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The aim of this paper is to propose equivalence relations as a structural criterion or analytical order, through which the functions of knowledge required in a scientific activity are delimited. It begins by considering knowledge as a phenomenon studied by psychology, whose explanation requires giving an account of the way in which such behavioral or knowledge functions are established, organized and updated. It is considered that the procedures of matching—to-sample allow understanding the way of abstracting the analytical categories that scientifically structure the knowledge of reality. When using these procedures, new relationships are derived that without the need for direct training, cannot be explained based on principles of stimulus generalization, but rather as equivalent relations differentiated through previous training. They get a closure in an analytical category, once the categorical criteria are abstracted or if desired, when these relationships are nominated. And when categorized or nominated, they transcend the situation, since nominating is understood as an adjustment to conventional criteria. Once situational interactions are nominated, they regulate all social practices, including practices of scientific knowledge.

Se han reportado diferencias relacionadas con la edad en el desempeño de diversas tareas dependientes del lóbulo frontal, incluyendo tareas de memoria de trabajo (Luciana and Nelson, 1998; Luna et al. 2001; Bunge et al., 2002). Se han encontrado también efectos de edad y género sobre la memoria de trabajo en niños (Vuontela et. al, 2003). Además, el aprendizaje de categorías ha sido asociado con la actividad del lóbulo frontal (Dickins, 2000; Schlund 2007). El presente trabajo investigó los efectos de la edad y el género sobre la memoria de trabajo y el aprendizaje de categorías en niños de 8 a 13 años. Se encontraron efectos de edad y género sobre la memoria de trabajo, y en la tarea de aprendizaje de categorías sólo se observaron efectos de la edad. Los resultados sugieren que el desempeño de memoria de trabajo podría estar asociado con la velocidad de procesamiento en el aprendizaje de categorías.Age-related differences have been reported in the performance of several frontal lobe-dependent tasks, including working memory (Luciana and Nelson, 1998; Luna et al. 2001; Bunge et al., 2002). Effects of age and gender on working memory have been found in children (Vuontela et. al, 2003). On the other hand, category learning has also been associated with frontal lobe activity (Dickins, 2000; Schlund 2007). The present study addressed the effects of age and gender on working memory and category learning, in 8-13 year old children. Age and gender effects were found on the working memory task, and age effects only were observed on category learning. The results suggest that working memory performance might be associated with processing speed in the category learning task.

This paper presents a review, from a functional contextual perspective, of the studies which aim at delimiting the conditions necessary for the development of symbolic behavior as equivalence relations and analogical reasoning. This study focuses on the child population studies and provides a synthesis of skills found to be related to different levels by means of the development of the above mentioned repertory, as well as the evaluation and training procedures analyzed in order to develop standardized curricula or individual treatment plans for children who present with developmental difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of training structure on the formation of equivalence relations and equivalence-equivalence relations was assessed. Three groups learned conditional relations using different training structures: Many to One, One to Many and Linear Series. The results showed a training structure effect on the percentage of correct responses in the equivalence relations test. However, this effect was not observed on the test of equivalence-equivalence relations. These results show that training structure has effects on the formation of equivalence relations, but it has no influence on equivalence-equivalence relations. These findings are analyzed according to the requirements for the formation of equivalence-equivalence relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is motivated by our interest in the difficulty that individuals show when trying to "change" or "convert" their behavioral patterns. Recent research and theories developed inside the experimental analysis of behavior, specifically from a Relational Framework Theory (RFT), expose that phenomenon from a functional-contextual way. From this conceptual frame, the purpose of this paper is to establish the experimental history needed to develop sets of symmetry relational responses and equivalence in the frames of sameness, and show the way the functions are transformed into a frame of opposition based upon the consequences that individuals receive. In order to achieve this goal, a first study was designed and carried out. The results obtained from this study led to several variations in the procedure and a second experiment was held. The sample was composed by 16 participants, ages between 20 and 40 who had to execute a matching-to-sample task. 7 individuals were used for the first experiment (5 females and 2 males) and 9 for the second (6 females and 3 males). The task was composed by two phases and a final evaluation of the derived relations. The dependent variable was defined as the execution of the individual (number of trials) and the independent variable as the introduction of aversive and pleasant pictures. Finally, the data obtained from both experiments is discussed intra e inter individual and some practical implications are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]