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Interest in electrical energy storage systems is increasing as the opportunities for their application become more compelling in an industry with a back-drop of ageing assets, increasing distributed generation and a desire to transform networks into Smart Grids. A field trial of an energy storage system designed and built by ABB is taking place on a section of 11 kV distribution network operated by EDF Energy Networks in Great Britain. This paper reports on the findings from simulation software developed at Durham University that evaluates the benefits brought by operating an energy storage system in response to multiple events on multiple networks. The tool manages the allocation of a finite energy resource to achieve the most beneficial shared operation across two adjacent areas of distribution network. Simulations account for the key energy storage system parameters of capacity and power rating. Results for events requiring voltage control and power flow management show how the choice of operating strategy influences the benefits achieved. The wider implications of these results are discussed to provide an assessment of the role of electrical energy storage systems in future Smart Grids.

Many primary schools conventionally organise more active mental work in the morning on the assumption that children learn better at that time of day. Some secondary schools are changing to starting...

Summary In providing services to children educational psychologists can omit giving help directly to parents. Stress management training is available in industry and to teachers; why not carers? This paper outlines an approach to using such techniques to help parents of children with special educational needs.

The position of charities in the UK has become a topic of growing concern. The House of Commons Expenditure Committee in its Tenth Report for the Session 1974–75 reviewed the role of the Charity Commissioners and their accountability. The Goodman Committee reported in 1976 on charity law and voluntary organisation and the report of the Wolfenden Committee in 1978 has stimulated further interest. However, constraints on public expenditure have given the whole question a more topical interest, and particularly within the context of how voluntary organisations might best be stimulated. In the Government's budget for 1980 and 1981 tax relief changes exemplify the interest in encouraging voluntary effort. In 1980, for example, tax relief for payments under deed of covenant was extended to the higher rates of tax subject to a ceiling of £3,000 a year, and the effective minimum period was reduced from seven to four years. Tax exemptions for bequests were doubled and exemption was allowed from development land tax for all disposals of land. In 1981 there was a widening of capital tax relief for trusts for disabled people and an increase in value added tax relief for charities serving the disabled.