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Dès le 19e siècle, la protection du droit civil québécois contre l'infiltration du droit anglais est une préoccupation largement répandue au sein de la communauté juridique. Une forme de résistance se développe à l'égard des emprunts à la common law pour interpréter ou compléter le droit civil. Aujourd'hui, la crainte d'une contamination du droit civil québécois par la common law est moins présente, mais fait place à une réticence des tribunaux à reconnaître la primauté et l'autonomie des lois de protection des droits de la personne par rapport au droit commun. Les chartes des droits sont parfois perçues comme une menace pour l'originalité du droit civil, sa cohérence et l'hégémonie du Code civil du Québec. La transformation du droit civil québécois dans le sens d'une plus grande protection des droits de la personne est néanmoins bien entamée. Après avoir rappelé les caractéristiques du Code civil qui en font une loi <> et donc réceptive à l'influence d'autres systèmes, règles ou concepts de droit, l'auteure étudie plus spécifiquement dans quelle mesure le Code civil est réceptif à l'influence des droits de la personne. L'analyse de ses rapports avec la Charte québécoise montre que cette réceptivité est à niveau variable. As early as the 19th century, the protection of Quebec civil law against the infiltration of English law was a widespread concern in the legal community. A form of resistance developed with respect to borrowing from common law to interpret or supplement the civil law. Today, the fear of the contamination of civil law in Quebec by common law is less present, but gives way to a reluctance from the courts to recognize the rule of law and the autonomy of laws protecting human rights regarding common law. Charters of rights are sometimes perceived as a threat to the originality of civil law, its coherence and the hegemony of the Civil Code of Québec. The transformation of Quebec civil law towards a greater protection of human rights is nevertheless well under way. After recalling the characteristics that make the Civil Code a 'porous' law and therefore receptive to the influence of other systems, rules, or law concepts, the author studies more specifically to what extent the Civil Code is receptive to the influence of human rights. The analysis of its relations with the Québec Charter shows that this receptivity is at a variable level., TABLE DES MATIÈRES I. Introduction 257 II. La porosité du Code civil: le comment et le pourquoi 260 A. Du fait de son style (le comment) 262 B. Du fait [...]

We investigate the sensitivity of hydrostatic pressure of flows through porous media with respect to the position of the soil layers. Indeed, these induce discontinuities of the porosity which is a piecewise constant coefficient κ of the partial differential equation satisfied by the pressure u and it leads to the computation of the derivative of u with respect to changes in position of discontinuity surfaces of κ. The analysis relies on a mixed formulation of the problem. Preliminary numerical simulations are given to illustrate the theory. An application to a simple inverse problem is also given. To cite this article: C. Bernardi, O. Pironneau, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 335 (2002) 661–666. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Porosity measurements on a clay material, carried out through various microscopic techniques, show a significant difference with the total porosity macroscopically estimated. Analyses have allowed to assign this difference, whose importance is linked to the hydromechanical stresses sustained by the material, to microporous spaces lower than 2 nm and to closed pore volumes, not accessible by the used techniques. Besides, the role of the drying methods of samples, which do not allow the removal of a part of the water, is highlighted. Its elimination would lead to irreversible microtextural modifications, prejudicial to the understanding of the macroscopic behaviour of the material. To cite this article: X. Guillot et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 105–109. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We consider a variational problem infu∈H1(Ω)∫Ω{a&epsiv;&z.sfnc;∇u&epsiv;&z.sfnc;m+g&z.sfnc;u&epsiv;&z.sfnc;m−mf&epsiv;u&epsiv;} dx in a bounded domain Ω=F(&epsiv;)∪M(&epsiv;) with a microstructure F(&epsiv;) which is not in general periodic; a&epsiv;=a&epsiv;(x) is of order 1 in F(&epsiv;) and supx∈M(&epsiv;)a&epsiv;(x)→0 as &epsiv;→0. A homogenized model is constructed. To cite this article: L. Pankratov, A. Piatnitski, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 334 (2002) 435–440. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Geophysical Prospecting is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A purpose-built permeameter was used to explore the transient evolution of porosity during the mixing process in filtration experiments. The experiments considered upward seepage flow and explored the influence of base and filter particle sizes, along with different hydraulic conditions. The permeameter acted as a coaxial transmission line enabling electromagnetic measurements based on spatial time domain reflectometry, from which the porosity profile was obtained using an inversion technique. Quantitative characteristics of the onset and progression of the mixing process were extracted from a porosity field map. The limiting onset condition was influenced by geometric and hydraulic factors, with the critical flow rate exhibiting a strong dependence on the base particle size, while the critical hydraulic gradient exhibited a stronger dependence on filter particle size. The progression of the mixing process was characterised by both the transport of base particles into the filter layer, as well as the settlement of the filter particles into the base layer due to the reduction of the effective stress at the base-filter interface leading to partial bearing failure. The rate of development of the mixture zone was strongly dependent on the hydraulic loading condition and the base particle size, but the final height of the sample after complete mixing was independent of the hydraulic loading path. Key words: spatial time domain reflectometry, filtration, porosity, internal erosion. Un permeametre specialement concu a ete utilise pour explorer l'evolution transitoire de la porosite pendant le processus de melange dans les experiences de filtration. Les experiences ont pris en compte le flux d'infiltration ascendant et ont explore l'influence de la taille des particules de la base et du filtre, ainsi que differentes conditions hydrauliques. Le permeametre a agi comme une ligne de transmission coaxiale permettant des mesures electromagnetiques basees sur la reflectometrie spatiale dans le domaine temporel, a partir desquelles le profil de porosite a ete obtenu par une technique d'inversion. Les caracteristiques quantitatives du debut et de la progression du processus de melange ont ete extraites d'une carte du champ de porosite. La condition limite d'apparition a ete influencee par des facteurs geometriques et hydrauliques, le debit critique presentant une forte dependance par rapport a la taille des particules de base, tandis que le gradient hydraulique critique presentait une dependance plus forte par rapport a la taille des particules du filtre. La progression du processus de melange a ete caracterisee a la fois par le transport des particules de base dans la couche filtrante et par le tassement des particules filtrantes dans la couche de base en raison de la reduction de la contrainte effective a l'interface base-filtre, ce qui a conduit a une defaillance partielle des paliers. La vitesse de developpement de la zone de melange dependait fortement de la condition de chargement hydraulique et de la taille des particules de base, mais la hauteur finale de l'echantillon apres melange complet etait independante du chemin de chargement hydraulique. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : reflectometrie spatiale temporelle, filtration, porosite, erosion interne., 1. Introduction Internal erosion occurs when soil particles within the body of a dam or its foundations are detached and transported under seepage flows. Internal erosion is attributed to approximately [...]

Copyright of Canadian Geotechnical Journal is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The major role of interlayer mixtures is to mitigate reflective cracking by absorbing or dissipating concentrated stress, and relatively low-stiffness materials are typically used. However, there is a concern that interlayer mixtures may increase the risk of rutting because of these low-stiffness materials. The dominant aggregate size range (DASR) porosity has been successfully applied for structural mixtures to ensure enhanced rutting performance. This study mainly focused on developing new DASR porosity requirements for interlayer mixtures that ensures acceptable rutting performance in the mix design phase. Ten interlayer mixtures with a broad range of DASR porosities were evaluated using the asphalt pavement analyzer test. Our results indicated that the gradation characteristics of interlayer mixtures played an important role in rutting performance. Also, a relationship between DASR porosity and the rutting potential of interlayer mixtures was identified that resulted in the establishment of the preliminary DASR porosity requirements. Key words: interlayer mixture, rutting performance, performance-based interlayer mix design, DASR porosity, asphalt pavement analyzer test. Le role principal des melanges de couches intermediaires est d'attenuer la fissuration reflective en absorbant ou en dissipant la contrainte concentree, ou des materiaux relativement peu rigides sont generalement utilises. Toutefois, on craint que les melanges de couches intermediaires augmentent le potentiel d'ornierage en raison de la faible rigidite des materiaux utilises. La porosite de la gamme dominante de taille des granulats (GDTG) a ete appliquee avec succes pour les melanges structuraux afin d'ameliorer la performance d'ornierage. Cette etude portait principalement sur l'elaboration de la nouvelle exigence de porosite GDTG pour les melanges de couches intermediaires qui assurent une performance d'ornierage acceptable pendant la phase de conception du melange. Dix melanges de couches intermediaires avec un large eventail de porosites GDTG ont ete evalues a l'aide du test de l'analyseur de chaussees bitumineuses. Les resultats ont indique que les caracteristiques de gradation des melanges de couches intermediaires jouent un role important dans la performance de l'ornierage. De plus, une relation entre la porosite GDTG et le potentiel d'ornierage des melanges de couches intermediaires a ete etablie, ce qui a mene a l'etablissement des exigences preliminaires en matiere de porosite GDTG. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : melange de couche intermediaire, performance d'ornierage, conception du melange de couche intermediaire basee sur la performance, porosite de la gamme dominante de taille des granulats (GDTG), essai a l'aide d'analyseur de chaussees bitumineuses., Introduction Background Interlayer mixtures are typically placed between the underlying milled pavement and the new overlay to mitigate reflective cracking induced by stresses caused by cracks that have remained in [...]

In this study, the onset of convection in a rotating horizontal porous layer saturated by a binary nanofluid was theoretically investigated under the influence of thermodiffusion and nanoparticles. To study the onset of convection, the Darcy-Brinkman model was employed for the porous medium, and the thermal Rayleigh number was derived analytically using linear stability analysis. Water-ammonia-based silver, copper, and alumina, three binary nanofluids, were considered, and the effect of nanoparticles on the stability of the system was analysed using addition factor analysis. The Brinkman model for viscosity and Bruggeman model under the mean field approach for thermal conductivity were used to study the impact of nanoparticles. Heat transport was examined by calculating the heat transfer coefficient. The effects of nondimensional parameters involved in binary nanofluids on the onset of convective instabilities are depicted pictorially. The dependence of the size of the convection cells on nondimensional parameters is also discussed. The Darcy-Taylor number decreases the size of convection cells, whereas the Darcy number increases the size of convection cells. The size of the convection cells is independent of the porosity of the medium, Lewis number, volume fraction of nanoparticles, Soret effect of nanoparticles, and the solute in binary nanofluids. Furthermore, the Darcy-Taylor number and porosity have stabilising effects, whereas the Darcy number, volume fraction of nanoparticles, and Lewis number have destabilising effects on the system. Soret effects of nanoparticles and solutes exhibit dual consequences on stability. They stabilise the binary nanofluid layer if [[delta].sub.4] < -1 and destabilise when [[delta].sub.4] > -1. Their effect is immaterial if [[delta].sub.4] = -1. Key words: binary nanofluid, convection, porous medium, rotation, thermodiffusion. Nous presentons ici une etude theorique de l'apparition de la convection dans une couche poreuse horizontale en rotation saturee par un nanofluide binaire, sous l'influence de la thermodiffusion et des nanoparticules. Afin d'etudier l'apparition de la convection, nous utilisons le modele de Darcy-Brinkman pour le milieu poreux et le nombre de Rayleigh est donne analytiquement par analyse de stabilite lineaire. Nous considerons, sur une base d'eau-amoniaque, l'argent, le cuivre et l'alumina, nos trois nanofluides binaires et l'effet des nanoparticules sur la stabilite du systeme est verifiee par analyse factorielle d'addition. Nous utilisons le modele de Brinkman pour la viscosite et le modele de Bruggeman en approche de champ moyen pour la conductivite thermique, afin d'etudier l'impact des nanoparticules. Le transport de chaleur est examine en calculant le coefficient de transfert de chaleur. L'effet des parametres sans dimension impliques dans les nanofluides sur l'apparition de la convection est presentee graphiquement. Nous discutons la dependance de la grandeur des cellules de convection sur les parametres sans dimension. Il est rapporte que le nombre de Darcy-Taylor diminue la grandeur des cellules de convection, alors que le nombre de Darcy l'augmente. La grandeur des cellules est independante de la porosite du milieu, du nombre de Lewis, de la fraction volumique des nanoparticules, de l'effet Soret des nanoparticules et du solute dans les nanofluides binaires. De plus, le nombre de Darcy-Taylor et la porosite ont un effet stabilisant, alors que le nombre de Darcy, la fraction volumique des nanoparticules et le nombre de Lewis ont un effet destabilisant sur le systeme. L'effet Soret des nanoparticules et le solute ont une consequence duale sur la stabilite. Ils stabilisent le nanofluide si [[delta].sub.4] < -1 et le destabilisent si [[delta].sub.4] > -1. Ils n'ont aucun effet si S4 > -1. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : nanofluide binaire, convection, milieu poreux, rotation, thermodiffusion., 1. Introduction In recent times, nanofluids have been an active field of research because of their greatly enhanced thermal properties and numerous significant applications in many fields, such as heat [...]

Recent research on the behavior of gravelly sands advocate for the use of the skeleton void ratio to characterize their density state. The skeleton void ratio corresponds to the void ratio of grains constituting the stress-bearing skeleton. However, such a void ratio relies on parameters difficult to determine in practice, such as the fraction of fine grains that take part actively in the load bearing skeleton. Also, it fails to consider the effect of grain-size distribution (GSD) of gravel and sand grains. Therefore, the skeleton void ratio index introduced by Chang et al. as published in 2015 is revisited to account for the effect of GSD of both gravel and sand grains. Two semi-empirical equations are developed in this paper to connect GSD parameters with skeleton void ratio parameters. The validity of the proposed equations has been checked for a particular class of gravelly sand materials. A series of specially designed drained triaxial tests on gravelly sands were then conducted. Test results show that it is essential to consider the effect of GSD when using the skeleton void ratio index. It also verifies the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed updated skeleton void ratio, which shows advantages in characterizing critical state lines of gravelly sands. Key words: gravelly sand, skeleton void ratio, grain-size distribution, sand content, vibrating compaction test, drained triaxial test. Des recherches recentes sur le comportement des sables graveleux preconisent l'utilisation du taux de porosite du squelette pour caracteriser leur etat de densite. Le taux de porosite du squelette correspond au taux de porosite des grains constituant le squelette porteur de contraintes. Cependant, un tel taux de porosite repose sur des parametres difficiles a determiner dans la pratique, tels que la fraction de grains fins qui participent activement au squelette porteur. De plus, il ne tient pas compte de l'effet de la granulometrie (GSD) des grains de gravier et de sable Par consequence, l'indice du taux de porosite du squelette introduit par Chang et al. publie en 2015 est reexamine pour tenir compte de l'effet de la GSD des grains de gravier et de sable. Deux equations semi-empiriques sont developpees dans ce document pour relier les parametres GSD aux parametres du taux de porosite du squelette. La validite des equations proposees a ete verifiee pour une classe particuliere de materiaux de sable graveleux. Une serie d'essais triaxiaux draines specialement concus pour les sables graveleux a ensuite ete realisee. Les resultats des essais montrent qu'il est essentiel de prendre en compte l'effet de la GSD lors de l'utilisation de l'indice du taux de porosite du squelette. On verifie egalement l'efficacite et l'applicabilite du taux de porosite du squelette actualise propose, qui presente des avantages pour la caracterisation des lignes d'etat critique des sables graveleux. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: sable graveleux, taux de porosite du squelette, granulometrie, teneur en sable, essai de compactage par vibration, essai triaxial draine., Introduction Gravelly sands, composed of gravel and sand grains, are commonly encountered in geotechnical engineering. The mass proportion of sand grains in a gravelly sand, together with the size ratio [...]

Cellular concrete is a lightweight solid cementitious foam that is used mainly for thermal insulation and sound absorption. Either partially or wholly, when the Portland cement in the binder is replaced with ash, the environmental impact of the material is reduced. However, the resulting changes in the cell structure and their subsequent impact upon the physical properties of the material have not been well examined. In this study, cellular concrete was prepared from alkali activated fly ash binders and separately, from Portland cement binders blended with wood ash. The cell structure was photographed using laser confocal microscopy and the images were analyzed to quantify the cellular network in terms of the porosity and the fractal dimension of the porous phase. Alongside, the cellular concrete specimens were tested for their thermal constants and sound absorption. The results show that there was an increase in the fractal dimension and an associated drop in thermal conductivity for an increase in the porosity. Key words: alkali-activation, fly ash, foamed concrete, fractal dimension, sound absorption, thermal conductivity, wood ash. Le beton cellulaire est une mousse cimentaire solide et legere qui est principalement utilisee pour l'isolation thermique et l'absorption acoustique. Lorsque le ciment Portland dans un liant est remplace partiellement ou totalement par des cendres, l'impact environnemental du materiau est reduit. Cependant, les changements dans la structure cellulaire et leur impact subsequent sur les proprietes physiques du materiau n'ont pas ete bien examines. Dans cette etude, le beton cellulaire a ete prepare a partir de liants alcalins a cendres volantes et separement, a partir de liants de ciment Portland melanges avec des cendres de bois. La structure cellulaire a ete photographiee a l'aide de microscopie confocale laser et les images ont ete analysees pour quantifier le reseau cellulaire en termes de porosite et de dimension fractale de la phase poreuse. Parallelement, les specimens de beton cellulaire ont ete mis a l'essai pour leurs constantes thermiques et leur absorption acoustique. Les resultats montrent qu'il y a eu une augmentation de la dimension fractale et une baisse associee de la conductivite thermique pour une augmentation de la porosite. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : activation alcaline, cendres volantes, beton de mousse, dimension fractale, absorption acoustique, conductivite thermique, cendres de bois., Introduction Foam concrete is a lightweight cementitious composite, cast to densities ranging from 300 kg/[m.sup.3] to 1900 kg/[m.sup.3] (Fouad 2006). An optimal balance between the mechanical strength and requirements of [...]