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Simple Summary: Fat ingredients used in piglet formulas differ from sow milk fats in fatty acid compositions and triacylglycerol (TAG) species, and therefore may be less optimal for piglet growth. It is necessary to well-define fat characteristics (including fatty acid distributions and triacylglycerol species) of sow milk in a sufficient number of samples, as well as lipid profiles of piglet formulas. Total fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid compositions, and triacylglycerol species in sow colostrum, sow milk, and piglet formulas were analyzed in the present study. Colostrum, milk, and piglet formula samples were notably distinguished into three groups based on their fatty acids and triacylglycerols, among which triacylglycerols were the most differentiated index. The results are beneficial for providing inspirations for production of sow milk fat equivalents. Total fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid compositions, and triacylglycerol (TAG) species in 130 sow colostrum, 100 sow milk, and 22 piglet formula samples were analyzed in the present study. Significant differences were found in concentrations of medium chain-saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) and distributions of palmitic acid (P) and oleic (O)/linoleic (L) acid. The levels of MC-SFAs in sow colostrum and sow milk fats (2.4–3.1%) were significantly lower than those in piglet formulas (7.9–27.2%). Approximately 63% of palmitic acid was located at the sn-2 position in both sow colostrum and milk fats, which was significantly higher than in piglet formula fats (21.1–39.1%). Correspondingly, only 17.8–28.3% of oleic and linoleic acids were at the sn-2 position in sow milk fats, contributing to their typical triacylglycerol structure in sow colostrum and milk, whose palmitic acid connected to the sn-2 position and unsaturated fatty acids located at the sn-1,3 positions. Sow colostrum, milk, and piglet formulas were notably distinguished into three groups based on their fatty acids and TAGs, among which triacylglycerols were the most differentiated index. A total of 51 TAG species (including their isomers) differed significantly between sow colostrum and milk and piglet formulas. OPL and OPO were the most important differentiating TAGs. The large amount of sn-2 esterified palmitic acid plays a key role in improving the absorption of fat and calcium. The results provide suggestions for design of sow milk fat equivalents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sow milk fats not only provide energy but also essential nutrients for piglets. Thus, feeding strategies must be aligned with fat composition, especially triacylglycerols (TAGs) and their isomers. The triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles of sow milk fats from five typical breeds (Landrace × Large White, Landrace, Large White, Duroc, Pietrain) and two lactation stages (colostrum and milk) were systematically studied. A total of 45 major TAG species were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The most abundant TAG was oleic acid-palmitic acid-linoleic acid (O-P-L) (13.92% and 12.03% in colostrum and milk, respectively), which was not significantly different in colostrum among all breeds. TAG composition of sow milk was affected mainly by the lactation stage rather than sow breed. Furthermore, TAG compositions of sow milk fats were similar to those of human milk fats, but significant differences were observed between commercial piglet formulas and sow milk. Therefore, the results will contribute to the optimization of piglet formulas to improve the growth and wellness of piglets, as well as potentially providing a basis for food usage as a new source of nutrients for human infants in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.06.005 Byline: Amy Richards, Kendra K. Kattelmann, Cuirong Ren Abstract: This study assessed the effectiveness of a 4-month intervention using stage-based newsletters, computer-based communication, and motivational interviewing to increase fruit and vegetable consumption by college students aged 18 to 24 years.

The effects of exposure to atmospheric pressure argon plasma on the quality of edible oil were studied. Peanut oil was exposed to the plasma that was generated in voltages ranging from 150-170 V and the variations of peroxide value, iodine value, acid value, and brightness of the resultant products were monitored. Besides, the storage stability of the radiated peanut oil was investigated as well. Plasma treatment did not change the acid value, but reduced the iodine value and increased the peroxide value and brightness of peanut oil in a voltage-dependent manner. Compared with control, exposure to the plasma generated in 170 V significantly decreased the contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid by 2.14 and 2.99% respectively, but exhibited no effect on that of palmitic acid. Storage results revealed that the acid value of the treated peanut oils kept increasing in the 30-day storage period, but the peroxide and iodine values peaked on the 14th and 4th day respectively and then declined gradually. Besides, the voltage-dependent variation pattern was observed for all the three parameters monitored. Since the peroxide, iodine, and acid values of the treated peanut oil are still in the ranges allowed by the Codex Alimentarius standards, it is concluded that the atmospheric pressure argon plasma treatment does not deteriorate the quality of peanut oil and this technology has potential application in the edible oil industry. A total of 5 mL peanut oil is transferred to a weighing bottle (diameter 40 mm) and exposed to atmospheric pressure argon plasma at a flow rate of 0.5 L/h for 100 s. The voltage of the power supply is set to 150, 155, 160, 165, or 170 V to explore the effects of plasma density on peanut oil quality. Treatment by the plasma generated in voltages 0∼170 V shows no effect on the acid value, but significantly reduces the iodine value, increases the peroxide value, and brightness of peanut oil in a voltage-dependent manner. Exposure to the plasma generated in 170 V significantly reduces the contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid by 2.14 and 2.99%, respectively, but exhibits no effect on that of palmitic acid. Practical applications: Peanut oil is rich in oleic acid, linoleic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as vitamin E and other nutrients, it also has high nutritional value and pleasant, peculiar flavor. However, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) which comes from contaminated peanuts is often detected in peanut oil. An alternative that has been presented for the prevention and control of AFs in food is plasma. The plasma is a quasineutral gas of charged and neutral particles which exhibits collective behavior. The domestic and international research indicates that low temperature plasma has a good restraint of tumor cells, the promotion of gene transfection, coagulation and many other aspects. To our knowledge, the report about atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of aflatoxin has not been found in literature. Atmospheric pressure plasma for degradating AFs has the advantages of good safety, high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and is the developing direction of AFs control. In recent years, the development of atmospheric pressure plasma technology have outpaced the traditional low pressure plasma technology because it does not require the use of vacuum equipment, and it shows its advantage of handling large areas of objects more suited to the practical production line. Accordingly, in this paper, acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, chromatic value, fatty acid content and composition, and storage stability are chosen as detection indexes, to study the effects of atmospheric pressure plasma with different voltage on peanut oil quality, in order to provide theoretical basis for the application of atmospheric pressure plasma technology in vegetable oil industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the dietary flavonoid intake of individuals and populations is the first step to clearly understand their health effects. Dietary flavonoid intake studies have been hampered by the lack of flavonoid food composition data. The objectives of this study were to estimate intakes of individual, classes and total flavonoids in the US adults; to evaluate the effects of socio-demographic factors on the flavonoid consumption patterns; and to establish major dietary sources of flavonoids. We calculated flavonoid intakes using the most updated USDA flavonoid and isoflavone databases, and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III 24-h dietary recall (DR). Estimated mean total flavonoid intake by US adults was 344.83 ± 9.13 mg/day. The flavan-3-ols (191.99 ± 6.84 mg/day) were the most abundant flavonoid class. The three most dominant individual flavonoids were catechin, epicatechin and polymers. Tea, wine, beer, citrus fruits and apples were the most important sources of total flavonoid intakes in the US adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In contrast to the traditional open-bay-type design of the neonatal intensive care unit (tNICU), infants in developmentally appropriate NICU (dNICU) are housed in individual rooms with greater control of light and noise. Previous reports have documented positive influence of the dNICU in cardiorespiratory status, physiologic stability, and weight gain of the infants. The objective of this study was to explore selected nutrition outcomes of infants in the dNICU versus tNICU. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted on infants with birth weight of 1500 g or less cared for in dNICU (n = 42) or tNICU (n = 31). Differences between days to reach full parenteral nutrition, full enteral nutrition, or full bottling were determined using analysis of covariance controlling for gestational age, birth weight, and clinical risk index for babies (CRIB) acuity score. Results: There were no differences between the two groups in days to reach full parenteral and bottle feeding. The infants in the dNICU took fewer days to reach full enteral nutrition (20.8 days, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 17, 24.6 (dNICU) vs 23.3 days, 95% CI: 17.1, 29.6 (tNICU), P = 0.04) than those in the tNICU. Conclusions: Although the two groups of infants only differed in the days to reach full enteral feeding, it is important to remember that the lack of difference may be clinically significant. Clinically, the infants in the dNICU were younger (gestational age) and sicker (CRIB acuity score) than the infants in the tNICU. Consequently, the results of this study support the change to dNICU, as the private room model provides a supportive environment for growth as evidenced by similar nutritional outcome measures. More research is needed to determine the effect of the dNICU on nutrition outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KidQuest is a nutrition and physical activity curriculum for 5th to 6th grade youth engaging participants in goal setting, self-monitoring, and reinforcement. Evaluation of the program over the 2005-2006 school year involved a nonrandom sample of 98 intervention and 38 control group participants in rural South Dakota using baseline and ending surveys. Self-reported improvements in breakfast frequency, dairy intake, increased frequency of looking at the food label, and increased food label knowledge were observed in the intervention group, with no significant change in the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a project to increase the fruit and vegetable consumption of American Indian children. Third-grade children from 3 elementary schools located on the Northern Plains Indian reservation were recruited for the study. It cites the health benefits of consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. The project indicates that culturally appropriate educational intervention is a potential tool to increase intake of fruit and vegetable in American Indian children.

The article presents a study which aims to develop and test a culturally appropriate Internet-based interactive program with the target audience of Northern Plains' Indians with type 2 diabetes. Using Food Processor, Version 8.6, the first and last 3 days of each participant's nutrition log-ins were analyzed. The study shows no significant difference between baseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) data of the intervention and control groups.

This study focuses on the medical practitioner perception of nutrition education for the diagnosis of failure to thrive (FTT) in infants and children. A questionnaire was sent to 2 medical practitioner listservs. A total of 312 practitioners from 41 U.S. states responded to the online survey. Twelve percent of the practitioners were extremely satisfied with their training for diagnosing FTT, while 67 percent reported registered dietitian consultation with FTT diagnoses.

Characteristics of sow milk fats at different lactation stages, including colostrum (on day-1 of lactation) and milk (on day-15 of lactation), were systematically investigated from the emulsions, milk fat globules (MFGs) to fats. The viscosities of sow milks were significantly influenced by different lactation stages, in which colostrum showed a higher viscosity than milk. Colostrum fat globules had a lower volume-weighted average diameter (D 43) (4.03 ± 0.21 μm), surface-weighted average diameter (D 32) (2.05 ± 0.13 μm) and higher absolute zeta-potential (10.09 ± 0.09 mV) than those of milk. The unsaturated ratios of MFGs in sow milk were reduced with the increasing size of the globules, resulting in that colostrum fat had a lower melting temperature of 30.26 ± 0.98 °C with a corresponding lower starting crystallization temperature of 7.38 ± 0.55 °C compared with milk fat. The general stability of sow milk during storage could be reflected from the moisture distributions: bound water showed an overall downward trend; while a downtrend of free water was found during frozen storage at −20 °C for 4 months. These results establish the foundations for the improvement and development of sow milk substitutes, as well as for the feasibility of being a substitute for human milk. • Sow milks and their fats at different lactation stages were characterized. • Colostrum showed higher viscosity and smaller globule size compared to milk. • Raman spectra is an effective method for monitoring sow milk fat globules (MFGs). • Sow milk fat globules tended to aggregate as frozen storage time prolonged. • Sow milk fat showed excellent melting behavior for both food and feeding purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]