46.4%, C: 3.3%, D: 33.1%), of whom 79.5% were highly symptomatic and 36.2% had high risk of exacerbation. Exacerbations (n = 832; 46.6% moderate, 25.5% severe) were experienced by 57.5% of patients in the previous 12 months. Inter-rater agreement between investigators and patients regarding the reason for visit was low (κ coefficient: 0.338, p = 0.001). Inhaled treatment was modified in 88 patients at index, mainly due to symptomatic state (31.8%) and exacerbations (27.3%); treatment was escalated (57.9%, mainly switched to LABA+LAMA+ICS), inhaler device and/or active ingredient was changed (36.4%) or treatment was de-escalated (5.7%). 27% had ≥ 1 hospital overnight stay over 12 months. Emergency department visits and days with limitation of daily activities were higher in group D (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Despite being on-treatment, many patients with COPD experience persistent symptoms and exacerbations requiring hospital-related HRU. A treatable trait approach and holistic disease management may improve outcomes by deciding the right treatment for the right patient at the right time.Keywords: COPD, GOLD, exacerbation, COPD treatment, eosinophilia

Emine Sen,1 Ufuk Elgin,1 Osman Ozen,2 Fikriye Gozde Ozturk3 1University of Health Sciences, Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Glaucoma Department, Ankara, Turkey; 2University of Health Sciences, Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; 3Unye State Hospital, Ordu, TurkeyCorrespondence: Emine SenUniversity of Health Sciences, Ulucanlar Eye Education and Research Hospital, Kale Mahallesi, Ulucanlar Caddesi, No: 59, Altındağ, 06250, Ankara, TurkeyTel +90 505 2438124Fax +90 312 3124827Email eminesentr@yahoo.comObjective: To compare bleb morphology and tear tests of glaucoma patients who used trehalose and those who did not use after primary trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC) during the early post-operative period.Methods: This retrospective study included two groups: Group 1 using Trehalose + hyaluronic acid (THA) after primary trabeculectomy with MMC (n = 19) and Group 2 undergoing primary trabeculectomy with MMC (n = 16). The preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), the results of Schirmer, and tear break-up time tests were analyzed. Postoperative bleb morphology was also evaluated at the 1st day, and 1st and 2nd weeks, and 1st and 2nd months.Results: There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative IOP, Schirmer test or tear break-up time between groups. The mean horizontal extent of the blebs was significantly wider in Group 1 at the first week (p= 0.02). Bleb vascularization was also found to be lower in Group 1 at the second week (p= 0.001). The mean bleb height and horizontal extent were significantly higher in Group 1 at the first month (p=0.02, p= 0.03, respectively). The mean bleb horizontal extent was significantly higher in Group 1 at the second month (p= 0.03).Conclusion: The use of trehalose improved surgical success of primary trabeculectomy with MMC in terms of IOP control, post-operative complications, and bleb morphology during the early postoperative period. Trehalose might contribute to wound healing which led to an ideal bleb.Keywords: bleb morphology, glaucoma, Schirmer test, trabeculectomy, trehalose

At the thresholds of 2020, gender differences are still reason of inequalities, even in the most economically advanced countries, as shown by the Global Gender Gap Report. Indeed, democratic and liberal societies are dominated by behavioural 'masculine' dynamics, according to homo economicus' paradigm. Many representatives of feminism, as Ortner, complain the strong competitiveness of homo economicus for representing individual decisions, where are lost those horizons not regulated by markets laws: one of these is caregiving, understood as health and/or home care, where female figures prevail. I would suggest an alternative to these perspectives, androcentric and feminist, which enables to go beyond gender specificity. I have proceeded with Sen's anthropological proposal where man is 'relation' with himself herself, into intrapersonal space, and with the others, into interpersonal space. Thanks to 'multiple identities', we can rediscover the value of reciprocity in social interactions, culminated in the birth of relational goods which returns the importance of care in these interactions which increase social capital, as in caregiving. Since the creation of relational goods two questions arise: on the one hand, asking if this may become the starting point for an expansion of care's reciprocity from the intersubjective domain to their reference community; on the other, discussing whether an ethics of care may coexist with an ethics of rights. The answer is affirmative for both, but it requires the overcoming of gender's dichotomy, where the ethics of care is declined with a female voice, as compassion, and the ethics of rights with a male voice, as rationality. A choral answer is required, able to harmonise, without confusing, the level of care with the respect of rights, like the goals-rights system of Sen in dialogue with the ethics of care of Nussbaum, careful to the most human aspects of the existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elif Sen,1 Salih Zeki Guclu,2 Isil Kibar,3 Ulku Ocal,4 Veysel Yilmaz,5 Onur Celik,6 Filiz Cimen,7 Fusun Topcu,8 Meltem Orhun,9 Hikmet Tereci,10 Aylin Konya,11 Idilhan Ar,11 Sevgi Saryal11Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, 2Pulmonary Diseases Department, Izmir Dr Suat Seren Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, 3Pulmonary Diseases Department, Istanbul Hospital, Istanbul, 4Pulmonary Diseases Department, Adana Prof Dr Nusret Karasu Pulmonary Diseases Hospital, Adana, 5Pulmonary Diseases Department, Yedikule Pulmonary Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, 6Pulmonary Diseases Department, Nihat Kitapçi Pulmonary Diseases and Surgery Hospital, Erzurum, 7Pulmonary Diseases Department, Atatürk Pulmonary Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, 8Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, 9Pulmonary Diseases Department, Uskudar State Hospital, Istanbul, 10Pulmonary Diseases Department, Samsun Pulmonary Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Hospital, 11Pulmonary Diseases Department, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Istanbul, TurkeyBackground: Low adherence to Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guideline recommendations has been reported worldwide. There has been no study on the adherence to GOLD guidelines for COPD treatment in Turkey.Objectives: To investigate the rates of adherence to GOLD 2010 guidelines for COPD treatment among pulmonologists.Design: A multi-center, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out in eleven pulmonary outpatient clinics across Turkey. Adherence to GOLD was evaluated through hospital records. Demographic and clinical data were recorded.Results: Study included 719 patients (mean age: 62.9±9.7 years; males 85.4%) of whom 16 was classified as GOLD Stage I, 238 as II, 346 as III, and 119 as IV, and only 59.5% received appropriate treatment. Rates of guideline adherence varied across GOLD stages (I, 6.3%; II, 14.7%; III, 84.4%; and IV, 84%). Causes of inappropriate therapies were overtreatment (Stage I, 100% and Stage II, 91.1%), undertreatment (Stage III, 3.3% and Stage IV, 10.9%) and lack of treatment (Stage II, 3.8%; Stage III, 2.3%; and Stage IV, 5.9%). The most preferred regimen (43.4%) was long-acting β2-agonist-inhaled corticosteroid-long-acting muscarinic antagonist. Overall, 614 patients (89%) received treatment containing inhaled corticosteroid.Conclusion: Pulmonologists in Turkey have low rates of adherence to GOLD guidelines in COPD treatment. Inappropriateness of therapies was due to overtreatment in early stages and excessive use of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in all disease stages.Keywords: adherence, COPD, Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines, treatment approach, Turkey, overtreatment, inhaled corticosteroid

Background: Implantoplasty is an option in peri-implantitis treatment. What is known about the effects of implantoplasty on peri-implant soft tissue adhesion and cell behaviours is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological features and adhesion capacity of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells onto sand-blasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA®) titanium (Ti) discs surfaces roughened with different implantoplasty protocols. Materials and methods: The study included a total of 48 Ti discs divided into four groups (n = 12 per group): Group I: machined, smooth surface discs; Group II: SLA® surface discs; Group III: SLA® surface discs roughened with diamond bur sequence (40 and 15-µm grit); Group IV: SLA® surface discs roughened with diamond bur sequence (125 and 40-µm grit). Following polishing procedure, the surface roughness value of discs was assessed by a profilometer and scanning electron microscope. HGFs were cultured on Ti discs and cell adhesion was examined after the 24th, 48th, and 72nd hours. Statistical significance was set at the p = 0.05 level. Results: Scanning electron microscope analyses of the discs revealed that fibroblasts exhibited well-dispersion and a firm attachment in all groups. The cells in group I and II had thin and long radial extensions from the areas where the nucleus was located to the periphery; however, attached cells in group III and IV showed more spindle-shaped morphology. The surface roughness parameters of the test groups were lower than those of the SLA®. The SLA® group showed the highest HGF adhesion (group II) (p = 0.05). HGF adhesion in group IV was greater compared to group III, but less than group I. Conclusions: This study showed that the characteristics of the burs applied in the implantoplasty protocol are determinant for the surface roughness and fibroblast adhesion occurs on surfaces with decreased roughness following implantoplasty. Consequently, it should be kept in mind that the surface properties of the implant may affect the adherent cell morphology and adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted on the copper-silver ionization used in controlling Legionella spp. in hospitals' hot water systems. The role of pH in copper-silver ionization efficacy in controlling Legionella in water systems has been investigated and the results are reported.