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King, Phillip Parker Phillip Parker King 1791-1856: A Most Admirable Australian. Brian Douglas Abbott. Armidale, NSW: Glenburgh, 2012. xvii + 397 pp. $119.95. 'The author has rendered signal service to [...]

The nova of 1572 was one of the most important astronomical events of the 16th century, mentioned by more than 40 authors. One of them was Jerónimo Muñoz, a Valentian Professor of Mathematics, who not only observed it, but also wrote a Book on the New Comet in Castilian, at the request of the Spanish King, Phillip II. There he addresses, among other things, the nature and location of the phenomenon, concluding that it was a star-like comet, which was located at a distance beyond that of the Sun. The article deals with Jerónimo Muñoz's life and work within the Spanish astronomical community and explains the main ideas Muñoz presented in the Book regarding the nature and significance of the nova. The online edition of the article includes an appendix containing a complete English translation of the Book on the New Comet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid-onset vasodilation (ROV) following single muscle contractions has been examined in the forearm of humans, but has not yet been characterized in the leg. Given known vascular differences between the arm and leg, we sought to characterize ROV following single muscle contractions in the leg. Sixteen healthy men performed random ordered single contractions at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using isometric knee extension made with the leg above and below heart level, and these were compared with single isometric contractions of the forearm (handgrip). Single thigh cuff compressions (300 mmHg) were utilized to estimate the mechanical contribution to leg ROV. Continuous blood flow was determined by duplex-Doppler ultrasound and blood pressure via finger photoplethysmography (Finometer). Single isometric knee extensor contractions produced intensity-dependent increases in peak leg vascular conductance that were significantly greater than the forearm in both the above- and below-heart level positions (e.g., above heart level: leg 20% MVC, +138 ± 28% vs. arm 20% MVC, +89 ± 17%; P < 0.05). Thigh cuff compressions also produced a significant hyperemic response, but these were brief and smaller in magnitude compared with single isometric contractions in the leg. Collectively, these data demonstrate the presence of a rapid and robust vasodilation to single muscle contractions in the leg that is largely independent of mechanical factors, thus establishing the leg as a viable model to study ROV in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Librosdelacorte.es is the property of Instituto Universitario "La Corte en Europa" - IULCE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the expression of colonial loyalty in nineteenth century Cuba as a tool mobilised by otherwise disenfranchised enslaving elites seeking to shape the island's governance. Combined with the judicious expression of fear, this paper suggests that "fearful loyalty" was deployed to influence the Spanish colonial government on the subject of slavery. Contemporary periodicals from the USA, examined here, presented Cuban loyalty as effeminate and baffling. Employing the methodology of History of Emotions to analyse private correspondence between Cuban enslavers, Captain Generals in Cuba, and the metropolitan government in Spain, this study rebuts that outsider impression. Adding depth to our understanding of Atlantic History, this article argues that fearful loyalty was a creolised emotional protocol utilised by enslavers and pro-slave trade individuals when attempting to manipulate the Crown to follow the course of action they considered most advantageous to their interests regarding slavery, censorship, and abolition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a training phase, a group of second- (24 M and 24 F) and third-graders (24 M and 24 F) were assigned the task of finding objects hidden in pictures and given either no, low, or high verbal reward following the completion of each of two pictures. Thereafter, in a free time phase, the Ss were observed in terms of the length of time they devoted to additional instances of the hidden pictures task. Under the high verbal reward condition, the male Ss devoted more free time to the task than the female Ss (p < .03). Similar results were reported by other investigators in college students. The results were interpreted to suggest that high verbal reward enhances intrinsic motivation in male second- and third-graders and inhibits intrinsic motivation in female second- and third-graders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is growing evidence that a relationship exists between mental and emotional wellbeing and the gut microbiota. Little is known regarding how the microbiota reacts to repeated acute stress events in dogs, and whether it is a predictor of stress response. In this study, we explored the impact on the gut microbiota and digestive health with two common events many pet dogs find stressful. Twenty healthy adult dogs, living within a colony, were exposed to either car travel or separation three times across eight-week intervals. Faecal samples were collected 24 h before, within 24 h, and 24–48 h after. Faecal quality and pH, and microbiota diversity and composition were analysed in context with wider published work on physiological stress measures. No significant changes were observed in faecal quality or pH with either stress event at any timepoint, indicating all pets remained in good digestive health. Microbiota analysis demonstrated no significant impact on alpha or beta diversity with either stressor. Microbial signatures previously linked to stress were not identified in these dogs and no changes were observed in the functional gut composition. Irrespective of whether the pet was considered "stressed" (i.e., exhibited an increase in serum cortisol), there was no effect on the microbiota and no taxa were predictive of stress response. Collectively, this work demonstrates, for this population, certain acute stress events have no meaningful impact on the canine gut microbiota, and it has no impact on the associated stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences is the property of Dokuz Eylul University Graduate School of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The historicity of the entire Greek territory is indisputable; however, some places, even today, face a lack of academic and archaeological research and historical oblivion. One such case is observed in central Greece and, more specifically, in the city of Larissa. If something differentiates this city from all the others in Greece, this is its antiquity, along with Argos in the Peloponnese. In the mosaic of its past, the most important tessera is the first ancient theater, which is also the central emblem of the city due to its great importance. Although the restoration and maintenance processes have not yet ended, the monument continues to this day to update information about the past of the city, contributing to a very large extent to the configuration of Larissa's cultural identity. Since emphasis has been given to the conservation and preservation of the ancient theater, the paper moves in the opposite direction and aims at a holistic depiction of the city's history based on the data so far, mainly through Larissa's antiquity and the first ancient theater, covering an era from prehistory to the Roman occupation. The difference about this specific theater is that its function was complicated and varied, offering even an innovation on the level of state organization, filling thus a literature gap regarding the history of ancient Larissa overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining traditional and digital methods, this essay models a new toolbox for analyzing the knotty problem of how many letters in the State Papers were introduced to the archive through interception. Estimates by scholars vary widely. Using the State Papers Foreign metadata for the reign of Elizabeth I, we employ a method of "layered searching" to find letters involving a third party. By structuring the communications as a network, we weight edges between correspondents and the Tudor State to distinguish acts of interception from forwarded letters or spy reports. These methods suggest likely candidates for interception with a sliding scale of confidence, helping to identify two broad models of letter interception outside England, which we dub "military-diplomatic" and "catch-and-release." Overall, we estimate more than 5 percent of the collection to have been intercepted, highlighting a continuous network of intercepting officials from the Dutch Revolt to the imprisonment of Mary Stuart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, Goethe's early historical plays, Götz von Berlichingen, published in 1773, and Egmont, published only in 1787, are compared. So far, scholarly work has not recognized enough of the differences between both works. Goethe's intellectual development from the young Storm and Stress writer of Götz to the publication of Egmont fourteen years later has not been considered sufficiently. Goethe's development is clearly reflected in his protagonists' deeds and intentions. Goethe's Götz fights predominantly for his own rights and his family. Egmont aims higher; he is more concerned with the welfare state of society and reflects on political issues Götz is unable to consider. Moreover, Goethe takes, in both cases, poetic license to create a different picture of his protagonists' failures than historical sources provide. This finally leads to the introduction of the term preclassic to differentiate between Götz and Egmont. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of adapting a written narrative for the silver screen, there is much that can be lost (or gained) in translation. Arrival, Denis Villeneuve's adaption of Ted Chiang's Story of Your Life, is no exception. Often analyzed as a work of science fiction, this article argues that understanding Arrival as a work of the frontier gothic renders the attempted erasure of Indigenous presence in the film visible. The frontier gothic elements of Arrival, most prominently the transformation of Chiang's protagonist, Louise, into a frontier hero(ine), and the looming Montana setting, both evoke and attempt to erase the Indigenous presence in this "frontier". As a frontier hero, Louise ultimately supersedes the aliens of Arrival, absorbing and appropriating their knowledge and language to save the world (and the superiority of the United States). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam arrived in the Philippines long before Christianity. However, today, at most, only 11% are Muslim in this largest Catholic country in Asia. Muslims comprise mainly of the Moros residing in the Southern parts of the country - Mindanao, Palawan, the Sulu Archipelago - and the Balik-Islam. The Balik-Islam are primarily former Christians who have converted or "returned" (Balik) to Islam. Many amongst the Balik-Islam are former expats or migrant workers who embraced Islam in the Gulf countries and have returned to the Philippines. Their understanding and practice of Islam have been greatly influenced by the stricter, more orthodox Salafi and Wahhabi versions practised by their former "arbaab" (boss or master). This paper delves into the Balik-Islam phenomenon; primarily exploring the reasons for Filipinos converting to Islam, the relationship of the Balik-Islam with the Moros, and their place in the history of the Muslims of the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Numbers 21:4–9, the Nehushtan was a copper/bronze snake effigy that functioned as a 'magical' healing tool to cure the early Israelites from venomous snakebites they incurred during their desert wanderings. What is unclear from the narrative is the symbolic significance of the event, the materials used, the technical skills required, and whether magic was at play. Firstly, when considering the magical effects of the Nehushtan, we must define which type of magic—apotropaic or sympathetic—was involved. Based upon existing scholarship on the topic, the general consensus is that the Nehushtan represented sympathetic magic, underpinned in this instance by homeopathic/imitative magic. To highlight this point, this study will provide selected examples of both types of magic so that the Nehushtan's association with sympathetic magic can be illustrated. Secondly, and most importantly, we must consider why the image of a snake was chosen if the very affliction (envenomation) suffered by the people was caused by the creature now being posited as a symbol of divine healing. Did the ancient perceptions of snakes and healing play a role in this decision? Why did the early Israelites not question the logic behind the use of a magical snake effigy when both magic and effigies were technically prohibited by biblical laws? To answer these questions, the study will consider the historical background (the Exodus from Egypt), the set (geographical location), and the setting (cultural contact and influence) in which the narrative of the Nehushtan took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archive has played a crucial role in art historical scholarship in helping to flesh out the identities of colonial artists, scribes, and writers. But the vagaries of history, colonialist violences, and postcolonial regimes mean that the archives undergirding such study are particularly unstable. This essay treats the role of archives (their lacunae as well as their surpluses) in shaping the historical methods and scholarly desires around these actors. Case studies are organized around objects made of ink and paper, the same materials as colonial documentation. These cases span a wide temporal range, a broad geographic frame, and a diverse set of period actors. Set out in reverse chronological order, they capture the longing and lament that colonial archives produce. The essay then turns to archival gaps that have been or might be filled, focalizing a range or methods—from historically sanctioned modes of recovery to patently fraudulent fictions—to explore generative methods of probing archival limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines two different missionary areas where the Society of Jesus was sent to evangelise the native population: the Andean territories previously under Inca domination and the remote Mariana Islands in the Pacific Rim. The gathering of "other barbarians" living outside "civilised" societies was a tool of early modern colonisers within Europe and beyond. The English did so in sixteenth-century Ireland and the Spanish began reducing the so-called American Indians to new settlements in New Spain and Peru. In this paper, I want to compare the methods used to concentrate the natives of the Viceroyalty of Peru, where the Jesuits actively collaborated, with the borderland mission of the Marianas, where the Jesuits worked as parishioners of a much less sophisticated people: the CHamoru. As I will demonstrate, this policy of gathering souls was not an isolated one, but part and parcel of a universalistic principle of spreading God's word that was irremediably embedded in colonial structures of coercion and political control in the Americas and Asia-Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how gifts, and stories about gifts, to and from the popes were treated and discussed in twelfth- and thirteenth-century England. The first part explores the intellectual context in which these stories were written, namely scriptural and classical ideas about the gift that circulated in the period, and the practical challenges faced by the papacy. The second part explores how English clerks and aristocrats utilised these gifts and stories about them. The exchange of gifts, the article argues, presented the papacy and its partners with mutually incompatible practical and ideological pressures. Despite the efforts of skilled actors such as Pope Innocent III, these challenges could only be navigated, never resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The qualifications that early childhood (EC) teachers attain vary across the 50 states. This variance is likely associated with the differences in state-level childcare licensing policies governing the qualification attainment of EC teachers. This research explores the relationship between childcare licensing policy and the qualifications that EC teachers attain. We examine secondary data from the National Survey of Early Care and Education merged with secondary policy data on childcare licensing policies for all 50 states. We use a series of linear and logistic regression models to understand how the policy stringency of childcare licensing predicts the attainment of educational degrees, EC certification, and professional development. We find more stringent policies predict teacher attainment of bachelor's degrees in EC, certification, and professional development. Policy does not predict associate degree attainment in EC. Our finding that policy stringency aligns with qualification attainment demonstrates that policymakers can better target childcare licensing policies to promote qualification attainment among the EC workforce. This research can be used by 1) teacher education programs to illustrate how policies and regulatory standards influence the qualifications of the workforce that they prepare for careers in EC, and 2) policymakers to better craft and target childcare licensing policies that influence qualification attainment among their EC workforces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism & Management Studies is the property of Escola Superior de Gestao, Hotelaria e Turismo, Universidade do Algarve and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tracing patterns of letter interception across the Alps provides a new geography of Habsburg communications, espionage, and counter‐espionage in seventeenth‐century Europe. Using the correspondence of the Tassis family of imperial and Spanish postmasters, this article demonstrates that despite increasingly martial rhetoric, battles in information security took place along different geography than the military campaigns of the Thirty Years War. Instead of the 'Spanish Road', the article proposes the consideration of two alternative roads debated by postal administrators: the 'German Road' through Augsburg and the 'Swiss Road' through Lucerne. Letter interceptions along these roads demonstrate that information security differed from martial security in two key ways: First, Habsburg postal systems relied upon international cooperation rather than territorial control. The desire to avoid information leaks had to be balanced with the financial necessity of contracting postal operations to Alpine towns such as Lindau. Second, postmasters themselves responded to the information security needs of cosmopolitan private patrons and multiple princes, complicating their allegiances as state agents. Cases such as the imperial Postmistress General of Brussels and Spanish postmaster of Milan demonstrate that postmasters served as both 'honorable spies' and spy‐catchers, proposing new itineraries to circumvent espionage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has two aims. The first is to reflect on the suitability of walking in ethnography, as a form of embodied and social knowing, where both the sensory and emotional perceptions evoked during the walk and the experiential, analytical and relational knowledge of the spaces traversed allow access to a detailed understanding of ethnohistorical settings. The second is to take an ethnographic view of the practices that produced the city of Donostia-San Sebastián (Basque Country, Spain), illuminating them through three ethnohistorical walking tours. These tours illustrate the gradual destruction of the city's water landscape, which occurred in parallel with uneven urban development, as well as recent acts of resistance. In this regard, involving both processes in the walking ethnography presented here highlights the potential of walking in reclaiming the right to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What can the fall of the Knights Templars teach us about medieval institutions? We highlight that the Templar's annihilation results from the institutional shock of Pope Clement V's decision to relocate the papacy from Italy to France. Prior to the relocation, an equilibrium persisted for more than a century where the Templars made loans to more powerful kings, with the reassurance that they were protected by the Church. The decision of Pope Clement V to relocate the papacy to France altered the Church's relationship with the French Crown and imposed substantial constraints on the Church's ability to safeguard one of its most important monastic orders, the Knights Templar. In a dynamic game scenario, we model Clement V and Philip IV's decision making, emphasizing important choices that led to the Knights Templar's demise. This historical episode illustrates the relationship between credible commitments and religious legitimacy, and the precarious and personal nature of pre-modern political institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juan Ruiz de Alarcón's Las paredes oyen is not an ordinary comedia. Its verses portray the embodied and social experience of disability in seventeenth-century Spain from the insider perspective of a disabled person. The play had a successful eighteen-year run in the Habsburg Court of Philip IV, but, paradoxically, it was never performed as Ruiz de Alarcón originally envisioned. Archival evidence shows that the play's main character, a man with an undisclosed bodily deformity, was consistently portrayed as bodily normative. The present study delves into the logic behind such an intentional omission, ascribing these attitudes toward the staging of deviant corporealities in leading parts to both the principles of dramatic decorum and theater's financial reliance on the audiences' preferences. In addition to inviting playgoers to experience life as a person with a disability vicariously, Ruiz de Alarcón's ultimate intention in Las paredes oyen is to challenge the way in which non-normative bodies were traditionally represented in Golden Age theater. To convey his message, Ruiz de Alarcón bent the rules of decorum in the characterization of the leading man, a departure from the playwriting conventions of the Arte nuevo that led to a bitter dispute with Lope de Vega. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper situates Morocco's invasion of the West African Songhai Empire in 1591 within the global histories of race, slavery, and capitalism. Morocco's invasion, which took place during the height of the Sàdi dynasty (1554–1659), provided Morocco with an influx of capital through Black West African slave labour on Morocco's sugar plantations and its newfound control over the lucrative gold and salt mines of West Africa. Such wealth and power bolstered Morocco's regional and global position in the vital node where Africa, Europe, the Mediterranean, and Atlantic all converge. This paper will address the following questions: how did Morocco's shift from enslaving non-Muslims to enslaving Muslim West Africans from the Songhai based on their race lay down the foundations for centuries of anti-Black violence in North Africa? (2) how did Black slave labour from the Songhai allow Morocco to become England's primary source of sugar imports prior to the rise of sugar plantations in the Americas and the Caribbean? (3) how can we move beyond normative taxonomies that view North and West Africa as separate spaces instead of as regions whose conditions were shaped by one another? Ultimately, my paper will demonstrate how the Sàdi dynasty was an active player in the rise of racialized forms of slavery that eventually dominated the Atlantic for centuries and whose afterlives continue to endure on both sides of the Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay treats an extraordinary equestrian portrait of the New Spanish viceroy Bernardo de Gálvez created from little more than a looping, calligraphic line. Unique among viceregal painting, it has eluded definitive scholarly interpretation. A previously unexplored, printed calligraphic model is proposed. At stake, however, is not just source hunting but a reappraisal of the picture's intellectual context within a network of the period's renowned academicians and their thinking about handwriting. Moreover, new technical findings allow a revised dating of the picture in exposing the sitter's shifting identity. What emerges is a political reading of the portrait's original function as an act of deference to the Spanish crown and sign of investment in the renewal of Iberian culture's proper formation of imperial citizens—on both sides of the Atlantic. Ultimately, the essay thus points to the art-historical potential of wrestling with the history of writing, a domain often segregated from other visual arts but one that was critical for early modern artists and their audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gossypol is a proven cytotoxic yellow pigment obtained from cotton seed oil, while grape seed proanthocyanidin has high free-radical eliminating antioxidants characteristics. Therefore, the effect of grape-seed proanthocyanidin on gossypol induced kidney damage of adult Wistar rats was evaluated. Method: a total of thirty (30) adult male rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups; Group A: normal control group (received 0.1mls of PBS), Group B: proanthocyanidin control group; received 15 mg/100gm BW of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract, Group C: cotton seed extract group; received 15mg/100gm BW of cottonseed oil only, Group D: Isolated gossypol, ISG; (received 15 mg/100gm BW of isolated gossypol only), and the protection group grape seed, Group E: (received 15 mg/100gm BW of cottonseed oil + 15 mg/100gm BW of grape seed Proanthocyanidin extract and Group F:15 mg/100gm BW of isolated gossypol + 15 mg/100gm BW of grape seed proanthocyanidin. After 56 days of continuous oral administration, animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation and left kidney was excised and fixed in 10% formo-saline for histological preparation, while right kidney was homogenized in 5 % sucrose solution for biochemical assay of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Result: animals treated with isolated gossypol (ISG) and cotton seed oil (CSO) showed alterations in the histo-architecture of the renal cortex ranging from the presence of alterations in renal corpuscle, distortion in the epithelial lining of the tubules and significant increase in lipid peroxidation (elevated MDA activity) (p<0.05) than that of the control groups. Immuno-histological expression showed increase expression of cytokeratin-7 (CK-7) among the animals treated with isolated gossypol (ISG) and cotton seed oil (CSO). However, treatment with grape seed proanthocyanidin showed significant decrease in MDA level (lipid peroxidation) relative to control animals, improved histological appearance and moderate expression of cytokeratin-7 (CK-7) along the epithelia lining of the renal tubules. Grape seed proanthocyanidin maintained the antioxidant enzymes concentration and integrity, while cotton seed oil and isolated gossypol treatment caused measurable increase in antioxidant activities imposed by cell injury (reactive oxygen species) during gossypol toxicity Conclusion: grape-seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSP) decrease the expression of cytokeratin-7 (CK-7), and reduce lipid peroxidation damage incotton seed oil and isolated gossypol induced kidney damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Istraživanja: Journal of Historical Researches is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)