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BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality both in developed and developing countries. The prevalence of preterm birth is increasing every year and it is nearly more than 15 million preterm births worldwide according to WHO, approximately one million may die and many more may suffer from neurodevelopmental impairment. Antenatal MgSO4 can prevent neonatal seizures and neonatal deaths in preterms. Aims and Objective of the study: To evaluate the use of antenatal Mgso4 for neuroprotection of preterm infants. MATERIAL AND METHODS- This study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Sree Mookambika Institute Of Medical Sciences. A total of 20 pregnant women between 28-32 weeks gestation presenting to the emergency department with abdominal pain associated with cervical dilatation (cervical dilatation > 4cm) at risk of imminent preterm delivery(delivery definitely planned within 24 hours) were given Mgso4 4gm iv for about 20-30 min followed by maintenance dose of 1gm/hr for a period of 24 hrs before delivery or upto delivery and all the preterm neonates born to the 20 women were followed up for 2 years for neonatal seizures, deaths and gross motor dysfunction. RESULTS: Antenatal MGSO4 has better role when given at 28-32 weeks of gestation as only 2 neonates (10% of total preterms) born at 32-34 weeks gestation developed neonatal seizures. CONCLUSION: When antenatal MgSO4 administered at an appropriate dose with proper monitoring, there is no evidence of harm to the fetus, neonate or mother and it helps in neuroprotection of the preterms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 on the bacterial community and nitrogen metabolism genes in the aerobic composting of pig manure. The experimental treatments were set up as control (C), 1% Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2% MgSO4 (CaPM1), and 1.5% Ca(H2PO4)2 + 3% MgSO4 (CaPM2), which were used at the end of composting for potting trials. The results showed that Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 played an excellent role in retaining nitrogen and increasing the alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) contents of the composts. Adding Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 changed the microbial community structure of the compost. The microorganisms associated with nitrogen retention were activated. The complexity of the microbial network was enhanced. Genetic prediction analysis showed that the addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 reduced the accumulation of nitroso-nitrogen and the process of denitrification. At the same time, despite the reduction of genes related to nitrogen fixation, the conversion of ammonia to nitrogenous organic compounds was promoted and the stability of nitrogen was increased. Mantel test analysis showed that Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 can affect nitrogen transformation-related bacteria and thus indirectly affect nitrogen metabolism genes by influencing the temperature, pH, and organic matter (OM) of the compost and also directly affected nitrogen metabolism genes through PO43− and Mg2+. The pot experiment showed that composting with 1.5% Ca(H2PO4)2 + 3% MgSO4 produced the compost product that improved the growth yield and nutrient content of cilantro and increased the fertility of the soil. In conclusion, Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 reduces the loss of nitrogen from compost, activates nitrogen-related bacteria and genes in the thermophilic phase of composting, and improves the fertilizer efficiency of compost products. Key points: • Ca(H2PO4)2 and MgSO4 reduced the nitrogen loss and improved the compost effect • Activated nitrogen-related bacteria and altered nitrogen metabolism genes • Improved the yield and quality of cilantro and fertility of soil [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a serious tachyarrhythmia following pediatric cardiac surgery. It isn't easy to treat and better to be prevented. This study aimed to examine the prophylactic effects of dexmedetomidine, MgSO4, or their combination in reducing JET following pediatric open cardiac surgery. Methods: Hundred and twenty children under 5 years, weighing more than 5 kg, who were scheduled for corrective acyanotic cardiac surgeries were randomized into three groups. Group MD (Dexmedetomidine–MgSO4 group): received dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg IV over 20 min after induction, then infusion 0.5 μg/kg/h for 72 h, and 50 mg/kg bolus of MgSO4 with aortic cross‐clamp release, then continued administration for 72 h postoperatively at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day. Group D (the dexmedetomidine group) received the same dexmedetomidine as the MD group in addition to normal saline instead of MgSO4. Group C (control group): received normal saline instead of dexmedetomidine and MgSO4. The primary outcome was the detection of JET incidence; the secondary outcomes were hemodynamic parameters, ionized Mg, vasoactive‐inotropic score, extubation time, PCCU and hospital stay, and perioperative complications. Results: The incidence of JET was significantly reduced in Group MD and Group D (p =.007) compared to Group C. Ionized Mg was significantly higher in Group MD than in Groups D and C during rewarming and in the ICU (p <.001). Better hemodynamic profile in Group MD compared to Group D and Group C throughout surgery and in the ICU, the predictive indexes were significantly better in Group MD than in Groups D and C (p <.001). Including the extubation time, PCCU, and hospital stay. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine alone or combined with MgSO4 had a therapeutic role in the prevention of JET in children after congenital heart surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been widely used in obstetrics as a mean to help decrease maternal and neonatal morbidity in various antenatal pathology. As a factor, it seems to regulate immunity and can, thus, predispose to infectious morbidity. To date, it remains unknown if its administration can increase the risk of chorioamnionitis. In the present meta-analysis, we sought to accumulate the available evidence. Methods: We systematically searched Medline, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL, and Google Scholar databases in our primary search along with the reference lists of electronically retrieved full-text papers. Results: Eight studies were included that investigated the incidence of chorioamnionitis among parturient that received MgSO4 and control patients. Magnesium sulfate was administered in 3229 women and 3330 women served as controls as they did not receive MgSO4. The meta-analysis of data revealed that there was no association between the administration of magnesium sulfate and the incidence of chorioamnionitis (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.73, 1.32). Rucker's analysis revealed that small studies did not significantly influence the statistical significance of this finding (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.82, 1.53). Trial sequential analysis revealed that the required number to safely interpret the primary outcome was not reached. Two studies evaluated the impact of MgSO4 in neonates delivered in the setting of chorioamnionitis. Neither of these indicated the presence of a beneficial effect in neonatal morbidity, including the risk of cerebral palsy, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, stillbirth, or neonatal death. Conclusion: Current evidence indicates that magnesium sulfate is not associated with an increased risk of maternal chorioamnionitis. However, it should be noted that its effect on neonatal outcomes of offspring born in the setting of chorioamnionitis might be subtle if any, although the available evidence is very limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India generates 759.02 million metric tons of coal ash annually. Part of that quantity is successfully utilized, and the remaining portion of the ash is discarded into a landfill. There also is a need to address pollution. Cement industries are responsible for 7% of global warming. Cement has been replaced entirely by thermal power plant waste, and bottom ash is used as a binder to overcome those issues. A few researchers have carried out strength characterization, but an extensive study needs to be carried out under different environmental exposures. Therefore, the present study investigated macro and micro properties of bottom ash geopolymer concrete (BAGPC) subjected to aggressive ecological exposure conditions such as acid, salt, and sulfate attack. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of eight molarities were used as activators for the bottom ash geopolymer concrete (BAGPC) binder. Further bonding between steel and conventional concrete BAGPC mixes was investigated. The durability of conventional concrete (CC) was taken as the control mix to compare the durability of the optimized mix (B4) of bottom ash geopolymer. The test samples were cured for 28 days under ambient temperature and tested for the effect of MgSO4, NaCl, and HCl. The strength loss and weight loss of the BAGPC B4 mix after 7, 28, 56, 90, and 180 days under aggressive conditions showed better performance than CC. It has been observed that geopolymer concrete has good bonding in nature, and the bond strength results indicate excellent bonding between steel and concrete. Microstructure studies revealed that the BAGPC B4 mix had a strong microstructure and not as much of a porous structure. It is concluded that BAGPC has potential value in the construction industry based on all aspects of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cation additives can efficiently enhance the total electrochemical capabilities of zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs). However, their energy storage mechanisms in zinc-based systems are still under debate. Herein, we modulate the electrolyte and achieve dual-ion storage by adding magnesium ions. And we assemble several Zn//activated carbon devices with different electrolyte concentrations and investigate their electrochemical reaction dynamic behaviors. The zinc-ion capacitor with Mg2+ mixed solution delivers 82 mAh·g−1 capacity at 1 A·g−1 and maintains 91% of the original capacitance after 10000 cycling. It is superior to the other assembled zinc-ion devices in single-component electrolytes. The finding demonstrates that the double-ion storage mechanism enables the superior rate performance and long cycle lifetime of ZHCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The caudal block (CB) is a quick, and safe approach for pediatric analgesia. Numerous adjuvants were added to extend the analgesia duration. Our trial aims to evaluate the significance of CB by adding dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and MgSO4 to bupivacaine to provide postoperative analgesia in children undergoing hypospadias repair. Methods: This randomized double-blinded study was performed on 75 male children undergoing hypospadias repair under CB. Patients were randomized into three equal groups. All received 0.5 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25% caudally plus 1 ml volume containing either dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg in Group D, 0.5 mg/kg ketamine in Group K or 50 mg of MgSO4 in Group M. Results: Time of first rescue analgesia was significantly delayed in group D (8.2 ± 3.45 h) than in group K (5.8 ± 2.85 h) and group M (3.7 ± 1.51 h) (P value = 0.007 vs. <0.001) and in group K than in group M (P value = 0.027). Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure measurements after block and 60 min intraoperative reduced significantly in group D than in K and Group M. At 6 h and 12 h, FLACC scores were considerably lower with Group D compared to Group K, and Group M, and ketamine group compared to Group M at 4 h. The total amount of pethidine consumed 24 hours postoperatively was significantly lower in Group D than in Group K and Group M. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine as an additive to the CB significantly prolonged time to first analgesia required and decreased total rescue opioid consumption compared to ketamine and MgSO4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery, unrelieved post-operative pain not only results in discomfort to the patients but also predispose to the development of chronic pain syndromes. The dawn of ultrasonographic-guided techniques has led to increased interest in femoro-sciatic nerve block (FSNB) for lower limb orthopaedic surgeries. Efficacy of various adjuvants have been studied to prolong the block and analgesia. In recent years, there is growing interest in magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and dexamethasone as adjuvants to local anaesthetics in nerve blocks. Duration of post-operative analgesia was the primary outcome of our study, whereas the rescue analgesics requirement, VAS scores and haemodynamic parameters and time required for toe movement were the secondary outcomes. Methods: Sixty-patients scheduled to undergo below knee orthopaedic surgeries under subarachnoid block were divided into 2 groups: Group RM(n=30) patients received 38 mL of 0.375% Ropivacaine with MgSO4 150 mg in 2 mL NS and Group RD(n=30) patients received 38 mL of 0.375% Ropivacaine with Dexamethasone 8 mg(2mL) to make total drug volume of 40 mL. In all patients, 20 mL of LA solution was injected around femoral nerve and 20 mL around sciatic nerve. The primary outcome was duration of post-op analgesia and secondary being requirement of rescue analgesia and time for toe movement. Mean variables were analysed and compared with unpaired t-test. Proportions were compared with Chi-square test and Fischer-exact test. Results: Duration of analgesia was prolonged with Dexamethasone (18.8 ± 7.8) as compared to MgSO4 (8.8 ± 4.2). In regards to early ambulation, MgSO4(6.78 ± 2.25) was a cut above Dexamethasone (16.43 ± 4.56). Conclusion: Both MgSO4 or Dexamethasone added to Ropivacaine prolonged the duration of analgesia, decreased requirement of rescue analgesia. Dexamethasone delays requirement of rescue analgesics with better pain scores as compared to MgSO4.

Background: Developing countries suffer from Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia which are common health problems. MgSO4 is the standard drug for the control and prevention of convulsions in eclampsia. Our study carried out at Bharati Vidyapeeth deemed to be university medical college and hospital, Sangli is based on the Pritchard regimen. This Observational study included 34 eclampsia and pre-eclampsia patients receiving MgSO4 therapy. The loading dose of MgSO4 was 4gm given slowly intravenously over 5-10 min followed by 10gm given intramuscularly (5g in each buttock). Subsequently, 5gm is given intramuscularly into alternate buttocks every 4 hr. Patients were monitored hourly by observing their respiratory rate, knee jerk and urine output. Materials & Methods: An integrative review of the literature was conducted to document the known incidences of severe adverse reactions to magnesium sulphate, and specific outcomes of interest related to its use. The study included the recording of the incidence of any adverse side effect resulting from magnesium sulfate use. Results: A total of 34 pre-eclampsia and eclampsia patients were examined for side effects magnesium sulfate. Out of 34 patients only one patient had oliguria which was cured by delaying the subsequent dose. There was no maternal death that was attributed to the use of magnesium sulfate among the 34 women. Conclusion: This integrative review of magnesium sulfate indicates a low incidence of the most severe side effects documented in the study, which should mitigate safety and toxicity concerns. In general, adverse effects of concern to providers are rare, and when they do occur, delaying the next administration was sufficient to mitigate them. Several measures should be adopted as global guidelines and practices, including early diagnosis and appropriate treatment with proven drugs followed by reasonable vigilance for women under treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaolinite is one of the principal rare earth element (REE) ion-adsorption clays that hosts a wide range of elements, including Dy(III) as a representative example. Ammonium sulfate is a typical salt used to leach REEs. Due to the carbon dioxide emissions which occur during ammonia production, it is urgently necessary to develop low environmental pollution leaching agents that can replace (NH4)2SO4. MgSO4 is regarded as the most promising eco-friendly leaching agent. Herein, the first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential method based on the density functional theory (DFT) was used to investigate the stable adsorption structures of Dy(III) and its hydrated ions, MgSO4 leaching agent ions and the corresponding hydrated ions on the surface of kaolinite, which revealed the adsorption mechanism of Dy(III), Mg(II), and SO42− on the silico–oxygen plane and the aluminum–hydroxyl plane of kaolinite. Based on the research results of the steric hindrance effect of Dy(III) on the silico–oxygen plane and the aluminum–hydroxyl plane of kaolinite, the adsorption of Dy(H2O)103+ was more stable on the silico–oxygen plane. It was easier to leach out Dy(III) with MgSO4, while SO42− tended to interact with the rare earth ions in an aqueous solution. The results provide theoretical guidance for efficient rare earth extraction and obtaining novel efficient leaching agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writing of this review article aims to determine the benefits of MgSO4 for patients with severe preeclampsia, so that it does not become eclampsia. Preeclampsia is an increase in blood pressure in pregnant women starting at more than 20 weeks of age. Patients with preeclampsia are given MgSO4 as a preventive therapy for eclampsia, where MgSO4 acts as an anticonvulsant that is safe and commonly used in pregnant women. Oktatin's research found that all patients who used MgSO4 prophylaxis at RSUD dr. Soetomo Surabaya did not experience eclampsia seizures and without symptoms of side effects or drug interactions. In Hariyanti's research through a retroprespective cohort approach at Fatmawati General Hospital, it was found that the reduction in eclampsia cases in patients with MgSO4 administration was higher than that in patients without MgSO4 administration. Apart from being an anticonvulsant, MgSO4 also plays a role in protecting the fetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax ginseng is a major medicinal crop with pharmaceutical efficacy derived from ginsenoside metabolites. Despite its genome information, the inefficiency of ginseng transformation hinders the study of the molecular mechanism of ginseng plant metabolism. Thus, this protocol aimed to develop an easy and efficient system for ginseng transformation. We established a transformation system using ginseng callus cultured in a liquid medium, which has a higher rate compared with cotyledon explant. In addition, Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been used for plant transformation. Compared with the LBA4404 strain, C58C1 was inappropriate for ginseng transformation using ginseng callus. We induced and maintained calli in liquid medium and cut them into small pieces before infection. After infection, we selected calli that survived from the selection media until identification of newly growing cells. In β-glucuronidase (GUS) assay, the expression of the GUS gene was observed in cells that were newly generated from explants. We treated calli with 0.05 M of MgSO4 before infection. After MgSO4 pre-treatment, the transformation efficiency of growing cells around infected callus was increased than non-treated control. Moreover, we constructed and introduced a visible reporter RUBY system to easily identify transformed cells. Using this system, we could identify the cells by a red color with naked eyes. Based on our transformation protocol, the success rate has increased to 77.27% in surviving lines during selection culture. This stable ginseng transformation could facilitate the overexpression and knockout of ginseng lines for functional or synthetic biological studies. Key message: We re-designed the ginseng transformation protocol using ginseng calli for explant material, and MgSO4 pretreatment was conducted before Agrobacterium infection. RUBY reporter was successfully introduced in ginseng. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAdd-on magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) for refractory asthma exacerbation has been much debated. The aim of this review and meta-analysis is, therefore, to provide an update on the current evidence for the efficacy of MgSO4 in exacerbations of asthma in adults refractory to standard of care treatment.MethodsA systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The search was performed in the PubMed database (updated April 2023). For the meta-analysis, a random-effects model was applied using the metaphor package for RStudio (RStudio, Inc.).ResultsA total of 17 randomized controlled trials were included. Three of the nine studies addressing treatment with intravenous (IV) MgSO4 found a significant effect on lung function compared to placebo. Of the eight studies investigating hospital admission rate, only two found a significant effect of MgSO4. Six of the nine studies investigating treatment with nebulized MgSO4 compared to placebo found a favorable effect on forced expiratory volume in 1. second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEF). Only two of the five studies investigating the effect on hospital admission rate found an effect of MgSO4. Comparing effect sizes in a meta-analysis revealed a greater effect on PEF in asthma patients treated with nebulized MgSO4 (MD, 23.57; 95% CI, −2.48 to 49.62, p

In the nervous system, magnesium is important for optimal nerve transmission and neuromuscular coordination; moreover, it protects nerve cells from excitotoxicity, i.e., excessive excitation leading to cell death. It works as a calcium channel blocker and reduces excitation of neurons. In the present study, the neuroprotective activity of magnesium oxide bulk and nanoparticles was assessed by evaluating cell membrane potential and mitochondrial membrane potential with the assumption that they might have the same mechanism of smooth muscle relaxation and stabilization of membrane potential. The toxicity of magnesium oxide bulk particles and nanoparticles to SH-SY-5Y neuroblastoma cells was analyzed at different concentrations by MTT assay, apoptosis assay, ROS assay, and microscopic observations. It was observed that they do not show any significant toxicity to SH-SY-5Y neuroblastoma cells. To check the neuroprotective activity of magnesium oxide, SH-SY-5Y cells were pretreated with magnesium oxide bulk and nanoparticles prior to induction of hyperpolarization by ivermectin and it was found that cell membrane potential and mitochondrial membrane potential get stabilized effectively as compared to magnesium sulphate, the conventional drug. In conclusion, we concluded that MgO nanoparticles are biocompatible and have potential to reserve cell and mitochondrial membrane potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for highly sensitive radiation dosimeters is increasing. Recent research underscores the effectiveness of MgSO 4 :Dy 2 O 3 –B 2 O 3 and MgSO 4 :Dy 2 O 3 –B 2 O 3 :ZnO as new thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) in comparison to the commercial TLD-100. Two series of glass ceramics, [(MgSO 4) 86 (Dy 2 O 3) 14 ] x [B 2 O 3 ] 1-x with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and [MgSO 4 -Dy 2 O 3 –B 2 O 3 ] 0 · 2 [ZnO] x with x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, were successfully prepared using the melt quenching technique. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The XRD pattern confirmed the transparent ceramic nature of the samples, while DTA revealed their thermal stability. FTIR analysis identified the expected composition and vibrational bonds. Upon irradiation, the samples MSDB0.2 and MSDBZ0.05 exhibited the highest sensitivity and dose response, with TLD readings of 1278.84 nC and 3262.63 nC, respectively, compared to the TLD-100 reading of 213.45 nC. This enhanced sensitivity is attributed to MgSO 4 :Dy 2 O 3 and ZnO, which facilitate charge carrier movement and effective trapping and release of charges in borate glass ceramics. The increase in sensitivity indicates improved accuracy, highlighting the potential of these materials as high performance radiation dosimeters for environmental and medical applications. • A novel high sensitivity transparent glass ceramic system: MgSO 4 :Dy 2 O 3 –B 2 O 3 and MgSO 4 :Dy 2 O 3 –B 2 O 3 :ZnO as new thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) compared to the commercial TLD-100. • In TLD readings, the samples coded MSDB0.2 and MSDBZ0.05 exhibited the highest sensitivity and dose response, with TLD readings of 1278.84 and 3262.63 nC, respectively, compared to the TLD-100 reading of 213.45 nC. • Investigation of FT-IR spectroscopy and thermal properties. • Investigation of TLD properties, including dose response, sensitivity, minimum detectable dose, thermal and optical fading, and reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Magnesium (Mg) is a non-competitive N-methyl d-aspartate receptor antagonist with antinociceptive effects. Multimodal therapy is the optimal strategy for perioperative pain control to minimize the need for opioids. Inflammation caused by tissue trauma or direct nerve injury is responsible for the perioperative pain. The concept of “pre-emptive” analgesia, analgesic strategies administered prior to the stimulus, can modify the peripheral and central nervous system processing of noxious stimuli, thereby reducing central sensitization, hyperalgesia, and allodynia remains controversial. A more encompassing approach to the reduction of postoperative pain is the concept of “preventive” analgesia. The purpose of the study is to detect the proper use of MgSO4 as an analgesic being a non-competitive N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA). Results There is no statistically significant difference in the haemodynamic parameters, intraoperative (33% vs 20%) and postoperative requirement for analgesics 6.6% vs 10% among groups I and II, respectively. There is no significant difference in the numerical analogue scale, where 16 vs 17 patients with no pain, 12 vs 10 with mild pain, and 2 vs 3 with moderate pain in groups I and II, respectively. Conclusion The use of MgSO4 in a bolus with or without infusion is comparable in the control of intraoperative and postoperative pain.

Kaolinite is one of the principal rare earth element (REE) ion-adsorption clays that hosts a wide range of elements, including Dy(III) as a representative example. Ammonium sulfate is a typical salt used to leach REEs. Due to the carbon dioxide emissions which occur during ammonia production, it is urgently necessary to develop low environmental pollution leaching agents that can replace (NH4)2SO4. MgSO4 is regarded as the most promising eco-friendly leaching agent. Herein, the first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential method based on the density functional theory (DFT) was used to investigate the stable adsorption structures of Dy(III) and its hydrated ions, MgSO4 leaching agent ions and the corresponding hydrated ions on the surface of kaolinite, which revealed the adsorption mechanism of Dy(III), Mg(II), and SO42− on the silico–oxygen plane and the aluminum–hydroxyl plane of kaolinite. Based on the research results of the steric hindrance effect of Dy(III) on the silico–oxygen plane and the aluminum–hydroxyl plane of kaolinite, the adsorption of Dy(H2O)103+ was more stable on the silico–oxygen plane. It was easier to leach out Dy(III) with MgSO4, while SO42− tended to interact with the rare earth ions in an aqueous solution. The results provide theoretical guidance for efficient rare earth extraction and obtaining novel efficient leaching agents.

A facile, rapid, efficient, and column chromatography-free protocol for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives via a one-pot three-component reaction using MgSO4 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been achieved. This protocol has a simple experimental procedure, good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and high yields in a short reaction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fly ash–based geopolymer is an attractive supplemental cementitious material that has been receiving great attention from the community; however, its durability characteristics such as resistance to sulfate-related damage have not yet been fully examined. This study investigates the properties of fly ash–based geopolymer and its counterpart, Type V portland cement paste/mortar, when they are exposed to MgSO4 solution. Toward that end, a multiscale characterization was conducted. Changes in nanomechanical properties due to MgSO4 exposure were tracked and quantified by nanoindentation. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were coupled to characterize microstructural and chemical changes at different MgSO4 exposure levels. Moreover, the effect of MgSO4 solution on macroscale properties, including changes in mass and compressive strength, were examined. Results indicated that exposure to MgSO4 solution affected the two cementitious materials very differently. No significant sign of deterioration was observed in fly ash–based geopolymer, although MgSO4 changed the chemical compositions by increasing Mg content and decreasing Na in the original N-A-S-H gel. On the contrary, Type V portland cement presented the degradation of the main hydration product due to the decalcification process with increasing MgSO4 exposure. This resulted in a significant drop of Ca/Si ratio and compressive strength after 6 months of MgSO4 immersion. Test-analysis results in different length scales in this study imply that fly ash–based geopolymer can be a durable material under MgSO4 environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eclamptic convulsions are life-threatening emergencies and require proper treatment to decrease maternal morbidity and mortality. Amongst the principles of management of eclampsia, the first and foremost is the control of convulsions. In the last decade researchers in developing countries (like India) are constantly striving to steadily decrease the doses of MgSo4 regimes in view of decrease the toxicity of MgSo4 therapy. Methodology: Present study was a prospective interventional study and hdsanalysed all antenatal, intranatal and postnatal cases diagnosed as eclampsia and admitted to Obstetric ward, HDU, ICU (medical and surgical), IMC of Shree Krishna Hospital and Pramukhswami Medical college, Karamsad. All patients of Eclampsia admitted in the hospital during the study period were included in the study. Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria, MgSo4 4gm was administered slowly intravenously over 10-15 minutes as loading dose and maintenance dose 0.5g/hr continue up to 24 hrs of delivery or 24hrs after convulsions whichever was later. Those patient were developed recurrent convulsion, they were given 2g MgSo4i.v. stat and maintenance dose was converted in standard dose 1g/hr. Results: In the present study we could achieve the average serum magnesium level around 3.3-3.4 mEq/L. These were below therapeutic range for eclampsia but within the range of normal blood level. Even serum magnesium level in subtherapeutic range, 89.2%patients had not developed recurrent convulsions. 33(71.73%) patients delivered Vaginally and 13(28.26%) were delivered by LSCS. Most common indicationsfor LSCS were fetal distress in 1st stage of labour followed by severe oligohydroamniosis and failure of induction of labour. Conclusion: Low maintenance dose of magnesium sulphate therapy is effective for controlling convulsion in cases of eclampsia. The toxicity is reduced to nil. There was no maternal complication due to recurrent convulsions because patient was under close monitoring and immediately the stepping up of dose was enough.

Postoperative wound edema, infection, and pain burden the patient’s life. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop an effective antibacterial, multifunctional application to prevent postoperative edema and relieve postoperative pain by making full use of the dehydrating and analgesic effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), magnesium oxide (MgO), sodium alginate (SA), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) to make a composite hydrogel, which can promote postoperative detumescence. MgSO4//MgO/SA/Na-CMC composite hydrogel dressings have outstanding mechanical properties, high water absorption, and good biocompatibility. MgO endows the hydrogel dressing with excellent antibacterial properties and better antibacterial activity against common bacteria and multidrug-resistant bacteria. In addition, MgSO4/MgO/SA/Na-CMC hydrogel dressing shows superior dehydration and analgesic properties in the postoperative nude mice model. This study shows that the multifunctional MgSO4/MgO/SA/Na-CMC composite hydrogel dressing developed as a surgical incision dressing has broad prospects in the prevention of incision infection, postoperative edema, and analgesia.

Previous studies on the utilization of seawater and brine have focused on either recovering Mg from seawater/brine using alkalis or extracting Ca from industrial byproducts using solvents. Therefore, the present study was aimed at recovering Mg and Ca simultaneously from simulated seawater/brine and slaked lime [Ca(OH) 2 ] using a simple process, with seawater/brine employed both as a Mg source and as a solvent for extracting Ca from the Ca source. Manipulating the concentration of the sucrose additive and the ionic strength of seawater/brine enabled Mg and Ca recovery with high efficiency and purity. The highest Mg recovery from brine was 75 %, and ~ 100 % pure MgSO 4 was produced; specifically, ~28 kg of MgSO 4 •7H 2 O was produced from 1 ton of brine. The impacts of sucrose concentration and seawater ionic strength on the Ca elution, carbonation efficiency, and size and shape of the resulting vaterite particles were analyzed. The purity of the vaterite produced was 94 %–100 %, and the maximum CaCO 3 yield per ton of the Ca(OH) 2 was estimated as 770 kg, with a carbonation efficiency of up to 92 %. Therefore, our cost-effective method—featuring the use of seawater/brine and Ca(OH) 2 —can concurrently produce economically demanding minerals such as MgSO 4 and vaterite, thereby facilitating resource conservation. • MgSO 4 and CaCO 3 are produced simultaneously from seawater and Ca(OH) 2. • The sucrose content and seawater ionic strength affect the mineral yield and form. • The Mg recovery efficiency is 75 %, and the MgSO 4 •7H 2 O yield is 28 kg/ton of brine. • The carbonation efficiency is 92 %, and the CaCO 3 yield is 770 kg/ton of Ca(OH) 2. • The MgSO 4 and vaterite powders obtained through the devised process are ~100 % pure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypomagnesemia has been associated with development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. Irisin has beneficial effects on glucose uptake and improves hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term treatment of MgSO4 and insulin on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, serum and hepatic irisin levels, skeletal muscle gene expression of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in T2DM rats. Methods and Results: Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: Control group, diabetic control (DC) using a high-fat diet + streptozotocin, insulin-treated diabetic group (DC + Ins), MgSO4-treated diabetic group (DC + Mg). At the end of therapies, serum concentrations of FBG, TG, insulin, Ox-LDL, along with serum and hepatic irisin levels were measured. FNDC5, TFAM, and UCP3 mRNA expressions were measured in the skeletal muscle by Real-time PCR. In comparison with DC group, MgSO4 therapy resulted in decreased FBG, TG, Ox-LDL, improved serum insulin and irisin levels, and increased mRNA expressions of FNDC5, UCP3 and TFAM. Insulin therapy significantly decreased FBG, Ox-LDL, FNDC5 and serum irisin levels compared with the control group. While, insulin therapy markedly increased TFAM and UCP3 compared with the DC group. Conclusions: In conclusion, MgSO4 can improve insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia partly through decreasing Ox-LDL, increasing serum irisin levels as well as increasing FNDC5, TFAM, and UCP3 mRNA expressions in T2DM rats. These findings can be considered in the management of diabetes treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we investigated whether magnesium sulphate activates the L-arginine/NO/cGMP pathway and elicits peripheral antinociception. The male Swiss mice paw pressure test was performed with hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E2. All drugs were administered locally into the right hind paw of animals. Magnesium sulphate (20, 40, 80 and 160 μg/paw) induced an antinociceptive effect. The dose of 80 μg/paw elicited a local antinociceptive effect that was antagonized by the non-selective NOS inhibitor, L-NOArg, and by the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor, L-NPA. The inhibitors, L-NIO and L-NIL, selectively inhibited endothelial and inducible NOS, respectively, but were ineffective regarding peripheral magnesium sulphate injection. The soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, ODQ, blocked the action of magnesium sulphate, and the cGMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor, zaprinast, enhanced the antinociceptive effects of intermediate dose of magnesium sulphate. Our results suggest that magnesium sulphate stimulates the NO/cGMP pathway via neuronal NO synthase to induce peripheral antinociceptive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the controls on bacterial surface sulfhydryl site concentrations is crucial for modeling the effects of bacterial cells on the fate and transport of chalcophile metals in the environment. In this study, we investigate the effects of changing the concentrations of MgSO4, NaCl and NaNO3 in a growth medium on the concentration of cell surface sulfhydryl sites on the Gram-positive bacterial species Bacillus subtilis, as measured using a potentiometric titration approach. Our results show that the concentration of MgSO4 in a M9 minimal medium exerts a strong influence on bacterial surface sulfhydryl site concentrations under low MgSO4 concentrations but that this effect plateaus with increasing MgSO4 concentrations, indicating that a minimum amount of a sulfur source is required for bacteria to produce cell surface sulfhydryl sites. Although the sulfhydryl site concentration was below the detection limit on biomass samples that were grown in a M9 minimal medium containing 0.1 mM MgSO4, increasing the concentration of either NaCl or NaNO3 in the medium yielded biomass samples with measurable sulfhydryl site concentrations on the cell surface. In contrast, adding NaClO4 to the M9 medium did not increase cell surface sulfhydryl site concentrations. The NaCl and NaNO3 effects likely arise because increasing the concentration of NaCl or NaNO3 in a M9 minimal medium can promote the production of EPS by bacteria, and because the surface sulfhydryl sites of B. subtilis are located mostly on its EPS molecules. The results of this study suggest that bacterial nutrients and water chemistry composition are key controls on the abundance of bacterial surface sulfhydryl sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Magnesium (Mg) is a non-competitive N-methyl d-aspartate receptor antagonist with antinociceptive effects. Multimodal therapy is the optimal strategy for perioperative pain control to minimize the need for opioids. Inflammation caused by tissue trauma or direct nerve injury is responsible for the perioperative pain. The concept of "pre-emptive" analgesia, analgesic strategies administered prior to the stimulus, can modify the peripheral and central nervous system processing of noxious stimuli, thereby reducing central sensitization, hyperalgesia, and allodynia remains controversial. A more encompassing approach to the reduction of postoperative pain is the concept of "preventive" analgesia. The purpose of the study is to detect the proper use of MgSO4 as an analgesic being a non-competitive N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA). Results: There is no statistically significant difference in the haemodynamic parameters, intraoperative (33% vs 20%) and postoperative requirement for analgesics 6.6% vs 10% among groups I and II, respectively. There is no significant difference in the numerical analogue scale, where 16 vs 17 patients with no pain, 12 vs 10 with mild pain, and 2 vs 3 with moderate pain in groups I and II, respectively. Conclusion: The use of MgSO4 in a bolus with or without infusion is comparable in the control of intraoperative and postoperative pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) solution has been chosen as alternative contrast medium in computed tomography scanning (CT-scan). The solution of MgSO4 was a good electrochemical property especially in the blood medium. It was found that MgSO4 in blood medium served as an antioxidant reagent because cyclic voltammogram had only one reduction current peak at 0.9 V, while iodine compounds were used as a common contrast medium in CT-scan; they had two oxidation current peaks in the blood medium at 0.73 V and 0.23 V. In addition, the iodine compounds caused many problems when used as a contrast medium, but they were the only contrast media used for this purpose. It was found that using MgSO4 solution as an alternative contrast medium in rabbits enhanced CT-scan in the resolution and increasing Hounsfield unit (HF) values of kidney and heart organ, as compared with that using iodine compound at the same dose.

Ali Reza Sobhani,1 Hossein Farshidi,2 Fariba Azarkish,3 Mahdiya Eslami,2 Ebrahim Eftekhar,4 Mansoor Keshavarz,5 Nepton Soltani6 1Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; 2Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; 3Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; 4Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; 5Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 6Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranCorrespondence: Nepton SoltaniPhysiology Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranTel +98 9133251067Fax +98 36688597Email neptun.soltani@med.mui.ac.irPurpose: Given the beneficial effect of MgSO4 on the cardiovascular system, this study was designed to investigate the effect of MgSO4 administration on suppressing some atherosclerotic risk factors in moderate coronary artery disease patients with one or two atherosclerotic vessels.Patients and Methods: In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial study, 64 patients with moderate coronary artery disease (55– 69% stenosis) were selected according to angiography findings. Patients were divided into four groups including patients with one or two atherosclerotic vessels treated with MgSO4 (Mg-treated-VR1, Mg-treated-VR2, respectively), placebo treated patients with one or two atherosclerotic vessels (Control-VR1, Control-VR2, respectively). The patients received either placebo or MgSO4 supplement capsule containing 300 mg MgSO4 for six months on a daily basis. ESR, Ca/Mg ratio, urine Mg level, serum Mg, fibrinogen, homocysteine, uric acid, Na, K, Ca, CRP, T3, T4, TSH, BUN, and Cr concentrations were measured at baseline and every three months.Results: Serum T3, Ca, K, homocysteine, CRP, and Mg concentrations were significantly improved in Mg-treated groups compared to placebo groups.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that despite the slight change in serum magnesium level, oral administration of MgSO4for six months could slightly reduce the serum levels of some inflammatory and vascular factors in moderate coronary artery disease patients.Keywords: atherosclerosis, MgSO4, fibrinogen, CRP, homocysteine, thyroid hormones

Abstract Background Pharmacy workers in Bangladesh play an important role in managing pregnancy complications by dispensing, counselling and selling drugs to pregnant women and their families. This study examined pharmacy workers’ drug knowledge and practice for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) management, including antihypertensives and anticonvulsants, and determine factors associated with their knowledge. Methods A cross-sectional survey with 382 pharmacy workers in public facilities (government) and private pharmacies and drug stores assessed their knowledge of antihypertensive and anticonvulsant drugs. ‘Pharmacy workers’ include personnel who work at pharmacies, pharmacists, family welfare visitors (FWVs), sub-assistant community medical officers (SACMOs), drug storekeepers. Exploratory and multivariate logistic models were used to describe association between knowledge of medicines used in pregnancy and demographic characteristics of pharmacy workers. Results Overall, 53% pharmacy workers interviewed were drug store owners in private pharmacies while 27% FWVs/SACMOs, who are government service providers also work as drug prescribers and/or dispensers in public facility pharmacies. Majority of pharmacy workers had poor knowledge compared to correct knowledge on both antihypertensive (77.8% vs 22.3%; p

This protocol involves the NH4Cl catalyzed Pictet−Spengler reactions of tryptamine and arylaldehydes in anhydrous MeOH solvent to gives corresponding tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THβC) with 90% yield. This methodology offers mild, efficient and green reagent towards the synthesis THβC with tolerance of wide functional group. This is the first report of Pictet–Spengler reaction using mild NH4Cl in MeOH solvent.

Summary: Tetanus is a rare life‐threatening condition often complicated by repetitive spasms, dysautonomia and neuromuscular respiratory failure contributing to high fatality rates in its severe form. Benzodiazepines used to treat muscle spasms pose a high risk of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, which is unaffordable and inaccessible for many. Magnesium sulfate, a cheap and widely available medication in all urban and rural health centres of LMICs for the treatment of eclampsia, can be used to control muscle spasms and dysautonomia. We thus conducted a systematic review of evidence to assess the safety and efficacy of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of tetanus. Any study published before April 15, 2021, discussing the efficacy and/or safety of MgSO4 infusion in the treatment of tetanus was systemically reviewed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA). Our systematic review included data from 13 studies, three were randomised, double‐blind and controlled trials. The remaining ten studies were observational; six prospective and four retrospective studies. Our review showed no mortality benefit associated with the use of magnesium sulfate. However, magnesium sulfate was found to be effective in reducing spasms along with diazepam, leading to better control of dysautonomia, reduced need for mechanical ventilation and shorter hospital stay by 3–7 days. The incidence of magnesium toxicity was very low in the studies included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postanesthetic shivering is a frequent complication of anesthesia, perhaps even aggravating pain especially during transurethral rsection of prostate (TURP) surgery. Objective: To compare the efficacy of I.V MgSO4 and tramadol to placebo normal saline on incidence and severity of postspinal shivering in geriatric patients undergoing TURP surgery, when used as prophylaxis. Patients and methods: This was a comparative prospective study that included 39 geriatric male patients who scheduled for performing an elective TURP surgery under subarachnoid blockade (SAB) at Zagazig University Hospitals. Patients were divided equally into 3 groups: Group C received isotonic saline after spinal anesthesia, group Mg: received I.V MgSO4 in isotonic saline and group T: received I.V tramadol in isotonic saline after spinal anesthesia. All patients were enrolled for examination before and after surgery. Results: There was no significant difference among the studied groups as regards HR, MAP and Spo2 between the three studied groups. Regarding changes in temperature between the studied groups, C group showed a significant lower temperature time followed by Mg group then T group at different times. There was a significant higher rate of shivering in C group then Mg group and the lowest was T group. Onset of shivering was significantly faster in control then Mg group and longer significantly in Group T. Conclusions: Prophylactic administration of I.V tramadol in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg immediately after SAB could significantly reduce the incidence and severity of postspinal shivering more than I.V MgSO4 in a dose of 15 mg/kg in geriatric patients undergoing TURP surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nyeri pascabedah masih menjadi masalah dan perhatian di dunia. Pemberian analgetik preventif merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengurangi nyeri pascabedah. Beberapa obat digunakan sebagai terapi analgetik preventif antara lain opioid dan NSAID, namun obat ini mempunyai banyak efek samping. MgSO4 dapat digunakan sebagai analgetik preventif karena bersifat antagonis reseptor NMDA nonkompetitif. Tindakan operasi yang memiliki skor nyeri yang tinggi salah satunya adalah simple mastectomy dengan skor nyeri 4 sampai 8. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh MgSO4 i.v. dengan dosis bolus 50 mg/kgBB 20 menit prainduksi terhadap kebutuhan analgetik pasca-simple mastectomy. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik komparatif dengan data tidak berpasangan secara prospektif dengan uji klinis acak terkontrol buta ganda (RCT double blind) yang dilakukan terhadap 26 subjek penelitian yang menjalani simple mastectomy di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung pada bulan Agustus sampai Desember 2018. Analisis statistik pada data numerik diuji dengan uji t berpasangan, sedangkan data kategorik diuji dengan uji chi-Square. Subjek dibagi menjadi kelompok M (MgSO4 20% 50 mg/kgBB) dan kelompok C (NaCl 0,9%). Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan kebutuhan opioid pascabedah pada kelompok yang diberikan MgSO4 lebih rendah dibanding dengan kelompok yang mendapatkan NaCl dengan perbedaan bermakna (p

Preeclampsia is a dangerous complication for pregnant women and their fetuses, this can cause damage to body organs namely heart failure, kidney failure, liver dysfunction, blood clotting disorders, death for the mother and fetus, if not immediately addressed well and correctly. Management of severe preeclampsia by administering MgSO4 intravenously to mothers as prevention of seizures, one of the nursing actions to overcome preeclampsia patients is the provision of relaxation techniques Slow stroke back massage. The objective of this research to determine the effectiveness of MgSO4 Therapy and Slow Stroke Back Massage on Blood Pressure Response In Severe Preeclampsia Pregnant Women at Roemani Hospital Muhammadiyah Semarang. This research uses the quasi-experimental design with the pre and post test perspective. This research measured 32 the pregnant women with severe preeclampsia at Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital Semarang from purposive sampling technique. The result of this research was shown the effect of blood pressure reduction in all preeclampsia pregnant women given MgSO4 therapy and slow stroke back massage. There is a significant influence on the provision of MgSO4 therapy and slow stroke back massage on the blood pressure response of severe preeclampsia pregnant women.

MgSO4 is used as a tocolytic agent. It is considered to be a calcium channel antagonist, but a different mechanism of its action might be involved. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of calcium concentrations and potassium channels in the mechanism of MgSO4-mediated uterine relaxation. Isolated uteri from female Wister rats were treated with increasing MgSO4 concentrations (0.1-30 mM). MgSO4 induced dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous activity. Addition of Ca2+ (6 mM and 12 mM) stimulated uterine contractile activity and attenuated the inhibitory activity of MgSO4. In order to analyze the role of different subtypes of potassium channels, Ca2+-stimulated uteri were pretreated with glibenclamide (Glib), a selective ATP-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor (KATP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), a non-specific inhibitor of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa), and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a voltage-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor (Kv), at concentrations that had no effect per se. Pretreatment with 4-AP had no effect on MgSO4-mediated relaxation of Ca2+-stimulated uteri. The relaxing effect of MgSO4 was potentiated by pretreatment with glibenclamide. Pretreatment with TEA attenuated the MgSO4-mediated decrease in frequency. Our results suggest that MgSO4 acts as a general calcium antagonist that influences Ca2+-mediated potassium channels. Furthermore, it seems that MgSO4 uterine relaxation activity is partially mediated by selective ATP-sensitive potassium channels, suggesting an ATP-dependent role. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 173014: Molecular Mechanisms of Redox Signaling in Homeostasis: Adaptation and Pathology]

Salt weathering is a significant process affecting the deterioration and conservation of stone‐built heritage in many locations and environments. While much research has focused on the impact of salt weathering under arid or coastal conditions with characteristic climatic conditions and salt types, many sites found to be experiencing salt‐induced deterioration, such as sandstone rock‐hewn cave temples in Gansu Province, China and sandstone buildings in the northern UK, experience high humidities, moderate temperature ranges, and different salt types. To evaluate the impact of salt weathering on sandstone‐built heritage under such mild humid environmental conditions, a lab simulation experiment was designed. The experiment was carried out on three types of sandstone (used in the northern UK and Gansu Province, China) and utilized a realistic diurnal humidity and temperature cycle (85% RH/16°C + 60% RH/22°C), and three widespread damaging salts, that is, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and the mixture of Na2SO4–MgSO4. The nature and extent of deterioration was monitored by photography, weight loss, and the changes in petrophysical properties measured using hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity (P‐wave velocity), water absorption coefficient by capillarity, open porosity, and apparent density. All three sandstones were found to be susceptible to MgSO4 and the mixture of Na2SO4–MgSO4, but weakly affected by Na2SO4 under mild humid environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ferroaluminophosphate (FAPO4‐5)/MgSO4 composites were prepared as a series of new materials with low charging temperatures and improved volumetric heat storage capacities. A microporous zeolithic compound FAPO4‐5 was used as an adsorbent of water vapor and a matrix of MgSO4 salt particles. Composites with various MgSO4 contents (5‐40 wt%) were then prepared using a wet impregnation method. The MgSO4 salt particles were impregnated into the micropores and textural pores of FAPO4‐5 without the crystal structure of the host material, confirmed by XRD patterns. Although nitrogen adsorption isotherms of the composites showed approximately a half of FAPO4‐5 pore was blocked by MgSO4, the water uptake of the composites reached the sum of those from FAPO4‐5 and MgSO4. The dehydration temperature of MgSO4 in the FAPO4‐5 matrix decreased with its decreasing content due to the easier dehydration of FAPO4‐5. The heat storage recovery of the 25 wt% loaded sample at 80°C was 85.5% while that of MgSO4 was 52.2%. The swelling and agglomeration of the composites containing 25 wt% and less salt were suppressed by the micro and textural pores of FAPO4‐5. The composite at 25 wt% of MgSO4 loading exhibited a total volumetric heat storage capacity of 174 kW h m−3 based on the volume in the hydrated state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevention of neurologic disability associated with preterm birth is one of the major challenges in current perinatal medicine. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), the focus of this review has been proposed as major step forward for that matter. MgSO4 is easily accessible, cheap, and has been proposed as a mandatory part of the management of inevitable preterm birth. The results of the various RCT's on the use of MgSO4 for neuroprotection has been the subject of many systematic reviews, other studies focused on dosing schedules, side effects and only a few focused on exploring magnesium's mechanism of action. Meanwhile, many guidelines worldwide have plugged MgSO4 as an essential ingredient of daily best practice when managing inevitable preterm birth because it has been shown to reduce the risk of severe neurologic deficit, in particular, cerebral palsy in appropriately selected patients. The more premature, the greater benefit associated with the use of antenatal MgSO4. The dose of 4 g given intravenously 15 min continued by 1 g/h until maximum 24 h and minimum for 4 h is the standard regiment proposed in most guidelines. It should be noted, however, that a recent study found that a total dose of 64 g was associated with the maximum protective effect. Only the protocol used by the largest RCT, the BEAM trial, with a loading dose of 6 g initially followed by a 2-g/h maintenance dose, if continued for 24 h would give a total dose over 50 g. Other studies report on an increased risk of neonatal death with these high doses. Several studies expressed concerns about the risk of serious side effects for both mother and neonate. The results from the systematic review showed that the most commonly used dosage, 4 g bolus continued by 1 g/h maintenance, did not increase neonatal mortality and other suspected neonatal complication such as neonatal asphyxia, spontaneous intestinal perforation, necrotizing enterocolitis, and feeding intolerance. Giving a single bolus injection of 4 g MgSO4 for stimulating BDNF production in highly "suspicious" preterm labor, and 4 g again when preterm birth become inevitable may be best from a safety perspective and also appears to have a stronger rationale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is the most widely used protector for alleviating the effects that metal ions have on cellulose degradation. However, the efficiency of MgSO4 is limited by the oxygen delignification conditions. This work discusses the factors influencing MgSO4 efficiency in terms of cellulose protection and delignification. The type and concentration of metal ions, delignification rate, additions order, and mixing degree of MgSO4 should affect the cellulose degradation during oxygen delignification in the presence of MgSO4. The most adverse effects on cellulose are observed with Mn2+ and Fe2+ ions followed by Cu2+ andFe3+. MgSO4 addition can diminish such negative effects; however the protection becomes reduced in the presence of higher concentrations of metal ions. In addition, the optimum MgSO4 application level is closely dependent on the delignification rate and metal ions concentration. Adding MgSO4 is optional for pulps with trace metal ions at relatively low delignification levels, but it is essential for pulps with concentrated metal ions or when the oxygen delignification rate is relatively high. More simply, when the added MgSO4 is thoroughly mixed with the pulp before the addition of NaOH, it exhibits a prominent effect on cellulose protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anhydrous sulfate minerals are abundant in the active fumaroles with highly oxidizing conditions on the scoria cones of the Tolbachik volcano. The mineral itelmenite, ideally Na2CuMg2(SO4)4, containing isomorphous admixture of Zn, was described in 2018, whereas glikinite, ideally Zn3O(SO4)2, was described in 2020. Synthetic analogs of both minerals were obtained during studies of phase formation in the Na2SO4–CuSO4–MgSO4–(ZnSO4) systems which lead to essentially different results. Solid-state syntheses resulted in formation of several compounds previously known as minerals only. Both Zn- and Mg-containing analogs of itelmenite were prepared and exhibit slight deviations from the ideal Na2CuM2(SO4)4 stoichiometry. The Mg compound could be prepared single-phase which allowed the study of its thermal expansion and IR spectroscopy. Na2CuMg2(SO4)4 and Na2CuZn2(SO4)4 were evaluated for Na+-ion diffusion. For the Zn compound, several by-products were observed which are synthetic analogs of puninite Na2Cu3O(SO4)2, as well as hermannjahnite CuZn(SO4)2 and glikinite-type (Zn,Cu)3O(SO4)2. All of them were prepared via solid-state reactions in open systems. The Na2CuMg2(SO4)4, Na2CuZn2(SO4)4 and (Zn,Cu)3O(SO4)2 were structurally characterized by the single-crystal XRD. In the Zn-bearing system, the admixture of Cu2+ likely controls the formation of itelmenite-type and glikinite-type phases. The results of the experiments allowed to deduce possible scenarios of the formation processes of itelmenite and some other endemic fumarolic minerals. Our study shows that outstanding mineralogical diversity observed in the fumaroles of the Tolbachik scoria cones is not only due to the formation from the gas enriched by transition metals and involves also intensive exchange with the host basaltic scoria. Similar processes seem also to be responsible for the recrystallization of many other mineral species observed in high-temperature fumaroles resulted from the recent eruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is among the most commonly used medications in labor and delivery units. It has been used as a mean to protect against eclampsia and a neuroprotective agent for fetuses at risk of preterm birth. In the present study we investigated its impact in the occurrence of postpartum uterine atony and hemorrhage.Methods: We searched the Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL, Clinicaltrials.gov and Google Scholar databases for randomized trials and observational studies. Statistical analysis was performed with the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman model in RStudio using the meta package.Results: Twelve studies fitted the predetermined criteria and these involved 41,190 women of whom 10,565 (25.6 %) received MgSO4. The meta-analysis revealed that the risk of postpartum uterine atony was similar among patients that received MgSO4 and those that did not (OR 1.93, 95 % CI 0.78, 4.81). Estimated blood loss (SMD 0.04, 95 % CI -0.10, 0.18) as well as the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (OR 1.82, 95 % CI 0.99, 3.35) also did not differ. Subgroup analysis revealed that evidence drawn from observational studies indicates a significant effect of MgSO4 on the odds of postpartum uterine atony and hemorrhage; however, randomized trials do not support this.Conclusions: The results of our meta-analysis suggest that it is reasonable to consider MgSO4 in women at risk of delivering before the completion of its elimination half-life. However, physicians should be vigilant in cases at risk of postpartum hemorrhage as current data are very heterogeneous and should not be considered as definitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganymede has strong evidence of a subsurface ocean primarily composed of MgSO4. We conducted experimental measurements of the electrical conductivity of aqueous MgSO4 at 200–1,200 MPa and 243–295 K in a multianvil press, simulating the high‐pressure and low‐temperature (HPLT) conditions of Ganymede's subsurface ocean. A numerical model is proposed with logσ = − 3.1605+940.931/T+0.8986logc+2logΛ0 − log(5Λ0+2695c1/2), where σ is electrical conductivity in S/m, T is temperature in K, c is molar concentration in mol/L, and Λ0 is limiting equivalent conductance in S·cm2·equiv−1. We used this model to generate electrical conductivity curves up to 500 km deep in Ganymede and found that the values are lower than previously predicted. Our novel experimental methods demonstrate access to the HPLT environment of liquid samples that expands our ability for experimental simulation of icy ocean worlds in the outer solar system. Plain Language Summary: The idea that a liquid ocean exists within Ganymede is widely accepted through various indirect observations. One of the evidences, based on Galileo's magnetometer data, postulates that Ganymede's inductive magnetic field is most likely derived from a conductive liquid ocean. It is highly probable that the composition of this subsurface ocean is MgSO4. Therefore, direct measurement of the electrical conductivity of the MgSO4 solution in this environment can help to establish a more accurate internal structure model. However, this ocean is located at high‐pressure and low‐temperature (HPLT) conditions that are difficult to achieve with high‐pressure devices, so there is a lack of experimental data. In this study, we achieved a HPLT environment with a modified multianvil press and performed electrical conductivity measurements on 10 wt% MgSO4 solution. A comparative analysis of our data and previous theoretical values shows our measurements are somewhat lower and may provide experimental reference for analysis of future data obtained by the JUICE mission at Ganymede. Key Points: Novel design for high‐pressure and low‐temperature measurements in a multianvil press of the electrical conductivity of aqueous MgSO4A numerical electrical conductivity model is proposed and applied to the conditions of Ganymede's subsurface oceanLower electrical conductivity values than previously predicted may provide experimental reference for analysis of future data obtained by the JUICE mission at Ganymede [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi(NO3)3·5H2O/MgSO4 was developed as an efficient and green reagent for the nitration of aromatic compounds under mechanochemistry (or ball milling) condition. While aromatics with weak activating groups such as phenyl could be nitrated by this reagent with 100% conversion, aromatics with weak deactivating groups such as chloro- or bromo- could also be nitrated but with moderate conversion and regioselectivity with big para/ortho ratios. The in situ generated N2O4 or NO2 due to the decomposition of Bi(NO3)3·5H2O promoted by MgSO4 should be responsible for this mechanochemical nitration.

Abstract Kluyveromyces marxianus is a thermotolerant, crabtree-negative yeast, which preferentially directs metabolism (e.g., from the tricarboxylic acid cycle) to aerobic alcoholic fermentation. Thus K. marxianus has great potential for engineering to produce various materials under aerobic cultivation conditions. In this study, we engineered K. marxianus to produce and secrete a single-chain antibody (scFv), a product that is highly valuable but has historically proven difficult to generate at large scale. scFv production was obtained with strains carrying either plasmid-borne or genomically integrated constructs using various combinations of promoters (P MDH1 or P ACO1 ) and secretion signal peptides (KmINUss or Scα-MFss). As the wild-type K. marxianus secretes endogenous inulinase predominantly, the corresponding INU1 gene was disrupted using a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)—associated protein (CRISPR–Cas9) system to re-direct resources to scFv production. Genomic integration was used to replace INU1 with sequences encoding a fusion of the INU1 signal peptide to scFv; the resulting construct yielded the highest scFv production among the strains tested. Optimization of growth conditions revealed that scFv production by this strain was enhanced by incubation at 30 °C in xylose medium containing 200 mM MgSO4. These results together demonstrate that K. marxianus has the potential to serve as a host strain for antibody production.

Ebru Celik Kavak,1 Funda Gulcu Bulmus,2 Ozgur Bulmus,3 Salih Burcin Kavak,1 Nevin Kocaman4 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2Vocational School of Health Services, 3Department of Physiology, 4Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the protective effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced ovarian damage in a rat ovarian torsion model.Methods: Forty-two female Sprague Dawley rats were included in the study. They were divided into six groups as Group 1, sham; Group 2, bilateral ovarian torsion; Group 3, bilateral ovarian torsion–detorsion; Group 4, MgSO4–sham; Group 5, MgSO4–bilateral ovarian torsion; Group 6, bilateral ovarian torsion–MgSO4–detorsion. Both torsion and detorsion periods lasted 3 hours. In Groups 4, 5 and 6, MgSO4 (600 mg/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal route 30 minutes before sham operation, torsion and detorsion, respectively. At the end of the study period, both ovaries were removed. One of the ovaries was used for histopathological analyses and the other for biochemical analyses.Results: In the torsion–detorsion group, all the histopathological scores were higher compared to the sham and torsion only group (p