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Abstract Background Anxiety in pregnancy and postpartum is highly prevalent but under-recognised. To identify perinatal anxiety, assessment tools must be acceptable, relevant, and easy to use for women in the perinatal period. Methods To determine the acceptability and ease of use of anxiety measures to pregnant or postpartum women (n = 41) we examined five versions of four measures: the Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD) 2-item and 7-item versions; Whooley questions; Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE-10); and Stirling Antenatal Anxiety Scale (SAAS). Cognitive interviews were used to examine ease of comprehension, judgement, retrieval and responding. Results All measures were acceptable. Some items were deemed less relevant to the perinatal period e.g., difficulties sleeping. Ease of comprehension, judgement, retrieval and responding varied, with all measures having strengths and weaknesses. The SAAS and CORE-10 had the lowest mean number of problematic components. The GAD had the highest mean number of problematic components​. Non-binary response options were preferred. Preferences for time frames (e.g. one week, one month) varied. Qualitative data provides in-depth information on responses to each measure. Conclusions Findings can be used to inform clinical guidelines and research on acceptable anxiety assessment in pregnancy and after birth.

BackgroundAnxiety in pregnancy and postpartum is highly prevalent but under-recognized and few women receive adequate support or treatment. Identification and management of perinatal anxiety must be acceptable to women in the perinatal period to ensure that women receive appropriate care when needed. We aimed to understand the acceptability to women of how anxiety was identified and managed by healthcare professionals.MethodWe conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 60 women across England and Scotland approximately 10 months after birth. Women were sampled from an existing systematically recruited cohort of 2,243 women who recorded mental health throughout pregnancy and after birth. All women met criteria for further assessment of their mental health by a healthcare professional. We analyzed the data using a theoretical framework of acceptability of healthcare interventions.ResultsInterview data fitted the seven constructs within the theoretical framework of acceptability. Women valued support before professional treatment but were poorly informed about available services. Services which treated women as individuals, which were accessible and in which there was continuity of healthcare professional were endorsed. Experience of poor maternity services increased anxiety and seeing multiple midwives dissuaded women from engaging in conversations about mental health. Having a trusted relationship with a healthcare professional facilitated conversation about and disclosure of mental health problems.ConclusionWomen’s experiences would be improved if given the opportunity to form a trusting relationship with a healthcare provider. Interventions offering support before professional treatment may be valued and suitable for some women. Clear information about support services and treatment options available for perinatal mental health problems should be given. Physiological aspects of maternity care impacts women’s mental health and trust in services needs to be restored. Findings can be used to inform clinical guidelines and research on acceptable perinatal care pathways in pregnancy and after birth and future research.

Depression affects several aspects of life, including socioeconomic status, relationships, behavior, emotions, and overall health. The etiology of depression is complex and influenced by various factors, with obesity emerging as a significant contributor. This narrative review aims to investigate the factors associated with the development of depression, with a particular focus on the role of obesity. The literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO from May to July 2024. The review highlights the impact of environmental and socioeconomic conditions; lifestyle choices, including physical activity and dietary habits; stress; traumatic experiences; neurotransmitter imbalances; medical and psychological conditions; hormone fluctuations; and epigenetic factors on depression. A key emphasis is placed on the inflammatory processes linked to obesity, which may drive the bidirectional relationship between obesity and depression. The findings suggest that obesity is associated with an increased risk of depression, potentially due to chronic inflammation, neurochemical dysregulation, and the emotional and social challenges related to weight stigma and obesity management. Understanding these interconnected factors is important for developing targeted interventions to address both obesity and depression, leading to improved quality of life for those affected.

ABSTRACT Objective Gouty arthritis is characterized by painful inflammation due to the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joint tissues. Despite available treatments, many patients experience ineffective management and adverse effects. This study evaluated a manual therapy protocol involving passive joint mobilization at the peak of inflammation in a gouty arthritis model using functional and inflammatory parameters. Methods Twenty male Wistar rats, 12 weeks old, were divided into two groups (n=10 each): Gouty Arthritis and Control Groups, which were further subdivided into treated and untreated groups (n=5 each). The Gouty Arthritis Group received intraarticular knee injection of 50µL of monosodium urate crystals, while the Control Group received 50µL of phosphate buffered saline. The treatment involved a 9-minutes session of grade III joint mobilization (according to Maitland). Nociception, grip strength, and edema were evaluated before induction (EV0), 7 hours after assessment (EV1), immediately after treatment (EV2), and 1 hour after treatment (EV3). The animals were euthanized, and synovial fluid was collected to analyze leukocyte migration. Results The model mimicked the signs of the Gouty Arthritis Group, with a decrease in the threshold of nociception and strength and an increase in edema and leukocyte count. The mobilization protocol significantly increased the nociceptive threshold and grip strength and reduced edema; however, it did not reverse the increase in leukocyte count. Conclusion Our results suggest that mobilization promotes analgesia and may modulate the inflammatory process owing to reduced edema and subtle attenuation of cell migration, which contributes to strength gain.

This study offers reflections on the inclusion of children with Cri Du Chat Syndrome (CCS), a rare condition of genetic origin. OBJECTIVES: To discuss the inclusion of children with CCS in schools and describe the characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and main symptoms of the condition, along with the main difficulties students with CCS might face; to assess the knowledge teachers have about CCS and potential teaching resources they may use. METHOD: A digital survey questionnaire was used in this qualitative exploratory descriptive study. RESULTS: Only 14.8% of the 27 teachers who responded the questionnaire had knowledge about CCS and had worked in a classroom with adapted pedagogical practices. CONCLUSION: A very small portion of teachers had knowledge about CCS and most had never been in contact with individuals with the syndrome, either in a classroom or during training. A path has to be developed for the inclusion of children with CCS, through a process based on knowledge, affection, love, and respect for differences.

Introdução: A infecção crônica pelo vírus da Hepatite C (HCV) atinge aproximadamente cerca de 71 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Foram notificados no Brasil 331.855 casos de hepatite C e as maiores taxas de detecção foram observados na faixa etária de 55 a 59 anos, em ambos os sexos, com prevalência maior em homens. Os óbitos por hepatite C são a maior causa de morte entre as hepatites virais e cerca de 400 mil pessoas vão a óbito no mundo todo ano, devido a complicações desta doença. O número de óbitos devido a infecçao por HCV vem aumentando ao longo dos anos em todas as regiões do Brasil. O tratamento visa a erradicação do vírus a fim de melhorar a expectativa e qualidade de vida, diminuir a transmissão do vírus e evitar a evolução mais grave da doença. Em 2016 um novo esquema de tratamento foi incorporado ao SUS, com medicamentos de ação direta contra o vírus, com vantagens significativas em relação aos tratamentos anteriores, o esquema 3D composto por Veruprevir, Ritonavir, Ombitasvir e Dasabuvir. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar o perfil dos primeiros usuários do SUS cadastrados na Bahia a utilizarem o esquema 3D para tratamento da Hepatite C. Materiais e Métodos: Este trabalho trata de um estudo de caso, de natureza quantitativa, que utilizou para coleta dos dados a Ficha de Acompanhamento Ambulatorial dos pacientes da Farmácia do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) que iniciaram tratamento com esquema 3D. Resultados e Discussões: Entre o mês de novembro de 2017 e julho de 2018, 78 usuários do SUS iniciaram o tratamento com esquema 3D para tratamento da Hepatite C. A maioria era do sexo feminino (45,2%), apresentando-se na faixa etária de 50-59 anos (25,8%), sem tratamento prévio para hepatite C (59,1%), infectados pelo vírus de genótipo 1B (41,9%) e apresentando grau de fibrose F2 (31,2%). Cerca de 37,6% dos pacientes eram portadores de outras patologias. Em relação à apresentação de reações adversas, 15,1% dos pacientes se queixaram principalmente de náusea, sonolência, cefaleia e alterações no apetite. Não foram encontrados registro de queixas em 46,2% dos casos. Conclusões: Embora a população estudada não represente o total de pacientes em uso destes novos medicamentos na Bahia, a sua caracterização torna-se relevante visto a recente incorporação destes medicamentos ao elenco do SUS.

Introdução: A infecção crônica pelo vírus da Hepatite C (HCV) atinge aproximadamente 170 milhões de indivíduos no mundo (3% da população) e representa uma das maiores causas de transplantes hepáticos no mundo. No Brasil, estima-se que existam entre 1,4 a 1,7 milhão de portadores deste vírus. O tratamento visa a erradicação do vírus a fim de melhorar a expectativa e a qualidade de vida do paciente, diminuir a transmissão do vírus e evitar a evolução mais grave da doença. Em 2016, foi incorporado ao SUS, a partir da aprovação dos Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT), os novos medicamentos capazes de atuarem diretamente no vírus, com vantagens significativas em relação ao tratamento com o alfapeguinterferona. Desta forma, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a eficácia do tratamento e caracterizar o perfil dos pacientes portadores de hepatite C crônica após tratamento com os antivirais Sofosbuvir, Daclastavir, Simeprevir e Ribavirina, atendidos no ano de 2017 em uma unidade de dispensação de medicamentos do componente especializado da assistência farmacêutica na cidade de Salvador- BA. Materiais e metodos:Foi feito um estudo retrospectivo e quantitativo a partir da análise de prontuário e dos resultados de exames laboratoriais entregues pelos pacientes pós fim de tratamento, atendidos por uma unidade de dispensação de medicamentos do componente especializado da atenção farmacêutica da cidade de Salvador- BA. Os dados coletados foram compilados em planilhas do Excel e organizados na forma de gráficos e tabelas a partir da determinação de frequência relativa e absoluta. Resultados: Do total de 198 pacientes que entregaram os exames pós fim de tratamento, 185 (93,5%) apresentaram-se com carga viral indetectável para o HCV, sendo estes em sua maioria, pacientes do sexo masculino, na faixa etária entre 60-69 anos, que já haviam feito tratamento prévio com outros antivirais, porém sem resposta. Tendo a maior parte destes, sido tratados segundo o esquema terapêutico Sofosbuvir + Daclastavir + Ribavirina, tendo alguns referido o aparecimento de sintomas como cefaleia, prurido, náusea e alteração do apetite durante o tratamento. Conclusão:O alto índice de pacientes que obtiveram a resposta positiva ao tratamento proposto, nos permite sugerir que a incorporação destes novos medicamentos ao programa de Hepatite C, constitui-se como uma medida do Ministério da Saúde satisfatória e eficaz.

O artigo comenta a decisão do Superior Tribunal de Justiça no Recurso Especial nº 1.918.421 – SP, que julgou a possibilidade de utilização para fins reprodutivos de embriões criopreservados sob custódia da viúva. O cerne central do julgado consistiu em analisar, a partir do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, a forma adequada para a autorização da reprodução humana assistida post mortem. O Tribunal Superior considerou que declaração posta em contrato padrão de prestação de serviços de reprodução humana é instrumento absolutamente inadequado para legitimar a implantação post mortem de embriões excedentários, cuja autorização, expressa e específica, haverá de ser efetivada por testamento ou por documento análogo.

Introduction: As periodontitis is caused by dysbiotic biofilm, it is believed that therapy with probiotics can act to control the mechanisms of adhesion and colonization, competing with invading microorganisms. Objective: Evaluate probiotic therapy effect on periodontal tissues and intestinal mucosa of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. Methods: 32 Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8): Control Group (CG); Periodontal disease (PD); Probiotic (PROB); PD + probiotic (PDPRO). PD and PDPRO received a ligature over the first lower molars and PROB and PDPRO the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus based were given orally for 44 days. The animals were euthanized and the blood was collected for evaluation of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. The hemimandibles were collected for histomorphometric and radiographic analysis. The duodenum was removed for morphological evaluation and gingival tissue around the molars was collected for analysis of IL-17. Results: The ANOVA one-way test was used followed by Tukey Test. PDPRO had a significantly lower bone loss than the PD (p

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to describe how specific training for goalkeepers of youth handball teams is planned and executed in Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive and quantitative study was based on information from 134 coaches responsible for specific training of handball goalkeepers for youth (under 12 - U12; U14; U16; and U18) teams. The selection of participants was non-randomly for convenience, using the virtual snowball method. The information was obtained through an online self-completion questionnaire carried out by the Google Forms platform. The questionnaire data were tabulated and assessed using the SPSS statistical program, and the information was presented using descriptive statistics. Results: The results show that specific training of goalkeepers occurs in 71.1% of youth handball teams. About the structure of the specific training session, most of it is performed 1 or 2 times a week (70.9%), lasting from 25 to 60 min (73.9%) and given by the team's leading coaches (77.6%). More than half of the participants stated that the training session occurs with the goalkeepers and the person in charge (55.2%). Most participants (69.4%) stated that the teams analyze and assess the goalkeepers' performance, and the training planning takes place weekly (39.6%). Conclusion: This data provides essential information that partially fills gaps in the literature and allows researchers and coaches to reflect on their practices, considering the importance of planning specific training for goalkeepers.

Silk cocoon, naturally produced by silkworms scientifically named Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera, Bombycidae), is one of the well-known medicinal agents with several therapeutic activities. The present study aims to review the various aspects of the silk cocoon, including chemical composition, traditional uses, biological and biotechnological activities, and toxicological issues, to provide a scientific source for scholars. For this purpose, Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and traditional literature, were searched up to December 2021. According to the historical data, silk farming is acknowledged as one of the most ancient agricultural findings. The silk is generally composed of 75–83% fibroin, 17–25% sericin, and 1–5% non-sericin components, including secondary metabolites, wax, pigments, carbohydrates, and other impurities. Flavonoids, especially quercetin and kaempferol, alkaloids, coumarin derivatives, and phenolic acids, are among the secondary metabolites isolated from the silk cocoon. In recent years the biological properties of the silk cocoon, especially its major proteins, namely fibroin and sericin, have drawn special attention. Scientific literature has investigated several pharmacological effects of the silk cocoon and its ingredients, including cardioprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemia, gastroprotective, as well as ameliorated skin health activities. In addition, it has been extensively taken into consideration in drug delivery and tissue engineering study fields. Furthermore, its toxicity is in acceptable range.

Compreender o trabalho pedagógico e a avaliação desenvolvida em uma escola pública do Distrito Federal onde foi implantado o Projeto Escola de Gestão Compartilhada (modelo cívico-militar de organização escolar) e suas implicações para a conquista de aprendizagens constituem objetivos deste artigo. Delineado como estudo de caso e de abordagem qualitativa, para o levantamento de dados foram aplicados questionários e realizados grupos focais. As análises revelaram interesses que subjazem as políticas de responsabilização e controle hierárquico nas relações estabelecidas no contexto es-colar. Dissonâncias entre a proposta de militarização de escolas e a de organização escolar em ciclos também foram identificadas, entre elas, práticas avaliativas voltadas à subserviência e conformação dos sujeitos.

Mexico is among the most important citrus fruit producers in the world. However, during storage, several problems related to fungi can arise. The most common fungal postharvest diseases detected on Citrus limon var Eureka (Italian lime) produced in the Tamaulipas state are green/blue mold (Penicillium spp.), fusarium rot (F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. proliferatum, among others), and anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.). In this work, we selected yeasts, occurring as the natural epiphytic mycoflora of lemons or from fermented traditional products, to be tested as part of a formulation for protecting stored lemons against fungal diseases. The best-performing yeasts, labeled as LCBG-03 (Meyerozyma guilliermondii), LCBG-30 (Pseudozyma sp.), and LCBG-49 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), were selected to test their compatibility and biocontrol performance against strains of Penicillium digitatum (AL-38), Fusarium sp. (AL-21), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (AL-13), and Epicoccum sorghinum (H3A). Based on their in vitro performance regarding the percentage of radial growth inhibition, both applied individually or as two yeasts mixed at equal cellular concentrations, the best combinations (containing M. guilliermondii formulated with either Pseudozyma sp. or S. cerevisiae) were selected with efficacies higher than 95% in both in vitro fungal radial growth rate inhibition and on stored lemon fruits. This work contributes to the search for compatible yeast combinations with the aim to diminish the fungal losses of citrus fruits using biocontrol for citrus postharvest protection.

Writing is thought as the most complicated skill in second language acquisition; therefore, L2 researchers have always been in pursuit of discovering an effective approach to improve it. One of the most debated ways is feedback which has a key role in improving the quality of writing. Much of the previous research on feedback has focused on analyzing different types of feedback and their effect on the learners’ writings and few studies have examined the effectiveness of computer feedback. Therefore, the present study was conducted to 1) determine what aspects of students’ writings receive computer feedback, 2) examine the difference in the effect of computer-generatedfeedback (CBF) and Teacher-based feedback (TBF) on improving the students’ writing quality and 3) compare the differences in Depth of Processing (DOP) in processing computer and teacher feedback. The results indicated that content, style and organization of their essays received feedback from the teacher and the computer. Teacher feedback was more effective in terms of its impact on improving the quality of the writing of the students than computer-generatedfeedback and it resulted in deeper processing of lexical items, whereas computer-generated feedback invoked medium processing on grammar.

RESUMO Os músculos esqueléticos podem ser afetados por lesões do sistema nervoso periférico, levando a fraqueza e atrofia muscular. Na tentativa de recuperar a funcionalidade dos músculos, existem vários recursos terapêuticos utilizados, dentre os quais o laser de baixa potência (LBP). Este estudo comparou o efeito do LBP em dois comprimentos de onda (660 nm e 830 nm), em características morfológicas do tecido muscular após axonotmese de nervos isquiáticos de ratos Wistar. Para tanto, foram utilizados 32 ratos Wistar, divididos em quatro grupos, sendo G1 (controle), G2 (lesão), G3 (lesão e tratamento com LBP de 660 nm) e G4 (lesão e tratamento com LBP de 830 nm). Os animais de G2, G3 e G4 foram submetidos à lesão do nervo isquiático e, três dias após a lesão, G3 e G4 realizaram tratamento com LBP de 660 nm e 830 nm, respectivamente. Após o tratamento, todos os animais foram eutanasiados e os músculos sóleos coletados para confecção das lâminas histológicas, visando a realização de análises morfológicas do tecido. Constatou-se que os animais submetidos à lesão sofreram alterações morfológicas na fibra, resultando em sua atrofia. Foi percebido também que o LBP com comprimento de onda de 830 nm apresentou ligeiros sinais de recuperação das características morfométricas analisadas.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar, a partir da história laboral de portadores da doença de Parkinson acompanhados no ambulatório de neurologia de um hospital universitário, a ocorrência e as condições da exposição a agrotóxicos, bem como a percepção da relação da exposição com o adoecimento. Trata-se de estudo exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, realizado no Hospital Universitário do Oeste do Paraná, em Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil. Foram entrevistados 32 sujeitos, o usuário ou familiares, com doença de Parkinson, por meio de entrevista telefônica a partir de roteiro semiestruturado. Desses, 16 (50%) eram homens; a maioria idosos aposentados (87,48%), com baixa escolaridade (53,13%); 25 (78,11%) trabalharam na agricultura, residindo na área rural de 11 anos a 30 anos; 24 (74,98%) afirmaram ter tido contato com agrotóxicos de forma direta ou indireta; a forma mais citada de aplicação dos agrotóxicos foi com pulverizador costal; a maioria (75%) não utilizou equipamentos de proteção individual e aprendeu a manipular os agrotóxicos com familiares. Conclui-se que um número expressivo de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson teve alguma atividade laboral na agricultura durante a vida, muitos deles com contato direto com agrotóxicos, seja no preparo e aplicação ou mesmo na lavagem das roupas.

La divergence entre les normes urbanistiques, les modes d’acquisition foncière et pratiques foncières régit le mode d’occupation du sol dans la capitale camerounaise. Cette recherche vise à analyser les logiques socio-spatiales qui conduisent à l’installation croissante des populations dans les espaces dits « non aedificandi ». La recherche s’est appuyée sur une recherche documentaire, des entretiens semi-directifs, observations directes et des enquêtes auprès de 100 ménages dans les quartiers Akok-Ndoué et Mbankolo. Il en ressort que les dynamiques de la population autour de ces monts sont alimentées par des mouvements migratoires et une saturation foncière en milieu urbain. L’appropriation coutumière y est la plus répandue. Ces populations sont très souvent conscientes d’y vivre dans l’illégalité et la marginalité. Ignorant les risques encourus, elles s’obstinent à occuper et exploiter ces monts, s’exposant à des risques naturels malheureusement méconnus ; ce qui renforce leur vulnérabilité et l’insécurité foncière.

Em entrevista à Reciis, a cientista Rose de Melo Rocha compreende seus estudos baseados em um conhecimento encarnado que se espraia por suas atuações como pesquisadora, professora e cidadã. Em sua trajetória intelectual, procura pensar a comunicação como um processo de vinculação com implicações afetuais e subjetivas em temas como culturas urbanas, juvenis e audiovisualidades. Tais temáticas se entrecruzam e se reencontram nos seus estudos recentes sobre corporalidades e dissidências sexuais e de gênero. Rose de Melo Rocha observa o entretenimento e, particularmente, o que denomina de artivismo musical de gênero como um campo de ruptura em relação à arte e a um posicionamento ativista que problematiza a política institucional. As cantoras Pabllo Vittar e Linn da Quebrada são pensadas como entradas protagônicas e dissidentes nas disputas audiovisuais, construindo outras audiovisualidades como projeções de utopias realizáveis. O que importa para a pesquisadora, e para os grupos nos quais se aliança, é ir além do discurso da resistência a fim de fortalecer o direito de existir, o direito à presença. Nesse sentido, defende um feminismo que não se restrinja a um essencialismo identitário. Rose de Melo Rocha é professora titular e pesquisadora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Práticas de Consumo da Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing de São Paulo (ESPM/SP).

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the effects of sericin treatment, associated or not with swimming with load exercise, on initial sciatic nerve repair after compression in Wistar rats. Methods: Forty animals were divided into five groups: control, injury, injury-sericin, injury-swimming and injury-sericin-swimming. During the axonotmesis procedure, the sericin was applied to the injury-sericin and injury-sericin-swimming groups. The injury-swimming and injury-sericin-swimming groups performed the swimming with load exercise for five days, beginning on the third postoperative day (PO), and were evaluated for function, nociception and allodynia. Euthanasia was performed on the 8th PO day and fragments of the nerve were collected and prepared for quantitative and descriptive analysis in relation to the total amount of viable nerve fibers and non-viable nerve fibers, nerve fiber diameter, axon diameter and myelin sheath thickness. Results: There was no significant improvement in the sciatic functional index up to the eighth day. The Von Frey test of the surgical scar and plantar fascia indicated a reduction in pain and allodynia for the injury-swimming and injury-sericin-swimming groups. The morphological analysis presented similar characteristics in the injury-sericin, injury-swimming and injury-sericin-swimming groups, but there was a significant difference in the number of smaller non-viable nerve fibers in the injury-swimming and injury-sericin-swimming groups as compared to the others. Conclusions: Isolated sericin protein presented proinflammatory characteristics. There was improvement of allodynia and a decrease in the pain at the site of the surgical incision, possibly linked to an aquatic effect. There was no acceleration of nerve repair on the eighth day after the injury. Level of Evidence I; High quality randomized clinical trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

Research that takes as object of study the discipline Education Policy has gained more and more space in the field of research. With the purpose of presenting and emphasizing the importance of these studies, this paper, of descriptive character, based on a bibliographic survey in the Thesis and Dissertation Database of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (known as BDTD), the Thematic Library of the Network of Theoretical and Epistemological Studies in Educational Policy (ReLePe), considering 35 works found, presents the range of research on the theme and characterizes them according to the focus of analysis. Considered a still recent and expanded theme from the decade of 2010, we concluded that the analysis on the subject of Education Policy and correlates has a diversity, with the majority focusing on the curricular structure of the subject (syllabus, timetable, bibliography, courses they contemplate). We also point out that this work intends to serve as a basis for analyzes that contemplate the discipline in its theoretical and epistemological aspects, enriching the debate on strengthening and consolidating the field of Education Policy.

Background: The physical therapy resources, as Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and neural mobilization are usually used with regenerative purpose and for the relief of symptoms for peripheral nerve injury. However, there is a lack of consensus on its effects as well as its association. Objective: Evaluate the influence of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) associated with neural mobilization (NM) on nerve regeneration of female Wistar rats subjected to sciatic compression. Methods: Twenty four Wistar rats were divided into: G1 (Placebo), G2 (NM), G3 (LLLT) and G4 (NM+LLLT), all animals were subject to compression of the right sciatic nerve. The treatment occurred on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 12th and 14th postoperative day (PO). On the 17th PO the animals were euthanized. Histological and morphometric analysis of the right (compression) and the left (control) sciatic nerve were performed. Results: In the morphometric analysis no significant differences between groups, but differences among sides were found. Histological analysis revealed the presence of inflammatory infiltrate and disruption of nerve fibers in the right sciatic nerves. Conclusion: Both techniques used (LLLT and neural mobilization), isolated and associated, on the parameters proposed, were not effective to accelerate the process of nerve regeneration.

This study evaluated the impact of feeding regimes on process performance and inactivation of microorganisms during treatment of aquaculture waste with black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. In three treatments (T1–T3), a blend of reclaimed bread and aquaculture waste was used as substrate for BSF larvae. In T1, the substrate was inoculated with four subtypes of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli (both at 1% w/w), and offered only once, at the beginning of the 14-day trial. In T2 and T3, the substrate was supplied on three different days, with contaminated substrate provided only the first event in T2 and in all three events in T3. Provision of a lump sum feeding (T1) proved unfavorable for larval growth and process efficiency, but did not affect the microbial reduction effect. The total reduction in Salmonella spp. was approximately 6 log10 in T1 and T2, and 3.3 log10 in T3, while the total reduction in E. coli was approximately 4 log10 in T1 and T2, and 1.9 log10 in T3. After removing the larvae, the treatment residues were re-inoculated with Salmonella spp. and E. coli. It was found that the inactivation in both organisms continued in all treatments that originally contained BSF larvae (T1–T3), suggesting that antimicrobial substances may have been secreted by BSF larvae or by its associated microbiota.

Este estudo trata sobre o direito ao atendimento escolar em ambiente hospitalar e domiciliar, para educandos impossibilitados de frequentar a escola regular por motivo de tratamento de saúde, a partir da legislação vigente. O objetivo é analisar os principais documentos que normatizam o atendimento escolar hospitalar e domiciliar no Brasil, a partir dos conceitos que estabelecem o direito à educação básica e obrigatória. Embora se trate de uma área de conhecimento já fortalecida, se faz necessário refletir sobre as implicações das políticas educacionais para a garantia, ou não, de acesso à escola para esta demanda social. A metodologia fundamenta-se em uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica para estabelecer as bases legais e conceituais necessárias para analisar o tema. As análises dos resultados assinalam para a importância das ações voltadas à garantia da continuidade do processo de escolarização realizado em ambiente hospitalar e domiciliar, pois se entende que a condição do internamento não pode se caracterizar como proibitivo do acesso à educação, que é direito fundamental e constitucional na perspectiva da inclusão educacional. Palavras-chave: Atendimento Escolar Hospitalar; Direitos Humanos e Cidadania; Direito à Educação.

It was our objective to analyse the effects of resistance exercise (climbing steps), which was started in the acute phase, on the histomorphometry and the expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) in the soleus muscle after sciatic nerve injury in Wistar rats. Twenty-four adult rats were randomly divided into the following four groups, containing six animals each: control (G1); exercise (G2); injury (G3); and exercise with injury (G4). Three days after the compression of the sciatic nerve, the animals in G2 and G4 were submitted to resistance exercise for 21 non-consecutives days. The exercise was conducted in two series of 10 consecutive ascents of the ladder, with an additional weight of 100g and with an interval of 60 seconds between sets for rest. After this period, the animals were sacrificed, and the soleus muscle was processed. The number of blood capillaries in G3 was 65.7% and 76.86% higher when compared with the G2 and G4, respectively. The morphological analysis revealed muscle damage in G3, hypertrophy in G2 and significant improvement in the muscle in G4. The AQP1 was immunolocalized in the endothelium of blood capillaries present in the muscle fibres, with different expressions in the groups. Resistance exercise initiated in the acute phase was an effective therapeutic modality in the recovery of morphological aspects in the soleus muscle after denervation.

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the effects of whole-body vibration in the sciatic nerve of oophorectomized Wistar rats, on nociceptive and morphological parameters, such as fiber, axon, and myelin sheath diameters, G ratio, number of nerve fiber and nuclei of Schwann cells, and percentage of connective tissue. Method: Sixty-four rats were used in the groups sham-operate and oophorectomy (n = 32/group); after surgical procedures, each group was subdivided into four: euthanized in the 12th week, untreated and treated for four weeks; and euthanized in the 16th week, untreated and treated for eight weeks. The treatment with vibration was performed with a 60 Hz frequencies, for 10 minutes, three days a week, with duration of 4 or 8 weeks. Nociception was evaluated later, in the right paw, by means of a digital analgesimeter, prior to surgery, at the beginning and at the end of the protocol. After the trial period, the sciatic nerve was dissected for examination of the general morphology of the tissue and morphometric analysis; later, the animals were euthanized. Results: Regarding nociception and the morphometry of the sciatic nerve, independent of oophorectomy and treatment time, there was no statistically significant difference within and between groups. Also, the general morphology of the tissue in all groups had characteristics that were preserved. Conclusion: The mechanical vibration did not alter the nociceptive threshold and the morphological aspects of nerve fibers in oophorectomized Wistar rats.

RESUMO Ligamentos adaptam-se de acordo com a intensidade da atividade física e carga mecânica a que são submetidos. Na última década, na área da fisioterapia neurofuncional infantil, têm surgido métodos e protocolos que possuem em comum o termo suit para caracterizar a existência de vestimentas com bandas elásticas ajustáveis e a possibilidade da aplicação de carga sobre o esqueleto humano. Visto que a carga mecânica pode produzir alterações fibrocartilaginosas sobre os ligamentos e que não foram encontrados estudos avaliando o efeito da terapia suit sobre os ligamentos da coluna, justificam-se pesquisas com métodos experimentais de carga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as espessuras e morfologia dos ligamentos longitudinais da coluna de ratos Wistar quando submetidos à carga mecânica por compressão vertebral. Trinta animais foram separados em cinco grupos (G1 - controle; G2 - simulação do uso de suit; G3, G4 e G5 - manutenção da vestimenta). Ao modelo experimental do suit, em G4 e G5, foram adaptados pesos ou elásticos dispostos em "X" para sobrecarga vertebral de 50% do peso do animal, que permaneceram com a vestimenta por 40 horas ao longo de 4 semanas de experimento, 5 dias por semana. Não houve diferenças significativas para a espessura, assim como não foram observadas mudanças morfológicas nos ligamentos longitudinais. Conclui-se que não houve alterações nos ligamentos longitudinais da coluna em animais submetidos ao modelo experimental de suit terapia.

The bordeaux mixture is used as a natural agricultural fungicide, and its application in sericulture can benefit the production of silkworm cocoons, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). The aim of this study was to verify whether the bordeaux mixture exerts a protective effect in B. mori against fungal and viral diseases. This experiment was performed during two seasons, autumn and spring, in which 7,500 caterpillars were used at the beginning of the third instar and divided into five groups, with three repetitions of 500 individuals each. In the three groups, the caterpillars were fed leaves of Mulberry (Morus spp.) that were enriched with an aqueous bordeaux mixture solution at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20%. One group was fed exclusively mulberry leaves (control), and another was fed leaves that were moistened with water. Fungal contamination was evaluated in the integumentary surface of the insect and the mulberry leaves in the bed of creation by checking the number of colony-forming units (CFU). In the analysis of viral contamination, 20 caterpillars from each group at the beginning of the fifth instar were inoculated with 10 ?l of a suspension of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). Daily, from the second to the ninth day after inoculation (dai), two caterpillars of each group were anesthetized and formalin-fixed 7% for microscopic processing and viral cytopathology analysis. A completely randomized design was used, and the CFU were compared by Tukey test with 5% significance. The results showed a decrease of 55.1% in CFU present on the mulberry leaves in the fall, when the 5% bordeaux mixture solution was used. There was no significant difference between the groups based on the bordeaux mixture in this period. During the same period, reductions of CFU of 28.5, 74.9 and 74.4% were verified in the integument of B. mori when bordeaux mixture solutions of 5, 10 and 20% were used, respectively, compared with the data that were obtained in the control group. In the spring, no difference was observed between the groups that received bordeaux mixture solution and the control. In the case of BmNPV, the 10% bordeaux mixture solution promoted greater resistance to viral infection, possibly favoring the activation of defense mechanisms of insects. Therefore, we recommend the use of a 10% bordeaux mixture solution in mulberry leaves to control fungal and viral diseases in silkworm rearing.

Abstract AIMS Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) is a new and promising technique for tissue repair, however, there is still a gap about its action on peripheral nerve injury, as well as its association with physical exercise. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the PRF associated with physical exercise in a model of median nerve compression. METHODS 42 rats, divided into: Control, non-injured limb, and other six groups with nerve lesion (Control lesion; Treated with PRF; Treadmill walking; Free swimming; PRF and treadmill; PRF and swimming). The lesion model was performed with median nerve compression. To obtain the PRF, 1.5 mL of blood was centrifuged and the fibrin clot positioned directly over the compression region. The exercise protocols were performed during 2 weeks. The evaluations performed were grip strength tests and histologic analysis. RESULTS both, grip strength and histomorphometric evaluations (fiber numbers and axon density) did not present significant differences between the treated and lesion groups, however, in the morphological evaluation it was possible to distinguish characteristics of the repair process for the treated groups. CONCLUSION a slight qualitative improvement was observed for the treated groups, especially when it was associated PRF with free swimming.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da imobilização e analisar a influência da remobilização livre ou por associação de exercícios terapêuticos em meio aquático, sobre a morfologia da articulação do joelho. Foram utilizados 18 ratos Wistar que tiveram seu membro posterior direito imobilizado em extensão completa do joelho por 15 dias e que foram divididos igualmente em três grupos: G1 não sofreu nenhuma intervenção; G2 foi submetido à remobilização livre; e G3 teve remobilização por exercícios (natação e salto) em meio aquático por 14 dias. As articulações do joelho, direitas e esquerdas, foram coletadas e incluídas em parafina para análise morfológica. A imobilização e remobilização alteraram a espessura da cartilagem articular e o número de condrócitos. A cartilagem articular e a membrana sinovial sofreram mudanças degenerativas devido ao desuso articular na imobilização e estas mudanças foram progressivamente revertidas pela remobilização em meio aquático. A combinação de natação e salto em meio aquático se mostraram uma alternativa eficiente de remobilização articular, podendo ser utilizada como exercício em programa de reabilitação fisioterapêutica.

Este estudo analisa a utilização da Escala Likert na pesquisa Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). O tema justifica-se pelo uso recorrente da estatística nas pesquisas educacionais, especialmente, aquelas que permitem estudos comparados internacionais. O objetivo é avaliar análises apresentadas no relatório TALIS (OCDE, 2009) e verificar as perspectivas do uso da Escala Likert em estudos que utilizam os resultados desta pesquisa. Metodologicamente, partiu-se dos fundamentos estatísticos e procedimentos técnicos relacionados à escala, com base em Reis (1997), Garland (1991) e Oliveira (2001), entre outros, para examinar algumas questões aplicadas aos professores que utilizam a escala Likert de quatro pontos. No caso, Garland (1991) adverte que esta opção pode reforçar uma tendência e compelir os respondentes a marcarem a opção considerada mais adequada. Entre os resultados foram identificados problemas na formulação das questões aplicadas e nas análises presentes no relatório, que prejudicam a avaliação dos temas investigados na pesquisa TALIS.

Este artigo tem como objetivo problematizar o processo de constituição dos discursos que nomeiam e constituem determinadas crianças e/ou adolescentes no Brasil como vulneráveis sociais. Utilizou-se de uma fundamentação teórica pautada nas formulações de Michel Foucault, assim como se assumiu, enquanto investimento metodológico, operar com algumas ferramentas da genealogia foucaultiana. Adotou-se como corpus de análise as constituições brasileiras, documentos infraconstitucionais e as legislações relacionados ao campo da Assistência Social. Dessa maneira, buscou-se compreender a trajetória de produção do discurso da vulnerabilidade social, enfatizando a própria constituição da referida terminologia, que foi percorrendo caminhos que vão desde o vínculo com a questão do direito internacional, penetrando na área da saúde e da temática da Aids/HIV, até adentrar as vias das condições socioeconômicas. Enfim, ao identificar, categorizar e atribuir uma nomeação de vulnerabilidade social a determinados indivíduos produzem-se esses sujeitos e uma população a ser conhecida, controlada, gerida e gerenciada.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo problematizar el estatuto de verdad asumido por el deporte en Brasil, que lo produce como un derecho, garantizado por el Estado a todo y cualquier ciudadano. En términos de inversión metodológica, fueron accionadas algunas herramientas de la genealogía foucaultiana, absolutamente imbricada con la arqueología, adoptando, como corpus de análisis, las leyes y decretos que fueron implementados a partir de la Constitución de 1988. Al finalizar este trabajo, se evidenciaron enunciados diversos, componiendo, así, un régimen de verdad que busca producir el deporte como un derecho naturalmente aceptado y siempre presente en la vida de todo y cualquier brasileño.

From the current context of economic globalization, this article presents the possibilities of the Program for International Student Assessment ((PISA) and of the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that purport to guide national policies and promote international comparison. The objective is to point out problems, trends and demands for further research, based on reports released by OECD. For that purpose, documents published by OECD were analyzed, confronting theoretical studies on educational data available for comparison and policies, focusing on Brazil, Spain and Mexico, which are major contributors of a broader international project on the subject. The authors did not intend to provide conclusive results, but rise alert on the limits of this kind of international assessment programs.

La realización del presente proyecto tiene la finalidad de dar a conocer y describir los elementos característicos de los "Movimientos sociales y comunidad sorda mexicana: Los invisibles pueden ser visibles". Permite ahondar en el tema sobre la comunidad sorda que lleva a la reflexión de la acción social, aporta un criterio sobre las formas de gobierno en el país en cuestión y sobre las sociedades que lo transforman, ya sea de manera positiva o negativa.

Abstract Aim to determine the effects of sciatic compression and treatment with resistance exercise on the morphology of the ankle joint of Wistar rats. Methods 32 male rats, aged 10 ± 1 week, weighing 376±22 grams were divided into the following four groups (n=8/group): CG (control), LG (lesion), EG (exercise) and LEG (lesion and exercise). Three days after sciatic compression, the animals in the EG and LEG were submitted to resistance exercise by climbing stairs (five days/week) for three weeks and a load of 100 grams was added. The exercise was carried out in two sets of ten consecutive ascents of the steps. The ankle joint tissues were analyzed for their morphometry and morphology using light microscopy. Results Regarding the number of chondrocytes, the LG and EG had more cells in the anterior articular cartilage in the tibia (62 and 43%) and in the talus (57 and 45%) when compared to the CG. In the LEG there was a 25% and 26% reduction of chondrocytes in the anterior cartilage in the tibia and talus when compared to the LG. Changes were observed in the tibia and talus in the LG, with the presence of flocculation, invagination of the subchondral bone, discontinuity of tidemark and pannus covering the subchondral bone in the talus, as well as changes in the synovial membrane. These alterations were minimized in the articular cartilage and synovial membrane in the LEG. Conclusions exercise restores the tissue morphology of ankle joint in Wistar rats after sciatic compression.

Alphabaculovirus is a genus of the entomopathogenic virus, whose species Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infects the silkworm, Bombyx mori, which is an important insect in the sericulture industry. A geographic isolate of BmNPV was identified in the state of Paraná, Brazil. It was infecting B. mori larvae and various organs and target tissues were identified, however, there was no information about the infection of Malpighian tubules (MT). The MT comprises the excretory system of B. mori and acts in the elimination of toxic substances and in hydroelectrolytic homeostasis. Thus, the present study examined the susceptibility and cytopathology of B. mori MT to BmNPV. To this end, hybrid fifth instar larvae were inoculated with a virus suspension at different days post-inoculation (dpi). MT segments were collected and divided into the ampullae, proximal, medial and distal regions. These were processed for light microscopy and transmission electron analysis. The MT regions revealed differences in susceptibility to BmNPV and the ampullae in its transition area was infected from the sixth dpi; the other regions did not reveal any evidence of infection. The transition area of the ampullae has not been previously described in Lepidoptera and its cytopathology revealed a hypertrophic nucleus with viroplasm, followed by the formation and development of viral polyhedra, which are common characteristics of infections by Alphabaculovirus. Thus, infection of the ampullae of the MT of B. mori by BmNPV, together with other known targets, compromises the metabolic balance of the insect, which results in consequences for silk production and damage to the sericulture sector.

Este artículo pretende analizar los supuestos epistemológicos en los que se fundamenta el Informe TALIS, realizado por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), en el año 2009. La investigación que dio lugar al Informe, fue efectuada en países miembros de la OCDE y países invitados, teniendo como foco el análisis de las condiciones de trabajo docente, su formación, problemas, creencias y actitudes, entre otros factores relacionados con la docencia. Desde las preguntas formuladas al profesorado, así como del examen presentado en el informe sobre los datos obtenidos y del análisis teóricos de estos, tenemos la intención de identificar el tipo ideal de profesorado y de alumnado a formar que subyace a la encuesta, interpretando las expectativas de la OCDE, las cuales influyen en las políticas educativas nacionales. La reflexión apunta a una tendencia subjetivista, basada en el constructivismo, en el utilitarismo y en la comprensión fenoménica de la realidad, destacando la responsabilidad imputada al profesorado por el rumbo de la educación.

Employing C. Wright Mills’ concept of vocabulary of motives, this article examines the motives and attitudes of people who volunteer to foster children with high support needs. Data is drawn from a larger qualitative study involving indepth interviewing of 23 carers. When asked why they had become foster carers participants produced conventional accounts of child-centred altruistic motives–an acceptable vocabulary of motives which satisfied institutional and cultural expectations regarding caregiving. However, closer examination of participants’ experiences and attitudes revealed the likelihood that economic motives were also factors in decisions to foster. It is argued that participants chose to exclude economic motives from their accounts so as to avoid the risk of being seen to be ‘doing it for the money’.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a corrente de alta voltagem sobre o trofismo de sóleos de ratos com compressão de nervo isquiático. Dezoito ratos distribuídos em: GS - compressão nervosa e simulacro; GP+ - compressão e tratado com corrente anódica; GP- - compressão e catódica. Ao final, os sóleos foram dissecados e pesados em balança analítica. Em seguida foram montadas lâminas de cortes transversais, observadas em microscópio óptico de luz comum e digitalizadas, para análise do menor diâmetro de 100 fibras por músculo. RESULTADOS: todos os grupos apresentaram menor trofismo pelas duas formas de avaliação (p0,05). CONCLUSÃO: a corrente de alta voltagem não inibiu a hipotrofia em sóleos submetidos à compressão nervosa.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la corriente de alto voltaje en el tropismo del sóleo de ratas con la compresión del nervio ciático. Dieciocho ratas se dividieron en: GS - compresión del nervio y la falsa; GP+ - compresión y tratados con corriente anódica; GP- - compresión y el cátodo. Por último, fueron los sóleos disecados y pesados ​​en una balanza analítica. Luego diapositivas de secciones transversales fueron montadas para la observación al microscopio de luz común y digitalizadas para el análisis de menor diámetro de 100 fibras por músculo. RESULTADOS: Todos los grupos mostraron menor tropismo, las dos formas de evaluación (p 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: La corriente de alto voltaje no inhibe la atrofia en el músculo sóleo se sometieron a la compresión del nervio.AIM: to evaluate the high voltage current on the tropism of rats soleus with sciatic nerve compression. Eighteen rats were divided into: GS - nerve compression and sham; GP + - compression and treated with anodic current; GP - compression and cathode. Finally, the soleus were dissected and weighed on an analytical balance. Then slides were mounted cross sections observed in light microscope and digitized for analysis of smaller diameter of 100 fibers per muscle. RESULTS: All groups showed lower tropism, the two forms of assessment (p 0.05). CONCLUSION: The high voltage current did not inhibit atrophy in soleus underwent nerve compression.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um produto cárneo para ser utilizado como recheio ou acompanhamento de refeições a partir de resíduos da filetagem de tilápia. Os resíduos (carcaça) da filetagem de tilápia-do-Nilo foram compostos de espinhaça da coluna vertebral, sem cabeça, sem pele e sem vísceras, e foram fornecidos pelo frigorífico Brazilian Fish, localizado na cidade de Santa Fé do Sul – SP. Após lavagem em água e retirada do excesso de gordura, os resíduos foram passados em desossadora mecânica Brusinox® que utiliza o sistema de cinto-cilindro para a separação da carne. As carcaças foram pressionadas por um cinto de borracha contra um cilindro perfurado, obtendo-se a CMS. A matéria prima CMS (90%) e aparas do corte em “v” (10%) foram homogeneizadas e acrescidas de 0,2% de antioxidantes naturais (orégano, alecrim, sálvia ou moringa), foi utilizado o antioxidante sintético propil galato a 0,01% e uma parte foi elaborada sem antioxidante, para controle e armazenada por 120 dias a -18°C. O produto cárneo foi elaborado com a matéria-prima armazenada por 5 e 120 dias. Periodicamente, a cada 30 dias, foram avaliados parâmetros físicos e químicos, e os microbiológicos e sensoriais para o produto cárneo. Os diferentes antioxidantes (orégano, alecrim, sálvia, moringa, propil galato), influenciaram o índice de oxidação lipídica e os valores de pH durante o período de armazenamento da CMS + corte em “v”. Os valores de pH ficaram compreendidos entre 6,17 e 6,55 e os valores iniciais de malonaldeído foram semelhantes no início (5 dias) e a matéria-prima com orégano apresentou aos 60 dias a menor oxidação (0,158 mg de MDA.kg-1), a qual foi acompanhada pela que continha sálvia (0,186 mg de MDA.kg-1). A maior oxidação, neste período, foi verifi- cada para a CMS sem antioxidante, e o alecrim e moringa foram os antioxidantes naturais menos efetivos. Aos 120 dias, a matéria-prima menos oxidada foi a que continha sálvia. Os valores das Bases Nitrogenadas Voláteis Totais (BNVT) de 11,41 a 12,35 mgN.100g-1, não foram alterados. Os ingredientes utilizados nas formulações dos recheios não influenciaram os parâmetros analisados. No produto cárneo não foi detectada presença de Salmonella e os resultados para estafilococos coagulase positiva ficaram dentro dos padrões legais Pelas análises sensoriais, as formulações com orégano e propil galato foram as que mais agradaram os provadores. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de se elaborar recheios com CMS de tilápia + corte em “v” como uma alternativa para o consumo de alimentos a base de pescado e a sálvia é o antioxidante natural mais eficiente para retardar as reações de oxidação.

Background. To investigate the climb stairs resistance exercise on nociception and axonal regeneration in the sciatic nerve of rats. Methods. 24 Wistar rats were divided: control group (CG—no injury), exercise group (EG—no injury with physical exercise), lesion group (LG—injury, but without exercise), and treated group (LEG—injury and physical exercise). LG and LEG were subjected to sciatic nerve compression with hemostat. From the 3rd day after injury began treatment with exercise, and after 22 days occurs the removal of a nerve fragment for morphological analysis. Results. Regarding allodynia, CG obtained values less than EG (p=0.012) and larger than LG and LEG (p

A funcionalização dos institutos jurídicos mostra-se de fundamental importância na metodologia do direito civil constitucional. A partir dessa concepção, a família compreende-se como locus instrumental ao desenvolvimento da personalidade de cada um de seus membros. Denominase, por essa razão, família-instrumento. Por conseguinte, necessária a reflexão acerca da pluralidade das entidades familiares, na medida em que a Constituição da República admite o pluralismo como valor a ser promovido, mas algumas formações sociais ainda enfrentam óbice quanto à qualificação como família.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the process of biodigestion of the protein concentrate resulting from the ultrafiltration of the effluent from a slaughterhouse freezer of Nile tilapia. Bench digesters were used with excrements and water (control) in comparison with a mixture of cattle manure and effluent from the stages of filleting and bleeding of tilapias. The effluent obtained in the continuous process (bleeding + filleting) was the one with highest accumulated population from the 37th day, as well as greatest daily production. Gases composition did not differ between the protein concentrates, but the gas obtained with the use of the effluent from the filleting stage presented highest methane gas average (78.05%) in comparison with those obtained in the bleeding stage (69.95%) and in the continuous process (70.02%) or by the control method (68.59%).

Los estudios comparativos han sido el objetivo de los gobiernos y de las organizaciones multilaterales, adquiriendo cada vez más relieve en el actual proceso de globalización. En la evaluación de las políticas, especialmente las educativas, la comparación se utiliza para delimitar los parámetros de calidad y los modelos de eficiencia. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un estudio de las políticas en materia de formación y desarrollo profesional para profesores de enseñanza secundaria de España y Brasil, con las categorías de análisis de la descentralización, la financiación, la evaluación y cambios del perfil del profesor, bajo la influencia de los procesos de globalización y reforma del Estado en la educación, con el fin de identificar las tendencias en curso.Comparative studies have been widely used by governments and multilateral organizations and have been getting increasingly attention in the current process of globalization.In the evaluation of policies, especially the educational ones, the comparison is used to demarcate the parameters ofquality and models of efficiency. This article aims to present a study of professional formation policies and professional development of secondary teachers from Spain and Brazil.The categories of analysis used in this study are decentralization, financing, evaluation and the changes in the teachers’profiles as a result of the influence of the globalization processes and there formin education lead by the State, in order to identify ongoing trends.

The objective of this study was to determine the quality and composition of fatty acid in the lipid fraction of silages obtained from the residue of tilapia processing. Stratification of the lipid layer of the silages occurred at different times among the two types of silage (acid and fermented) and the greatest volume of oil was observed in acid silage (8.67% p/p). Although acid silage was more oxidized, it showed lower contents of free fatty acids probably because the degree of hydrolysis of its components is lower than that of fermented silage. Fatty acid composition did not differ among processes inasmuch as level of ϖ-3 was slightly higher in fermented silage. According to the degree of saturation, monounsaturated fatty acids stood out as the predominant category in acid and fermented silages with values of 39.69% and 33.39%, respectively. The use of antioxidants in the silage is needed because the process of production is carried out at temperatures higher than room temperature. The oil in the silages has excellent nutritional value and contains fatty acids essential for animal feeding.O objetivo neste estudo foi determinar a qualidade e a composição em ácidos graxos da fração lipídica de silagens de resíduos do processamento de tilápias. A estratificação da camada lipídica das silagens foi realizada em tempos diferentes entre os dois tipos de silagem (ácida e fermentada) e o maior volume de óleo foi observado na silagem ácida (8,67% p/p). A silagem ácida apresentou-se mais oxidada, embora com menores teores de ácidos graxos livres, provavelmente porque o grau de hidrólise dos seus componentes é inferior ao da silagem fermentada. A composição em ácidos graxos não diferiu entre os processos, uma vez que o teor de ϖ-3 foi um pouco maior na silagem fermentada. De acordo com o grau de saturação, os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados destacaram-se como a categoria predominante nas silagens ácida e fermentada, com valores de 39,69 e 33,39%, respectivamente. É necessário o uso de antioxidantes na ensilagem, uma vez que esse processo de produção é conduzido a temperaturas superiores à ambiente. O óleo das silagens tem excelente valor nutricional e contém os ácidos graxos essenciais à alimentação animal.

The effects of hot (45-90ºC/5 hours) and cold (27-45ºC/10 hours) smoking processes on the organoleptic properties, yield and composition of matrinxa (Brycon cephalus) fillets are evaluated. No significant differences were observed for fillet yield in both non-smoked and smoked fillets. Smoking process losses were significantly higher for hot smoked (19.37%) when compared to cold smoked (17.08%). Smoking process reduced moisture (in natura = 72.91%, for hot = 58.51% and cold = 59.68%) and increased crude protein, lipid and ash contents. However, there was a significant difference only for protein level between hot smoked (28.07%) and cold smoked (27.14%). Cold smoked process resulted in better fillet appearance and color, while hot smoked presented superior flavor, salt content and general acceptance. Aroma and texture did not differ significantly among processes. Therefore, hot smoking process shows the best results for organoleptic properties and protein levels.Foi avaliado o efeito do processo de defumação a quente (45-90ºC/5 horas) e a frio (27-45ºC/10 horas) nas propriedades organolépticas, no rendimento e na composição dos filés de matrinxã (Brycon cephalus). Não houve diferença significativa no rendimento de filés defumados e não-defumados. As perdas no processo de defumação foram significativamente maiores para defumação a quente (19,37%) em comparação à defumação a frio (17,08%). O processo de defumação reduziu a umidade (in natura = 72,91%; defumado a quente = 58,51%; e defumado a frio = 59,68%) e aumentou os teores de proteína bruta, lipídios e cinzas. Houve diferença significativa somente nos teores de proteína no defumado a quente (28,07%) e defumado a frio (27,14%). O processo a frio resultou em melhor aparência e cor de filé, enquanto o processo a quente melhorou o sabor, o teor de sal e a aparência geral. O aroma e a textura não diferiram significativamente entre os processos. O processo de defumação a quente melhora as propriedades organolépticas e os níveis de proteína do filé de matrinxã.

O presente trabalho analisa as políticas educacionais em curso na América Latina, a partir das reformas educacionais, decorrentes, em parte, do recente processo de globalização. Perante esta nova conjuntura, destaca-se a influência dos organismos multilaterais, os quais exercem um duplo papel: de um lado, estabelecer metas no campo político e econômico e, de outro, oferecer linhas de financiamento. A investigação das políticas de financiamento e de acesso à educação, a partir dos dados fornecidos pela UNESCO, BIRD e BID; bem como a situação do processo de descentralização da gestão educacional e a melhoria dos níveis de qualidade da educação, balizados pela Conferência Mundial de Educação para Todos em Jomtien (1990) e ratificados em Dacar (2000), apresentam-se como focos de análise do presente artigo. Para tanto, realiza-se um estudo comparado entre os países da América Latina, no intuito de analisar os efeitos dos acordos e das orientações de organismos internacionais, levando em consideração o movimento global em direção a uma homogeneização, sem, qualquer pretensão de caráter classificatório ou de propor soluções para resolver os problemas enfrentados, mas, tão somente, indicar tendências em curso.

Three different regions of the alpha s1-casein gene (CSN1S1) were investigated to determine the frequencies of major alleles for null, low, intermediate and high milk protein expression in a herd of dairy goats raised in the southeastern region of Brazil. Genomic DNA samples were obtained from leukocytes of 145 dairy goats and regions of interest in the gene were amplified through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), then evaluated in both agarose (O and E allele) and polyacrylamide gels (F allele). For better characterization of the F allele, a PCR-RFLP (PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) study was performed employing the endonuclease XmnI. The allelic frequencies in the herd of 62 Saanen goats studied were: CSN1S1E = 0.35; CSN1S1F = 0.30; CSN1S1O1 = 0.02; CSN1S1A+B+C = 0.30, other alleles = 0.03. In another group of 83 Alpine animals, the frequencies were: CSN1S1E = 0.48; CSN1S1F = 0.28; CSN1S1O1 = 0.01; CSN1S1A+B+C = 0.20, other alleles = 0.03. In the region of exon 9 and intron downstream, where mutations that characterize the F allele occur, it was verified that different intragenic haplotypes may exist, involving the deletion of the 23rd nucleotide in the ninth exon in addition to the insertion of 11bp on intron. These haplotypes may be used to make direct association with other alleles. Although rare, a higher number of combinations were found in this work by evaluating in conjunction the region of the insertion of 3bp in the referred intron, which may allow a higher number of associations. A complete characterization of these combinations will allow elaborating simplified protocols to identify animals concerning the alleles of CSN1S1 gene in goats.Foram investigadas três regiões do gene da alpha s1-caseína (CSN1S1) para determinar as frequências dos principais alelos para nula, baixa, média e alta expressão desta proteína no leite em um rebanho de cabras leiteiras na Região Sudeste do Brasil. O DNA genômico foi isolado a partir de amostras de leucócitos provenientes de 145 cabras leiteiras e as regiões de interesse no gene foram amplificadas pela técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e avaliadas posteriormente em gel de agarose (alelos O e E) e gel de poliacrilamida (alelo F). Para melhor caracterização do alelo F, após a PCR, também foi verificado o polimorfismo no comprimento dos fragmentos de restrição (PCR-RFLP) utilizando-se a endonuclease XmnI. No rebanho analisado, foram encontradas as seguintes frequências alélicas em 62 animais da raça Saanen: CSN1S1E = 0.35; CSN1S1F = 0.30; CSN1S1O1 = 0.02; CSN1S1A+B+C = 0.30; outros alelos = 0.03. Em outro grupo de 83 animais da raça Alpina, as frequências foram: CSN1S1E = 0.48; CSN1S1F = 0.28; CSN1S1O1 = 0.01; CSN1S1A+B+C = 0.20; outros alelos = 0.03. Na região do exon e intron 9, onde ocorrem as mutações que caracterizam o alelo F, podem existir diferentes haplótipos intragênicos, envolvendo a deleção do 23º nucleotídeo do exon 9, e a inserção de 11pb no intron subsequente. Esses haplótipos podem ser utilizados para associação direta a outros alelos. Embora raro, neste trabalho foi encontrado maior número de combinações ao se avaliar, juntamente com as outras duas mutações, a região da inserção de 3pb no mesmo intron, o que pode permitir maior número de associações. A completa caracterização dessas combinações permitirá elaborar protocolos mais simplificados para a identificação de animais quanto aos demais alelos do gene CSN1S1 em caprinos leiteiros.

RACIONAL: A doença de Crohn é uma doença inflamatória intestinal que pode estar associada a várias complicações e manifestações que são secundárias ao processo inflamatório de base. Em aproximadamente 30% dos pacientes têm sido encontradas manifestações extra-intestinais. A nefrolitíase é uma delas e a formação de cálculos é mais comum nestes pacientes do que na população em geral, principalmente cálculos de oxalato de cálcio. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os fatores metabólicos urinários potencialmente envolvidos na formação de cálculos renais em pacientes com doença de Crohn. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 29 pacientes com doença de Crohn atendidos no Ambulatório de Doenças Inflamatórias do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2004. A avaliação metabólica incluiu medidas séricas e urinárias de substâncias relacionadas à litíase renal, ultra-sonografia de rins e vias urinárias e cálculo da supersaturação urinária para o oxalato de cálcio, ácido úrico e fosfato de cálcio. RESULTADOS: Dos 29 pacientes avaliados, 65,5% eram do sexo feminino e 34,5% do masculino. As principais alterações metabólicas urinárias encontradas foram 72,41% de hipocitratúria, 41,4% de hipomagnesiúria, 13,6% de hiperoxalúria e 17,24% de baixo volume urinário. Foram encontrados cálculos renais em 13 pacientes (44,8%). Os pacientes submetidos a cirurgia intestinal, com ressecção ileal, apresentaram alterações na saturação urinária de oxalato e fosfato. Para a comparação das médias, utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney e para determinar a associação entre as variáveis foi utilizado o teste do Qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher com um nível de significância de 5%. CONCLUSÃO: A freqüência de pacientes com cálculos renais foi maior que a encontrada na população geral e acima do descrito em trabalhos similares. As alterações encontradas como hipocitratúria e a hipomagnesiúria, que representam fatores de risco reconhecido para a formação de cálculos, devem ter participação ativa nestes resultados. O impacto dessas alterações, medido pela saturação urinária elevada de oxalato e fosfato de cálcio, representa uma das maneiras de se demonstrar como estes fatores predispõem à nucleação de cristais e, conseqüentemente, à formação de cálculos nas vias urinárias.BACKGROUND: Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease associated with a wide variety of complications and manifestations secondary to the effects of underlie inflammatory process. In about 30% of the patients with Crohn’s disease can be found extra-intestinals symptoms. Nephrolithiasis is one of them and the appearance of kidney stones, mainly of oxalate of calcium, is more common in these patients than in general population. AIM: To evaluate urinary metabolic factors potentially involved in renal stones formation on patients with Crohn’s disease. METHODS: We evaluated 29 patients with Crohn’s disease followed in the Outpatient Bowel Inflammatory Disease Clinics of State University Hospital, Londrina, PR, Brazil, from January to December of 2004. The metabolic evaluation included measured of blood and urine substances related to renal stones formation, kidneys, ureters and bladder ultrassonography and calculation of urinary supersaturation for calcium oxalate, uric acid and calcium phosphate. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of the evaluated patients were female or 65.5% and 34.5% were males. Among the metabolic urinary studied, we identified the following potential disturbances associated with nephrolithiasis: hypocitraturia in 21 patients (72.4%), hypomagnesuria in 12 (41.4%), hyperoxaluria in 4 (13.6%) and urinary volume low in 5 (17.2%). Renal stones were identified in 13 patients (44.8%). Oxalate urinary excretion was higher in patients submitted to bowel surgery and also in patients with ileum resection. The urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate and brushita in patients with bowels surgery was higher than the other patients not submitted to any surgery. Data to compare patients who underwent to surgery or not were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test (U test), and Qui-square test or the accurate test of Fisher have been used to determine variables association. For all tests 5% of significance level was considered. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the frequency of renal stones in patients suffering from Crohn’s disease is higher than in general population and, also, higher than that described elsewhere for this disease. We identified hypocitraturia and hypomagnesiuria as the main factors which could explain our data. The impact of these metabolic disturbances can be also evaluated by means of the high supersaturation obtained for calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate which suggests the way those factors could be influencing crystal nucleation and, consequently, lead to renal stones formation in this group of patients.