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We study the effect of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) and baryons on the shape of early-type galaxies (ETGs) and their dark matter haloes, comparing them to the predictions of the cold dark matter (CDM) scenario. We use five hydrodynamical zoom-in simulations of haloes hosting ETGs ($M_{\rm vir}\sim 10^{13}M_{\odot}$ and $M_{*}\sim10^{11}M_{\odot}$), simulated in CDM and a SIDM model with constant cross-section of $\sigma_T/m_\chi = 1\ \mathrm{cm}^2 \mathrm{g}^{-1}$. We measure the three-dimensional and projected shapes of the dark matter haloes and their baryonic content using the inertia tensor and compare our measurements to the results of three $HST$ samples of gravitational lenses and $Chandra$ and $XMM-Newton$ X-ray observations. We find that the inclusion of baryons greatly reduces the differences between CDM and a SIDM, together with the ability to draw constraints based on shapes. Lensing measurements reject the predictions of CDM dark-matter-only simulations and prefer one of the hydro scenarios. When we consider the total sample of lenses, observational data prefer the CDM hydro scenario. The shapes of the X-ray emitting gas are compatible with observational results in both hydro runs, with CDM predicting higher elongations only in the very centre. Contrary to previous claims at the scale of elliptical galaxies, we conclude that both CDM and our SIDM model can still explain observed shapes once we include baryons in the simulations. Our results demonstrate that this is essential to derive realistic constraints and that new simulations are needed to confirm and extend our findings., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, revised version accepted for publication in MNRAS

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In many birds, egg viability declines the longer that eggs remain unincubated (i.e., incubation delay), possibly because of increased levels of microbial infection. Reuse of nests is common in cavity-nesting species and may also increase exposure of eggs to microbes. Starting incubation before the clutch is complete may help protect early-laid eggs from microbial infection. In this study, we tested the effects of nest cleaning, length of incubation delay, and onset of night incubation on growth of microbes on Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) eggshells and examined the effect of microbial infection on hatching success. We used nest boxes that had been cleaned or not cleaned of previous nesting materials and sampled microbes on eggshells during early and mid egg laying and after the start of night incubation. We detected levels of eggshell microbes (101 colony forming units [CFU] egg-1) lower than at more tropical locations (103–4 CFU egg-1). Levels of heterotrophic bacteria were 2.2 times greater in unclea...

Egg viability in birds declines with increasing length of the delay in the start of incubation (i.e., incubation delay) and may be influenced by microbial infection and exposure of eggs to temperatures above physiological zero (>24°C). Onset of incubation during egg laying results in developmental asynchrony of embryos but may help to maintain viability of early-laid eggs. We manipulated incubation delay of Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) eggs and tested for effects of incubation delay and ambient temperature on egg viability and microbial infection. We also examined onset of incubation by egg-laying females. Hatching success declined slowly with increasing length of incubation delay and was very weakly affected by increasing exposure to temperatures >24°C. On average, females began incubation at night 7 days after nest initiation, but egg viability had declined only 8.6% (95% confidence interval: 4.3–15.2) by day 7. Microbial infection of eggshells was not related to length of incubation delay or mean d...

Mesa Verde is the historical familial home of the Ancestral Pueblo People. It is a heritage center and leading archeological park that offers visitors an educational experience in a well-kept preserve. The park offers many ancient archeological sites such as the elaborate stone cliff dwelling structures, artifacts, and ceremonial kivas dug deep into the earth. Due to devastating fires over several annual seasons, attendance at Mesa Verde National Park has been disappointing. Capitalizing upon the centennial celebration in 2006, the park's 100th birthday, park officials hope to increase patronage. Historically the park has been partly responsible for bringing several hundred thousand visitors and much of the tourism dollars that flow into the remote southwestern Colorado and four-corners region each year. It is not only responsible for a direct economic impact but also an indirect economic impact found with other area tourist attractions such as hotels, restaurants, and souvenir shops. Thus, lower...

This study presents the frequency and correlates of traumatic injury during sexual assaults for male and female victims. Sexual assaults (6,877 total, 6,213 among females, 664 among males) were reported in South Carolina from October 1991 to September 1994 through the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Incident Based Reporting System. Sexual assaults were defined to include vaginal rape, sodomy, and sexual assaults with objects. Among sexually assaulted females, 28.5% had traumatic physical injuries compared with 18.4% of similarly assaulted males. Risk factors for nongenital traumatic injury during sexual assault included: increasing number of assailants (females only), being sodomized (females only), weapon use by assailant, being kidnapped (females only), being assaulted by intimates or strangers (females only), African American race (males only), and use of alcohol or other drugs. Avoiding environments in which drugs and alcohol are abused may reduce one's risk of traumatic physical injury during sexual assaults.

My aim was to study the experiences and priorities of two age groups of social work students practicing in client-centered social work. This article is based on the research on rationality and language games in social work. The target groups of the research project as a whole were the actors: the heads and social workers or activists in public social welfare and health care agencies and institutions and in voluntary associations and action groups, and finally, two subsequent classes of students from a school of social work, during their practicing periods. This article concentrates on the trainees. At first, the trainees wrote essays and kept diaries. Secondly, they marked their standings on graphs visualizing different types of information contents and social relation structures. Thirdly, they made their choices of reasons for and solutions to social problems on a problem wheel. The trainees' study, using different data gathering techniques, partly confirms the results of the research of the other actor groups, in which the data were derived using questionnaires and interviews. The trainees' study shows variation in the respondents' priorities within and between specified social problem categories. Qualitatively analyzed, however, the characterizations of social work, both those who currently act in and those aiming to enter this field, resemble one another.

This article is based on my study of rationality and language games in social work. The study focuses on the actors of social welfare and health care. Included are the heads and social workers of public welfare and health care agencies and institutions, officials of voluntary organizations, and activists in social change-oriented action groups. The objects of this study also differ with respect of their official status, area of responsibility, and position at work. The study tries to increase the understanding of the basic rationalities which are guiding social work as part of the daily routines, and of how the actors articulate and legitimate themselves, one another and the others, i.e. clients etc. The empirical data were collected using questionnaries. The study shows that organizational affiliation and area of concern do not bring about a systematic variation in the views of the respondents. The results then indicate the existence of a specific culture, a code of social work. The actors legitimate themselves according to system rationality. The system is considered to be outside the immediate scene of social work practice, which is articulated according to life-world premises. In client-centered social work, the external controlling and administrating system rationality threatens life-world aspects by neglecting social work as a process based on involvement, dialogue and change.

This paper describes the dental care provided at an English hospice. Dental care is felt to be important because the ability to enjoy food is an important element in the quality of life. Over a three-year period, 67 patients were referred for dental advice of whom all but four were edentulous. The commonest complaint was of ill-fitting dentures, and the causes and possible solutions to this problem are reviewed.

The Microstructural Physics group at the Cavendish Laboratory is actively involved in a considerable number of research projects which cover a broad range of materials science. In this paper, we describe briefly several such projects, with particular emphasis given to the application of parallel-detection electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS) on a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to the analysis of materials such as stainless steels, catalysts, and high temperature superconductors. In addition, we describe a number of related projects that are currently being carried out in the group, particularly those which utilise and develop novel STEM imaging and analytical techniques. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

This paper defines an information system design theory (ISDT) to be a prescriptive theory which integrates normative and descriptive theories into design paths intended to produce more effective information systems. The nature of ISDTs is articulated using Dubin's concept of theory building and Simon's idea of a science of the artificial. An example of an ISDT is presented in the context of Executive Information Systems (EIS). Despite the increasing awareness of the potential of EIS for enhancing executive strategic decision-making effectiveness, there exists little theoretical work which directly guides EIS design. We contend that the underlying theoretical basis of EIS can be addressed through a design theory of vigilant information systems. Vigilance denotes the ability of an information system to help an executive remain alertly watchful for weak signals and discontinuities in the organizational environment relevant to emerging strategic threats and opportunities. Research on managerial information scanning and emerging issue tracking as well as theories of open loop control are synthesized to generate vigilant information system design theory propositions. Transformation of the propositions into testable empirical hypotheses is discussed.

The Swiss Health Surveys are conducted every 5 yr, and alternate surveys contain information on oral health. Worldwide the population is ageing and oral health is improving. The aim of this study was to identify if these trends are continuing in a relatively affluent society with low levels of edentulousness. Participants in the 1992 and 2002 surveys completed a written questionnaire including items on oral health (response rates 75% and 86% respectively). Data were weighted and bivariate analyses were performed to calculate the average number of missing teeth and the prevalence of different prosthetic dental restorations for each cohort. Over the 10-yr period the proportion of subjects retaining all natural teeth increased, and the mean number of teeth increased, on average, by 1.3. Among those who required prosthetic dental restorations, fixed restorations increased and complete denture use was reduced. Strikingly, 4.4% of this sample reported having oral implants in 2002. Greater numbers of missing teeth and a higher prevalence of use of removable prostheses were still seen in women, in those who had only completed compulsory education, in subjects from families with low income, in those who smoke, and in those who were overweight, in 2002.

Objective To determine the effect on the bond strength of modern dentine bonding agents to etched enamel of surface contamination with water. Design Fifteen bond strength measurements were made for bonds prepared to both moist and dry etched enamel for each of three test and one control materials. Results For two materials (Scotchbond 1 and Prime and Bond 2.1) the bond strength was not affected by the presence of water on the etched enamel surface. A mean bond strength in excess of 25 MPa was achieved for both materials under all conditions. One material (Optibond Solo) showed a 30% increase in bond strength when bonds were formed under wet condition (21.10 MPa compared with 15.35 MPa). The bond strength of the control material, a conventional unfilled bonding resin, decreased markedly with aqueous contamination (9.14 MPa compared with 26.75 MPa). Conclusion Etched enamel should be rehydrated routinely prior to bonding composite resin to its surface using a water displacing dentine bonding system.

Objective Aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical suitability of the condensable metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement Hi-Dense in classes I and II cavities of primary molars. Methods Seventeen children received a total of fifty four Hi-Dense fillings (nineteen class I and thirty five class II). The restorations were clinically assessed at baseline, after one and after two years of clinical service according to modified USPHS codes and criteria. The restorations were replicated in each recall and representative samples were qualitatively analysed under a SEM. Results Over the observation period of two years, five restorations failed due to total retention loss, two fillings needed replacement because of persisting hypersensitivity, one filling was lost because of an unsuccessful endodontic treatment, and four restorations remained intact until natural exfoliation (Two year survival rate: 92% for Class I and 66% for Class II). The SEM analysis of surfaces and marginal areas exhibited an inferior adhesive performance primarily in proximal areas, whereas a negative step formation due to wear was frequently observed in occlusal parts. Conclusions The results clearly indicate that the condensable, metal-reinforced GIC Hi-Dense reveals no enhanced performance and lifetime expectancy for class II restorations in primary molars when compared to other non-resin-modified GICs.

Objective To compile an inventory of data from clinical studies on anterior veneer restorations, with special reference to clinical trials to produce a mean survival result using a meta-analysis. Data sources Medline search 1983 to November 1996 using key words ‘dental’ and ‘Veneer’. Study selection A two-stage selection was employed. Initially all non-clinical studies case reports and descriptive papers were excluded. Subsequently all papers which did not meet the following criteria were excluded: English language, 2-year or more follow-up, type, number and location of restoration noted, number of patients stated together with type of restoration, study outcome shown as failure or survival. A quality scoring system was applied to the selected papers and used in combination with the sample size for combining the studies. Results Initially 1056 studies were identified after the initial selection 25 clinical studies remained; this was reduced to 15 at the subsequent selection. Two further studies were excluded, as their data did not allow calculation of survival curves. The cumulative proportion of survival for porcelain and pre-formed acrylic veneer restoration after 3 years is shown in the table below. Conclusion Porcelain veneers show acceptable longevity after 3 years, which appears better than the preformed acrylic type. The evaluative and statistical analysis of clinical veneer restoration studies may be improved. Kreulen C M, Creugers N H J, Meijering A C. Meta-analysis of anterior veneer restorations in clinical studies. J Dent 1998; 26: 345–353

The waste load, which is the sum of all of the different wastes present, determines water quality. An expression for the waste load is derived in terms of five major factors — the number of people living in the watershed, the per capita waste generation, the waste treatment efficiency, the distribution of wastes and the capacity of the receiving water to assimilate waste. To improve water quality the waste load must be reduced. The possible options for reducing the waste load are determined by examining the means of reducing each of these factors. The algebraic expression obtained for the waste load shows the relationship between changes in the different control options and the resulting change in water quality.