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To better control chlorinous odor in tap water, we assessed the performance of the combination of oxidation (ozonation or advanced oxidation processes, AOP) and ion-exchange treatment. In this process, the hydrophilic neutral fraction (a major dissolved organic matter (DOM) fraction) is converted to ionic species, and these ions and ammonium ion are effectively removed during ionexchange processes. We found that each treatment process (e.g., oxidation alone or ion exchange alone) was effective for the reduction of chlorinous odor to some extent, but the chlorinous odor formation potential was lower when the oxidation process and ion exchange were applied in series. The combination of AOP (ozone/vacuum ultraviolet treatment) at a high ozone dose and ion exchange (both cation and anion) was most effective, and the chlorinous odor formation potential was reduced to approximately 30 TON (threshold odor number) from more than 100 TON. Also, dissolved organic carbon and ammonium ion were effectively removed with this process. Compared with ozonation, AOP was more effective at a higher ozone dose. The effectiveness of this process was also confirmed in continuous mode by pilot-scale experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantitative real-time PCR using a primer pair CM2946F/CM3160R was developed for specific detection and quantification of Cordyceps militaris from soil. Standard curves were obtained for genomic DNA and DNA extracts from autoclaved soil with a certain dose of C. militaris suspension. C. militaris was detected from two forest soil samples out of ten that were collected when fruit bodies of C. militaris were found. This method seemed effective in detection of C. militaris in the soil and useful for rapid and reliable quantification of C. militaris in different ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]