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The paper considers the problem of forming the maximum amplitude of the electric field strength at a required point using two identical one-dimensional linear antenna arrays located orthogonally to each other and focused at one point in space. Relationships have been obtained that allow us to determine the geometric dimensions of all areas. The results of theoretical calculations of the sizes of the zone of increased electric field intensity turned out to be close to the results of simulation. For example, the size of the zone of increased electric field intensity for two orthogonal antenna arrays consisting of 20 elements, the theoretical dimensions of the zone of increased intensity were 310 mm. The simulation results showed the dimensions of this zone to be equal to 325 mm, which is explained by taking into account the influence of radiation from the other antenna array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrawideband (UWB) time‐reversal techniques are widely used in microwave imaging systems to detect and localize breast tumors. Measuring the scattering electromagnetic fields from a breast phantom can be time‐reversed and back‐propagated to refocus on a tumor. In this study, a Debye model was applied to the breast phantom. Using the decomposition of the time‐reversal operator (TR‐DORT), images were obtained in the UWB frequency range of 3.1–10.6 GHz. The conventional TR imaging method employs the free‐space Green's function to refocus on the tumor, which degrades refocusing in a lossy and dispersive breast phantom. We propose the use of the cylindrical dyadic Green's function in a three‐layer medium for TR imaging. The excitation system consists of a circular array of spiral antennas. The imaging results of the proposed Green's function in TR‐DORT were subsequently calculated, indicating successful tumor detection in different application scenarios of the lossy and dispersive breast phantom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Focusing-Oriented Psychotherapy has had a long history and influence on the field of psychotherapy. By "clearing a space" and "focusing," individuals can enhance their emotional awareness and improve their ability to self-regulate. These tasks are particularly relevant in the context of Psycho-Oncology, although the research on their potential benefits for cancer patients is limited. Furthermore, the application of these tasks in a group or online setting has not been thoroughly explored. Methods: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a two-session online intervention based on Focusing for cancer-diagnosed participants and its impact on their mental health and wellbeing. The study involved three participants with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer who were undergoing palliative treatment. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods. PFC-2 was used to assess participants' accomplishment of the task; FMS was used to assess the change in the focusing attitude, while CORE-OM, and PWBS-RV were used as mental health distress and psychological wellbeing measures; participant feedback was collected through questionnaires and a semi-structured interview. Results: The results suggest that the tasks led to greater self-awareness, heightened self-reflection, and a sense of relief for the participants. Discussion: These findings suggest that the group intervention protocol based on online Focusing sessions is potentially useful for broader applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing and separation of cells by microfluidic techniques are significant steps in many applications, such as single-cell analysis and disease diagnosis. Among the microfluidic techniques, passive magnetophoresis, as a label-free manner, can manipulate samples by means of magnetic field. Nowadays, most magnetic fields are generated by permanent magnets and electromagnets with large size. However, it is difficult to assemble a magnetic array using permanent magnets or electromagnets to optimize the field distribution. To produce a flexible magnetic field, a micro-magnet made by NdFeB powder and polydimethyl siloxane is proposed in this paper, and those magnetized micro-magnets are arranged into different arrays according to the arrangements of their magnetization directions. Meanwhile, a microfluidic chip containing magnetized micro-magnet arrays is designed for focusing and separating polystyrene microbeads with different diameters. The focusing and separation behaviors of microbeads in the designed microfluidic system are numerical and experimental investigated. In addition, the effects of flow rate and the arrangement of the magnetic micro-magnet array on microbead focusing and separation are discussed. Finally, a multistage microfluidic chip is designed to successfully isolate 5 μm-diameter, 10 μm-diameter, and 15 μm-diameter microbeads from their mixture at a flow rate of 240 μL/min with high purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holographic processing of hydroacoustic noise signals in randomly inhomogeneous ocean environment is presented. A method of hologram purification from a perturbed field is described. An algorithm of resolving signals using a single detector is presented. Focusing of signal spectral density on a hologram is considered. Criteria of signal resolution are proposed. Results of numerical simulation of the resolution of two hydroacoustic signals against the background of intense internal waves, conditioning coupling of sound field modes, are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case study, the character of Miss Havisham, from Dickens’ novel Great Expectations, is explored as a representation of frozen trauma. Support is offered for the usefulness of fictional case study to therapeutic understanding and practice, and some of its limitations noted. The frozen nature of traumatic experiencing is elucidated and defined from a person-centered perspective. A brief synopsis of the story and character of Miss Havisham is offered, and the relevance of her early life considered together with her environment and her social context as a Victorian woman. A case is made for a body response to working with trauma which draws upon Gendlin’s focusing approach and Prouty’s model of Pre-Therapy. Limitations of both are noted. Using fictional case study as a creative method of inquiry, its potential for offering real world understanding around trauma theory is established. The primacy of the body in experiencing trauma, and healing from it, is affirmed. A resonance is illuminated between current thinking around traumatic wounding and healing, and a relational therapeutic approach which has the organism at its heart. Insights have arisen from the therapist’s exploration of ‘tidy[ing] up’ the mess and real change has been experienced in practice with clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manipulating the propagation of mid-infrared (mid-IR) light is crucial for optical imaging, biosensing, photocatalysis, and guiding photonic circuits. Artificially engineered metamaterials were introduced to comprehensively control optical waves. However, fabrication challenges and optical losses have impeded the progress. Fortunately, two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials are alternatives because of their inherent optical properties, such as hyperbolic behavior, high confinement, low loss, and atomic-scale thickness. In this research, we conducted theoretical and numerical investigations on the α-phase molybdenum trioxide, a biaxial vdW material, with patterned graphene to assess the potential of the tunable focusing of mid-IR light. Our proposed method directly alters the path of excited light to focus mid-IR light by negative refraction. Further, the patterned graphene in our design offers enhanced focusing characteristics, featuring a significantly reduced waist diameter with 1/92 of the free-space wavelength, an enhanced beam quality without pronounced field ripples, and a fivefold increase in field intensity. Moreover, our approach significantly preserves the waist diameter of the focused beam while facilitating directional steering. Thus, the focused beam can propagate in a canalized manner toward the desired direction. These advancements lay the foundation for promising applications in planar photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the performance of three flat large‐sized gaming monitors with 35 subjects regarding the recognition of Landolt C with short visualization time and fast movement. A search task using circles in dark and bright conditions and visual fatigue. An OLED monitor performed significantly better than two LCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of particles such as cells and bacteria in viscoelastic fluids has significant applications in biomedical fields. At present, one of the main challenges that limit the application of microfluidic technology is to separate particles in the viscoelastic fluids with different rheological properties. For instance, most existing microfluidic devices can only work in the fluid with a specific rheological property, resulting in the requirement of time-consuming design, manufacturing, testing, and optimization of different devices to separate particles in the fluids with different rheological properties. In this work, a novel hybrid three-stage microfluidic device that was made up of a micropore structure and two gradually contracted microchannels was designed to achieve efficient continuous separation of particles in the viscoelastic fluid over a wide range of rheological properties (0.07 < El < 340.41). Different separation strategies including first focusing, then initial separation, and then precise separation (FISPS) and initial separation and then precise separation (ISPS) were found. The separation strategy ISPS occurred at El < 0.14 while the separation strategy FISPS occurred at El > 8.43. In addition, the transformation of the separation mechanism from ISPS to FISPS was found under different flow conditions in the fluid with the transitional rheological properties (0.21 < El < 1.10). The effect of the flow rate and the rheological property of the fluid on microparticle separation were systematically studied by the experiment. With simple structure, easy operation, high separation efficiency, the present microfluidic device would have great potentials in the biomedical and clinical applications, such as the separation of cells for different patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of multi-channel focused beams with arbitrary polarization states and their corresponding optical torques finds effective applications in the field of optical manipulation at the micro-nanoscale. The existing metasurface-based technologies for polarization rotation have made some progress, but they have been limited to single functions and have not yet achieved the generation of full polarization. In this work, we propose a multi-channel and spatial-multiplexing interference strategy for the generation of multi-channel focusing beams with arbitrary polarization rotation based on all-dielectric birefringent metasurfaces via simultaneously regulating the propagation phase and the geometric phase and independently controlling the wavefronts at different circular polarizations. For the proof of concept, we demonstrate highly efficient multi-channel polarization rotation meta-devices. The meta-devices demonstrate ultra-high polarization extinction ratios and high focusing efficiencies at each polarization channel. Our work provides a compact and versatile wavefront-shaping methodology for full-polarization control, paving a new path for planar multifunctional meta-optical devices in optical manipulation at micro–nano dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses MATLAB software to demonstrate the performance of UWBSAR and conducts a comparative study with data obtained from conventional radar. It compares various antennas that support UWB, such as Vivaldi, MIMO, and monopole antennas, analyzed using SIMULINK. The paper discusses the design of UWBSAR to provide a comprehensive analytical picture of the processed images. The focus is on frequency domain analysis in general and the Range Migration Algorithm (RMA) in particular. The data obtained after signal processing is recorded to estimate the crossrange resolution, which is then compared with conventional SAR. The cross-range resolution estimated using UWBSAR is found to be lower than that of conventional radar, proving that UWBSAR is a better alternative for obtaining sharper images in short-range applications. High-quality images are reconstructed using a combination of UWB radar, SAR processing, and proposed algorithms to improve image quality. The investigation includes positive image generation to enhance sharpness and near-field imaging procedures. This paper also describes Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and its application in operating at low frequencies to detect obscured targets beneath foliage. While it has obvious military applications, it also has civilian uses, such as in geophysical studies and weather forecasting. Several applications have been identified for both military and civilian environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical endoscopy has become an essential diagnostic and therapeutic approach in modern biomedicine for directly observing organs and tissues deep inside the human body, enabling non-invasive, rapid diagnosis and treatment. Optical fiber endoscopy is highly competitive among various endoscopic imaging techniques due to its high flexibility, compact structure, excellent resolution, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Over the past decade, endoscopes based on a single multimode optical fiber (MMF) have attracted widespread research interest due to their potential to significantly reduce the footprint of optical fiber endoscopes and enhance imaging capabilities. In comparison with other imaging principles of MMF endoscopes, the scanning imaging method based on the wavefront shaping technique is highly developed and provides benefits including excellent imaging contrast, broad applicability to complex imaging scenarios, and good compatibility with various well-established scanning imaging modalities. In this review, various technical routes to achieve light focusing through MMF and procedures to conduct the scanning imaging of MMF endoscopes are introduced. The advancements in imaging performance enhancements, integrations of various imaging modalities with MMF scanning endoscopes, and applications are summarized. Challenges specific to this endoscopic imaging technology are analyzed, and potential remedies and avenues for future developments are discussed.

Background: Previously, there has been some work in the field of optical imaging on phase compensation by employing Legendre polynomials as an expansion of the phase function, and this seems to be an appealing unstudied area in the field of ultrasound imaging. Purpose: The paper is devoted to solving one of the problems of enhancing the authenticity of diagnostics data obtained in ultrasound visualization systems and presents a novel approach to aberration correction, which ensures a reliable eliminating of phase distortions. The novelty of the proposed approach consists in the use of the decomposition of the wave front by Legendre polynomials to approximate aberrations of the phase front of ultrasonic waves propagating through distorting layers. Methods: The phase aberrations are corrected using a single sector probe that captures echoes in synthetic aperture mode. The proposed method approximates the changes in the wave front by means of the Legendre polynomials. The performance was investigated by placing a 13‐mm‐wide ultrasonic probe with 64 elements operating at 2 MHz on the surface of a commercial quality control phantom ATS Model 539 through a distorting layer. The following metrics were measured: peak value, root mean square (RMS), full width at half maximum (FWHM), contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR). During the experiments, three different aberrators were used interchangeably as distorting layers, two of which were made of photopolymer resin with RMS values of 39 and 97 ns and a speed of sound close to that of a human temporal bone tissue, and the third was an ex vivo human temporal bone with the RMS value of 44 ns. To test the correction, three regions inside the phantom were examined. Two‐sided nonparametric Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was used for assessing the statistical significance. The significance level for this study was set at α ≤ 0.05. To counteract the problem of multiple comparisons, the p‐values were adjusted by the Holm–Bonferroni correction method. Results: The statistically significant results have demonstrated the possibility of increasing peak intensity value up to 3.08 times, reducing the RMS width and FWHM of the intensity angular distribution down to 60% and 82%, respectively, and increasing CNR up to 2.12 times by using the proposed phase distortion correction method, compared with the case without correction. The results show that the method can be used as an effective aberration correction technique for all tested regions inside the phantom and distorting layers. Its usage allowed correcting up to 97% of the aberrations caused by the ex vivo temporal bone model. Conclusion: The results show that the usage of the proposed method for aberration correction can successfully increase the intensity and reduce the angular width of the ultrasound wave scattered by the point targets inside the phantoms. The method works with different distorting layers and is capable of correcting phase aberrations in multiple sections of the sonogram. The limitation of the proposed method consists in the fact that it requires the use of aperture synthesis and access to raw radiofrequency data, which restricts its application in common scanners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attentional control refers to the capacity to voluntarily control attentional resources in a flexible manner. Attentional control was reported to play a fundamental role in self-regulation, emotion regulation, delay of gratification, and psychological distress. The Attentional Control Scale (ACS) was developed to measure perceived attentional control based on shifting and focusing dimensions. The present studies aimed to adapt the Turkish version of ACS and asses its psychometric characteristics. Study 1 aimed to explore the psychometric qualities of the Turkish version with a group of Turkish individuals (N = 428, 306 women) between the ages of 18 and 68 and supported the two-factor model of ACS consisting of 17 items in total. The results supported that shifting, focusing, and total ACS showed adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity evidence based on its significant correlations with measures of anxiety, depression, and repetitive negative thinking, signifying its proper psychometric characteristics. In Study 2 (N = 97, 65 women), the association of ACS with behavioral attentional control measures was examined, and non-significant associations between self-report and behavioral measures of attentional control were denoted. These findings signified that rather than indicating the individual's actual attentional control capacity, ACS assessed how the individual perceives their own attention control capacities. Taken together, the results suggest that the Turkish form of ACS is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to assess perceived attentional control capacity based on shifting and focusing domains, particularly in the research setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of two-dimensional waves in a water-filler pipe containing cluster of bubbles has been investigated. The waves are generated by a step-like increase in the pressure at one end of the pipe. The liquid with bubbles is described by a system of macroscopic equations of conservation of mass, bubble number, and momentum, as well as an equation of the pressure in the bubbles. A comparison with the case of the wave impact on a bubbly layer near the the pipe wall is also conducted. The dependence of the maximum pressure amplitude in the pipe on the bubbly cluster size and the initial volumetric gas content in the cluster is studied. A map of zones with maximum pressure in the pipe is constructed. The results show that besides the zone where the volumetric content is a determining factor, there is a zone where the size of the bubbly region play a crucial role. There is an optimal combination of the bubbly region size and the initial volumetric bubble content that ensures maximum pressure growth in the pipe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical features of spatial-energy characteristics of linearly polarized THz laser beams at sharp and moderate focusing in free space are analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld vector theory is used to model propagation of laser beams excited by quasi-optical waveguide resonator modes in free space. Well-known methods of measuring spatial-energy characteristics of laser beams in the THz range are used in the experimental study. It is shown that the intensity of the total electric field of both combined TE0n + EH2n and EН-1n + EH3n modes (n = 1, 2, 3) in the focal region is defined by all three components and has a dip on the axis for both focusing types. The central maxima of the field of these modes become significantly shifted from the geometric foci of the lenses used as the order n of these modes increases. The EН-11 + EH31 mode has the smallest diameter (2.94λ) of the focal spot in the maximum intensity region at sharp focusing. The TE01 + EH21 mode has the smallest diameter (13.65λ) of the focal spot at moderate focusing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on goal-relevant information while filtering out irrelevant information. In a multisensory context, how do people selectively attend to multiple inputs when making categorical decisions? Here, we examined the role of selective attention in cross-modal categorization in two experiments. In a speed categorization task, participants were asked to attend to visual or auditory targets and categorize them while ignoring other irrelevant stimuli. A response-time extended multinomial processing tree (RT-MPT) model was implemented to estimate the contribution of attentional focusing on task-relevant information and attentional filtering of distractors. The results indicated that the role of selective attention was modality-specific, with differences found in attentional focusing and filtering between visual and auditory modalities. Visual information could be focused on or filtered out more effectively, whereas auditory information was more difficult to filter out, causing greater interference with task-relevant performance. The findings suggest that selective attention plays a critical and differential role across modalities, which provides a novel and promising approach to understanding multisensory processing and attentional focusing and filtering mechanisms of categorical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, diffraction of scalar waves by a screen with a circular aperture is explored, considering the incidence of either a collimated beam or a focused wave, a historical review of the development of the theory is presented, and the introduction of the Fresnel approximation is described. For diffraction by a focused wave, the general case is considered for both high numerical aperture and for finite values of the Fresnel number. One aim is to develop a theory based on the use of dimensionless optical coordinates that can help to determined the general behaviour and trends of different system parameters. An important phenomenon, the focal shift effect, is discussed as well. Explicit expressions are provided for focal shift and the peak intensity for different numerical apertures and Fresnel numbers. This is one application where the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction integrals provide inaccurate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the notion of limited consideration into a bilateral, infinite-horizon, alternating-offers bargaining game. Both agents have reference-dependent preferences, and their reference points are dynamically updated. An agent's current consideration set (or focus) is influenced by the last offer he rejected such that the most salient point in that consideration set becomes his current reference point. We provide an implicit characterization of stationary subgame perfect Nash equilibria in our model. Without resorting to asymmetric or incomplete information, we show that our bargaining game can produce delay and disagreement in equilibrium. In addition to analytical results on the disagreement conditions and the nature of agreements, we provide computational comparative statics on model parameters and study their impacts on delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the possibility of forming the maximum amplitude of the electric field strength at a given point in space using a linear antenna array focused on a finite distance. Since the location of the electric field maximum does not coincide with the point at which the antenna array is focused, two methods have been proposed to ensure the positioning of the maximum at a given point. The first method is an algorithm that allows you to determine such a large focal length at which the maximum electric field strength is positioned at the required point. The second way is to use two parallel identical antenna arrays, equidistantly located relative to the desired location of the maximum electric field strength. The limitations imposed by each of the methods are considered. Examples of the use of each of the methods for positioning the maximum electric field strength at a given point are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative study of dialects invariably reveals interesting similarities and differences in the dialects of a language. In this regard, so much differences have been reported in the grammatical structure of the dialects of different languages that include Yorùbá. Such reports with respect to Yorùbá have not only enriched our understanding of the grammar of the language, they have also helped in clarifying controversial and/or obscure issues in the language. The present paper investigates the nature of focus constructions in two dialects of Yorùbá language: Mò͎bà and Mọ́yè͎e͎ with particular attention to the coding of focusing. The study investigates constituents that can be moved to effect focus construction, the focus markers, the overt and covert nature of the markers, and some phonological issues arising from the coding. The paper is descriptive in orientation. Data were collected from native speakers of the two dialects and relevant existing literatures. It is established in this paper that Mò͎bà and Mọ́yè͎e͎ manifest constituent and sentence focusing. Mò͎bà has two focus markers while Mọ́yè͎e͎ has one. The paper contributes to existing literature in the field of Yorùbá dialectology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionFocusing-Oriented Psychotherapy has had a long history and influence on the field of psychotherapy. By “clearing a space” and “focusing,” individuals can enhance their emotional awareness and improve their ability to self-regulate. These tasks are particularly relevant in the context of Psycho-Oncology, although the research on their potential benefits for cancer patients is limited. Furthermore, the application of these tasks in a group or online setting has not been thoroughly explored.MethodsThis study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a two-session online intervention based on Focusing for cancer-diagnosed participants and its impact on their mental health and wellbeing. The study involved three participants with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer who were undergoing palliative treatment. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods. PFC-2 was used to assess participants' accomplishment of the task; FMS was used to assess the change in the focusing attitude, while CORE-OM, and PWBS-RV were used as mental health distress and psychological wellbeing measures; participant feedback was collected through questionnaires and a semi-structured interview.ResultsThe results suggest that the tasks led to greater self-awareness, heightened self-reflection, and a sense of relief for the participants.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the group intervention protocol based on online Focusing sessions is potentially useful for broader applications.

The focused acoustic field formed under the water surface raised by ultrasound exposure was numerically investigated to elucidate the relationship with the surface rising prior to ultrasonic atomization. The effect of surface tension was newly added to the computational scheme constructed in the previous paper (Orisaki and Kajishima, 2022) and the direct numerical simulation based on compressible fluid dynamics was conducted. The water surface above the sound source rises. When the risen surface shape changes into a dome due to the effect of surface tension, the acoustic antinode with strong focusing appears inside the dome and the water surface begins to rise rapidly. In case of the insufficient sound source pressure, the gentle risen surface is kept, and acoustic peak spots remain deep due to the small curvature of the surface. These results suggest that the dome formation increases the acoustic pressure amplitude at the dome center and promotes acoustic cavitation there. On the dome surface, the kinetic energy density with the phase opposite to acoustic pressure increases, which causes the increase in the acoustic radiation pressure.

Background. The article considers cognitive mechanisms of the formation of the temporal meanings in the advertising tourist narrative. Relevance of the study is determined by its correlation with modern linguistic research aimed at studying linguistic semantics in its relationship with cognitive structures. Having a multicomponent structure, time is currently positioned as an attribute of human activity and also as a phenomenon of human existence. However, there is insufficient study of the interpretive potential of time, which makes research topic relevant. Purpose. The research purpose is as follows: to determine the cognitive mechanisms of the temporal organization of the advertising tourist narrative. Materials and methods. Language units of various levels were used for the study, obtained from authentic online texts of advertising tourist narrative. The main research methods include analysis and synthesis of theoretical material, the continuous sampling method, descriptive method, contextual analysis method as well as cognitive modeling method. Results. The results have shown that the main cognitive mechanisms of formation and interpretation of temporal meanings in the advertising tourist narrative include focusing, profiling, perspectivization, conceptual metaphor. Cognitive models of structuring temporal meanings, the source of which are the cognitive mechanisms outlined above, are considered. Practical implications. The research results can be used in the development of courses on general linguistics, lexicology and cognitive linguistics.

Abstract Underwater images suffer from color distortion, low clarity and halos problems due to light absorption, particle scattering and non‐uniform illumination. To address these degradation issues, a multi‐cues underwater image restoration algorithm combined with light field technology is proposed. First, based on Epipolar Plane Image, the light field cue transmittance containing depth information is calculated. Then, according to the turbidity of the underwater image, the light field cue transmittance and the polarization cue transmittance are fused to obtain the multi‐cues transmittance, which can effectively reduce the effect of particle scattering and color bias. Finally, the background light is estimated through the all‐focus operation, which can effectively overcome the distortion of an underwater single image and simultaneously reduce the halo phenomenon. Experimental results show that the method achieves the best results evaluated by UCIQE, UIQM, PSNR, and SSIM, and the restored color under the method is closer to the actual image than other underwater restoration methods.

The utilization of spintronic terahertz (THz) emitters has a significant influence on broadband coherent spectroscopy and imaging at THz frequencies. By using femtosecond light to irradiate the spintronic heterostructures, spin currents from the ultrafast demagnetization effect can be transformed into charge currents through the inverse spin Hall effect, leading to the emission of THz waves. In this work, through the incorporation of sequential and inverse deposition of W‐Co20Fe60B20‐Pt heterostructure films, control is gained over the spin currents and THz waveforms, enabling it to achieve a 180° phase difference across a broad frequency spectrum while efficiently radiating THz waves. This, in turn, allows it to control the spatial phase of THz radiation. To test the device's capabilities, lithography‐based devices capable of focusing, producing vortexes, and dividing beams are manufactured. This investigation aims to advance the development of THz pulse sources while providing essential support for cutting‐edge technologies such as THz spectroscopy, high‐resolution imaging, and high‐speed communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of application of a ferromagnetic conductive cylinder nozzle to focus the fluid flow extruded by a piston dispenser is assessed in the present work. Based on the limiting cases of stationary and laminar fluid flows, it is shown that an electric field can be created between the fluid and the cylindrical nozzle due to the anomalous Hall effect in the cylindrical nozzle with a current flowing along the cylinder. This field is created by the electric current caused by the mechanical movement of the fluid. This electric current of the fluid creates around itself the cylindrical magnetic field that penetrates into the ferromagnetic nozzle. On the example of carbonyl iron, it is shown with allowance for the corresponding approximations that an increase in the current flowing through the ferromagnetic nozzle should lead to a decrease of the fluid flow radius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We test for a novel pattern of menu-dependent risk attitudes that forms the basis of recent theories of risky choice: Does expanding the range of potential prizes from lotteries in a choice set lead people to overweight those prizes and make riskier choices? Contrary to our hypothesis, we find no evidence of such a menu effect. Varying the potential prize offered by an actuarially unfavorable, high-risk lottery does not affect the likelihood of choosing a different, moderate-risk gamble in favor of a safer alternative. Our well-powered null results cast doubt on prominent theories of menu-dependent risk preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne circular synthetic aperture radar (CSAR) can realize high-resolution imaging of the scene over 360 degrees azimuth angle variation. Aiming at the problem of focusing of buildings for the airborne CSAR, this paper first analyzes the phase errors of CSAR buildings focusing in detail, and the analytic relationship between the scatterer height and azimuth focusing quality is deduced. Then, a focusing method of CSAR buildings based on the back projection algorithm is proposed. This method adopts the processing strategy of multi-layers imaging, and it is able to improve azimuth focusing quality of the buildings which have large height dimension. The proposed method is especially suitable for the high-resolution imaging and monitoring of the urban site with high-rise buildings in the airborne CSAR scenario. The correctness of the theoretical analysis and the validity of the proposed method are verified by using both simulation results and Ku-band airborne CSAR real data processing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a full-space multifunctional coding metasurface (MS) with reflection and transmission integration is proposed to realize the independent manipulation of electromagnetic waves at two different frequencies. The unit consists of two layers of dielectric substrate and three layers of metal patch, the upper reflective layer is composed of a ring and a split ring (URSR), the middle layer is a split ring groove (MSR), and the lower transmission layer is a split ring (LSR). The transmission mode works at 13.4 GHz, incoming linear polarization (LP) waves to realize beam deflection with a deflection angle of 34°. While the reflection mode works at 17.9 GHz, beam focusing to achieved under the action of circular polarization (CP) waves. In order to verify the feasibility of the design, a circularly polarized antenna is placed at 80 mm in the metasurface -Z direction, and the gain increases from 7.5 dB to 22.5 dB. Meanwhile coding metasurface and circularly polarized microstrip antennas is fabricated and measured, and the results are consistent with the simulation results. The proposed method provides the possibility of high-rate transmission of information of multifunctional devices in communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectrum and polarization vectors of phonons in alkali and noble metals belonging to cubic crystals with positive anisotropy of elastic moduli are calculated. They are compared with the results for dielectric crystals. It is shown that the anisotropy of the spectrum in them is significantly higher than in dielectric crystals such as Ge and Si. The polarization vectors of the slow t2 mode in them have an anomalously large longitudinal component compared to Ge and Si crystals. In Na, Li, and K crystals, it reaches 70, 60, and 30%, respectively. This leads to a significantly greater effect of the slow t2 mode on electron–phonon relaxation and drag thermopower in alkali metals. Isoenergetic surfaces are calculated, and the features of phonon propagation in alkali and noble metals are analyzed. Their most interesting feature is the effect of focusing on the propagation of longitudinal phonons in alkali metals. For phonon wave vectors in the {100} planes, the directions of group velocities for all alkali metals are close to [101]. Estimates have shown that, for Na, Cs, and K crystals, more than 90, 86, and 79% of phonons, respectively, with wave vectors in the {100} plane propagate in the [101] directions. This effect can be used to obtain plane-parallel phonon beams from a point source of longitudinal vibrations, as well as for other technical applications. The effect of anisotropy of elastic energy on the density of phonon states in alkali metals is analyzed. The results for metallic and dielectric crystals of cubic symmetric are compared. The ranges of angles corresponding to phonon focusing and defocusing are determined. The phonon flux enhancement factors are calculated and compared for metallic and dielectric crystals. The dependences of the types of curvature of isoenergetic surfaces of acoustic modes in alkali and noble metals on the values of anisotropy parameters are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater images suffer from color distortion, low clarity and halos problems due to light absorption, particle scattering and non‐uniform illumination. To address these degradation issues, a multi‐cues underwater image restoration algorithm combined with light field technology is proposed. First, based on Epipolar Plane Image, the light field cue transmittance containing depth information is calculated. Then, according to the turbidity of the underwater image, the light field cue transmittance and the polarization cue transmittance are fused to obtain the multi‐cues transmittance, which can effectively reduce the effect of particle scattering and color bias. Finally, the background light is estimated through the all‐focus operation, which can effectively overcome the distortion of an underwater single image and simultaneously reduce the halo phenomenon. Experimental results show that the method achieves the best results evaluated by UCIQE, UIQM, PSNR, and SSIM, and the restored color under the method is closer to the actual image than other underwater restoration methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dreams have the potential provide intimate access to psychotherapy clients' inner lives. When therapists are able to help clients experience their dreams in a curious, open, focusing-oriented way, the client gains direct access the dream's tendency to carry their life situation forward. This paper offers evidence of a paradigm shift away from analytic to experiential, client-centered approaches to dreams. It then describes three experiential dreamwork practices: finding the help in a dream (from focusing), re-entering a dream element (from Gestalt) and dreaming the dream onward (from Jung). Included are several clinical and personal examples which show how entering a dream experientially allows the dreamer to discover something new and how this often leads to a change-moment or, in focusing terms, a felt shift. Several clinical and personal examples illustrate that while dreams may be helpful in their own right, engaging deeply with them in an experiential way allows their fuller potential for personal growth and forward movement to be realized. Over time, this way of engaging with dreams can become a natural ongoing undercurrent, both in dreaming and waking, that is always available and evolving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking advantage of multimaterial additive manufacturing, this work demonstrates a kind of polarization‐maintaining metasurface (MS) for spin‐decoupled beam shaping. The wavefronts of the two spin states, i.e., the left‐hand circular polarization (LHCP) and the right‐hand circular polarization (RHCP), can be independently manipulated while the output spin state remains the same as the input. The meta‐atom is implemented with dual‐polarized antennas at the top and the bottom with phase delay lines connecting them. The dual‐polarized antenna on the receiving side is fixed to receive the LHCP/RHCP incident waves, while the dual‐polarized transmitting antenna is rotated, providing the opposite phase shifts for the LHCP and RHCP. The absolute value of the phase shift is the same as the transmitting antenna's rotation angle. Meanwhile, varying the length of phase delay lines introduces 2π phase shifts for both LHCP and RHCP inputs. Thus, combining the two phase‐shifting degrees of freedom, the LHCP and RHCP wavefronts can be independently controlled while the polarization is not flipped after transmitting through the MS. One MS produces vortex beams with different topological charges for LHCP and RHCP. The other achieves spin‐decoupled focusing. The multilayered MSs are conveniently printed using multimaterial additive manufacturing without postprocessing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Richards-Wolf formalism, we obtain two different exact expressions for the angular momentum (AM) density in the focus of a vortex beam with the topological charge n and with right circular polarization. One expression for the AM density is derived as the cross product of the position vector and the Poynting vector and has a nonzero value at the focus for an arbitrary integer number n. The other expression for the AM density is deduced as a sum of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) and the spin angular momentum (SAM). We reveal that at the focus of the light field under analysis, the latter turns zero at n = –1. While both these expressions are not equal to each other at each point of space, 3D integrals thereof are equal. Thus, exact expressions are obtained for densities of AM, SAM and OAM at the focus of a vortex beam with right-hand circular polarization and the identity for the densities AM = SAM + OAM is shown to be violated. Besides, it is shown that the expressions for the strength vectors of the electric and magnetic fields near the sharp focus, obtained by adopting the Richards-Wolf formalism, are exact solutions of the Maxwell's equations. Thus, Richards–Wolf theory exactly describes the behavior of light near the sharp focus in free space.

One of the methods of the fictional literature critique is to examine the story's position on the basis of its narrative. Each fictional situation includes three aspects of "person, state, and vision." Investigating the features and analyzing the angle of vision and storytelling to understand how the narrator's "time, spatial, and psychological" views function is one of the topics of interest to the narratologists. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method with a look at the three functions mentioned, including the aspect and focalization and the personal status of three short stories with the theme of war from the second collection of stories "Yusuf" has been analyzed. The purpose of this study is to first examine the quality of the process of perception and belief in the narrative practice with the narrative position element. In the second part, we have tried to show how the placement of materials and narratives makes the audience think of the narrator's viewpoint and position in his mind. This virtual partnership, with the trust of the audience in the narrator through the personal situation, makes it possible for the audience to arrange the sequence of the story events in order to understand the psychological pleasure of living to see and think about an act or event.

We study the sharp focusing of the input structured light field that has a non-uniform elliptical polarization: the parameters of the ellipse depend on the position in the input plane (we limited ourselves to the dependence only on the angular variable). Two types of non-uniformity were considered. The first type corresponds to the situation when the semi-axes of the polarization ellipse are fixed while the slope of the major semi-axis changes. The second type is determined by the situation when the slope of the major semi-axis of the polarization ellipse is constant, and the ratio between the semi-axis changes (we limited ourselves to the trigonometric dependence of this ratio on the polar angle). Theoretical and numerical calculations show that in the case of the first type of non-uniformity, if the tilt angle is a multiple of the polar angle with an integer coefficient, then the intensity distribution has rotational symmetry, and the energy flow is radially symmetric and has the negative direction near the optical axis. In this second case, the intensity symmetry is not very pronounced, but with an odd dependence of the ratio of the semi-axes of the polarization ellipse, the focused field at each point has a local linear polarization, despite the rather complex form of the input field. In addition, we investigate the distribution of the longitudinal component of the Poynting vector. The obtained results may be used for the formation of focused light fields with the desired distributions of polarization, Poynting vector density, or spin angular momentum density in the field of laser manipulation and laser matter interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For affective computing to have an impact outside the laboratory, facial expressions must be studied in rich naturalistic situations. We argue negotiations are one such situation as they are ubiquitous in daily life, often evoke strong emotions, and perceived emotion shapes decisions and outcomes. Negotiations are a growing focus in AI research and applications, including agents that negotiate directly with people and attempt to use affective information. We introduce the DyNego-WOZ Corpus, which includes dyadic negotiation between participants and wizard-controlled virtual humans. We demonstrate the value of this corpus to the affective computing community by examining participants’ facial expressions in response to a virtual human negotiation partner. We show that people's facial expressions typically co-occur with the end of their partner's speech (suggesting they reflect a reaction to the content of this speech), that these reactions do not correspond to prototypical emotional expressions, and that these reactions can help predict the expresser's subsequent action. We highlight challenges in working with such naturalistic data, including difficulties of expression recognition during speech, and the extreme variability of expressions, both across participants and within a negotiation. Our findings reinforce arguments that facial expressions convey more than emotional state but serve important communicative functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a burgeoning approach to modulate electromagnetic waves, metasurfaces fascinate many researchers. However, it is a persistent problem to realize independent wavefront tailoring in different polarization states. In this work, anisotropic plasmonic metasurfaces are presented with linear polarization‐dependent focusings. The designed plasmonic meta‐atoms consist of cross‐shaped gold, silica spacer, and gold substrate. Phase modulation in different polarization channels is independently achieved by adjusting the dimensions of cross‐shaped gold in x‐ and y‐directions. Three metasurfaces are presented to verify linear polarization‐dependent focusings at 200 THz. First, a focusing metasurface is designed with focal lengths of 5.2 µm under x‐polarized incidence and 6.5 µm under y‐polarized incidence. Second, by applying convolution operation, the second metasurface exhibits different focusings with different deflection angles at opposite directions under orthogonally polarized incidences. Finally, a multi‐focal metasurface is demonstrated, which switches between dual‐ and quad‐focal points depending on polarization state. The work may provide a novel platform for near‐infrared integrated photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cybersecurity is a critical process that safeguards networks, systems, and applications against cyber-attacks, wherein digital information is targeted for unauthorized access, manipulation, or destruction. As attackers continually evolve their tactics, addressing cybersecurity challenges has become paramount, especially in sensitive domains like the military and defense industries. This article delves into the challenges that artificial intelligence (AI) faces in the military domain, specifically focusing on defense applications. We review AI algorithms relevant to defense, examining their potential applications and benefits: much of this study revolves around cybersecurity in defense applications, particularly within cyber-physical systems (CPS). We explore reinforcement learning (RL) and deep RL (DRL) algorithms in CPS, aiming to enhance understanding of the cybersecurity implications in this domain. In this context, we present RL and DRL algorithms employed in cyber-attacks and their potential threats and vulnerabilities. Furthermore, we discuss how RL and DRL algorithms can be effectively leveraged for cyber-attack detection and defense applications, providing usable insights into bolstering CPS cybersecurity. By addressing both technical aspects and ethical considerations, this article offers a comprehensive view of the challenges and opportunities surrounding cybersecurity in defense applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on the concept of exposing the world through the lens of cinema by the cinematographer, Emmanuel Lubezki. This research claims that the cinema's camera illuminates the world through focusing and framing components. It provides the cinematic image with a cinematic presence and makes it feasible in a phenomenological sense (return to things themselves). And eventually, this leads to viewer buoyancy and immersiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of multi-channel focused beams with arbitrary polarization states and their corresponding optical torques finds effective applications in the field of optical manipulation at the micro-nanoscale. The existing metasurface-based technologies for polarization rotation have made some progress, but they have been limited to single functions and have not yet achieved the generation of full polarization. In this work, we propose a multi-channel and spatial-multiplexing interference strategy for the generation of multi-channel focusing beams with arbitrary polarization rotation based on all-dielectric birefringent metasurfaces via simultaneously regulating the propagation phase and the geometric phase and independently controlling the wavefronts at different circular polarizations. For the proof of concept, we demonstrate highly efficient multi-channel polarization rotation meta-devices. The meta-devices demonstrate ultra-high polarization extinction ratios and high focusing efficiencies at each polarization channel. Our work provides a compact and versatile wavefront-shaping methodology for full-polarization control, paving a new path for planar multifunctional meta-optical devices in optical manipulation at micro–nano dimensions.

In this paper, diffraction of scalar waves by a screen with a circular aperture is explored, considering the incidence of either a collimated beam or a focused wave, a historical review of the development of the theory is presented, and the introduction of the Fresnel approximation is described. For diffraction by a focused wave, the general case is considered for both high numerical aperture and for finite values of the Fresnel number. One aim is to develop a theory based on the use of dimensionless optical coordinates that can help to determined the general behaviour and trends of different system parameters. An important phenomenon, the focal shift effect, is discussed as well. Explicit expressions are provided for focal shift and the peak intensity for different numerical apertures and Fresnel numbers. This is one application where the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction integrals provide inaccurate results.

This article is based on the concept of exposing the world through the lens of cinema by a cinematographer. Without a cinematographer, movies are not as visually and emotionally impactful on audiences. Cinema is trying to penetrate beyond things and create an utterly phenomenological experience. Cinematographers are responsible for creating the audience's emotions through various cinematic techniques. It is perhaps one of their most significant roles is to promote the cinematic frame as a mediator. This research claims that the cinema’s camera illuminates the world through focusing and framing components. It provides the cinematic image with a cinematic presence and makes it feasible in a phenomenological sense (return to things themselves). And eventually, this leads to viewer buoyancy and immersiveness.

The complex network has attracted increasing attention and shown effectiveness in modeling multifarious systems. Focusing on selecting members with good spreading ability, the influence maximization problem is of great significance in network-based information diffusion tasks. Plenty of attention has been paid to simulating the diffusion process and choosing influential seeds. However, errors and attacks typically threaten the normal function of networked systems, and few studies have considered the influence maximization problem under structural failures. Therefore, a quantitative measure with a changeable parameter is first developed in this paper to tackle the unpredictable destruction percentage on networks. Further, limitations on the existing methods are shown experimentally. To address these limitations, the evolutionary multitasking paradigm is employed, and several problem-specific operators are developed. On top of these developments, a multi-factorial evolutionary algorithm is devised to find seeds with robust influence ability, termed MFEARIM, where the genetic information for both myopia and holistic areas is considered to improve the search ability. Additionally, an asynchronous strategy is designed to efficiently tackle tasks with distinct costs, and the convergence of the search process can thus be accelerated. Experiments on several synthetic and real-world networks validate the competitive performance of MFEARIM over the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the experiments performed in a cylindrical shock tube (ST) equipped with a focusing element in the form of a truncated cone at the end are analyzed. It is found that the maximum pressure at the top of the cone is greater by several factors than the pressure when the shock wave is reflected from a flat wall. Close agreement is obtained between the measured pressure profiles and the results of numerical simulation of shock wave focusing using the GasDynamicsTool (GDT) package in a three-dimensional formulation. It is shown that the dependence of pressure on time during focusing is similar to that observed in the case of a normal reflection of a shock wave generated by an explosion of a trinitrotoluene (TNT) charge. The results obtained and the developed technique make it possible to imitate the high-explosive action of an explosion without the use of condensed explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]