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Copyright of Pamukkale Medical Journal is the property of Pamukkale Journal of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of bovine milk and yogurt on selected oral microorganisms and different oral biofilms. Materials and Methods: Milk was prepared from 0.5% fat (low-fat) and 16% fat (high fat) milk powder. For yogurt preparation, the strains Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgarcius and Streptococcus thermophilus were added to the milk. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal microbiocidal concentrations (MMC) of the test compounds were measured against various microorganisms by the microbroth dilution technique. Cariogenic periodontal biofilms and one containing Candida were created on plastic surfaces coated with test substances. Further, preformed biofilms were exposed to the test substances at a concentration of 100% for 10 min and thereafter 10% for 50 min. Both colony forming units (cfu) and metabolic activity were quantified in the biofilms. Results: Neither high-fat milk, low-fat milk nor casein inhibited the growth of any species. Yogurt and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus at low MIC and MMC suppressed the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and other bacteria associated with periodontal disease. High-fat yogurt decreased cfu in the forming periodontal biofilm by 90%. Both low- and high-fat yogurts reduced metabolic activity in newly forming and preformed periodontal and Candida biofilms, but not in the cariogenic biofilm. Conclusions: Yogurt and L. delbru eckii ssp. bulgaricus, but not milk, were bactericidal against periodontopathogenic bacteria. Yoghurt reduced the metabolic activity of a Candida biofilm and a periodontal biofilm. Yogurt and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus may have potential in prevention and therapy of periodontal diseases and Candida infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the most common infectious diseases related to nutrition is tooth decay. In this study, the relationship between diet and obesity with tooth decay in children was investigated. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on children. Tooth decay was determined by the DMFT index. Also, BMI (Body Mass Index) was used to evaluate obesity, and a semiquantitative FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire) was utilized to evaluate food intake. The results showed that the frequency of caries index in overweight and obese children was significantly higher than in other children (P < 0.05). The results of the frequency of food consumption showed that all children, except for the milk and dairy group, used fruits and vegetables from other food groups. An inverse correlation was observed between tooth decay and the average consumption of milk and dairy products, fruits, and vegetables, and a significant positive correlation was observed between BMI and the frequency of consumption of sweets. In the current study, obesity, consumption of carious snacks, and reduction in consumption of vegetables, fruits, and dairy products have been proposed as risk factors for dental caries in children. Due to the importance of teeth in children's general health, it seems necessary to educate parents and children about following a balanced diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is a low‐middle income country with a population of 1.4 billion and home to one quarter of the world's children. Exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months and continued breastfeeding until at least 2 years as per global recommendations are common practice. The Indian government and associated organisations have strived to protect breastfeeding, which is important in a country with high under‐5 mortality, malnutrition and stunting. Allergic disease is under‐recognised in India, but despite the absence of a dedicated allergy medical specialty, awareness of allergy is increasing among healthcare practitioners and in the general population. In high‐income countries, overdiagnosis of allergy has become recognised as an issue in recent years. Allergy healthcare professionals have also attracted criticism for close relationships with the formula industry, which appear to have contributed to excessive use of specialised formula products and undermining of breastfeeding. Specialised formula has been used unnecessarily for preventing allergy, based on fraudulent and selectively reported science; and for managing normal infant symptoms which are mislabelled as milk allergy. This forms part of a broader formula industry corporate strategy to widen the boundaries of illness in order to expand sales and markets. In India, allergic disease management is hindered by limited understanding of the disease entity among practitioners, low access to diagnostics, limited healthcare resources, high exposure to air pollution and a large, diverse population. Data specific to India on allergic disease prevalence and interpreting allergy diagnostics are incomplete. The knowledge gaps mean allergy management in India is often extrapolated from guidance developed in high‐income countries with low breastfeeding rates. As the allergy specialty develops in India, local guidance and practice will need to recognise the threat that current allergy practice poses to India's normative infant feeding culture, and ensure that breastfeeding continues to be supported at all levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional supplements have been recommended to cope with malnutrition in elderly persons. In Chile, the Supplementary Nutrition Program for the Elderly (PACAM, for its Spanish acronym) consists in a monthly distribution of a low-fat-milk-based drink that contains 8% sucrose. The aim of this study was to determine whether older persons consuming the milk-based drink have a higher caries experience when compared to those not receiving the supplement. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Maule Region in Chile. The representative sample comprised two groups: (a) PACAM consumers (CS) (n = 60) and (b) nonconsumers (NCS) (n = 60). Participants received intraoral examination and coronal (DMFT/DMFS) and root caries (RCI index) experience were recorded. Additionally, questionnaires regarding acceptability and consumption habits of PACAM and a 24-h diet recall were applied. The influence of predictors was calculated using binary logistic regression for a dichotomized DMFS and Poisson Regression for root caries lesions. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. No differences were detected in food consumption patterns between study groups (p > 0.05). CS participants had increased dairy product consumption. Higher DMFS mean value was observed in the CS (85.35 ± 39.0) compared with NCS (77.28 ± 28.9) (p = 0.043). The multivariate analysis showed nonconsumers of the milk-based product (β = −0.41, p = 0.02) are less likely to have root surfaces affected by caries. Additionally, CS show higher RCI, compared to nonconsumers (β = −0.17, p = 0.02). Daily consumption of a PACAM's milk-based drink supplement seems to increase coronal and root caries risk. Based on these results, composition modification of milk-based drinks with added sucrose appears mandatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the effect of three custom-made probiotic chocolates and conventional chocolates on plaque pH, salivary pH and buffering capacity of saliva in children. The study also evaluated its antimicrobial efficacy against S. mutans.Materials and Methods: A parallel randomised double-blinded trial was conducted in two phases. For the phase І trial, 90 children were randomly divided into 3 groups: milk (MC), white (WC) and dark chocolate (DC). Salivary pH, plaque pH and buffering capacity were assessed at baseline, 10 min, 30 min and 60 min after consumption of the chocolates. After a washout period of 20 days, the children were assigned to their respective probiotic chocolate groups and the assessments were repeated. In the phase ІІ trial, 60 children were divided into 3 groups (n = 20): probiotic milk (PMC), white (PWC) and dark chocolate (PDC). They were given probiotic chocolates for 5 consecutive days in a week. S. mutans colony count was measured at baseline, post intervention, 15 days and 30 days.Results: All probiotic chocolates were less acidogenic than their counterparts. PWC was found to be the least acido-genic. DC was found to be the least acidogenic among plain chocolates. All probiotic chocolates were effective in reducing the S. mutans colony count.Conclusion: Chocolates can serve as a vehicle for delivering probiotics with the added advantage of making them tooth-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of several universal adhesives to eroded dentin (ED), using etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) strategies, and to characterize the surface using two pH cycling models to erode dentin (citric acid and a soft drink). Materials and Methods: Molars were eroded either by soft-drink or citric acid cycling, or were left untreated as control (SD). For each surface, the following adhesives were applied: 1. All-Bond Universal; 2. Ambar Universal; 3. Clearfil Universal; 4. Futurabond U; 5. One Coat 7 Universal; 6. Peak Universal Bond; 7. Prime&Bond Elect; 8. Scotchbond Universal; 9. Tetric n-bond Universal, and 10. Xeno Select. After application of the composite, specimens were sectioned into composite-dentin sticks and tested under tension (0.5 mm/min). Selected sticks from each tooth were used to assess NL. The occlusal dentin surfaces after erosive cycling were examined using SEM. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Results: In ED, there was no difference in µTBS and NL between ER and SE strategies (p > 0.61). Most µTBS and NL values obtained for ED were, respectively, lower and higher than those for SD (p < 0.01), being worse for citric acid ED (p < 0.001). Citric-acid-eroded dentin showed more enlarged tubules, with partial loss of peritubular dentin when compared to soft-drink eroded dentin. Conclusion: The different pH cycling models reduced µTBS and increased NL of the composite/eroded-dentin interface; however, in ED, the performance of the universal adhesives did not depend on the adhesive strategy used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess and compare the salivary pH reversal phenomenon and calcium concentration in subjects consuming paneer and cheese after an acidogenic challenge and also to compare the salivary pH measurements using pH strips and a portable pen-type pH meter.Material and Methods: Sixty caries free undergraduate students were randomly selected and divided into two group: 1. paneer; 2. cheese. After determining the resting salivary pH using pH strips and a pen-type pH meter, participants were subjected to an acidogenic challenge (10% sucrose). Following consumption of test foods (10-gram cubes), salivary pH was measured at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min to record the time taken for the salivary pH to return to baseline. Colorimetric salivary calcium concentration was estimated (Biochemical Analyzer) at baseline and after 60 min of test food consumption. The statistical tests used were Shapiro-Wilk's test for normality, repeated measures ANOVA, and the independent t-test.Results: Test meals reversed the fall in pH after acidogenic challenge starting at 5 min and returning to baseline values after 30 min in both groups (p = 1.000). Colorimetric estimates showed higher salivary calcium concentrations with paneer (p < 0.001). The pen-type pH meter showed superior efficiency in terms of time (p < 0.001) compared to pH strips.Conclusion: The salivary pH reversal phenomenon was evident after consumption of both paneer and cheese following the acidogenic challenge. Consumption of paneer significantly increased salivary calcium concentration. The pen-type pH meter proved to be more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of xylitol or/and funoran on biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans, one of cariogenic bacteria, on the surfaces coated and non-coated with saliva. Effects of xylitol and/or funoran were observed on biofilm formation of S. mutans in non-coated and salivary components-coated polystyrene microtiter 96-well plates (s-plate) and flow cell system. Xylitol did not strongly affect biofilm formation of S. mutans UA159 on non-coated and s-plates and, however, changed the quality of the biofilm on the cells in a flow cell system. Funoran had effects on biofilm formation, and the combination of xylitol and funoran strongly inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation on non-coated plates. In particular, funoran had inactivation effects on membrane vesicles (MVs) and inhibited MV-dependent biofilm formation of S. mutans on non-coated plate surfaces but not on the s-plate. These findings suggest that the combination of xylitol and funoran might be useful to remove the oral biofilm formation in elderly individuals with decreased saliva production. This result suggests that the synergistic effect of funoran and xylitol might be useful for the prevention of biofilm-associated diseases such as dental caries in saliva-decreased patients such as elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a rising concern in clinical dentistry that causes pain and discomfort and negatively affects the quality of life of patients. Indian Society of Periodontology conducted a nationwide survey, involving 3000 dentists in December 2020, which revealed significant knowledge gaps regarding DH, viz., under-diagnosis, incorrect differential diagnosis, and treatment strategies/recommendations for the management of DH patients in daily clinical practice. The current paper has been envisioned and conceptualized to update the practicing Indian dentists regarding the so-called enigma of dentistry "Dentin Hypersensitivity," based on the best available contemporary evidence. An expert panel was constituted comprising 30 subject experts from across the country, which after extensive literature review and group discussions formulated these recommendations. The panel advocated routine screening of all dentate patients for exposed dentin areas and DH to avoid under-diagnosis of the condition and suggested an early preventive management. Consensus guidelines/recommendations for the use of desensitizing agents (DAs) at home, including the use of herbal agents, are also provided within the backdrop of the Indian context. The guidelines recommend that active management of DH shall be accomplished by a combination of at home and in-office therapies, starting with the simplest and cost-effective home use of desensitizing toothpastes. A diagnostic decision tree and a flowchart for application in daily practice are designed to manage the patients suffering from DH or presenting with exposed dentin areas in dentition. Various treatment methods to manage DH have been discussed in the paper, including the insights from previously published treatment guidelines. Further, a novel system of classification of DH patients based on specific case definitions has been developed for the first time. Explicit charts regarding the available treatment options and the chronology of institution of the agent, for the management in different case categories of DH, have been provided for quick reference. The management strategy takes into account a decision algorithm based on hierarchy of complexity of treatment options and intends to improve the quality of life of the patient by long-term maintenance with an innovatively defined triple C's or 3Cs approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excessive use of specialized formula for cow's milk allergy was reported in England, but complete analysis has not been undertaken and trends in other countries are unknown. Some specialized formula products, especially amino‐acid formula (AAF), have high free sugars content. We evaluated specialized formula trends in countries with public databases documenting national prescription rates. Methods: Cross‐sectional analysis of national prescription databases in the United Kingdom, Norway and Australia. Outcomes were volume and cost of specialized formula, and proportion of infants prescribed specialized formula. Expected volumes assumed 1% cow's milk allergy incidence and similar formula feeding rates between infants with and without milk allergy. Results: Prescribed volumes of specialized formula for infants rose 2.8‐fold in England from 2007 to 2018, with similar trends in other regions of the United Kingdom. Volumes rose 2.2‐fold in Norway from 2009 to 2020 and 3.2‐fold in Australia from 2001 to 2012. In 2020, total volumes were 9.7‐ to 12.6‐fold greater than expected in England, 8.3‐ to 15.6‐fold greater than expected in Norway and 3.3‐ to 4.5‐fold greater than expected in Australia, where prescribing restrictions were introduced in 2012. In Norway, the proportion of infants prescribed specialized formula increased from 2.2% in 2009 to 6.9% in 2020, or 11.2‐ to 13.3‐fold greater than expected. In 2020, specialized formula for infants cost US$117 (103 euro) per birth in England, US$93 (82 euro) in Norway and US$27 (23 euro) in Australia. Soya formula prescriptions exceeded expected volumes 5.5‐ to 6.4‐fold in England in 1994 and subsequently declined, co‐incident with public health concerns regarding soya formula safety. In 2020, 30%–50% of prescribed specialized formula across the three countries was AAF. Conclusions: In England, Norway and Australia, specialized formula prescriptions increased in the early 21st century and exceeded expected levels. Unnecessary specialized formula use may make a significant contribution to free sugars consumption in young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne is one of the most common dermatological skin problem caused due to inflammation of the skin, leading to unfavorable growth of Propionibacterium acnes. It is a slow growing anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium that releases chemotactic factors and leads to the complex pathogenicity of acne. There are several acne treatments/therapies available, but topical therapy is usually the first choice for mild to moderate acne, and as the severity of the acne increases, the treatment modalities fail. There are many acne treatment options available, but topical therapy is best suited for mild - to - moderate skin problems, and then as the seriousness of the acne grows, the therapeutic approaches fall short. Biosurfactants are surfactants produced from plants or animals; Saponins are plant derived non-ionic biosurfactants which have steroidal and triterpenic glycosides distributed largely in plant kingdom. Numerous studies conducted by scientists have established the antimicrobial activity of and are considered more advantageous over synthetic precursors as they are eco-friendly, cheap and non-toxic. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of saponins (bio-surfactants) characterized using mass spectroscopy against acne-causing bacteria. The discharge of cellular components including protein and UV-sensitive materials in the cell-free supernatant was provoked by saponin, confirming the cellular and membrane disturbances.. Furthermore, various morphological changes on the bacterial cell surface structure by Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed the disruption of the cell integrity leading to death. Results confirmed presence of non-ionic surfactants primarily affecting the disruption and destruction to the bacteria which indicates that saponins are efficient components with great potential applications in various pharmaceutical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: A systematic review of published data was conducted with the aim of assessing the effects of xylitol consumption on the amount of dental plaque. Materials and methods: Electronic and hand searches were performed to find clinical studies concerning the effects of xylitol chewing gum or candies on dental plaque. Prospective randomized controlled clinical trials published between 1971 and 2020 conducted in healthy subjects were included in the review. Results: The initial search identified 424 xylitol articles. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, altogether 14 articles (16 studies) were reviewed. The review identified 12 of the total of 14 xylitol chewing gum studies as having fair or high quality. In 13 of the 14 chewing gum studies, xylitol gum decreased plaque accumulation. In six studies, xylitol gum chewing decreased plaque compared to sorbitol gum, and in three studies compared to gum base/no gum. In three fair-quality studies conducted with xylitol candies, plaque accumulation did not change. Conclusions: Habitual xylitol gum chewing appears to show plaque-reducing effects that differ from those of sorbitol gum. This suggests specific effects for xylitol on plaque accumulation. Xylitol candies appear not to decrease plaque. The heterogeneity of the studies warrants further research. Clinical relevance Habitual xylitol gum chewing is likely to decrease plaque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volumetric investigations are effective for attributing the interactions between saccharides and sodium saccharin in aqueous medium. The densities with the help of bicapillary pycnometer were measured for monosaccharide (D(-)- arabinose, D(+)galactose and D(+)-Xylose) (0.04 to 0.20) m (mol.kg-1) in water and aqueous sodium saccharin solution with molality, m= (0.05, 0.15 and 0.3) at 298.15 K. Experimental data were used to calculate the partial molar volume Voφ and apparent molar volume Vφ. The corresponding transfer volumes Δtrs Voφ were calculated and showed a positive and increasing trend with concentration for saccharides from water to aqueous medium of sodium saccharin. With the help of McMillan-Mayer theory, the interaction coefficients ( VAB) and (VABB ) were calculated. In the presence of sodium saccharin, significant interactions between a hydrophilic group of saccharides and the sodium ion have been reported. Using apparent specific volume values, a sweet taste range was identified for saccharides in the presence of sodium saccharin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Charcoal toothpastes can whiten teeth through abrasion. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of whitening and abrasiveness of charcoal toothpastes in permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 30 premolars were polished, sectioned, mounted, and stored for 5 days in a coffee solution at 37°C. The color and surface profile of the teeth were measured by spectrophotometry and a profilometric device, respectively. The specimens were divided into 3 groups of 10 and were brushed 2000 times (equivalent to 3 times a day for 1.5 months) in a brushing machine using 20 g of each toothpaste (Bencer, Beverly, and Colgate) mixed with 40 ml of distilled water. The color and surface profile were remeasured. Bonferroni test and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the abrasion. One-way ANOVA was used to assess the whitening. Results: The three toothpastes caused changes in the surface profile (P = 0.0001). ΔE was equal to 3.3 (within the acceptable range) in all groups (95% confidence interval). There was no significant difference in abrasion (P > 0.05) and color change (P = 0.884) among toothpastes. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that all the three used toothpastes have the abrasive and whitening effect on the samples significantly. The differences between the toothpastes were not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoride is a key dentifrice ingredient for mitigating dental erosion and promoting remineralisation in tooth enamel. A dentifrice formulation (NaF/CL ‐ where C = Copolymer, L = Lactate), optimised for fluoride delivery, containing sodium fluoride, polyvinylmethylether–maleic anhydride (PVM/MA) copolymer and lactate ion at controlled pH of 6.2 is compared with six commercial dentifrices from European and US regulatory regions. The in vitro study utilised white light interferometry (WLI) and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (DSIMS) to assess dental erosion resistance and remineralisation potential of the dentifrices. For WLI, polished enamel samples were immersed in dentifrice slurry (1:3 wt./wt. in artificial saliva, 2 min), brushed, washed in deionised water, acid challenged (1% citric acid, pH 3.8, 5 min), washed and air dried. Surface roughness and bulk tissue loss were measured. DSIMS samples for fluoride uptake were acid challenged (1% citric acid, pH 3.8, 5 min), rinsed, immersed in dentifrice slurry (1:3 wt./wt. in artificial saliva, 2 min), washed and air dried. DSIMS samples for 44Ca uptake were prepared similarly but with 44Ca‐doped artificial saliva. The NaF/CL dentifrice provided highest protection against dental erosion, with highest fluoride and 44Ca uptake in all treatment groups (n = 5 per group). Dentifrices containing other fluoride salts and/or ingredients known to inhibit fluoride uptake (e.g., polyphosphates, sodium lauryl sulfate), performed significantly worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between high dietary intakes of sugar (sucrose) and dental caries is well established. Processed sugars and starches have been associated with greater dental caries experience in retrospective studies. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the relationship between the consumption of processed sugar‐ and starch‐containing foods, the frequency of consumption of these foods, and dental caries. Prospective studies were identified in databases searched from 1970 to July 2020, and relevant retrieved papers that examined associations between the consumption of sugar‐ and starch‐containing foods by human participants and dental caries were eligible for inclusion. Five cohort studies were identified for inclusion, all of which evaluated caries risk in young children or pre‐adolescents. The between‐meal consumption of processed sugar‐ and starch‐containing foods was consistently found to be associated with greater caries experience. There were mixed findings on total consumption of processed sugar‐ and starch‐containing foods, owing to a range of confounding factors, including the simultaneous consumption of caries‐protective foods at mealtimes. Although there is a paucity of research of the dietary effects of frequent consumption of processed sugar‐ and starch‐containing foods on dental caries, there is some evidence of plausible associations between this dietary behaviour and dental caries. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of interventions to change the dietary behaviour of high‐frequency consumption of processed sugar‐ and starch‐containing foods to decrease the risk of dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since excessive sugar consumption has been related to the development of chronic metabolic diseases prevalent in the western world, the use of sweeteners has gradually increased worldwide over the last few years. Although low- and non-calorie sweeteners may represent a valuable tool to reduce calorie intake and prevent weight gain, studies investigating the safety and efficacy of these compounds in the short- and long-term period are scarce and controversial. Therefore, future studies will need to elucidate the potential beneficial and/or detrimental effects of different types of sweeteners on metabolic health (energy balance, appetite, body weight, cardiometabolic risk factors) in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the impact of different sweeteners on central nervous system, gut hormones and gut microbiota is important, given the strong implications that changes in such systems may have for human health. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the current evidence for the neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of sweeteners, as well as their impact on gut microbiota. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages of the use of sweeteners in the context of very-low calorie ketogenic diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of cow's milk, milk plus sugar, milk plus honey and formula on plaque pH when compared to a 10% sucrose solution in 8- to 12-year-old children.Materials and Methods: Plaque pH was measured using a pH microelectrode at baseline to determine resting plaque pH and at intervals between 1 and 60 min after rinsing with the test liquids. Plaque pH data were analysed using repeated- measure ANOVA and paired t tests.Results: The study findings showed that 10% sucrose has the greatest cariogenic potential, followed by milk plus honey, milk plus sugar, formula and cow's milk. Except for the control group, the evaluated foods did not reduce the pH below 6.Conclusion: Although the test groups appear to be non-cariogenic as compared with sucrose, they still lead to considerable acidogenic response in the dental plaque. When bottle feeding is essential, it was confirmed that frequently use of these beverages may cause enamel demineralisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to examine whether xylitol, at different concentrations, inhibits the formation of an experimental model of oral biofilm.Materials and Methods: Biofilms of six bacterial species (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Actinomyces viscosus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum) were prepared on hydroxyapatite (HA) discs according to the Zürich Biofilm Model. Xylitol was tested at two concentrations, 1% and 3%. At the end of their designated incubation times, some HA discs were destined for confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the others were harvested using a sterile surgical instrument. Aliquots of harvested biofilms were diluted and plated onto specific media. After a 48-h anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C, the colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted.Results: CLSM images showed that only a small amount of isolated bacteria was observed on the surface of HA discs. Culture of harvested biofilms showed an inhibition in the growth of different species included in the biofilms.Conclusions: Xylitol has a clear inhibitory effect on the formation of the experimental biofilms. This study shows that xylitol is not only efficient in inhibiting the acid production of cariogenic bacteria, but also in preventing the formation of a multispecies biofilm; it confirms the relevance of the use of this polyol for the prevention of oral diseases caused by dental plaque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine possible differences in decrease of pH-values of whole saliva, following the intake of different beverages.Materials and Methods: Twelve boys and 13 girls (4.9 +/- 0.9 years old) participated in this study. A dental examination was performed (dmft). Orange juice (pH = 3.67), instant fennel tea (pH = 7.38), whole milk (pH = 6.84) and mineral water (pH = 5.88) were tested. All beverages were given at the same time of day. Salivary pH and buffering capacities of the beverages were determined with a portable pH-meter. Immediately after intake of a beverage, and 5, 10, 15 and 25 minutes later, whole saliva was collected, and the pH-value was measured again. The statistical evaluation was performed using the Wilcoxon test for paired samples.Results: Fifteen children had healthy dentitions. Ten subjects had a mean dmft of 1.1 +/- 2.3. The mean base salivary pH was 7.09 +/- 0.07, without differences between the children with and without dental decay. Mineral water led over the whole period of measurements to a significant rise in salivary pH (P < 0.05). Orange juice caused a significant reduction in the salivary pH during the first 10 minutes. After intake of instant tea or milk, significant reductions were found in the period of 5 to 10 minutes. After the intake of instant tea, the reduction was still significant after 15 minutes. During the period of 5 to 10 minutes, the change in pH (deltapH) in whole saliva differed significantly only between consumption of mineral water and other beverages (P < 0.01).Conclusion: With regard to dental health, a regular consumption of orange juice or sweetened instant teas should be discouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various foods that people can eat in order to improve their dental health. Food that is discussed in the article includes milk, peanuts and foods that are high in fiber. Reasons are given on why these types of food are beneficial for people's teeth, such as the calcium and protein in milk and the malic acids in apples help prevent dental caries. A chart is presented that lists the ways in which the foods discussed in the article can benefit the dental health of those who eat them.

Objective: The capability of drinks and foods to resist pH changes brought about by salivary buffering may play an important role in the dental erosion process in children. The aim of the present study was to test fruit yogurt, a popular snack for children, and the degrees of saturation (pK-pl) with respect to hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite to determine their erosive potential. Method and Materials: A variety of fruit yogurt was tested. To test the pH, 8 readings were taken with a pH electrode for each yogurt. Calcium content was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, phosphorus by the inductively coupled plasma method, and fluoride content by ion chromatography The degrees of saturation of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were calculated by use of a computer program. Statistical analysis was performed using 2-tailed analysis of variance (P < .05) and a post hoc test (Tukey) to determine differences between groups. Results: The pH of each fruit concentrate was significantly different, except for banana yogurt. Except for the phosphorus con- tent of raspberry yogurt, the calcium and phosphorus content for each fruit concentrate were significantly different. Fluoride levels were the same for all yogurts tested, and the degrees of saturation of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite was positive, indicating supersaturation. Conclusion: It could be stated that fruit yogurt has no erosive potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess dental erosion caused by 0.1% and 1.0% citric acid in vitro and to estimate the protective influence of experimentally formed salivary pellicle.Materials and Methods: Bovine enamel slabs (n = 80) were polished and embedded in epoxy resin. For the formation of pellicle layer 40 specimens were immersed for 24 h in pooled human saliva. Erosion was caused by immersion in citric acid solution for 1, 5, 10 and 30 min. Erosive alterations on the pellicle-covered and non-covered enamel specimens were scored as a change (delta) of surface roughness parameters Ra, Rt and RzDIN using contact profilometer and observed in scanning electron microscope.Results: Profilometric analysis of eroded enamel specimens emphasized the aggressiveness of even low concentrated citric acid with a short period of challenge. The change of roughness parameters after 1-min immersion in 0.1% citric acid were 16.4, 182.6 and 132.2 nm for deltaRa, deltaRt and deltaRzDIN, respectively, and 54.8, 516.6 and 258.2 nm after 1-min immersion in 1.0% citric acid. Changes of the surface roughness were dependent on the exposure time and concentration of acidic solution. Pellicle layer significantly reduced the extent of erosive destruction, which was additionally documented on SEM-micrographs. Residual pellicle-like structures were detected after 5 min of immersion in 0.1% citric acid. However, there were no significant differences in pellicle-covered and non-covered enamel slabs measured profilometrically for 1.0% citric acid with 10 min and 30 min exposure time.Conclusion: The findings confirm the property of pellicle layer to resist against erosive influence of organic acids, which is, however, limited by duration of acidic treatment and concentration of erosive agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of nutrition and diet on oral health. It discusses how nutrition and diet impact several oral diseases including periodontal disease, enamel developmental defects and oral infections. It states that poor nutrition decreases the immunity power which may lead to oral infections. It mentions that the consumption of fruits, vegetables and wholegrain food reduces the amount of fat and prevents chronic diseases.

Attrition, erosion, and abrasion result in alterations to the tooth and manifest as tooth wear. Each classification acts through a distinct process that is associated with unique clinical characteristics. Accurate prevalence data tor each classification are not available since indices do not necessarily measure one specific ecology, or the study populations may be too diverse in age and characteristics. The treatment of teeth in each classification will depend on identifying the factors associated with each etiology. Some cases may require specific restorative procedures, while others will not require treatment. A review of the literature points to the interaction of the three entities in the initiation and progression of lesions that may act synchronously or sequentially, synergistically or additively, or in contraction with other entities to mask the true nature of tooth wear, which appears to be multifactorial (Quintessence lnt 2003;34:435-446) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a great variety of cervical lesions and an increased need for treatment because parents complain either about esthetics, hypersensitivity, or even food impaction. The cumulative effects of noncancerous dental tissue loss are increasingly evident within any population. The prevalence of these non- carious lesions has been estimated at Between 31% and 56%. with 85% of the population showing some loss of tooth structure m the cervical area. Since more elderly patients will Keep their teeth for a longer time, the problems regarding The cervical areas of the teeth will increase. Therefore, the challenge for the dentist is rather substantial, since it has been shown that the longevity of these cervical restorations is not as great as that of other restorations. The purpose of this review is to summarize some facts about cervical lesions, the different tooth-colored restorative materials and their application, and the assessment of the clinical performance of these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast milk is the first and foremost nutrition a child receives. The enormous benefits of breast feeding have been well documented over the years. However its association with early childhood caries (ECC) has been a constant subject of debate. The etiology of ECC is multifactorial thus posing a difficulty in attributing the risk towards a single factor. The increased duration and frequency of breastfeeding along with poor dietary habits and oral hygiene practices have been reported as contributing factors for ECC. Certain constituents of breast milk have an inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans, the major organism implicated in the initiation of ECC. Awareness of ECC and its preventive strategies should be emphasized to young mothers along with the importance of nutrition obtained from breast milk and the benefits of breast feeding. This review is a consolidation of various factors that have been conferred as being associated with breast feeding and ECC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chewing gum containing xylitol may help prevent caries by reducing levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli in saliva and plaque. Very little is known about other species which are possibly beneficial to oral health. In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to profile microbial communities of saliva and plaque following short-term consumption of xylitol and sorbitol containing chewing gum. Participants (n = 30) underwent a washout period and were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Each group chewed either xylitol or sorbitol gum for three weeks, before undergoing a second four-week washout period after which they switched to the alternate gum for three weeks. Analysis of samples collected before and after each intervention identified distinct plaque and saliva microbial communities that altered dependent on the order in which gum treatments were given. Neither the xylitol nor sorbitol treatments significantly affected the bacterial composition of plaque. Lactobacilli were undetected and the number of Streptococcus mutans sequence reads was very low and unaffected by either xylitol or sorbitol. However, sorbitol affected several other streptococcal species in saliva including increasing the abundance of S. cristatus, an oral commensal shown to inhibit bacteria associated with chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the aversive taste of medications, there is said to be a struggle in making the child consume it. The ease of administration of liquid suspensions makes it accepted by parents & children for oral administration. Because of the aversive taste of medications, cariogenic sugars such as sucrose is said to be added as a flavoring agent to mask the unpleasant taste. This sucrose in the medication is said to cause dental caries. The dental professionals have the opportunity to provide advice regarding the importance of diet & the role of sugars in caries formation. The dentist should be familiarized with alternatives to sugar & the type of food products that are available to substitute with sweetening agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Diet cariogenicity plays a major role as both a protective and risk factor in the development of early childhood caries (ECC). Aim: Develop a scale measuring the cariogenicity of foods and beverages and employ it to describe the cariogenicity of young children's diets and predict dental caries outcomes. Design: Scores of cariogenicity and consumption frequency were applied to food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) collected from an Australian children's cohort study with three time‐points of data. One‐way ANOVA, with post hoc Tukey test compared mean cariogenic scale measured at 18 months between the subsample of children with caries classification at age 5 years. Results: At 6 months, children's mean cariogenic score was 10.05, increasing to 34.18 at 12 and 50.00 at 18 months. Mean cariogenic scale score at 18 months was significantly higher in children with advanced disease at 5 years (mean scale score: 59.0 ± 15.9) compared to those that were healthy (mean score 47.7 ± 17.5, P = 0.007) or had mild‐moderate disease (mean score 48.2 ± 17.3, P = 0.008). Conclusions: The cariogenic diet scale provides a useful indication of the increasing cariogenicity of children's diets with age and highlights the incorporation of discretionary choice foods and beverages into the diets of young children much earlier than nutritionally recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of Arabic gum concentration on production yield, physicochemical and morphological properties of spray dried stevia extract. Also, the effect of stevia powders replacement with sucrose on physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of Aloe Vera jelly was investigated. The spray drying process using Arabic gum was carried out at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30% (w/v). Then, 25, 50 and 75% of sucrose in the formulation of Aloe Vera jelly was replaced with 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% of stevia powders. The results revealed that the maximum yield of powder (47.73%) has been obtained at 10:90 Arabic gum to extract ratio. The amount of moisture, water activity and hygroscopicity of powders decreased with increasing the carrier ratio. Other properties such as bulk density, particle density and true density, solubility and wettability of powders also decreased with increasing the carrier ratio. These properties were varied in the range of 0.39-0.46 g / ml, 0.42-0.57 g / ml, 1.42- 1.55g / ml, 89.10-92.30%, and 15.39- 27.52 s. Also, flow ability behavior of samples improved by increasing the carrier ratios. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy, the increasing of carrier concentration also led to the production of larger particles with wrinkled surface and irregular shapes. Evaluation of the physicochemical properties of the jelly samples revealed that by increasing the stevia concentration, the moisture content, syneresis and acidity of samples increased, while the brix, gel strength and pH decreased. Treatments containing 0.25% and 0.50% of 10% Stevia powder and treatment containing 0.25% of 20% Stevia Powder, showed higher acceptability regarding sensory characteristics and did not show significant differences with the control sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]