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40 results on '"Lo, W-C"'

13. Simulation of thickness effect in thin ferroelectric films using Landau–Khalatnikov theory.

Author

Veng Cheong Lo, W. C.

Subjects
*FERROELECTRIC thin films, *ELECTRODES, *COATED electrodes, *THIN films
Abstract

The thickness effect in ferroelectric thin films has been theoretically investigated using the Landau–Khalatnikov theory. Ferroelectric properties such as the hysteresis loop, and its associated coercive field and the remanent polarization of various film thicknesses have been numerically simulated. In this simulation, the thin film was modeled by the stacking of layers, each of which has unique parameters for the Landau free energy. Due to the interfacial effects near the electrodes, the parameters for the surface layers are different from those for the bulk. The simulated result shows that the coercive field decreases while the remanent polarization increases with thickness. Both of these trends qualitatively agree with experiments. © 2003 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003
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14. Morphology and electrical conduction of Si:P δ-doped layers on vicinal Si(001).

Author

Reusch, T. C. G., Goh, K. E. J., Pok, W., Lo, W.-C. N., McKibbin, S. R., and Simmons, M. Y.

Subjects
ELECTRIC conductivity, DOPED semiconductors, SILICON, SCANNING tunneling microscopy, DENSITY
Abstract

We present a combined scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low-temperature magnetotransport study of Si:P δ-doped layers on vicinal Si(001) substrates. The substrates were misoriented 4° toward [110] resulting in a high step density on the starting growth surface. Atomically resolved STM was used to study all stages of the fabrication. We find only a weak influence of the high step density and discuss the implications for the fabrication δ-doped layers and planar nanoscale Si:P devices by scanning tunneling lithography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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15. Effects of comorbidity and medication use on the haemodynamic status during office‐based laryngeal procedures: A prospective cohort study.

Author

Cheng, P. W., Wang, C. T., Lo, W. C., Liao, L. J., and Huang, T. W.

Subjects
LARYNGOSCOPY, LARYNGOPLASTY, COMORBIDITY, DRUG utilization, HEMODYNAMIC monitoring, MEDICAL offices, COHORT analysis
Abstract

Objective: Office‐based laryngeal procedures (OBLPs) are emerging as effective alternative modalities for vocal disorders. This study systematically investigates the haemodynamic status of patients, specifically focusing on the potential effects of underlying comorbidity and medication use. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Tertiary referral centre. Participants: We prospectively recruited 214 consecutive patients who received OBLPs during January‐December 2015. All procedures were performed under local anaesthesia without sedation, in an upright (sitting) position. Main outcome measures: We measured heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturations at baseline (before procedure), immediately after local anaesthesia to the pharynx and larynx, immediately after completing of procedure, and 20 minutes after the procedure. Results: Systolic, diastolic blood pressures and HR all significantly increased after local anaesthesia, and gradually decreased after the procedure (P<.01). Oxygen concentration remained unchanged. Patients with comorbidity and those receiving vasoactive medications showed significantly higher perioperative blood pressures than the other patients (P<.05), but the trend remained similar. Prominent hypertension (systolic ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic ≥100 mm Hg) was noted in 17 patients, more commonly in patients with older age, higher baseline blood pressures and receiving vasoactive medications. Only 2% of patients with normal baseline measurements developed prominent hypertension perioperatively. Tachycardia (HR≥100 bpm) developed in 22 patients, more frequently in patients with higher baseline HRs, and perceiving greater discomforts. Conclusion: This study revealed that routine haemodynamic monitoring may not be necessary for all the OBLPs, but should be considered for older patients, those with higher baseline blood pressure or HR, sensitive patients who might be more susceptible to perioperative discomfort, and those receiving vasoactive medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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20. Electrical characterization of through silicon vias (TSVs) with an on chip bus driver for 3D IC integration.

Author

Sheu, S. S., Lin, Z. H., Lin, C. S., Lau, J. H., Lee, S. H., Su, K. L., Ku, T. K., Wu, S. H., Hung, J. F., Chen, P. S., Lai, S. J., Lo, W. C., and Kao, M. J.

Abstract

In this study, an on chip bus driver TEG (test element group) has been developed for the data transmission performance at TSVs for 3D IC integration. The on chip bus driver TEG consists of transceiver (TX), receiver (RX) and TSV group which has 2, 4 and 8 TSVs for the analysis of the TSV transmission performance with different load effects which are caused by different number (2, 4, and 8) of chip stack (each chip is with one TSV). This chip has been made by TSMC's 0.18μm process (FEOL) and ITRI's BEOL process. The square chip area is 1.69mm2 and power supply voltage is 1.8V with 30μm diameter TSVs on 30μm pitch and 100μm depth. Finally, a design guide line and a test tool will be proposed with the present on chip bus TEG. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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21. Structural design, process, and reliability of a wafer-level 3D integration scheme with Cu TSVs based on micro-bump/adhesive hybrid wafer bonding.

Author

Ko, C. T., Hsiao, Z. C., Chang, Y. J., Chen, P. S., Huang, J. H., Fu, H. C., Huang, Y. J., Chiang, C. W., Lee, C. K., Chang, H. H., Tsai, W. L., Chen, Y. H., Lo, W. C., and Chen, K. N.

Abstract

In this study, a wafer-level 3D integration scheme with Cu TSVs based on Cu/Sn micro-bump and BCB adhesive hybrid bonding is demonstrated. To realize the signal transmission effects in high speed digital signaling via Cu TSV and Cu/Sn micro-joint interconnection, the insertion loss was investigated by simulation analysis with variable TSV pitches, micro-bump diameters and chip thicknesses. Key technologies include TSV fabrication, micro-bumping, hybrid scheme making, hybrid bonding, wafer thinning and backside RDL formation were well developed and integrated to perform the 3D integration scheme. 5μm TSV, 10μm micro-bump, 20μm pitch, 40μm thin wafer, and 250°C low temperature W2W hybrid bonding have been successfully integrated in the integration platform. The 3D scheme was characterized and assessed to have excellent electrical performance and reliability, and is potentially to be applied for 3D product applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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22. Cu-based bonding technology for 3D integration applications.

Author

Chen, K. N., Xu, Z., Liu, F., Ko, C. T., Cheng, C. A., Huang, W. C., Lin, H. L., Cabral, C., Hsiao, Z. C., Klymko, N., Fu, H. C., Chen, Y. H., Lu, J. Q., and Lo, W. C.

Abstract

This paper summarizes and reports systematical studies of Cu-based bonding technology for 3D IC applications. Hybrid Cu-oxide and Cu-polymer bonding designs and schemes are investigated. Electrical performances and reliability of Cu bond structures provide important guidelines for future 3D IC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2011
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23. Wafer-level 3D integration with Cu TSV and micro-bump/adhesive hybrid bonding technologies.

Author

Ko, C. T., Hsiao, Z. C., Chang, Y. J., Chen, P. S., Huang, J. H., Fu, H. C., Huang, Y. J., Chiang, C. W., Tsat, W. L., Chen, Y. H., Lo, W. C., and Chen, K. N.

Abstract

Cu TSV combination with Cu/Sn micro-joint to form vertical interconnection is a good alternative for 3D integration. The insertion loss of two chip stack was evaluated by simulation to realize the signal transmission effects in high speed digital signaling via TSV and micro-joint interconnect. To satisfy the throughput and cost requirement for mass production in future, a wafer-level 3D integration scheme with Cu TSVs based on Cu/Sn micro-bump and BCB adhesive hybrid bonding was demonstrated. Key techniques including TSV fabrication, micro-bumping, hybrid bonding, wafer thinning and backside RDL formation were well developed and integrated to perform the 3D integration scheme. This paper presents a complete study of structure design, process condition, electrical and reliability assessment of the wafer-level 3D integration scheme. The 3D integration scheme was assessed to be with excellent electrical performance and reliability, and is potentially to be applied for 3D IC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2011
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24. A simple and feasible process for using multi-stage high-precision DTMs, field surveys and rainfall data to study debris flow occurrence factors of Shenmu area, Taiwan.

Author

Lo, W.-C., Lin, B.-S., Ho, H.-C., Keck, J., Yin, H.-Y., and Shan, H.-Y.

Subjects
RAINFALL, DEBRIS avalanches, TYPHOONS, RIVER channels, FLOODS, REMOTE sensing
Abstract

The occurrence of typhoon Herb in 1996 caused massive landslides in the Shenmu area of Taiwan. Many people died and stream and river beds were covered by meters of debris. Debris flows almost always take place in the Shenmu area during the flood season, especially in the catchment areas around Tsushui river and Aiyuzih river. Anthropogenic and natural factors that cause debris flow occurrences are complex and numerous. The precise conditions of initiation are difficult to be identified, but three factors are generally considered to be the most important ones, i.e. rainfall characteristics, geologic conditions and topography. This study proposes a simple and feasible process that combines remote sensing technology and multi-stage high-precision DTMs from aerial orthoimages and airborne LiDAR with field surveys to establish a connection between three major occurrence factors that trigger debris flows in the Shenmu area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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26. Energy performance of a solar hybrid collector system in a multistory apartment building.

Author

Chow, T. T., Chan, A. L. S., Fong, K. F., Lo, W. C., and Song, C. L.

Subjects
COGENERATION of electric power & heat, ELECTRIC power production, SOLAR collectors, SOLAR energy, PHOTOVOLTAIC power generation
Abstract

Solar co-generation applied in buildings has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. This paper investigates a centralized photovoltaic and hot-water collector system that can serve as a water pre-heating system for a multistory apartment building in a warm climate region. Collectors are mounted on vertical facades. Electricity generated by the system is consumed by the circulation pumps and the water heaters. The facade integration, together with the heat and electricity co-generation, are features embedding both active and passive solar technology. A numerical model that analyzes its energy performance in an apartment building in Hong Kong is described. The study has been based on practical design requirements. It is estimated that, with the use of amorphous-silicon hybrid collectors which cover two-thirds of the west- and south-facing facades, the system is able to support one-third of the thermal energy required for water heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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33. Suspected nasopharyngeal carcinoma in three workers with long-term exposure to sulphuric acid vapour.

Author

Ho, C.-K., Wu, M.-T., Lo, W.C.H., Huang, P.-H., Lin, C.-T., Lo, W C, and Christiani, D.C.

Subjects
NASOPHARYNGITIS, TELECOMMUNICATION, SULFURIC acid
Abstract

Sulphuric acid vapour has been suspected of being an industrial carcinogen. In this study, a cluster is presented of three patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who worked in the same building of a telecommunications conveyance station in southern Taiwan with long term exposure to sulphuric acid vapour concentrations as high as 0.18 mg/m3. All three workers were diagnosed with NPC within a 5 month period between September 1992, and March 1993. Compared with 19 other healthy workers from the same building, these three workers with NPC had worked significantly longer in this building than had the others (mean (SD) (years): 12.7 (0.6) v 7.4 (4.4); p = 0.01). With an in situ nucleic acid hybridisation and immunostaining method for colocalised Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and secretory component (SC) protein among biopsy specimens of these three patients with NPCs, it was found that some tumour cells did not contain EBV and SC protein staining signals. These results indicate that EBV infection is not the only risk factor for NPC and long term exposure to relatively low concentrations of sulphuric acid vapour may be associated with the development of NPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1999
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34. Electrical characterization and reliability investigations of Cu TSVs with wafer-level Cu/Sn-BCB hybrid bonding.

Author

Chang, Y. J., Ko, C. T., Hsiao, Z. C., Yu, T. H., Chen, Y. H., Lo, W. C., and Chen, K. N.

Abstract

A wafer-level 3D integration structure with Cu TSVs based on Cu/Sn micro-bumps and BCB hybrid bonding is demonstrated. Kelvin structure and daisy chain design are adopted for electrical characterization and reliability evaluation. The results indicate the developed 3D integration scheme has excellent reliability and electrical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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35. Low temperature process evaluation for 3DIC integrated thin wafer handling.

Author

Chen, Y. H., Tsai, W. L., Chang, H. H., Chien, C. H., Fu, H. C., Chiang, C. W., and Lo, W. C.

Abstract

The goal of temporary wafer bonding for 3DIC thin wafer handling is less topographic issues and high temperature resistance. The wafer thinning and process in vacuum chamber with high temperature are the key for the 3DIC thin wafer handling. In this article a quick adhesive selecting methods, and process improvement results are evaluated and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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36. Electrical performances and quality investigations of integrated bonded structures and TSVs for 3D interconnects.

Author

Chen, K.N., Chang, Y. J., Ko, C. T., Hsu, S. Y., Chen, H. Y., Hsiao, C., Yu, T. H., Chen, Y. H., and Lo, W. C.

Abstract

The integration of TSVs and bonded structures is an important topic in 3D integration. In this study, fine Cu TSVs and various bonded structures, including Cu/Sn micro-bumps, Cu bond pads, and Cu alloy structures, are integrated and demonstrated. Electrical performances, morphology investigations, and reliability investigations of TSVs, bonded bumps/pads, and the integrated structures are studied. For a well-fabricated 3D interconnect structure, excellent electrical performance and mechanical strength with stable reliability behavior can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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40. Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Author

Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Zhou, Bin, Sophiea, Marisa K, Bentham, James, Paciorek, Christopher J, Iurilli, Maria LC, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Bennett, James E, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Taddei, Cristina, Bixby, Honor, Stevens, Gretchen A, Riley, Leanne M, Cowan, Melanie J, Savin, Stefan, Danaei, Goodarz, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Kengne, Andre P, Khang, Young-Ho, Laxmaiah, Avula, Malekzadeh, Reza, Miranda, J Jaime, Moon, Jin Soo, Popovic, Stevo R, Sorensen, Thorkild IA, Soric, Maroje, Starc, Gregor, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Gregg, Edward W, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Black, Robert, Ezzati, Majid, Abarca-Gomez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul, Rahim, Hanan F Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Garba, Jamila Abubakar, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Afzal, Shoaib, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmed, Soheir H, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Al-Othman, Amani Rashed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Ali, Mohamed M, Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allin, Kristine, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amiri, Parisa, Amougou, Norbert, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Angquist, Lars, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araujo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F, Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdicova, Maria, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha V, Jorgensen, Maja Baeksgaard, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, Jose R, Baran, Joanna, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barcelo, Alberto, Barkat, Amina, Barros, Aluisio JD, Barros, Mauro Virgilio Gomes, Basit, Abdul, Bastos, Joao Luiz D, Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M, Batista, Rosangela L, Battakova, Zhamilya, Batyrbek, Assembekov, Baur, Louise A, Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Bettiol, Heloisa, Bezerra, Jorge, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K, Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Bia, Daniel, Lele, Elysee Claude Bika, Bikbov, Mukharram M, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B, Bjorkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia V, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M, Boehm, Bernhard O, Boeing, Heiner, Boggia, Jose G, Bogova, Elena, Boissonnet, Carlos P, Bojesen, Stig E, Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bonilla-Vargas, Alice, Bopp, Matthias, Borghs, Herman, Bovet, Pascal, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn CE, Brajkovich, Imperia, Branca, Francesco, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, Joao, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M, Brian, Garry R, Brinduse, Lacramioara, Brophy, Sinead, Bruno, Graziella, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, de Leon, Antonio Cabrera, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, Jose, Can, Gunay, Candido, Ana Paula C, Canete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V, Capkova, Nadezda, Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardol, Marloes, Cardoso, Viviane C, Carlsson, Axel C, Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Joana, Casajus, Jose A, Casanueva, Felipe F, Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin, Cesar, Juraci A, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique W, Chan, Queenie, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K, Chaturvedi, Nish, Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Claessens, Frank, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Cohen, Emmanuel, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C, Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C, Corpeleijn, Eva, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L, Crampin, Amelia C, Crujeiras, Ana B, Csilla, Semanova, Cucu, Alexandra M, Cui, Liufu, Cureau, Felipe V, D'Arrigo, Graziella, d'Orsi, Eleonora, Dacica, Liliana, Saavedra, Maria Angeles Dal Re, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Damsgaard, Camilla T, Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M, Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, de Oliveira, Paula Duarte, De Ridder, David, De Ridder, Karin, de Rooij, Susanne R, De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D, DeGennaro, Vincent, Dehghan, Abbas, Delisle, Helene, Delpeuch, Francis, Demarest, Stefaan, Dennison, Elaine, Deren, Katarzyna, Deschamps, Valerie, Dhana, Klodian, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F, Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Diaz-Sanchez, Maria Elena, Diaz, Alejandro, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Djordjic, Visnja, Do, Ha TP, Dobson, Annette J, Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Donoso, Silvana P, Doring, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, Doua, Kouamelan, Drygas, Wojciech, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine A, Duboz, Priscilla, Duda, Rosemary B, Duleva, Vesselka, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dumith, Samuel C, Dushpanova, Anar, Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Eddie, Ricky, Eftekhar, Ebrahim, Egbagbe, Eruke E, Eggertsen, Robert, Eghtesad, Sareh, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El-Khateeb, Mohammad, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Eliasen, Marie, Elliott, Paul, Engle-Stone, Reina, Enguerran, Macia, Erasmus, Rajiv T, Erbel, Raimund, Erem, Cihangir, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G, Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge, Eslami, Saeid, Esmaeili, Ali, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fakhretdinova, Albina A, Fall, Caroline H, Faramarzi, Elnaz, Farjam, Mojtaba, Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Mohammad Reza, Fawwad, Asher, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J, Ferguson, Trevor S, Fernandes, Romulo A, Fernandez-Berges, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrao, Thomas, Ferrari, Marika, Ferrario, Marco M, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferrer, Eldridge, Ferrieres, Jean, Figueiro, Thamara Hubler, Fijalkowska, Anna, Fink, Gunther, Fischer, Krista, Foger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M, Francis, Damian K, Franco, Maria do Carmo, Franco, Oscar H, Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth, Frontera, Guillermo, Fuchs, Flavio D, Fuchs, Sandra C, Fujiati, Isti I, Fujita, Yuki, Fumihiko, Matsuda, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Galenkamp, Henrike, Galeone, Daniela, Galfo, Myriam, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, Garcia-Solano, Marta, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P, Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo, Gaya, Anelise Reis, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Gehring, Ulrike, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gill, Tiffany K, Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Gkiouras, Konstantinos, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldsmith, Rebecca A, Goltzman, David, Gomez, Santiago F, Gomula, Aleksandra, da Silva, Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro, Goncalves, Helen, Gonzalez-Chica, David A, Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, Gonzalez-Leon, Margot, Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P, Gonzalez-Villalpando, Clicerio, Gonzalez-Villalpando, Maria-Elena, Gonzalez, Angel R, Gottrand, Frederic, Graca, Antonio Pedro, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, Dusan, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G, Gregor, Ronald D, Grodzicki, Tomasz, Groholt, Else Karin, Grontved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Guallar-Castillon, Pilar, Gualtieri, Andrea, Gudmundsson, Elias F, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L, Gulliford, Martin C, Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc J, Guo, Xiu-Hua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurzkowska, Beata, Gutierrez-Gonzalez, Enrique, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Ha, Seongjun, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A, Haghshenas, Rosa, Hakimi, Hamid, Halkjaer, Jytte, Hambleton, Ian R, Hamzeh, Behrooz, Hange, Dominique, Hanif, Abu AM, Hantunen, Sari, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, Hayes, Alison J, He, Jiang, He, Yuan, He, Yuna, Heidinger-Felso, Regina, Heinen, Mirjam, Hejgaard, Tatjana, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henrique, Rafael dos Santos, Henriques, Ana, Cadena, Leticia Hernandez, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera, Victor M, Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Heshmat, Ramin, Hill, Allan G, Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C, Hobbs, Michael, Hofman, Albert, Bergh, Ingunn Holden, Holdsworth, Michelle, Homayounfar, Reza, Homs, Clara, Hopman, Wilma M, Horimoto, Andrea RVR, Hormiga, Claudia M, Horta, Bernardo L, Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Thein, Thein Htay, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, Jose Maria, Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac, Husseini, Abdullatif, Chinh, Nguyen Huu, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Ibarluzea, Jesus M, Ibrahim, Mohsen M, Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikram, M Arfan, Iotova, Violeta, Irazola, Vilma E, Ishida, Takafumi, Islam, Muhammad, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jackson, Rod T, Jacobs, Jeremy M, Jaddou, Hashem Y, Jafar, Tazeen, James, Kenneth, Jamil, Kazi M, Jamrozik, Konrad, Janszky, Imre, Janus, Edward, Jarani, Juel, 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Banach M., Bandosz P., Banegas J.R., Baran J., Barbagallo C.M., Barcelo A., Barkat A., Barros A.J., Barros M.V.G., Basit A., Bastos J.L.D., Bata I., Batieha A.M., Batista R.L., Battakova Z., Batyrbek A., Baur L.A., Beaglehole R., Bel-Serrat S., Belavendra A., Ben Romdhane H., Benedics J., Benet M., Berkinbayev S., Bernabe-Ortiz A., Bernotiene G., Bettiol H., Bezerra J., Bhagyalaxmi A., Bharadwaj S., Bhargava S.K., Bi H., Bi Y., Bia D., Bika Lele E.C., Bikbov M.M., Bista B., Bjelica D.J., Bjerregaard P., Bjertness E., Bjertness M.B., Bjorkelund C., Bloch K.V., Blokstra A., Bo S., Bobak M., Boddy L.M., Boehm B.O., Boeing H., Boggia J.G., Bogova E., Boissonnet C.P., Bojesen S.E., Bonaccio M., Bongard V., Bonilla-Vargas A., Bopp M., Borghs H., Bovet P., Braeckevelt L., Braeckman L., Bragt M.C., Brajkovich I., Branca F., Breckenkamp J., Breda J., Brenner H., Brewster L.M., Brian G.R., Brinduse L., Brophy S., Bruno G., Bueno-de-Mesquita H.B., Bugge A., Buoncristiano M., Burazeri G., Burns C., Cabrera de Leon A., Cacciottolo J., Cai H., Cama T., Cameron C., Camolas J., Can G., Candido A.P.C., Canete F., Capanzana M.V., Capkova N., Capuano E., Capuano V., Cardol M., Cardoso V.C., Carlsson A.C., Carmuega E., Carvalho J., Casajus J.A., Casanueva F.F., Celikcan E., Censi L., Cervantes-Loaiza M., Cesar J.A., Chamukuttan S., Chan A.W., Chan Q., Chaturvedi H.K., Chaturvedi N., Che Abdul Rahim N., Chen C.-J., Chen F., Chen H., Chen S., Chen Z., Cheng C.-Y., Cheraghian B., Chetrit A., Chikova-Iscener E., Chiolero A., Chiou S.-T., Chirlaque M.-D., Cho B., Christensen K., Christofaro D.G., Chudek J., Cifkova R., Cilia M., Cinteza E., Claessens F., Clarke J., Clays E., Cohen E., Concin H., Confortin S.C., Cooper C., Coppinger T.C., Corpeleijn E., Costanzo S., Cottel D., Cowell C., Craig C.L., Crampin A.C., Crujeiras A.B., Csilla S., Cucu A.M., Cui L., Cureau F.V., D'Arrigo G., d'Orsi E., Dacica L., Dal Re Saavedra M.A., Dallongeville J., Damasceno A., Damsgaard C.T., Dankner R., Dantoft T.M., Dasgupta P., Dastgiri S., Dauchet L., Davletov K., De Backer G., De Bacquer D., de Gaetano G., De Henauw S., de Oliveira P.D., De Ridder D., De Ridder K., de Rooij S.R., De Smedt D., Deepa M., Deev A.D., DeGennaro V., Dehghan A., Delisle H., Delpeuch F., Demarest S., Dennison E., Deren K., Deschamps V., Dhana K., Dhimal M., Di Castelnuovo A.F., Dias-da-Costa J.S., Diaz-Sanchez M.E., Diaz A., Dika Z., Djalalinia S., Djordjic V., Do H.T., Dobson A.J., Donati M.B., Donfrancesco C., Donoso S.P., Doring A., Dorobantu M., Dorosty A.R., Doua K., Drygas W., Duan J.L., Duante C.A., Duboz P., Duda R.B., Duleva V., Dulskiene V., Dumith S.C., Dushpanova A., Dzerve V., Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E., Eddie R., Eftekhar E., Egbagbe E.E., Eggertsen R., Eghtesad S., Eiben G., Ekelund U., El-Khateeb M., El Ati J., Eldemire-Shearer D., Eliasen M., Elliott P., Engle-Stone R., Enguerran M., Erasmus R.T., Erbel R., Erem C., Eriksen L., Eriksson J.G., Escobedo-de la Pena J., Eslami S., Esmaeili A., Evans A., Faeh D., Fakhretdinova A.A., Fall C.H., Faramarzi E., Farjam M., Farrugia Sant'Angelo V., Farzadfar F., Fattahi M.R., Fawwad A., Felix-Redondo F.J., Ferguson T.S., Fernandes R.A., Fernandez-Berges D., Ferrante D., Ferrao T., Ferrari M., Ferrario M.M., Ferreccio C., Ferrer E., Ferrieres J., Figueiro T.H., Fijalkowska A., Fink G., Fischer K., Foger B., Foo L.H., Forsner M., Fouad H.M., Francis D.K., Franco M.D.C., Franco O.H., Frikke-Schmidt R., Frontera G., Fuchs F.D., Fuchs S.C., Fujiati I.I., Fujita Y., Fumihiko M., Furusawa T., Gaciong Z., Gafencu M., Galbarczyk A., Galenkamp H., Galeone D., Galfo M., Galvano F., Gao J., Garcia-de-la-Hera M., Garcia-Solano M., Gareta D., Garnett S.P., Gaspoz J.-M., Gasull M., Gaya A.C.A., Gaya A.R., Gazzinelli A., Gehring U., Geiger H., Geleijnse J.M., Ghanbari A., Ghasemi E., Gheorghe-Fronea O.-F., Giampaoli S., Gianfagna F., Gill T.K., Giovannelli J., Gironella G., Giwercman A., Gkiouras K., Godos J., Gogen S., Goldsmith R.A., Goltzman D., Gomez S.F., Gomula A., Goncalves Cordeiro da Silva B., Goncalves H., Gonzalez-Chica D.A., Gonzalez-Gross M., Gonzalez-Leon M., Gonzalez-Rivas J.P., Gonzalez-Villalpando C., Gonzalez-Villalpando M.-E., Gonzalez A.R., Gottrand F., Graca A.P., Graff-Iversen S., Grafnetter D., Grajda A., Grammatikopoulou M.G., Gregor R.D., Grodzicki T., Groholt E.K., Grontved A., Grosso G., Gruden G., Gu D., Gualdi-Russo E., Guallar-Castillon P., Gualtieri A., Gudmundsson E.F., Gudnason V., Guerrero R., Guessous I., Guimaraes A.L., Gulliford M.C., Gunnlaugsdottir J., Gunter M.J., Guo X.-H., Guo Y., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gureje O., Gurzkowska B., Gutierrez-Gonzalez E., Gutierrez L., Gutzwiller F., Ha S., Hadaegh F., Hadjigeorgiou C.A., Haghshenas R., Hakimi H., Halkjaer J., Hambleton I.R., Hamzeh B., Hange D., Hanif A.A., Hantunen S., Hari Kumar R., Hashemi-Shahri S.M., Hassapidou M., Hata J., Haugsgjerd T., Hayes A.J., He J., He Y., Heidinger-Felso R., Heinen M., Hejgaard T., Hendriks M.E., Henrique R.D.S., Henriques A., Hernandez Cadena L., Herrala S., Herrera V.M., Herter-Aeberli I., Heshmat R., Hill A.G., Ho S.Y., Ho S.C., Hobbs M., Hofman A., Holden Bergh I., Holdsworth M., Homayounfar R., Homs C., Hopman W.M., Horimoto A.R., Hormiga C.M., Horta B.L., Houti L., Howitt C., Htay T.T., Htet A.S., Htike M.M.T., Hu Y., Huerta J.M., Huhtaniemi I.T., Huidumac Petrescu C., Husseini A., Huu C.N., Huybrechts I., Hwalla N., Hyska J., Iacoviello L., Ibarluzea J.M., Ibrahim M.M., Ibrahim Wong N., Ikeda N., Ikram M.A., Iotova V., Irazola V.E., Ishida T., Islam M., Islam S.M.S., Iwasaki M., Jackson R.T., Jacobs J.M., Jaddou H.Y., Jafar T., James K., Jamil K.M., Jamrozik K., Janszky I., Janus E., Jarani J., Jarvelin M.-R., Jasienska G., Jelakovic A., Jelakovic B., Jennings G., Jha A.K., Jiang C.Q., Jimenez R.O., Jockel K.-H., Joffres M., Johansson M., Jokelainen J.J., Jonas J.B., Jorgensen T., Joshi P., Joukar F., Jovic D.P., Jozwiak J.J., Juolevi A., Jurak G., Jurca Simina I., Juresa V., Kaaks R., Kaducu F.O., Kafatos A., Kajantie E.O., Kalmatayeva Z., Kalter-Leibovici O., Kameli Y., Kanala K.R., Kannan S., Kapantais E., Karki K.B., Katibeh M., Katz J., Katzmarzyk P.T., Kauhanen J., Kaur P., Kavousi M., Kazakbaeva G.M., Keil U., Keinan Boker L., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S., Kelishadi R., Kelleher C., Kemper H.C., Keramati M., Kerimkulova A., Kersting M., Key T., Khader Y.S., Khalili D., Khaw K.-T., Kheiri B., Kheradmand M., Khosravi A., Khouw I.M., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U., Kiechl S., Killewo J., Kim D.W., Kim H.C., Kim J., Kindblom J.M., Klakk H., Klimek M., Klimont J., Klumbiene J., Knoflach M., Koirala B., Kolle E., Kolsteren P., Konig J., Korpelainen R., Korrovits P., Korzycka M., Kos J., Koskinen S., Kouda K., Kovacs V.A., Kowlessur S., Koziel S., Kratzer W., Kriemler S., Kristensen P.L., Krokstad S., Kromhout D., Krtalic B., Kruger H.S., Kubinova R., Kuciene R., Kujala U.M., Kujundzic E., Kulaga Z., Kumar R.K., Kunesova M., Kurjata P., Kusuma Y.S., Kuulasmaa K., Kyobutungi C., La Q.N., Laamiri F.Z., Laatikainen T., Lachat C., Laid Y., Lam T.H., Lambrinou C.-P., Landais E., Lanska V., Lappas G., Larijani B., Latt T.S., Lauria L., Lazo-Porras M., Le Nguyen Bao K., Le Port A., Le T.D., Lee J., Lee P.H., Lehmann N., Lehtimaki T., Lemogoum D., Levitt N.S., Li Y., Liivak M., Lilly C.L., Lim W.-Y., Lima-Costa M.F., Lin H.-H., Lin X., Lin Y.-T., Lind L., Linneberg A., Lissner L., Litwin M., Liu J., Liu L., Lo W.-C., Loit H.-M., Long K.Q., Lopes L., Lopes O., Lopez-Garcia E., Lopez T., Lotufo P.A., Lozano J.E., Lukrafka J.L., Luksiene D., Lundqvist A., Lundqvist R., Lunet N., Lunogelo C., Lustigova M., Luszczki E., Ma G., Ma J., Ma X., Machado-Coelho G.L., Machado-Rodrigues A.M., Machi S., Macieira L.M., Madar A.A., Maggi S., Magliano D.J., Magnacca S., Magriplis E., Mahasampath G., Maire B., Majer M., Makdisse M., Maki P., Malekzadeh F., Malhotra R., Mallikharjuna Rao K., Malyutina S.K., Maniego L.V., Manios Y., Mann J.I., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Manzato E., Margozzini P., Markaki A., Markey O., Markidou Ioannidou E., Marques-Vidal P., Marques L.P., Marrugat J., Martin-Prevel Y., Martin R., Martorell R., Martos E., Marventano S., Mascarenhas L.P., Masoodi S.R., Mathiesen E.B., Mathur P., Matijasevich A., Matsha T.E., Mavrogianni C., Mazur A., Mbanya J.C.N., McFarlane S.R., McGarvey S.T., McKee M., McLachlan S., McLean R.M., McLean S.B., McNulty B.A., Mediene-Benchekor S., Medzioniene J., Mehdipour P., Mehlig K., Mehrparvar A.H., Meirhaeghe A., Meisfjord J., Meisinger C., Menezes A.M.B., Menon G.R., Mensink G.B., Menzano M.T., Mereke A., Meshram I.I., Metspalu A., Mi J., Michaelsen K.F., Michels N., Mikkel K., Milkowska K., Miller J.C., Minderico C.S., Mini G.K., Miquel J.F., Mirjalili M.R., Mirkopoulou D., Mirrakhimov E., Misigoj-Durakovic M., Mistretta A., Mocanu V., Modesti P.A., Moghaddam S.S., Mohajer B., Mohamed M.K., Mohamed S.F., Mohammad K., Mohammadi Z., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohan V., Mohanna S., Mohd Yusoff M.F., Mohebbi I., Mohebi F., Moitry M., Molbo D., Mollehave L.T., Moller N.C., Molnar D., Momenan A., Mondo C.K., Monroy-Valle M., Monterrubio-Flores E., Monyeki K.D.K., Moosazadeh M., Moreira L.B., Morejon A., Moreno L.A., Morgan K., Morin S.N., Mortensen E.L., Moschonis G., Mossakowska M., Mostafa A., Mota-Pinto A., Mota J., Motlagh M.E., Motta J., Moura-dos-Santos M.A., Mridha M.K., Msyamboza K.P., Mu T.T., Muc M., Mugosa B., Muiesan M.L., Mukhtorova P., Muller-Nurasyid M., Murphy N., Mursu J., Murtagh E.M., Musa K.I., Music Milanovic S., Musil V., Mustafa N., Nabipour I., Naderimagham S., Nagel G., Naidu B.M., Najafi F., Nakamura H., Namesna J., Nang E.E.K., Nangia V.B., Nankap M., Narake S., Nardone P., Nauck M., Neal W.A., Nejatizadeh A., Nelis K., Nelis L., Nenko I., Neovius M., Nervi F., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D., Nguyen Q.N., Nieto-Martinez R.E., Nikitin Y.P., Ning G., Ninomiya T., Nishtar S., Noale M., Noboa O.A., Nogueira H., Norat T., Nordendahl M., Nordestgaard B.G., Noto D., Nowak-Szczepanska N., Nsour M.A., Nuhoglu I., Nurk E., O'Neill T.W., O'Reilly D., Obreja G., Ochimana C., Ochoa-Aviles A.M., Oda E., Oh K., Ohara K., Ohlsson C., Ohtsuka R., Olafsson O., Olinto M.T.A., Oliveira I.O., Omar M.A., Onat A., Ong S.K., Ono L.M., Ordunez P., Ornelas R., Ortiz A.P., Ortiz P.J., Osler M., Osmond C., Ostojic S.M., Ostovar A., Otero J.A., Overvad K., Owusu-Dabo E., Paccaud F.M., Padez C., Pagkalos I., Pahomova E., Paiva K.M.D., Pajak A., Palli D., Palloni A., Palmieri L., Pan W.-H., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Panza F., Papandreou D., Park S.-W., Park S., Parnell W.R., Parsaeian M., Pascanu I.M., Pasquet P., Patel N.D., Pednekar M.S., Peer N., Peixoto S.V., Peltonen M., Pereira A.C., Peres M.A., Perez-Farinos N., Perez C.M., Peterkova V., Peters A., Petersmann A., Petkeviciene J., Petrauskiene A., Pettenuzzo E., Peykari N., Pham S.T., Pichardo R.N., Pierannunzio D., Pigeot I., Pikhart H., Pilav A., Pilotto L., Pistelli F., Pitakaka F., Piwonska A., Pizarro A.N., Plans-Rubio P., Poh B.K., Pohlabeln H., Pop R.M., Porta M., Posch G., Poudyal A., Poulimeneas D., Pouraram H., Pourfarzi F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Pradeepa R., Price A.J., Price J.F., Providencia R., Puder J.J., Pudule I., Puhakka S.E., Puiu M., Punab M., Qasrawi R.F., Qorbani M., Quoc Bao T., Radic I., Radisauskas R., Rahimikazerooni S., Rahman M., Raitakari O., Raj M., Rakhimova E., Rakhmatulloev S., Rakovac I., Ramachandra Rao S., Ramachandran A., Ramke J., Ramos E., Ramos R., Rampal L., Rampal S., Rarra V., Rascon-Pacheco R.A., Rasmussen M., Rech C.R., Redon J., Reganit P.F.M., Regecova V., Revilla L., Rezaianzadeh A., Ribas-Barba L., Ribeiro R., Riboli E., Richter A., Rigo F., Rinaldo N., Rinke de Wit T.F., Rito A., Ritti-Dias R.M., Rivera J.A., Robitaille C., Roccaldo R., Rodrigues D., Rodriguez-Artalejo F., Rodriguez-Perez M.D.C., Rodriguez-Villamizar L.A., Roggenbuck U., Rojas-Martinez R., Rojroongwasinkul N., Romaguera D., Romeo E.L., Rosario R.V., Rosengren A., Rouse I., Roy J.G., Rubinstein A., Ruhli F.J., Ruidavets J.-B., Ruiz-Betancourt B.S., Ruiz Moreno E., Rusakova I.A., Russell Jonsson K., Russo P., Rust P., Rutkowski M., Sabanayagam C., Sacchini E., Sachdev H.S., Sadjadi A., Safarpour A.R., Safi S., Safiri S., Saidi O., Saki N., Salanave B., Salazar Martinez E., Salmeron D., Salomaa V., Salonen J.T., Salvetti M., Samoutian M., Sanchez-Abanto J., Sandjaja, Sans S., Santa Marina L., Santos D.A., Santos I.S., Santos L.C., Santos M.P., Santos O., Santos R., Santos Sanz S., Saramies J.L., Sardinha L.B., Sarrafzadegan N., Sathish T., Saum K.-U., Savva S., Savy M., Sawada N., Sbaraini M., Scazufca M., Schaan B.D., Schaffrath Rosario A., Schargrodsky H., Schienkiewitz A., Schindler K., Schipf S., Schmidt C.O., Schmidt I.M., Schnohr P., Schottker B., Schramm S., Schroder H., Schultsz C., Schutte A.E., Sebert S., Sein A.A., Selamat R., Sember V., Sen A., Senbanjo I.O., Sepanlou S.G., Sequera V., Serra-Majem L., Servais J., Sevcikova L., Shalnova S.A., Shamah-Levy T., Shamshirgaran M., Shanthirani C.S., Sharafkhah M., Sharma S.K., Shaw J.E., Shayanrad A., Shayesteh A.A., Shengelia L., Shi Z., Shibuya K., Shimizu-Furusawa H., Shin D.W., Shin Y., Shirani M., Shiri R., Shrestha N., Si-Ramlee K., Siani A., Siantar R., Sibai A.M., Silva A.M., Silva D.A.S., Simon M., Simons J., Simons L.A., Sjoberg A., Sjostrom M., Skodje G., Slowikowska-Hilczer J., Slusarczyk P., Smeeth L., So H.-K., Soares F.C., Sobek G., Sobngwi E., Sodemann M., Soderberg S., Soekatri M.Y., Soemantri A., Sofat R., Solfrizzi V., Somi M.H., Sonestedt E., Song Y., Sorgjerd E.P., Sossa Jerome C., Soto-Rojas V.E., Soumare A., Sovic S., Sparboe-Nilsen B., Sparrenberger K., Spinelli A., Spiroski I., Staessen J.A., Stamm H., Stathopoulou M.G., Staub K., Stavreski B., Steene-Johannessen J., Stehle P., Stein A.D., Stergiou G.S., Stessman J., Stevanovic R., Stieber J., Stockl D., Stocks T., Stokwiszewski J., Stoyanova E., Stratton G., Stronks K., Strufaldi M.W., Sturua L., Suarez-Medina R., Suka M., Sun C.-A., Sundstrom J., Sung Y.-T., Sunyer J., Suriyawongpaisal P., Swinburn B.A., Sy R.G., Syddall H.E., Sylva R.C., Szklo M., Szponar L., Tai E.S., Tammesoo M.-L., Tamosiunas A., Tan E.J., Tang X., Tanser F., Tao Y., Tarawneh M.R., Tarp J., Tarqui-Mamani C.B., Taxova Braunerova R., Taylor A., Taylor J., Tchibindat F., Tebar W.R., Tell G.S., Tello T., Thankappan K.R., Theobald H., Theodoridis X., Thijs L., Thomas N., Thuesen B.H., Ticha L., Timmermans E.J., Tjonneland A., Tolonen H.K., Tolstrup J.S., Topbas M., Topor-Madry R., Torheim L.E., Tormo M.J., Tornaritis M.J., Torrent M., Torres-Collado L., Toselli S., Traissac P., Tran T.T.-H., Trichopoulos D., Trichopoulou A., Trinh O.T., Trivedi A., Tshepo L., Tsigga M., Tsugane S., Tuliakova A.M., Tulloch-Reid M.K., Tullu F., Tuomainen T.-P., Tuomilehto J., Turley M.L., Tynelius P., Tzotzas T., Tzourio C., Ueda P., Ugel E., Ukoli F.A., Ulmer H., Unal B., Usupova Z., Uusitalo H.M., 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Wojtyniak B., Wong-McClure R.A., Wong A., Wong J.E., Wong T.Y., Woo J., Woodward M., Wu F.C., Wu J., Wu L.J., Wu S., Xu H., Xu L., Yaacob N.A., Yamborisut U., Yan W., Yang L., Yang X., Yang Y., Yardim N., Yaseri M., Yasuharu T., Ye X., Yiallouros P.K., Yoosefi M., Yoshihara A., You Q.S., You S.-L., Younger-Coleman N.O., Yusof S.M., Yusoff A.F., Zaccagni L., Zafiropulos V., Zakavi S.R., Zamani F., Zambon S., Zampelas A., Zamrazilova H., Zapata M.E., Zargar A.H., Zaw K.K., Zdrojewski T., Zeljkovic Vrkic T., Zeng Y., Zhang L., Zhang Z.-Y., Zhao D., Zhao M.-H., Zhao W., Zhen S., Zheng W., Zheng Y., Zholdin B., Zhou M., Zhu D., Zocalo Y., Zuniga Cisneros J., Zuziak M., and Ezzati M.

Subjects
Male, body-mass index, ADULTHOOD, Adolescents, pituuskasvu, Pediatrics, Body Mass Index, 0302 clinical medicine, Child Development, nuoret, Public health surveillance, Medicine, Health Status Indicators, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Body mass index, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Samfunnsmedisin, sosialmedisin: 801, General Medicine, Body mass indexes, kansainvälinen vertailu, 3. Good health, Geography, Health, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Child, Preschool, Medical and Health sciences, purl.org/becyt/ford/3 [https], medicine.medical_specialty, School-aged adolescents, Socio-culturale, lapset (ikäryhmät), Nursing, territories, ravinto, purl.org/becyt/ford/3.3 [https], 03 medical and health sciences, School Children, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, school-aged children and adolescents, Montenegro, education, Science & Technology, Omvårdnad, Health sciences, Medical and Health sciences, Ciências médicas e da saúde, Bayes Theorem, Anthropometry, Adolescent Development, medicine.disease, TRENDS, Height and Body-mass Index, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, UNDERNUTRITION, Height index trajectories, Height, body mass index, children , epidemiology, risk factors, growth, Stature, Demography, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Internationality, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Body-mass index trajectories, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, risk factors, countries, EPIDEMIOLOGY, height, children, adolescents, BMI, 030212 general & internal medicine, painoindeksi, Child development, 2. Zero hunger, Medicine(all), School age child, obestity children cardiovascular, Population Health, 1. No poverty, Pediatrik, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Pooled analysis, NUTRITION, Female, medicine.symptom, pooled analysis, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, terveys, height, BMI, nutrition, health, children, adolescents, Adolescent, growth, Population, body-mass, Population based, Body-mass index, Young Adult, Medicine, General & Internal, Meta-Analysis as Topic, General & Internal Medicine, parasitic diseases, Weight gain, School-aged childrens, Age trajectories, business.industry, Height, Weight, Body Height, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Malnutrition, ONSET, Ciências da Saúde, Ciências médicas e da saúde, School-aged children, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Community medicine, Social medicine: 801, business, terveysriskit, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents., METHODS: For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence., FINDINGS: We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls., INTERPRETATION: The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks., Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme, EU., peer-reviewed

Published
2020
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