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The use of macrolides in the treatment of chlamydial infection during pregnancy and breast feeding is reviewed from the viewpoint of evidence-based medicine. The clinical experience and research data suggest azithromycin to be safe and effective in the obstetric practice.

Seventy five patients with urogenital chlamydial and mycoplasmic infections were enrolled in the trial. In the etiotropic therapy azithromycin was used in the standard dosage (1.0-1.5 g) depending on the infection. The treatment with azithromycin, in addition to the high eradication rates, was also evident of its effect on the cytokine levels in the patients, that was characteristic of a significant increase of the IFN-γ level and a decrease of the IL-β and IL-6 levels in the blood.

The use of systemic enzyme therapy in combination with antibiotics in the treatment of urogenital chlamydia infection in patients of both sexes proved to improve the therapeutic efficacy and to reduce the risk of the side effects.

During the chronic urogenital chlamydial infection, violations of all links of pathogenesis, as well as changes in the composition and properties of biologically active substances, i.d. cytokines, including interferons, are noted. The authors suggest novel approaches, including cytokines, especially IFN-gamma, which is the most important in the formation of general immunity, including its combination with IFN-alpha, -beta, and lambda.

The review provides the present Russian and international data on the effectiveness of ofloxacin. The drug is effective and safe in the treatment of various pathologies. The drug is sufficiently effective and safe in the treatment of the urological and gynecological infectious pathologies.

The article highlights current issues of classification, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of mycoplasma infection of the urogenital tract (M.hominis, U.urealyticum). Authors present the data on the role of infection in the development of nongonococcal urethritis and infertility in men, as well as impaired reproductive function and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women. The article describes indications and laboratory diagnostic methods and lists the criteria for the appointment of antibiotic therapy, as well as the most preferred drugs.

The review provides modern literature data on the system of interferons, their cells producers and target cells. Particular attention is paid to the immunomodulating effect of interferon-γ. High efficacy of Ingaron in the treatment of various groups of diseases, especially viral, infectious and oncologic is shown.

The study was conducted during the 2017–2018 period using the method of anonymous questionnaire. In total, 838 4-year-students from medical, pediatric, dental and medical-prophylactic departments participated in the study. Two questionnaires were used for the survey: an adapted version of the standard UNAIDS questionnaire and that based on V. V. Boyko’s methodology of diagnosing communicative tolerance. It is found that medical students do not condemn HIV-infected people, nor believe that people with a positive HIV status necessarily behave immorally, thus deserving this disease. Medical students show a high level of professional communicative tolerance and readiness to help these patients, although being afraid of getting the infection during medical manipulations. At the same time, a low level of awareness concerning a number of legal issues regarding HIV-infected patients has been established.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. In recent decades, the influence of many microorganisms involved (directly or indirectly) in provoking the process of atherogenesis, including cell adhesion, cytokine-associated damage, release of reactive oxygen species, etc. has been shown. Others, such as the influenza virus, can cause systemic inflammation that can damage vascular wall (for example, by cytokines and proteases). In addition, another indirect mechanism by which some infectious agents (such as Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, periodontal pathogens, etc.) that may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is molecular mimicry. Given the complexity of the mechanisms by which each pathogen can contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, it is obvious that ongoing research and new data will be useful for improving our understanding of the infectious component of atherosclerosis.

This article presents the results of a survey carried out among 1,427 Novosibirsk university students (medical, engineering and humanities specializations) with the purpose of assessing their awareness concerning the prevention of HIV and STIs, as well as risky sexual behaviour. The level of knowledge about HIV is shown to be rather high among Novosibirsk university students. However, an insufficient level of awareness concerning rare HIV transmission routes is identified. In addition, the respondents are found to adhere to out-of-date views concerning HIV patients. Female respondents in this age group tend to trust their regular partner, thus neglecting preventive measures. More than half of the respondents have a positive attitude towards using a condom during sexual intercourse.

The up-to-date literature and original data on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis are presented. Particular attention is paid to the parasite infection during pregnancy. Spiramycin is the drug of choice for acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women.

This systematic review presents the data on using the Safocid complex drug for the treatment of a combination or unknown pathology of the urogenital tract as well as for the prevention of pre- and post-surgical complications in case of urologic and gynecologic interventions. According to the review of 39 articles, the authors of most of the publications assess the drug efficacy as high while the amount of adverse effects is minimum.

The article analyzes the recent data concerning the new trends in the treatment of acne vulgaris of moderate severity using tetracyclines. Low-dose regimen of doxycycline is highly effective against inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions in patients with moderate acne on the face with a minority of side effects.

The dynamics of morbidity and mortality due to primary liver cancer in the population of Novosibirsk according to population cancer register and the total mortality over 25 years (1988-2012) as well as the levels of its risk factors were analyzed. There was a 2-2.5-fold reduction in morbidity and mortality from liver cancer. Among the risk factors, a significant reduction in the incidence of hepatitis B and increase in the incidence of hepatitis C were noted. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, opisthorchiasis and alcohol consumption remain stable. The epidemiological prognosis for liver cancer in the coming years in the region is discussed.

Bacterial vaginosis is an infectious non-inflammatory syndrome characterized by replacement of normal microflora (mainly lactobacilli) with polymicrobial associations of anaerobes and Gardnerella vaginalis. Recently, the molecular biology techniques showed that there is a much greater variety of microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis than previously thought. Clindamycin has demonstrated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis today.

Purpose: we aimed to study the prevalence of sonographic pattern of fatty liver disease (FLD) and its associations with cardiometabolic risk factors depending on sex. Subject and methods. We used data from the WHO MONICA Project in Novosibirsk, Russia. Fatty liver disease was studied by echography in a random population sub-sample (n = 2025 and aged 25–64 years). The association of FLD with potential determinants was estimated in logistic regression. Results. The prevalence of fatty liver disease was 20 % in men and 19 % in women. In men, its multivariable-adjusted predictors included age, body mass index (BMI), level of triglycerides and frequency of alcohol drinking or high occasional dose (≥ 120 g of ethanol). In women, in age-adjusted model we have revealed the association between FLD and BMI, level of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and diabetes mellitus. In multivariable-adjusted model only the association between FLD and BMI remained significant. Conclusion. The prevalence of sonographic pattern of FLD is similar among Siberian men and women (20 and 19 %, correspondently). These data are consistent with data from European, North American and Asian populations. In men, 6.2 % of FLD was attributable to alcohol, 6.2 % – non-alcoholic FLD and 7.8 % to other conditions. In women, two-thirds of cases were NAFLD and one-third was accounted for other causes. In category of other causes – 72 % (women) and 93 % (men) of participants were carriers of markers of virus hepatitis. In men, the determinants of FLD were frequent alcohol intake, triglycerides level, and BMI. In women, BMI was the most significant independent predictor of FLD.

This review presents the study of the association of parodontal infections with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The results of studies conducted in the last decade and a half are shown, including systematic reviews and meta-analyzes. Some evidence exists concerning impact of infectious diseases of the oral cavity (caries and its complications, periodontal inflammation) on the onset and progression of the atherosclerotic process. An important measure for prevention of CVD may be adequate oral hygiene.

Bacterial vaginosis is an infectious non-inflammatory syndrome characterized by replacement of normal microflora with polymicrobial associations of anaerobes and Gardnerella vaginalis. These microorganisms have the ability to grow on the mucosa, the so-called biofilm. Metrogyl vaginal gel is proposed as a potential remedy for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

The paper presents the literature data, as well as the results of our research on some aspects of the relationship between influenza infection and cardiovascular diseases. Influenza virus-induced endothelial dysfunction, modification of lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerotic plaque outgrowth, and inflammation additionally support the opinion concerning the role of influenza infection as a strong cardiovascular risk factor. The feasibility of vaccination against these viruses is discussed because this might serve as an important tool for short- and long-term prevention of infection-associated cardiovascular disease.

Aim. To study prevalence of dyspepsia symptoms, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and irritable bowel syndrome (ICS) in city population and to detect relevant risk factors. Material and methods. Gastrointestinal symptoms were investigated with a validated questionnaire Bowel Disease Questionnaire and dyspepsia, GER, ICS syndromes were identified in a representative sample of adult Novosibirsk population (1040 patients, 492 males and 548 females aged 45-69 years). Risk factors were studied by social-demographic and antropometric parameters, smoking, drinking and administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAD). Depression was assessed by CESD questionnaire. Helicobacter pylori infection and the level of pepsinogen I were studied with enzyme immunoassay Biohit GastroPanel (Biohit, Finland). Results. Incidence of dyspepsia was 38%, GER - 30%, ICS - 19%. One of the illnesses was found in 56% cases, combination of the conditions - in 24%. Females had dyspepsia and ICS much more frequently. Social-demographic parameters (age, marital status, education, labor activity), alcohol consumption, intake of NSAD, Helicobacter pylori infection had no significant effect on the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms. GER occurred more frequently in smoking males. Overweight was characteristic both for GER males and females. Severe depression was associated with the risk of dyspepsia and ICS both in females and males. Hyperpepsinogenemia increased the rate of GER detection in males and dyspepsia in females. Conclusion. Dyspepsia, GER and ICS were seen in 50% adult population and often combine, but the risk factors differ. Some of the latter can be modified and prevented.

Aim. To study prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in a free living population and to evaluate quality of life (QOL) in this disease. Material and methods. The gastroenterological symptoms and QOL were studied in a representative sample of adult population of 495 males and 548 females aged 45-70 years using a validated questionnaire, SF-36 questionnaire. Results. GER symptoms were seen in 17.0% responders, with the same frequency in men and women, in responders of different age. QOL was worse in responders with GER by 2 scales of SF-36 questionnaire: in males - "general well-being" and "viability", in females - “general well-being" and “physical functioning". In persons who had visited a doctor QOL was lower by all 8 scales than in those who had GER symptoms but had not visited a doctor. GER prevalence in Russia is similar to that in the West Europe and USA. QOL in GER patients is not low but worse in those who seek medical advice.

Aim. To evaluate the occurrence of cholelithiasis (CL) diagnosed by routine autopsy and to compare these data with the results of ultrasonographic examination of the general population. Material and methods. Autopsy protocols (n = 1124) from a large general hospital were analysed, and a representative sample of Novosibirsk population (1678 examinees aged 25-64 years) was examined by ultrasonography. Results. Prevalence of CL increased with age and was five-fold higher in females than in males. Both methods showed good concordance. The age-adjusted CL prevalence rates in 25-64 year-old groups was 1.94% in males and 9.53% in females in autopsy series, and 2.16% and 11.16%, respectively, in ultrasonographic study. Conclusion. Routine autopsy may serve as a reliable tool in evaluating prevalence of CL among the population provided the values are gender- and age-standardized.