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Automated detection schemes are nowadays the standard approach for locating coronal holes in extreme-UV images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). However, factors such as the noisy nature of solar imagery, instrumental effects, and others make it challenging to identify coronal holes using these automated schemes. While discrepancies between detection schemes have been noted in the literature, a comprehensive assessment of these discrepancies is still lacking. The contribution of the Coronal Hole Boundary Working Team in the COSPAR ISWAT initiative to close this gap is threefold. First, we present the first community data set for comparing automated coronal hole detection schemes. This data set consists of 29 SDO images, all of which were selected by experienced observers to challenge automated schemes. Second, we use this community data set as input to 14 widely applied automated schemes to study coronal holes and collect their detection results. Third, we study three SDO images from the data set that exemplify the most important lessons learned from this effort. Our findings show that the choice of the automated detection scheme can have a significant effect on the physical properties of coronal holes, and we discuss the implications of these findings for open questions in solar and heliospheric physics. We envision that this community data set will serve the scientific community as a benchmark data set for future developments in the field.

Abstract Introduction Medium‐Chain Acyl‐CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCADD) is the most common inherited metabolic disorder of β‐oxidation. Patients with MCADD present with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, which may quickly progress to lethargy, coma, and death. Prognosis for MCADD patients is highly promising once a diagnosis has been established, though management strategies may vary depending on the severity of illness and the presence of comorbidities. Methods and Results Given the rapid developments in the world of gene therapy and implementation of newborn screening for inherited metabolic disorders, the provision of concise and contemporary knowledge of MCADD is essential for clinicians to effectively manage patients. Thus, this review aims to consolidate current information for physicians on the pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, and treatment options for MCADD patients. Conclusion MCADD is a commonly inherited metabolic disease with serious implications for health outcomes, particularly in children, that may be successfully managed with proper intervention.

Volatile metals are emitted at significant rates as gases and particulates from volcanoes, although their speciation, bioreactivity and longevity during atmospheric transport are essentially unknown. Ice cores provide detailed yet largely unexplored long-term records of volcanogenic volatile metals in air and precipitation. Here we evaluate the source and speciation of volatile metals (cadmium, lead, bismuth, and thallium) in Antarctic ice cores from the massive, halogen-rich and sulfur-poor ∼17.7 ka eruptions of Mt. Takahe, West Antarctic Rift. We show that these volatile, chalcophile metals were transported to the ice core as soluble aerosol, derived from magma degassing, in contrast to lithophile elements in the ice core that were transported as silicate ash. We use correlation analysis and chemical speciation modelling of the chlorine-rich volcanic plume to show that the volcanic metals cadmium, lead and bismuth were likely transported as water-soluble chloride aerosols in the atmosphere before they were scavenged from the plume by ice, water or ash and deposited onto the ice within 400 km of the vent. Our findings show that as well as recording trace metals sourced from much more distal regions, ice cores from Antarctica also record clear signatures of regional continental volcanism in the form of chloride aerosol.

Hairless canary seed (Phalaris canariensis L.) is a novel true cereal that is now approved for human consumption in Canada and the United States. This true cereal grain has higher protein content (22%) than oat (13%) and wheat (16%) and represents a valuable source of plant proteins. Assessment of canary seed protein quality is therefore essential to evaluate its digestibility and ability to provide sufficient amounts of essential amino acids for human requirements. In this study, the protein nutritional quality of four hairless canary seed varieties (two brown and two yellow) were evaluated in comparison to oat and wheat. The assessment of anti-nutrients contents (phytate, trypsin inhibitor activity, and polyphenols) showed that brown canary seed varieties had the highest content in phytate and oat the highest in polyphenols. Trypsin inhibitor level was comparable among studied cereals, but slightly higher in the brown canary seed Calvi variety. In regard to protein quality, canary seed had a well-balanced amino acid profile and was particularly high in tryptophan, an essential amino acid normally lacking in cereals. The in vitro protein digestibility of canary seeds as determined by both the pH-drop and INFOGEST (international network of excellence on the fate of food in the gastrointestinal tract) protocols appears slightly lower than wheat and higher than oat. The yellow canary seed varieties showed better overall digestibility than the brown ones. For all studied cereal flours, the limiting amino acid was lysine. The calculated in vitro PDCAAS (protein digestibility corrected amino acid score) and DIAAS (digestible indispensable amino acid score) were higher for the yellow C05041 cultivar than the brown Bastia, similar to those of wheat, but lower than those of oat proteins. This study demonstrates the feasibility and utility of in vitro human digestion models for the assessment of protein quality for comparison purpose.

Among the hazards posed by volcanoes are the emissions of gases and particles that can affect air quality and damage agriculture and infrastructure. A recent intense episode of volcanic degassing associated with severe impacts on air quality accompanied the 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i. This resulted in a major increase in gas emission rates with respect to usual emission values for this volcano, along with a shift in the source of the dominant plume to a populated area on the lower flank of the volcano. This led to reduced air quality in downwind communities. We analyse open-access data from the permanent air quality monitoring networks operated by the Hawai'i Department of Health (HDOH) and National Park Service (NPS), and report on measurements of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) between 2007 and 2018 and PM2.5 (aerosol particulate matter with diameter

Carbon is a key control on the surface chemistry and climate of Earth. Significant volumes of carbon are input to the oceans and atmosphere from deep Earth in the form of degassed CO2 and are returned to large carbon reservoirs in the mantle via subduction or burial. Different tectonic settings (e.g., volcanic arcs, mid-ocean ridges, and continental rifts) emit fluxes of CO2 that are temporally and spatially variable, and together they represent a first-order control on carbon outgassing from the deep Earth. A change in the relative importance of different tectonic settings throughout Earth’s history has therefore played a key role in balancing the deep carbon cycle on geological timescales. Over the past 10 years the Deep Carbon Observatory has made enormous progress in constraining estimates of carbon outgassing flux at different tectonic settings. Using plate boundary evolution modeling and our understanding of present-day carbon fluxes, we develop time series of carbon fluxes into and out of the Earth’s interior through the past 200 million years. We highlight the increasing importance of carbonate-intersecting subduction zones over time to carbon outgassing, and the possible dominance of carbon outgassing at continental rift zones, which leads to maxima in outgassing at 130 and 15 Ma. To a first-order, carbon outgassing since 200 Ma may be net positive, averaging ∼50 Mt C yr–1 more than the ingassing flux at subduction zones. Our net outgassing curve is poorly correlated with atmospheric CO2, implying that surface carbon cycling processes play a significant role in modulating carbon concentrations and/or there is a long-term crustal or lithospheric storage of carbon which modulates the outgassing flux. Our results highlight the large uncertainties that exist in reconstructing the corresponding in- and outgassing fluxes of carbon. Our synthesis summarizes our current understanding of fluxes at tectonic settings and their influence on atmospheric CO2, and provides a framework for future research into Earth’s deep carbon cycling, both today and in the past.

The bioactive properties and health-promoting effects of two novel yellow (C09052, C05041) and two brown (Calvi, Bastia) hairless canary seed (Phalaris canariensis L.) cultivars were investigated in comparison to two common cereal grains (wheat and oat). The cereal flours were digested using the standardized INFOGEST in vitro human gastrointestinal digestion model. The three-kilo dalton molecular weight cutoff (3 kDa MWCO) permeate of the generated digestates was assessed in vitro for their antioxidant, chelating, antihypertensive and antidiabetic activities. The results showed no significant differences in studied bioactivities between yellow and brown canary seed cultivars, except for antioxidant activity by the DPPH and chelating Fe2+ assays, where brown cultivars had higher activities. Canary seeds had superior or equivalent antioxidant activity than those from oat and wheat. The anti-hypertensive activity (Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition) in yellow canary seed cultivars was significantly higher than that of oat and wheat, particularly for C09052 and Calvi varieties. Peptides exhibiting the highest antihypertensive activity from the permeate of the C09052 canary seed variety were further fractionated and identified by mass spectrometry. Forty-six peptides were identified belonging to 18 proteins from the Pooideae subfamily. Fourteen of the parent proteins were homologous to barley proteins. Peptides were analyzed in silico to determine potential bioactivity based on their amino acid composition. All 46 peptides had potential anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic activities and 20 had potential antioxidant activity, thereby validating the in vitro assay data. Canary seed peptides also exhibited potential antiamnestic, antithrombotic, immunostimulating, opioid and neuro-activity, demonstrating important potential for health promoting effects, particularly against cardiovascular disease.

Glabrous canaryseeds were recently approved for human consumption as a novel cereal grain in Canada and the United States. Previously, canaryseeds were exclusively used as birdseed due to the presence of carcinogenic silica fibers; therefore the nutritional value of the seeds has been seriously overlooked. Two cultivars of glabrous canaryseeds (yellow and brown) were created from the hairy varieties. They are high in protein compared to other cereal grains, and contain high amounts of tryptophan, an amino acid normally lacking in cereals, and are gluten-free. Bioactive peptides of canaryseeds produced by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion have shown antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive activity. The seeds contain other constituents with health promoting effects, including unsaturated fatty acids, minerals, and phytochemicals. Anti-nutritional components in the seeds are comparable to other cereal grains. Because of their beneficial health effects, canaryseeds should be regarded as a healthy food and have immense potential as a functional food and ingredient. Further research is required to determine additional bioactive peptide activity and capacity, as well as differences between the yellow and brown cultivars.

Anti-mesothelin Pseudomonas exotoxin A-based recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) present a potential treatment modality for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). To study mechanisms of resistance, the sensitive PDAC cell line KLM-1 was intermittently exposed to the anti-mesothelin SS1-LR-GGS RIT. Surviving cells were resistant to various anti-mesothelin RITs (IC50s >1 μg/ml), including the novel de-immunized RG7787. These resistant KLM-1-R cells were equally sensitive to the anti-CD71 HB21(Fv)-PE40 RIT as KLM-1, indicating resistance was specific to anti-mesothelin RITs. Mesothelin gene expression was partially down-regulated in KLM-1-R, resulting in 5-fold lower surface protein levels and decreased cellular uptake of RG7787 compared to KLM-1. Bisulfite sequencing analysis found that the mesothelin promoter region was significantly more methylated in KLM-1-R (59 ± 3.6%) compared to KLM-1 (41 ± 4.8%), indicating hypermethylation as a mechanism of mesothelin downregulation. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine restored original mesothelin surface expression to more than half in KLM-1-R and increased sensitivity to RG7787 (IC50 = 722.4 ± 232.6 ng/ml), although cells remained significantly less sensitive compared to parental KLM-1 cells (IC50 = 4.41 ± 0.38 ng/ml). Mesothelin cDNA introduction in KLM-1-R led to 5-fold higher surface protein levels and significantly higher RG7887 uptake compared to KLM-1. As a result, the original sensitivity to RG7787 was fully restored (IC50 = 4.49 ± 1.11 ng/ml). A significantly higher RG7787 uptake was thus required to reach the original cytotoxicity in resistant cells, hinting that intracellular RIT trafficking is also a limiting factor. RNA deep sequencing analysis of KLM-1 and KLM-1-R cells supported our experimental findings; compared to KLM-1, resistant cells displayed differential expression of genes linked to intracellular transport and an expression pattern that matched a more general hypermethylation status. In conclusion, resistance to anti-mesothelin RITs in KLM-1 is linked to a methylation-associated down-regulation of mesothelin, while aberrations in RIT trafficking could also play a role.

Background: In order to recruit and retain Latinx teachers, we must first understand how they choose to enter teaching; are socialized; and the influence of factors such as race, ethnicity, and culture on their beliefs and teaching practices. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the life history of Oscar, a Latino immigrant preservice physical education teacher. Method: Occupational socialization theory and life history methodology guided all the steps of this study. Results: Oscar's life history revealed key narratives that were influential in constructing his socialization toward teaching and coaching. A constant search for belonging was an emerging theme. Conclusion: This life history highlights the significance and value in voicing the experiences and perspectives of our up and coming ethnically diverse educators. Oscar's story adds a diverse lens to the occupational socialization and life history literature, especially from a recruitment and retainment standpoint.